text:
Middle cranial fossa
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Middle cranial fossa
Base of the skull. Upper surface. (Middle cranial fossa is the centermost of the three indentations, in pink and yellow.)
Details
Identifiers
Latin
fossa cranii media
TA
A02.1.00.049
FMA
54369
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The middle cranial fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest.
It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellæ; laterally by the temporal squamæ, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures.
It houses the temporal lobes of the brain and the pituitary gland.[1] A middle fossa craniotomy is one means to surgically remove acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannoma) growing within the internal auditory canal of the temporal bone.
Middle cranial fossa surgical anatomy as demonstrated in a right cadaver temporal bone by Dr Jack M Kartush - view from above.
Contents
[hide]
1 Middle part
2 Lateral parts
3 See also
4 References
5 Additional images
6 External links
Middle part[edit]
The middle part of the fossa presents, in front, the chiasmatic groove and tuberculum sellae; the chiasmatic groove ends on either side at the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to the orbital cavity.
Behind the optic foramen the anterior clinoid process is directed backward and medialward and gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli.
Behind the tuberculum sellæ is a deep depression, the sella turcica, containing the fossa hypophyseos, which lodges the hypophysis, and presents on its anterior wall the middle clinoid processes.
The sella turcica is bounded posteriorly by a quadrilateral plate of bone, the dorsum sellae, the upper angles of which are surmounted by the posterior clinoid processes: these afford attachment to the tentorium cerebelli, and below each is a notch for the abducent nerve.
On either side of the sella turcica is the carotid groove, which is broad, shallow, and curved somewhat like the italic letter f.
It begins behind at the foramen lacerum, and ends on the medial side of the anterior clinoid process, where it is sometimes converted into a foramen (carotico-clinoid) by the union of the anterior with the middle clinoid process; posteriorly, it is bounded laterally by the lingula.
This groove lodges the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery, the latter being surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves.
Lateral parts[edit]
The lateral parts of the middle fossa are of considerable depth, and support the temporal lobes of the brain.
They are marked by depressions for the brain convolutions and traversed by furrows for the anterior and posterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels.
These furrows begin near the foramen spinosum, and the anterior runs forward and upward to the sphenoidal angle of the parietal, where it is sometimes converted into a bony canal; the posterior runs lateralward and backward across the temporal squama and passes on to the parietal near the middle of its lower border.
The following apertures are also to be seen.
In front is the superior orbital fissure, bounded above by the small wing, below, by the great wing, and medially, by the body of the sphenoid; it is usually completed laterally by the orbital plate of the frontal bone.
It transmits to the orbital cavity the oculomotor, the trochlear, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal, and the abducent nerves, some filaments from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic, and the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery; and from the orbital cavity a recurrent branch from the lacrimal artery to the dura mater, and the ophthalmic veins.
Behind the medial end of the superior orbital fissure is the foramen rotundum, for the passage of the maxillary nerve.
Behind and lateral to the foramen rotundum is the foramen ovale, which transmits the mandibular nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, and the lesser superficial petrosal nerve.
Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen Vesalii, which varies in size in different individuals, and is often absent; when present, it opens below at the lateral side of the scaphoid fossa, and transmits a small vein.
Lateral to the foramen ovale is the foramen spinosum, for the passage of the middle meningeal vessels, and a recurrent branch from the mandibular nerve.
Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen lacerum; in the fresh state the lower part of this aperture is filled up by a layer of fibrocartilage, while its upper and inner parts transmit the internal carotid artery surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves.
The nerve of the pterygoid canal and a meningeal branch from the ascending pharyngeal artery pierce the layer of fibrocartilage.
On the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone are seen the eminence caused by the projection of the superior semicircular canal; in front of and a little lateral to this a depression corresponding to the roof of the tympanic cavity; the groove leading to the hiatus of the facial canal, for the transmission of the greater superficial petrosal nerve and the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery; beneath it, the smaller groove, for the passage of the lesser superficial petrosal nerve; and, near the apex of the bone, the depression for the semilunar ganglion and the orifice of the carotid canal.
