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Acid rain
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For other uses, see Acid rain (disambiguation).
Processes involved in acid deposition (note that only SO2 and NOx play a significant role in acid rain).
Acid clouds can grow on SO2 emissions from refineries, as seen here in Curaçao.
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes, and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms, causing paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 History
2.1 In the United States
3 Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification
3.1 Natural phenomena
3.2 Human activity
4 Chemical processes
4.1 Gas phase chemistry
4.2 Chemistry in cloud droplets
5 Acid deposition
5.1 Wet deposition
5.2 Dry deposition
6 Adverse effects
6.1 Surface waters and aquatic animals
6.2 Soils
6.3 Forests and other vegetation
6.4 Ocean acidification
6.5 Human health effects
6.6 Other adverse effects
7 Affected areas
8 Prevention methods
8.1 Technical solutions
8.2 International treaties
8.3 Emissions trading
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Definition
"Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog, cloudwater, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic components. Distilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline. "Clean" or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than 5.7, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid according to the following reaction:
H2O (l) + CO2 (g) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq)
Carbonic acid then can ionize in water forming low concentrations of hydronium and carbonate ions:
H2O (l) + H2CO3 (aq) ⇌ HCO3− (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
However, unpolluted rain can also contain other chemicals which affect its pH (acidity level). A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning.[1] Acid deposition as an environmental issue (discussed later in the article) would include additional acids other than H2CO3.
History
The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles.[2] Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased.[3][4] In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England.[5]
Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon.[6] The term "acid rain" was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith.[7] Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a "dead" lake. At first the main focus in research lay on local affects of acid rain. Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was the first to acknowledge long-distance transportation of pollutants crossing borders from the United Kingdom to Norway[8]. Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S increased in the 1970s after The New York Times published reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects shown to result from it.[9][10]
Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas.[3] Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia[11][12] and areas downwind from them. These areas all burn sulfur-containing coal to generate heat and electricity.[13]
The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth, but has become more widespread. The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation.[14][15] Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions, with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition (simply because of their higher rainfall). An example of this effect is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia.
In the United States
Since 1998, Harvard University wraps some of the bronze and marble statues on its campus, such as this "Chinese stele", with waterproof covers every winter, in order to protect them from corrosion caused by acid rain and acid snow[16]
The earliest report about acid rain in the United States was from the chemical evidence from Hubbard Brook Valley. In 1972, a group of scientists including Gene Likens discovered the rain that was deposited at White Mountains of New Hampshire was acidic. The pH of the sample was measured to be 4.03 at Hubbard Brook.[17] The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study followed up with a series of research that analyzed the environmental effects of acid rain. Acid rain that mixed with stream water at Hubbard Brook was neutralized by the alumina from soils.[18] The result of this research indicates the chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminum leads to increasing rate of soil weathering. Experimental research was done to examine the effects of increased acidity in stream on ecological species. In 1980, a group of scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook, New Hampshire, and observed the change in species’ behaviors. There was a decrease in species diversity, an increase in community dominants, and a decrease in the food web complexity.[19]
In 1980, the U.S. Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act.[20] This Act established an 18-year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). NAPAP looked at the entire problem from a scientific perspective. It enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic the precipitation actually was, and to determine long-term trends, and established a network for dry deposition. It looked at the effects of acid rain and funded research on the effects of acid precipitation on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, historical buildings, monuments, and building materials. It also funded extensive studies on atmospheric processes and potential control programs.
