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Star Wars Battlefront II (2017 video game)
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This article is about the 2017 video game. For the 2005 video game of the same name, see Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game).
Star Wars Battlefront II
Developer(s)
EA DICE
Publisher(s)
Electronic Arts
Director(s)
Bernd Diemer
Producer(s)
Paul Keslin
Craig McLeod
James Salt
Designer(s)
Niklas Fegraeus
Linus Josephson
Programmer(s)
Jonas Kjellström
Artist(s)
Andrew Hamilton
Writer(s)
Walt Williams[1]
Mitch Dyer[1]
Composer(s)
Gordy Haab
Series
Star Wars: Battlefront
Engine
Frostbite 3
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
November 17, 2017
Genre(s)
First-person shooter, third-person shooter
Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer
Star Wars Battlefront II is an action shooter video game based on the Star Wars film franchise. It is the fourth major installment of the Star Wars: Battlefront series and seventh overall, and a sequel to the 2015 reboot of the series. It was developed by EA DICE, in collaboration with Criterion Games and Motive Studios, and published by Electronic Arts. The game was released worldwide on November 17, 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.
Upon release, Battlefront II received mixed reviews from critics. The game was also subject to widespread criticism regarding the status of loot boxes, which could give players substantial gameplay advantages if purchased with real money. A response from EA's community team on Reddit on the topic became the single most downvoted comment in the site's history[2] – and in response, EA decided to temporarily remove microtransactions from the game until a later date. In January 2018, EA announced that the micro-transactions will return "in the next few months".[3] These returning micro-transactions will be purely cosmetic, will not affect gameplay, and will also be available for purchase through in-game currency.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Multiplayer
2 Campaign
2.1 Plot
2.2 Resurrection
3 Development and marketing
4 Reception
4.1 Sales
4.2 Accolades
5 Microtransactions controversy
5.1 Government responses
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay
Star Wars Battlefront II features gameplay from the Star Wars prequel films, a feature absent in the game's predecessor.
Star Wars Battlefront II features a single-player story mode, a customizable character class system, and content based on The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi movies.[5] It also features vehicles and locations from the original, prequel, and sequel Star Wars movie trilogies. It also features heroes and villains that can be played based on characters from the Star Wars movies; the hero roster includes Luke Skywalker (Matthew Mercer), Leia Organa (Misty Lee), Han Solo (John Armstrong), Chewbacca, Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams), Yoda (Tom Kane), and Rey (Daisy Ridley), while the villain roster includes Darth Vader (Matt Sloan), Emperor Palpatine (Sam Witwer), Boba Fett (Temuera Morrison), Bossk (Dee Bradley Baker), Iden Versio (Janina Gavankar), Darth Maul (Sam Witwer), and Kylo Ren (Matthew Wood/Roger Craig Smith) at launch.[6]
The game features a full campaign story mode unlike 2015's Battlefront. The game's single player protagonist, Iden Versio, leader of an Imperial Special Forces group known as Inferno Squad, participates in multiple events in the 30 years leading up to The Force Awakens. There will be segments in the campaign where the player will be able to control other characters such as Luke Skywalker and Kylo Ren. Players can also play in arcade mode – an offline single player or local co-op where players can choose which side to play on and which battle to play in. Battles vary from team battles to onslaughts. Alternatively, players can choose to do a custom match, where they can change some of the settings and location.
Instead of the paid Season Pass downloadable content (DLC) seen in the 2015 predecessor, this game is expanded with free DLC provided to all players with a free EA account.[7][8] The DLC is free to all players, using a seasonal structure similar to Overwatch and Rainbow Six Siege, according to Gavankar. The first season, released in December 13, 2017, was based on the movie Star Wars: The Last Jedi, and included Finn (John Boyega) and Captain Phasma (Gwendoline Christie) as heroes, the planet Crait as a ground map, and a space map above D'Qar.[9]
Multiplayer
Star Wars Battlefront II features five multiplayer game modes with the largest supporting up to 40 simultaneous players. Galactic Assault is centered around unique set pieces set across the eleven planets and locations featuring all three Star Wars eras involving a team of 20 attackers against 20 defenders. In Starfighter Assault, battles take place in space and planetary atmospheres involving 12 attackers against 12 defenders, both teams being reinforced with an additional 20 AI ships. Strike has players battling in close quarter scenarios involving a team of eight attackers aiming to capture a unique objective from a team of eight defenders; essentially one team capture the flag. Heroes vs. Villains is an "attack the target mode" involving the heroes and villains in Star Wars Battlefront II based off Star Wars characters, where four light side heroes fight four dark side villains. One of the four heroes and one of the four villains are selected to be the target to attack. Blast, the final mode, is standard team deathmatch between two teams of 10 players in which teams try to reach 100 total combined eliminations before the enemy team can. Alongside an update released on February 19, 2018, a new temporary game mode, Jetpack Cargo, was released, in which two teams of eight battle to capture cargo while all players are equipped with a jet-pack.