See also[edit]
Anterior cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Mancall, Elliott L.; Brock, David G., eds. (2011). "Cranial Fossae". Gray's Clinical Anatomy. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 154. ISBN 9781437735802.
Additional images[edit]
Middle cranial fossa at human foetus
Base of skull
Middle cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle cranial fossa.
Anatomy photo:22:os-0802 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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Neurocranium
Calvaria
Diploë
Asterion
Pterion
Stephanion
Inion
Bregma
Lambda
Fossae
anterior
middle
posterior
cranial cavity
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Fontanelle
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posterior
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[show]
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Foramina of the skull (and canals, fissures, meatus, and hiatus)
Anterior cranial fossa
to Orbit:
ethmoidal foramina
anterior
posterior
to Nasal cavity:
olfactory foramina (CN-I)
foramen cecum
Middle cranial fossa
to Orbit:
optic canal (CN-II)
superior orbital fissure (CN-III,IV,V1,VI)
to Pterygopalatine fossa:
foramen rotundum (CN-V2)
pterygoid canal
to Infratemporal fossa:
foramen ovale (CN-V3)
foramen spinosum/carotid canal
other:
foramen lacerum
hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
sphenoidal emissary foramen
Posterior cranial fossa
internal auditory meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen (CN-VII,VIII)
jugular foramen (CN-IX,X,XI)
foramen magnum (CN-XI)
hypoglossal canal (CN-XII)
condylar canal
mastoid foramen
Orbit
to Nasal cavity:
nasolacrimal canal
to face:
supraorbital
notch
foramen
infraorbital
foramen
groove
zygomatic foramen
-facial
-temporal
to Pterygopalatine fossa:
inferior orbital fissure
other:
Inferior orbital fissure
Fossa for lacrimal sac
Pterygopalatine fossa
to Nasal cavity:
sphenopalatine foramen
to Oral cavity:
greater palatine canal
foramen
lesser palatine canals
foramina
to Infratemporal fossa:
pterygomaxillary fissure
to Nasopharynx:
palatovaginal canal
to oral cavity:
incisive canals
incisive foramen
to nasal cavity:
Foramen vomerinum
Meatus vomerinus
Fissura vomerina
Hiatus vomerinus
Other
external acoustic meatus
mandibular foramen
mental foramen
parietal foramen
petrotympanic fissure
semilunar hiatus
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text:
The Outsiders (novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Outsiders
First hardcover edition, 1967
Author
S. E. Hinton
Cover artist
Robert Hunt
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Young adult fiction
Publisher
Viking Press, Dell Publishing
Publication date
April 24, 1967
Media type
Print (hardcover, paperback), Audiobook
Pages
192
ISBN
0-670-53257-6
OCLC
64396432
Followed by
That Was Then, This Is Now
The Outsiders is a coming-of-age novel by S. E. Hinton, first published in 1967 by Viking Press. Hinton was 15 when she started writing the novel, but did most of the work when she was 16 and a junior in high school.[1] Hinton was 18 when the book was published.[2] The book details the conflict between two rival gangs divided by their socioeconomic status: the working-class "greasers" and the upper-class "Socs" (pronounced /ˈsoʊʃɪz/—short for Socials). The story is told in first-person perspective by teenaged protagonist Ponyboy Curtis.
The story in the book takes place in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1965,[2] but this is never explicitly stated in the book.
A film adaptation was produced in 1983, and a little-known short-lived television series appeared in 1990, picking up where the movie left off. A stage adaptation was written by Christopher Sergel and published in 1990.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Major characters
2.1 Greasers
2.2 Socs
2.3 Other characters
3 Controversy
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Plot summary
Ponyboy Curtis, a teenaged member of a loose gang of "greasers", is leaving a movie theater when he is jumped by "Socs", the greasers' rival gang. Several greasers, including Ponyboy's two older brothers—the paternal Darry and the popular Sodapop—come to his rescue. The next night, Ponyboy and two greaser friends, the hardened Dally and the quiet Johnny, meet Cherry and Marcia, a pair of Soc girls, at a drive-in movie theater. Cherry spurns Dally's rude advances, but Ponyboy ends up speaking civilly with Cherry, emotionally connecting with a Soc for the first time in his life.