From the start, policy advocates from all sides attempted to influence NAPAP activities to support their particular policy advocacy efforts, or to disparage those of their opponents.[20] For the U.S. Government's scientific enterprise, a significant impact of NAPAP were lessons learned in the assessment process and in environmental research management to a relatively large group of scientists, program managers and the public.[21]
In 1981, the National Academy of Sciences was looking into research about the controversial issues regarding acid rain.[22] President Ronald Reagan did not place a huge attention on the issues of acid rain[23] until his personal visit to Canada and confirmed that Canadian border suffered from the drifting pollution from smokestacks in Midwest of US. Reagan honored the agreement to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau’s enforcement of anti-pollution regulation.[24] In 1982, US President Ronald Reagan commissioned William Nierenberg to serve on the National Science Board.[25] Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to serve on a panel to draft a report on acid rain. In 1983, the panel of scientists came up with a draft report, which concluded that acid rain is a real problem and solutions should be sought.[26] White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer’s suggestions of the report, which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain.[27] The panelists revealed rejections against Singer’s positions and submitted the report to Nierenberg in April. In May 1983, the House of Representatives voted against legislations that aimed to control sulfur emissions. There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed to release the report. Nierenberg himself denied the saying about his suppression of the report and explained that the withheld of the report after the House's vote was due to the fact that the report was not ready to be published.[28]
In 1991, the US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States.[29] It reported that 5% of New England Lakes were acidic, with sulfates being the most common problem. They noted that 2% of the lakes could no longer support Brook Trout, and 6% of the lakes were unsuitable for the survival of many species of minnow. Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems, nitrogen saturation, decreases in amounts of nutrients in soil, episodic acidification, regional haze, and damage to historical monuments.
Meanwhile, in 1990, the U.S. Congress passed a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act.[30] Title IV of these amendments established the a cap and trade system designed to control emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Title IV called for a total reduction of about 10 million tons of SO2 emissions from power plants. It was implemented in two phases. Phase I began in 1995, and limited sulfur dioxide emissions from 110 of the largest power plants to a combined total of 8.7 million tons of sulfur dioxide. One power plant in New England (Merrimack) was in Phase I. Four other plants (Newington, Mount Tom, Brayton Point, and Salem Harbor) were added under other provisions of the program. Phase II began in 2000, and affects most of the power plants in the country.
During the 1990s, research continued. On March 10, 2005, the EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). This rule provides states with a solution to the problem of power plant pollution that drifts from one state to another. CAIR will permanently cap emissions of SO2 and NOx in the eastern United States. When fully implemented, CAIR will reduce SO2 emissions in 28 eastern states and the District of Columbia by over 70% and NOx emissions by over 60% from 2003 levels.[31]
Overall, the program's cap and trade program has been successful in achieving its goals. Since the 1990s, SO2 emissions have dropped 40%, and according to the Pacific Research Institute, acid rain levels have dropped 65% since 1976.[32][33] Conventional regulation was used in the European Union, which saw a decrease of over 70% in SO2 emissions during the same time period.[34]
In 2007, total SO2 emissions were 8.9 million tons, achieving the program's long-term goal ahead of the 2010 statutory deadline.[35]
In 2007 the EPA estimated that by 2010, the overall costs of complying with the program for businesses and consumers would be $1 billion to $2 billion a year, only one fourth of what was originally predicted.[32] Forbes says: In 2010, by which time the cap and trade system had been augmented by the George W. Bush administration’s Clean Air Interstate Rule, SO2 emissions had fallen to 5.1 million tons. [36]
The term Citizen science can be traced back as far as January 1989 and a campaign by the Audubon Society to measure Acid rain. Scientist Muki Haklay cites in a policy report for the Wilson Center entitled 'Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective' a first use of the term 'citizen science' by R. Kerson in the magazine MIT Technology Review from January 1989.[37][38] Quoting from the Wilson Center report: "The new form of engagement in science received the name "citizen science". The first recorded example of the use of the term is from 1989, describing how 225 volunteers across the US collected rain samples to assist the Audubon Society in an acid-rain awareness raising campaign. The volunteers collected samples, checked for acidity, and reported back to the organization. The information was then used to demonstrate the full extent of the phenomenon."[37][38]
Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification
The most important gas which leads to acidification is sulfur dioxide. Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur containing compounds. 70 Tg(S) per year in the form of SO2 comes from fossil fuel combustion and industry, 2.8 Tg(S) from wildfires and 7–8 Tg(S) per year from volcanoes.[39]
Natural phenomena
The principal natural phenomena that contribute acid-producing gases to the atmosphere are emissions from volcanoes. Thus, for example, fumaroles from the Laguna Caliente crater of Poás Volcano create extremely high amounts of acid rain and fog, with acidity as high as a pH of 2, clearing an area of any vegetation and frequently causing irritation to the eyes and lungs of inhabitants in nearby settlements. Acid-producing gasses are also created by biological processes that occur on the land, in wetlands, and in the oceans. The major biological source of sulfur containing compounds is dimethyl sulfide.