Campaign
The single-player story mode campaign in Star Wars Battlefront II takes place in the Star Wars galaxy, beginning around the time of Return of the Jedi, but largely between it and Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Emperor Palpatine plots to lure an unsuspecting Rebel Alliance fleet into a trap using himself and the second Death Star, being constructed above the Forest Moon of Endor, as bait, seeking to crush the Rebellion against his Galactic Empire once and for all. The Imperial Special Forces commando unit Inferno Squad, led by Commander Iden Versio, daughter of Admiral Garrick Versio, and made up of Agents Gideon Hask and Del Meeko, is crucial to the success of this planned Battle of Endor, but the Empire underestimates the strength of the Rebellion as its fleet gathers at Sullust.
Plot
Iden Versio (Janina Gavankar) is being interrogated for the codes to unlock an Imperial transmission aboard a Rebel Mon Calamari Star Cruiser. She activates her droid, which sneaks to her cell and frees her. Iden had allowed herself to be captured in order to erase the Imperial transmission, which would reveal the Emperor's plan at Endor. She successfully erases it, then escapes the ship by launching herself into space where she is intercepted by the Corvus, the flagship of Inferno Squad. Iden confirms the mission's success to Gideon Hask (Paul Blackthorne) and Del Meeko (TJ Ramini), other members of her squad.
Later on Endor, Iden, Hask, and Meeko secure the perimeter around the ruined shield generator, and watch with shock and horror as the second Death Star explodes. Vice Admiral Sloane orders a full retreat, and Inferno Squad recovers TIE fighters to escape the moon, which is being overrun by Rebel forces. The Corvus is attacked during their escape, but Inferno fends off Rebel bombers. Iden meets with her father, Admiral Garrick Versio (Anthony Skordi), on his Star Destroyer Eviscerator.
Admiral Versio confirms to Iden that the Emperor has died. A messenger droid displays a hologram of the late Emperor issuing his last command: to begin Operation: Cinder. Admiral Versio sends Iden to an Imperial shipyard to protect Moff Raythe and his Star Destroyer Dauntless, which hosts experimental satellites vital to the success of Operation: Cinder. The Dauntless comes under attack from a Rebel Star Cruiser, but Iden is able to board it with Hask and disable its ion cannons. Afterwards, they are ordered to attack the Imperial shipyard in order to free the Star Destroyer from the locked clamps. Afterwards, the Dauntless opens fire on the Rebel cruiser, destroying it.
Meeko is sent to Pillio and ordered to destroy one of the Emperor's hidden bases. He encounters Luke Skywalker (Matthew Mercer), who helps him disarm the base's defenses and fend off the local wildlife. They discover that the base contains the Emperor's spoils of conquest. Meeko and Luke part amicably, and Meeko begins to question the Empire's goals and motives. Following this, Iden and Inferno Squad are sent to the Imperial-controlled world of Vardos, in order to retrieve Protectorate Gleb. As the satellites for Operation Cinder begin destroying the planet with terrible storms, Iden and Meeko try to evacuate the civilians in addition to Gleb, causing Agent Hask to betray them. Disillusioned by the Empire's attack on Vardos, Iden and Meeko escape off world, now traitors to the Empire. They seek out the Rebel Alliance and are taken to General Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams), who gives them the choice to help stop Operation: Cinder, or to escape and make new lives for themselves. Choosing to help, they aid Leia Organa (Misty Lee) in protecting Naboo, destroying the satellites for Operation: Cinder and reactivating the planet's defenses. After Naboo is liberated, Inferno Squad joins the New Republic.