Afterward, Ponyboy, Johnny, and their wisecracking friend Two-Bit begin to walk Cherry and Marcia home, when they are stopped by Cherry's boyfriend Bob, who badly beat up Johnny a few months back. Bob and the greasers exchange taunts, but Cherry prevents a fight by willingly leaving with Bob. Ponyboy gets home at two in the morning, enraging Darry until he suddenly slaps Ponyboy. Ponyboy runs out the door and meets up with Johnny, expressing his anger at Darry's increasing coldness in the wake of his parents' recent deaths in a car crash.
Ponyboy and Johnny wander into a park, where Bob and four other Socs surround them. After some heated talk, Ponyboy spits at the Socs, prompting them to try to drown him in a nearby fountain, but Johnny stabs Bob, killing him and dispersing the Socs. Terrified of what to do next, Ponyboy and Johnny rush to find Dally, who gives them money and a loaded gun, directing them to hide in an abandoned church in Windrixville. During their stay there, Pony cuts and dyes his hair as a disguise, reads Gone with the Wind to Johnny, and, upon viewing a beautiful sunrise, recites the poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" by Robert Frost.
Days later, Dally comes to check on them, revealing that violence between the greasers and Socs has escalated since Bob's death into all-out city-wide warfare, with Cherry acting out of guilt as a spy for the greasers. Johnny decides to turn himself in and Dally agrees to take the boys back home. As they attempt to leave, they notice the church has caught fire and several local schoolchildren have become trapped inside. The greasers run inside the burning church to save the children, but Ponyboy is rendered unconscious by the fumes. At the hospital he discovers that he and Dally are not badly injured, but a piece of the church roof fell on Johnny and broke his back. Sodapop and Darry come to the hospital; Darry breaks down and cries. Ponyboy then realizes that Darry cares about him, and is only hard on Ponyboy because he loves him and cares about his future.
The following morning the newspapers declare Pony and Johnny heroes, but Johnny will be charged with manslaughter for Bob's death. Two-Bit tells them that the greaser–Soc rivalry is to be settled in a final rumble. Ponyboy and Two-Bit are approached by a Soc named Randy, Bob's best friend, who expresses remorse for his involvement in the gang war, lacks confidence about the rumble ending the feud, and says he will not participate.
Later, Ponyboy visits Johnny at the hospital, where he is in critical condition. On their way home, Pony spots Cherry and they talk. Cherry says she is unwilling to visit Johnny in the hospital because he killed her boyfriend. Pony calls her a traitor, but after explaining herself, they end on good terms. After escaping the hospital, Dally shows up just in time for the rumble. The greasers win the brutal fight. Afterward, Pony and Dally hurry back to the hospital to see Johnny, but he dies moments later and a maniacal Dally runs out of the room. Pony returns home that night feeling confused and disoriented. Dally calls the house to say that he has robbed a store and is running from the police. The greasers find Dally deliberately pointing an unloaded gun at the police, causing them to shoot and kill him. Overwhelmed, Ponyboy faints and is sick in bed for several days due to the resulting concussion. When the hearing finally comes, the judge frees Ponyboy from responsibility for Bob's death and allows Pony to remain at home with Darry and Soda.
Ponyboy returns to school, but his grades drop. Although he is failing English, his teacher, Mr. Syme, says he will pass him if he writes a decent theme. In the copy of Gone with the Wind that Johnny gave him before dying, Ponyboy finds a note from Johnny describing how he will die proudly after saving the kids from the fire. Johnny also urges Ponyboy to "stay gold". Ponyboy decides to write his English assignment about the recent events, and begins his essay with the opening line of the novel: "When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house, I had only two things on my mind: Paul Newman and a ride home..." [3]
Major characters
Greasers
Ponyboy Curtis: Narrator and the youngest Curtis brother, 14 years old, who gets good grades and runs track.