Nitric acid in rainwater is an important source of fixed nitrogen for plant life, and is also produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere such as lightning.[40]
Acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe.[14]
Soils of coniferous forests are naturally very acidic due to the shedding of needles, and the results of this phenomenon should not be confused with acid rain.
Human activity
The coal-fired Gavin Power Plant in Cheshire, Ohio
The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as electricity generation, factories, and motor vehicles. Electrical power generation using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollutions that are responsible for acidic rain. The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited. In the past, factories had short funnels to let out smoke but this caused many problems locally; thus, factories now have taller smoke funnels. However, dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther, causing widespread ecological damage.
Chemical processes
Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides. They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid.[41]
Gas phase chemistry
In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction:[5]
SO2 + OH· → HOSO2·
which is followed by:
HOSO2· + O2 → HO2· + SO3
In the presence of water, sulfur trioxide (SO3) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid:
SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (aq)
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with OH to form nitric acid:
This shows the process of the air pollution being released into the atmosphere and the areas that will be affected.
NO2 + OH· → HNO3
Chemistry in cloud droplets
When clouds are present, the loss rate of SO2 is faster than can be explained by gas phase chemistry alone. This is due to reactions in the liquid water droplets.
Hydrolysis
Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water and then, like carbon dioxide, hydrolyses in a series of equilibrium reactions:
SO2 (g) + H2O ⇌ SO2·H2O
SO2·H2O ⇌ H+ + HSO3−
HSO3− ⇌ H+ + SO32−
Oxidation
There are a large number of aqueous reactions that oxidize sulfur from S(IV) to S(VI), leading to the formation of sulfuric acid. The most important oxidation reactions are with ozone, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen (reactions with oxygen are catalyzed by iron and manganese in the cloud droplets).[5]
Acid deposition
Wet deposition
Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow, and so on.) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's surface. This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops (see aqueous phase chemistry above) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds. Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition.
Dry deposition
Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation. This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60% of total acid deposition.[42] This occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground, plants or other surfaces.
Adverse effects
Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health.
Surface waters and aquatic animals
This chart shows that not all fish, shellfish, or the insects that they eat can tolerate the same amount of acid; for example, frogs can tolerate water that is more acidic (i.e., has a lower pH) than trout.
Both the lower pH and higher aluminium concentrations in surface water that occur as a result of acid rain can cause damage to fish and other aquatic animals. At pHs lower than 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and lower pHs can kill adult fish. As lakes and rivers become more acidic biodiversity is reduced. Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species, including the brook trout in some lakes, streams, and creeks in geographically sensitive areas, such as the Adirondack Mountains of the United States.[43] However, the extent to which acid rain contributes directly or indirectly via runoff from the catchment to lake and river acidity (i.e., depending on characteristics of the surrounding watershed) is variable. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) website states: "Of the lakes and streams surveyed, acid rain caused acidity in 75% of the acidic lakes and about 50% of the acidic streams".[43] Lakes hosted by silicate basement rocks are more acidic than lakes within limestone or other basement rocks with a carbonate composition (i.e. marble) due to buffering effects by carbonate minerals, even with the same amount of acid rain.[44][citation needed]
Soils
Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously damaged by acid rain. Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed.[45] The enzymes of these microbes are denatured (changed in shape so they no longer function) by the acid. The hydronium ions of acid rain also mobilize toxins such as aluminium, and leach away essential nutrients and minerals such as magnesium.[46]
2 H+ (aq) + Mg2+ (clay) ⇌ 2 H+ (clay) + Mg2+ (aq)
Soil chemistry can be dramatically changed when base cations, such as calcium and magnesium, are leached by acid rain thereby affecting sensitive species, such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum).[47][48]
Forests and other vegetation
Acid rain can have severe effects on vegetation. A forest in the Black Triangle in Europe.
Adverse effects may be indirectly related to acid rain, like the acid's effects on soil (see above) or high concentration of gaseous precursors to acid rain. High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain.