Iden and Inferno Squad are then sent to Takodana to find Han Solo (John Armstrong), who was extracting an Imperial defector carrying critical data in hopes of liberating Kashyyyk and freeing the Wookiees. The data also reveals that Admiral Versio is commanding Imperial operations on Bespin and Sullust. Iden and Del infiltrate Bespin with the intent of capturing Admiral Versio, but he and Hask manage to escape. Meanwhile, Lando investigates the hidden Imperial weapons cache on Sullust, only to find a weapons factory which he destroys. These operations cripple the Imperial fleet, which makes a last stand at Jakku. During the battle, Iden shoots down Hask and boards the Eviscerator, intending to rescue her father. Admiral Versio decides to go down with his ship, feeling obligated to die with the Empire he fought to protect. He instead urges Iden to escape and live a new life, commending her for seeing the weakness of the Empire. Iden takes an escape pod and reunites with Del at the end of the battle. The two embrace and kiss, as the battle marks the end of the Galactic Empire.
Many decades later, Del is captured on Pillio by Protectorate Gleb, who hands him over to Kylo Ren and the First Order. Ren uses the Force to interrogate Del about the location of the map leading to Luke Skywalker. Once Ren succeeds, he leaves Del in the custody of Hask, who survived getting shot down at Jakku. Hask expresses disgust at Del choosing to father a daughter with Iden instead of becoming a soldier and kills him, but not before Del warns him not to confront Iden. Hask then warns Gleb that the Republic cannot find out about "Project Resurrection" and orders her to leave the Corvus on Pillio as bait to lure Iden out of hiding.
Resurrection
Shriv Suurgav (Dan Donohue), now an agent for the Resistance, discovers the abandoned Corvus and informs Iden and her daughter, Zay (Brittany Volcy). Shriv also reveals that Del had been helping the Resistance investigate rumors of mass disappearances that may be connected to Project Resurrection before disappearing himself. They head to Athulla, where Del was last seen, to investigate. However, they are ambushed by a Jinata Security fleet. Iden and Zay destroy the fleet and capture the flagship. The surviving Jinata Security crew admit that they had been kidnapping children on the behalf of the First Order, and that Project Resurrection had been moved to Vardos.
Iden, Zay, and Shriv return to Vardos. Iden has Zay stay behind on the Corvus while she and Shriv investigate the surface, where they see a bright red light appear in the sky. Iden and Shriv discover Gleb's dead body and are then captured by Hask, who taunts them by telling them that he killed Gleb and Del and the First Order has already destroyed the Senate and the Hosnian System- the red lights from earlier (as seen in The Force Awakens). He then orders his Star Destroyer the Retribution to destroy the Corvus along with Zay. Jinata Security personnel, angry at the First Order betraying them, attack Hask's men, giving Iden and Shriv an opportunity to escape. They rescue Zay who managed to eject in an escape pod before the Corvus was destroyed, and they board the Retribution.
Iden fights her desire to get revenge on Hask and instead focuses on stealing any useful data from the ship to aid the Resistance. They hack a computer terminal and discover that Project Resurrection is an operation by the First Order to kidnap children from across the galaxy and indoctrinate them into stormtroopers. In addition, they discover that the First Order has built up a massive fleet large enough to retake the galaxy. Finally, they find the plans for a First Order Dreadnought and steal them. Shriv then goes to secure an escape craft while Iden and Zay plant explosive charges on the Retribution's hyperspace generators. Hask ambushes them but is killed by Iden. The destruction of the hyperspace generators pulls the Retribution out of hyperspace near Starkiller Base right as the Resistance destroys it. Iden reveals that she had been mortally wounded during the battle with Hask. She gives the Dreadnought plans to Zay and orders her to escape without her before dying.
Zay and Shriv link up with the Resistance and hand over the Dreadnought plans to Leia. She then orders them to head to the Outer Rim to gather more allies for the Resistance.