Sodapop Curtis: The middle Curtis brother, 16 years old, a high school dropout who works at a gas station.
Darrel "Darry" Curtis: The oldest of the Curtis brothers, 20 years old, who has been caring for his brothers since their parents died in a car crash. He is the unofficial leader of the gang.
Johnny Cade: Ponyboy's best friend, 16 years old, who is extremely quiet and lives with his alcoholic and abusive mother and father.
Dallas "Dally" Winston: The roughest of the greasers, who lived on the streets of New York City for three years.
Keith "Two-Bit" Mathews: A wise-cracking kleptomaniac.
Steve Randle: Sodapop's best friend since grade school.
Timothy "Tim" Shepard: Leader of another greaser gang: an organized downtown one.
Sandy: Sodapop's girlfriend.
Socs
Sherri "Cherry" Valance: Bob's girlfriend, attends the same high school as Ponyboy.
Robert "Bob" Sheldon: Cherry's boyfriend who is stabbed and killed by Johnny.
Randy Adderson: A friend of Bob's and Marcia's boyfriend.
Marcia: Cherry's best friend and Randy's girlfriend.
David: A member of Bob and Randy's gang who attempted to drown Ponyboy in the fountain.
Paul Holden: A former friend of Darry's.
Other characters
Jerry Wood: The schoolteacher responsible for the children who were in the seemingly abandoned church.
Mr. Syme: Ponyboy's English teacher who assigns him a theme to write that becomes the story of the novel itself.
Controversy
The Outsiders was a controversial book at the time of its publication; it is still currently challenged and debated.[4] It was ranked #38 on the American Library Association’s Top 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999.[5] This book has been banned from some schools and libraries because of the portrayal of gang violence, underage smoking and drinking, strong language/slang, and family dysfunction.[6] However, in many U.S. schools, the book is part of the English curriculum at the middle- or high-school level.[7]
See also
The Outsiders House Museum
References
Jump up ^ Hinton, S. E. (2005) [1977]. "speaking with S. E. Hinton". The Outsiders. Speak/Penguin Putnam. p. 162. ISBN 0-14-038572-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Frequently Asked Questions at sehinton.com
Jump up ^ Hinton 1967, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Fallon, Claire (2017). "50 Years After 'The Outsiders,' S.E. Hinton Is Sure The Characters Aren’t Gay". The Huffington Post. HuffPost News (Oath Inc.).
Jump up ^ "100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999 | American Library Association". Ala.org. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Banned Books Awareness: The Outsiders | Banned Books Awareness". World.edu. 2011-05-08. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
Jump up ^ Cummings, Siena (2017). "[www.standard.net/TX/2017/09/24/After-50-years-Outsiders After 50 years, 'Outsiders' continues to 'stay gold']." Standard-Examiner. Ogden Publishing Corporation.
Bibliography
Hinton, S.E. (1997). The Outsiders. New York: SPEAK. ISBN 9780140385724.
External links
S.E. Hinton's Website
"‘The Outsiders’: 40 Years Later" By Dale Peck The New York Times September 23, 2007
[show]
v
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S. E. Hinton
Books
The Outsiders
Rumble Fish
That Was Then, This Is Now
Tex
Taming the Star Runner
Hawkes Harbor
Some of Tim's Stories
Big David, Little David
The Puppy Sister
[show]
v
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Books I Love Best Yearly: Older Readers Award
The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾ by Sue Townsend (1990)
The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton (1991)
Where's Wally? by Martin Handford (1992)
Flowers in the Attic by V. C. Andrews (1993)
Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta (1995)
Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton (1996)
The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien (1997)
Tomorrow, When the War Began by John Marsden (1998)
Bumface by Morris Gleitzman (1999)
Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta (2000)
Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling (2001)
The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien (2002)
Two of a Kind series by various authors (2003)
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J. K. Rowling (2004)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling (2005)
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince by J. K. Rowling (2006)
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