Development and marketing
On May 10, 2016, the development of Star Wars Battlefront II was announced, led by EA DICE in collaboration with Criterion Games and Jade Raymond's Motive Studios.[10] The sequel to 2015's rebooted Star Wars Battlefront features content from the sequel trilogy of films.[11] Creative director Bernd Diemer has stated that the company has replaced the Season Pass system of paid expansion of content, because that system was determined to have "fragmented" the player community of the 2015 predecessor game. The new expansion system is designed to allow all players "to play longer".[8] Executive producer Matthew Webster announced on April 15, 2017 at Star Wars Celebration that the worldwide release of the game would be November 17, 2017.[12] The Battlefront II beta test period started on October 4, 2017, for players who pre-ordered the game. It was expanded to an open beta on October 6, and ran until October 11.[13][14] A 10-hour trial version was made available to EA Access and Origin Access subscribers on November 9, 2017.[15]
A tie-in novel, Star Wars Battlefront II: Inferno Squad, was released on July 25, 2017. Written by Christie Golden, it serves as a direct prelude to the game and follows the exploits of the Galactic Empire's titular squad as it seeks to eliminate what was left of Saw Gerrera's rebel cell after the events of the 2016 film Rogue One.[16]
On November 10, 2017, Electronic Arts announced the first in a series of free downloadable content for the game, featuring the planets D'Qar and Crait and the playable hero characters Finn and Captain Phasma. This content is a direct tie-in to December's Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[17]
On March 22, 2018, Electronic Arts unlocked all hero characters and hero vehicles for all players, and removed game-play altering drops from Crates, which now only contain cosmetic items and credits.[18]
Reception
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic (PS4) 68/100[19]
(XONE) 66/100[20]
(PC) 65/100[21]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Destructoid 5/10[22]
Edge 4/10 [23]
EGM 7/10[24]
Game Informer 6.5/10[25]
Game Revolution [26]
GameSpot 6/10[28]
GamesRadar+ [27]
IGN 6.5/10[29]
PC Gamer (US) 63/100[30]
Star Wars Battlefront II received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[21][19][20] Metacritic user reviews for the PlayStation 4 version reached a low rating of 0.8/10, labelled as "overwhelming dislike", due to the controversies and review bombing.[31][32]
In his 4/5 star review for GamesRadar+, Andy Hartup praised the multiplayer but criticized the single player modes, saying the game has a "very strong multiplayer offering tarnished by overly complicated character progression, and a lavish, beautiful story campaign lacking in substance or subtlety."[27] Game Revolution felt the campaign started strong but weakened as it progressed, praising the multiplayer gameplay while criticizing the micro-transactions, loot box progression system, and locking of heroes.[26]
For EGM's review, Nick Plessas praised the multiplayer combat, balancing, and variety, but criticized the game's sustained focus around loot crates.[24] Andrew Reiner of Game Informer gave the game 6.5/10, writing "Answering the call for more content, Star Wars Battlefront II offers a full campaign and more than enough multiplayer material, but the entire experience is brought down by microtransactions."[25] IGN's Tom Marks also gave the game 6.5/10, saying "Star Wars Battlefront 2 has great feeling blasters, but its progression system makes firing them an unsatisfying grind."[29]
The game was nominated for "Best Shooter", "Best Graphics" and "Best Multiplayer" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards,[33][34][35] and was a runner-up for "Most Disappointing Game" in Giant Bomb's 2017 Game of the Year Awards.[36] In Game Informer's Reader's Choice Best of 2017 Awards, fewer readers voted for the game for "Best Co-op Multiplayer".[37] The website also awarded the game for "Best Graphics", "Best Audio" and "Biggest Disappointment" in their 2017 Shooter of the Year Awards.[38] Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of Zero Punctuation ranked the game at #1 on his list of the Five Blandest Games of 2017.[39]
Sales
In the U.S., Star Wars Battlefront II was the second best-selling title in November behind, Call of Duty: WWII.[40] Within its first week on sale in Japan, the PlayStation 4 version sold 38,769 copies, placing it at number four on the all format sales chart.[41] In January 2018, EA announced that the game missed their sales target due to the loot crate controversy.[42]
Accolades
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref
2017 Game Critics Awards Best Action Game Nominated [43][44]
Best Online Multiplayer Won
Gamescom 2017 Best Action Game Nominated [45]
Best Multiplayer Game Nominated
Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Nominated [46]
2018 21st Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Character (Iden Versio) Nominated [47][48]
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Nominated
2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Convergence Won [49][50]
16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards Audio of the Year Nominated [51]
Music of the Year Nominated
Sound Design of the Year Nominated
Best Interactive Score Nominated
Best Cinematic/Cutscene Audio Nominated
Best Audio Mix Nominated
Nickelodeon's 2018 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Video Game Nominated [52][53]
14th British Academy Games Awards Audio Achievement Nominated [54][55]
ASCAP Composers' Choice Awards 2017 ASCAP Video Game Score of the Year Pending [56]
Microtransactions controversy
During pre-release beta trials, the game's publisher EA was criticized by gamers and the gaming press for introducing a loot box monetization scheme that gives players substantial gameplay advantages through items purchased in-game with real money.[57] Although such items could also be purchased with in-game currency, players would on average have to "grind" for approximately 40 hours to unlock a single player character such as Darth Vader.[58] Responding to the controversy, developers had adjusted the number of in-game items a player receives through playing the game. However, after the game went into pre-release a number of players and journalists who received the pre-release copy of the game reported various controversial gameplay features, such as rewards being unrelated to the player's performance in the game.[59] The poorly weighed reward system combined with a weak inactivity detection allowed many players to use rubber bands to tightly tie their game controllers for automatically farming points during multiplayer battles, ruining the experience of other active online players.[60]
On November 12, 2017, a Reddit user complained that although they spent US$80 to purchase the Deluxe Edition of the game, Darth Vader remained inaccessible for play, and the use of this character required a large amount of in-game credits. Players estimated that it would take 40 hours of gameplay to accumulate enough credits to unlock a single hero.[61] In response to the community's backlash, EA's Community Team defended the controversial changes by saying their intent to make users earn credits to unlock heroes was to give users a sense of "pride and accomplishment" after unlocking a hero.[62][63] This led to many Reddit users becoming frustrated at the response, which generated more than 668,000 downvotes,[64] making it the most downvoted comment in the site's history.[65][66][67] In response to the community's outrage, EA lowered the cost of credits to unlock heroes by 75%.[68][69] However, the credits rewarded for completing the campaign were also reduced.[70]
On the day before release, EA disabled micro-transactions entirely, citing players' concerns that they gave buyers unfair advantages. They stated their intent to reintroduce them at a later date after unspecified changes had been made.[71]
The uproar from social media and poor press reception on its microtransactions had a negative impact on EA's share price which dropped by 2.5% on the launch day of the game. Analysts in Wall Street also lowered their expectation of the game's financial prospect.[72] A Wall Street analyst writing for CNBC noted how video games are still the cheapest entertainment medium per hour of use, and even with the added microtransactions, playing Battlefront II was still notably cheaper than paying to see the theatrical release of a film.[73]
By the end of November 2017, EA had lost $3 billion in stock value since the launch of the game.[74]
On March 16, 2018, developer DICE announced an overhaul for the progression and economic system. Loot crates will only contain credits, one of the in-game currencies, and cosmetic items while crystals, the other in-game currency, can be bought solely for the purpose of purchasing cosmetic items for characters in the game. Progression for player abilities, or "Star Cards," is now linear as players must play a certain class or hero in order to unlock a "Skill Point" for that trooper or hero, which can then be used to purchase a new card or upgrade one the player already owns. The first part of this update was released on March 21 while the second part will be released in April.[75]
Government responses
On November 15, two days before release, the Belgian gambling regulator announced that it was investigating the game, alongside Overwatch, to determine whether loot boxes constituted unlicensed gambling. In response to the investigation, EA claimed that Battlefront II's loot boxes do not constitute gambling.[76] The Minister of Justice of Belgium Koen Geens expressed that if they prove loot boxes violate gambling laws he would start working on banning loot boxes in any future video games sold in the entire European Union.[77][78]
Reacting to the conclusion of the Belgian gambling regulator's investigation, the head of Dutch Gambling commission announced a start of their own investigation of Battlefront II and the issue in general, and asked parents "to keep an eye at the games their children play".[79] Chris Lee, a member of the Hawaii House of Representatives, called Star Wars: Battlefront II "an online casino designed to trap little kids" and announced his intention to ban such practices in the state of Hawaii.[80] Another representative compared playing Battlefront II to smoking cigarettes, saying: "We didn't allow Joe Camel to encourage your kids to smoke cigarettes, and we shouldn't allow Star Wars to encourage your kids to gamble."[81][82] Singapore's National Council on Problem Gambling are monitoring the situation following the uproar on the game, as loot boxes do not fall under the Remote Gambling Act.[83] Authorities in Australia are also investigating the situation.[84]
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Jump up ^ "Here's how Star Wars Battlefront 2's progression will work: levels, loot crates, and Star Cards". gamesradar. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Battlefront 2 players are using elastic bands to cheat their way to credits". Eurogamer.net. November 24, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gach, Ethan. "Unlocking Heroes In Star Wars Battlefront II Could Take A Long Time [Update]". Kotaku. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Good, Owen S. (November 11, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 heroes come at a substantial cost". Polygon. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Matney, Lucas. "EA response to 'Battlefront II' complaint is the most downvoted comment in Reddit history". TechCrunch. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Seriously? I paid 80$ to have Vader locked? • r/StarWarsBattlefront". reddit. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "EA's defense of Star Wars: Battlefront II is now Reddit's most downvoted comment | GamesBeat". venturebeat.com. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "EA Now Has Most Downvoted Comment in Reddit History After Defending Battlefront 2 - GameRevolution". GameRevolution. November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Salinis, Sara (November 13, 2017). "EA's new Star Wars game is so unpopular a developer is apparently getting death threats". CNBC. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Arts, Electronic (November 13, 2017). "Change will be a Constant in Star Wars Battlefront II". ea.com. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kim, Matt (November 13, 2017). "EA Lowers the Cost of Unlocking Star Wars Battlefront 2 Heroes by 75 Percent". Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, James (November 14, 2017). "Star Wars Battlefront 2 has reduced the credits awarded for finishing the campaign". Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (November 16, 2017). "Star Wars: Battlefront 2 Removes Microtransactions, But They're Coming Back Later". Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wall Street is freaking out as EA caves again to social media outrage over its 'Star Wars' game". CNBC. November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kim, Tae (November 20, 2017). "Gamers are overreacting to EA's 'Star Wars' controversy; publishers should raise prices: Analyst". CNBC. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chalk, Andy (November 28, 2017). "Electronic Arts stock sheds $3 billion in value after Battlefront 2". PCGamer. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Revamped Progression is Coming Soon". March 16, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Dustin (November 15, 2017). "The Dutch Gaming Authority is investigating whether online loot boxes constitute gambling". PCGamesN. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Geens wil gokken in games verbieden". VTM NIEUWS. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Belgium says loot boxes are gambling, wants them banned in Europe". pcgamer. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zorgen online games voor een gokverslaving bij kinderen?". Zorgen online games voor een gokverslaving bij kinderen? (in Dutch). Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Chris (November 21, 2017). Highlights of the predatory gaming announcement. Honolulu. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke. "Hawaii Wants To Fight The "Predatory Behavior" Of Loot Boxes". Kotaku. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "State Legislators Weigh Law to Block Sale of 'Battlefront II' to Children". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hio, Lester (December 10, 2017). "Loot boxes in video games: Cool rewards or gambling trap?". The Straits Times. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Video games could fall foul of anti-gambling laws". The Economist. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
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Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with John Trumbull's painting Declaration of Independence.
The signatures on the Declaration of Independence
The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence occurred primarily on August 2, 1776 at the Pennsylvania State House, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress represented the 13 former colonies which had declared themselves the "United States of America," and they endorsed the Declaration of Independence which the Congress had approved on July 4, 1776. The Declaration proclaimed that the former Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain were now a sovereign, independent nation and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. The signers’ names are grouped by state, with the exception of President of the Continental Congress John Hancock; the states are arranged geographically from north to south.
The final draft of the Declaration was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, although the date of its signing has long been disputed. Most historians have concluded that it was signed on August 2, 1776, nearly a month after its adoption, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Date of signing
2 List of signers
3 Signer details
4 Stories and legends
5 References
5.1 Citations
5.2 Sources
Date of signing[edit]
The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, by Armand-Dumaresq (c. 1873) has been hanging in the White House since the late 1980s
The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, with 12 of the 13 colonies voting in favor and New York abstaining. The date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate. Within a decade after the event, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams all wrote that the Declaration was signed by Congress the day it was adopted on July 4, 1776.[1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. Additional support for the July 4 date is provided by the Journals of Congress, the official public record of the Continental Congress. The proceedings for 1776 were first published in 1777, and the entry for July 4 states that the Declaration was engrossed and signed on that date (the official copy was handwritten).[2]
In 1796, signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4, pointing out that some signers were not present, including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date.[3] "[N]o person signed it on that day nor for many days after", he later wrote.[4] His claim gained support when the Secret Journals of Congress were published in 1821.[5] The Secret Journals contained two previously unpublished entries about the Declaration.
On July 15, New York's delegates heard that they'd gotten permission from their convention to agree to the declaration.[6] The Secret Journals entry for July 19 reads:
Resolved That the Declaration passed on the 4th be fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and stile of "The unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of America" & that the same when engrossed be signed by every member of Congress.[7]
The entry for August 2 states:
The declaration of Independence being engrossed & compared at the table was signed by the Members.[8]
In 1884, historian Mellen Chamberlain argued that these entries indicated that the famous signed version of the Declaration had been created following the July 19 resolution, and had not been signed by Congress until August 2.[9] Subsequent research has confirmed that many of the signers had not been present in Congress on July 4, and that some delegates may have added their signatures even after August 2.[10] Both Jefferson and Adams never wavered from their belief that the signing ceremony took place on July 4, yet most historians have accepted the argument which David McCullough articulates in his biography of John Adams: "No such scene, with all the delegates present, ever occurred at Philadelphia."[11]
The Syng inkstand was used during the signing of the Declaration
Legal historian Wilfred Ritz concluded in 1986 that about 34 delegates signed the Declaration on July 4, and that the others signed on or after August 2.[12] Ritz argued that the engrossed copy of the Declaration was signed by Congress on July 4, as Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin had stated, and that it was implausible that all three men had been mistaken.[13] Ritz believed that McKean's testimony was questionable,[14] and that historians had misinterpreted the July 19 resolution. According to Ritz, this resolution did not call for a new document to be created, but rather for the existing one to be given a new title, which was necessary after New York had joined the other 12 states in declaring independence. Ritz reasoned that the phrase "signed by every member of Congress" in the July 19 resolution meant that delegates who had not signed the Declaration on the 4th were now required to do so.[15]
List of signers[edit]
Fifty-six delegates eventually signed the Declaration of Independence:
President of Congress
1. John Hancock (Massachusetts Bay)
New Hampshire
2. Josiah Bartlett
3. William Whipple
4. Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts Bay
5. Samuel Adams
6. John Adams
7. Robert Treat Paine
8. Elbridge Gerry
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
9. Stephen Hopkins
10. William Ellery
Connecticut
11. Roger Sherman
12. Samuel Huntington
13. William Williams
14. Oliver Wolcott
New York
15. William Floyd
16. Philip Livingston
17. Francis Lewis
18. Lewis Morris
New Jersey
19. Richard Stockton
20. John Witherspoon
21. Francis Hopkinson
22. John Hart
23. Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania
24. Robert Morris
25. Benjamin Rush
26. Benjamin Franklin
27. John Morton
28. George Clymer
29. James Smith
30. George Taylor
31. James Wilson
32. George Ross
Delaware
33. Caesar Rodney
34. George Read
35. Thomas McKean
Maryland
36. Samuel Chase
37. William Paca
38. Thomas Stone
39. Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia
40. George Wythe
41. Richard Henry Lee
42. Thomas Jefferson
43. Benjamin Harrison
44. Thomas Nelson, Jr.
45. Francis Lightfoot Lee
46. Carter Braxton
North Carolina
47. William Hooper
48. Joseph Hewes
49. John Penn
South Carolina
50. Edward Rutledge
51. Thomas Heyward, Jr.
52. Thomas Lynch, Jr.
53. Arthur Middleton
Georgia
54. Button Gwinnett
55. Lyman Hall
56. George Walton
Signer details[edit]
Eight delegates never signed the Declaration, out of the approximately 50 who are thought to have been present in Congress during the voting on independence in early July 1776:[16] John Alsop, George Clinton, John Dickinson, Charles Humphreys, Robert R. Livingston, John Rogers, Thomas Willing, and Henry Wisner.[17] Clinton, Livingston, and Wisner were attending to duties away from Congress when the signing took place. Willing and Humphreys voted against the resolution of independence and were replaced in the Pennsylvania delegation before the August 2 signing. Rogers had voted for the resolution of independence but was no longer a delegate on August 2. Alsop favored reconciliation with Great Britain and so resigned rather than add his name to the document.[18] Dickinson refused to sign, believing the Declaration premature, but he remained in Congress. George Read had voted against the resolution of independence, and Robert Morris had abstained—yet they both signed the Declaration.
The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock, who presumably signed first as President of Congress.[19] Hancock's large, flamboyant signature became iconic, and John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for "signature".[20] Future presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were among the signatories. Edward Rutledge (age 26) was the youngest signer and Benjamin Franklin (age 70) the oldest.
John Hancock's now-iconic signature on the Declaration is nearly 5 inches (13 cm) long.[21]
Some delegates were away on business when the Declaration was debated, including William Hooper[22] and Samuel Chase, but they were back in Congress to sign on August 2. Other delegates were present when the Declaration was debated but added their names after August 2, including Lewis Morris, Oliver Wolcott, Thomas McKean, and possibly Elbridge Gerry. Richard Henry Lee and George Wythe were in Virginia during July and August, but returned to Congress and signed the Declaration probably in September and October, respectively.[23]
New delegates joining the Congress were also allowed to sign. Eight men signed the Declaration who did not take seats in Congress until after July 4: Matthew Thornton, William Williams, Benjamin Rush, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, George Ross, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton.[24] Matthew Thornton did not take a seat in Congress until November.[25] By the time that he signed it, there wasn't any space for his name next to the other New Hampshire delegates, so he placed his signature at the end of the document.[26]
The first published version of the Declaration was the Dunlap broadside. The only names on that version were Congress President John Hancock and Secretary Charles Thomson, and those names were printed rather than signatures. The public did not learn who had signed the engrossed copy until January 18, 1777, when the Congress ordered that an "authenticated copy" be sent to each of the 13 states, including the names of the signers.[27] This copy is called the Goddard Broadside; it was the first to list all the signers[28] except for Thomas McKean, who may not have signed the Declaration until after the Goddard Broadside was published. Congress Secretary Charles Thomson did not sign the engrossed copy of the Declaration, and his name doesn't appear on the Goddard Broadside, even though it does appear on the Dunlap broadside.
Stories and legends[edit]
Various legends emerged years later concerning the signing of the Declaration, when the document had become an important national symbol. In one famous story, John Hancock supposedly said that Congress, having signed the Declaration, must now "all hang together", and Benjamin Franklin replied: "Yes, we must indeed all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately." The quotation did not appear in print until more than 50 years after Franklin's death.[29]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 242–43
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", p. 246; Burnett, Continental Congress, p. 192
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 299–302; Burnett, Continental Congress, p. 192
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 302
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 243–45
Jump up ^ https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/signing
Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress, Secret Journals vol. 1, p. 46
Jump up ^ U.S. Continental Congress, Secret Journals vol. 1, p. 46
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", pp. 245–46
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 208–19; Wills, Inventing America, p. 341
Jump up ^ Strauss, Valerie (July 2, 2014). "What you know about July 4th is wrong". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", p. 194
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", p. 182
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", pp. 198–200
Jump up ^ Ritz, "Authentication", pp. 190–200
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation and Analysis, p. 143) says that 45 delegates can be confirmed as present on July 4, and that another four might have been.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation, p. 149) gives the number of non-signers as seven, not counting Dickinson, who absented himself for the final votes.
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 525–26
Jump up ^ Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 209
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster online; Dictionary.com.
Jump up ^ Malone, Story of the Declaration, p. 90
Jump up ^ Fradin, The Signers, 112.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p, 148
Jump up ^ Friedenwald (Interpretation, p. 149) lists seven men; he does not include Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who had been working as an emissary for Congress. He did not become an official member of the Maryland delegation until July 4, and did not take his seat as a delegate until July 18. (Hazelton, Declaration History, pp. 529, 587)
Jump up ^ The U.S. State Department (1911), The Declaration of Independence, 1776, pp. 10, 11.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 150
Jump up ^ Warren, "Fourth of July Myths", p. 247; Hazelton, Declaration History, p. 284; Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 137, where the date is misprinted as January 8, but correct on page 150.
Jump up ^ Friedenwald, Interpretation, p. 137
Jump up ^ Malone, Story of the Declaration, p. 91
Sources[edit]
Boyd, Julian P., ed. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1. Princeton University Press, 1950.
Boyd, Julian P. "The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100, number 4 (October 1976), 438–67.
Burnett, Edward Cody. The Continental Congress. New York: Norton, 1941.
Friedenwald, Herbert. The Declaration of Independence: An Interpretation and an Analysis. New York: Macmillan, 1904. Accessed via the Internet Archive.
Hazelton, John H. The Declaration of Independence: Its History. Originally published 1906. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970. ISBN 0-306-71987-8. 1906 printing available on Google Book Search
Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-45492-6.
Malone, Dumas. The Story of the Declaration of Independence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. A picture book with text by a leading Jefferson scholar.
Ritz, Wilfred J. "The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776". Law and History Review 4, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 179–204.
United States Continental Congress. Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation, vol. 1, p. 46. Boston: Thomas B. Wait, 1820.
Warren, Charles. "Fourth of July Myths." The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, vol. 2, no. 3 (July 1945): 238–72.
Wills, Garry. Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1978. ISBN 0-385-08976-7.
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