Other plants can also be damaged by acid rain, but the effect on food crops is minimized by the application of lime and fertilizers to replace lost nutrients. In cultivated areas, limestone may also be added to increase the ability of the soil to keep the pH stable, but this tactic is largely unusable in the case of wilderness lands. When calcium is leached from the needles of red spruce, these trees become less cold tolerant and exhibit winter injury and even death.[49][50]
Ocean acidification
Main article: Ocean acidification
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013)
Acid rain has a much less harmful effect on the oceans. However, acid rain can cause the oceans acidity to rise, making it more difficult for different coastal species to create their exoskeletons that they need to survive. These coastal species link together as part of the ocean's food chain and without them being a source for other marine life to feed off of more marine life will die.[51]
Coral's limestone skeletal is sensitive to pH drop, because the calcium carbonate, core component of the limestone dissolves in acidic (low pH) solutions.
Human health effects
Acid rain does not directly affect human health. The acid in the rainwater is too dilute to have direct adverse effects. However, the particulates responsible for acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) do have an adverse effect. Increased amounts of fine particulate matter in the air do contribute to heart and lung problems including asthma and bronchitis.[52]
Other adverse effects
Effect of acid rain on statues
Acid rain and weathering
Acid rain can damage buildings, historic monuments, and statues, especially those made of rocks, such as limestone and marble, that contain large amounts of calcium carbonate. Acids in the rain react with the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum, which then flakes off.
CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ⇌ CaSO4 (s) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
The effects of this are commonly seen on old gravestones, where acid rain can cause the inscriptions to become completely illegible. Acid rain also increases the corrosion rate of metals, in particular iron, steel, copper and bronze.[53][54]
Affected areas
Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia,[55] the eastern third of the United States,[56] and southeastern Canada. Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan.[57]
Prevention methods
Technical solutions
Many coal-firing power stations use flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) to remove sulfur-containing gases from their stack gases. For a typical coal-fired power station, FGD will remove 95% or more of the SO2 in the flue gases. An example of FGD is the wet scrubber which is commonly used. A wet scrubber is basically a reaction tower equipped with a fan that extracts hot smoke stack gases from a power plant into the tower. Lime or limestone in slurry form is also injected into the tower to mix with the stack gases and combine with the sulfur dioxide present. The calcium carbonate of the limestone produces pH-neutral calcium sulfate that is physically removed from the scrubber. That is, the scrubber turns sulfur pollution into industrial sulfates.
In some areas the sulfates are sold to chemical companies as gypsum when the purity of calcium sulfate is high. In others, they are placed in landfill. However, the effects of acid rain can last for generations, as the effects of pH level change can stimulate the continued leaching of undesirable chemicals into otherwise pristine water sources, killing off vulnerable insect and fish species and blocking efforts to restore native life.
Fluidized bed combustion also reduces the amount of sulfur emitted by power production.
Vehicle emissions control reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles.
International treaties
A number of international treaties on the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants have been agreed for example, the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Canada and the US signed the Air Quality Agreement in 1991. Most European countries and Canada have signed the treaties.
Emissions trading
Main article: Emissions trading
See also: Acid Rain Program
In this regulatory scheme, every current polluting facility is given or may purchase on an open market an emissions allowance for each unit of a designated pollutant it emits. Operators can then install pollution control equipment, and sell portions of their emissions allowances they no longer need for their own operations, thereby recovering some of the capital cost of their investment in such equipment. The intention is to give operators economic incentives to install pollution controls.
The first emissions trading market was established in the United States by enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program established by the Act[58] is to achieve significant environmental and public health benefits through reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the primary causes of acid rain. To achieve this goal at the lowest cost to society, the program employs both regulatory and market based approaches for controlling air pollution.
See also
Basic precipitation
Gene Likens
List of environmental issues
Lists of environmental topics
Ocean acidification
Rain dust (an alkaline rain)
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Jump up ^ Likens, G. E.; Driscoll, C. T.; Buso, D. C. (1996). "Long-Term Effects of Acid Rain: Response and Recovery of a Forest Ecosystem" (PDF). Science. 272 (5259): 244. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..244L. doi:10.1126/science.272.5259.244.
Jump up ^ DeHayes, D.H., Schaberg, P.G. and G.R. Strimbeck. (2001). Red Spruce Hardiness and Freezing Injury Susceptibility. In: F. Bigras, ed. Conifer Cold Hardiness. Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Brynne E.; Schaberg, Paul G.; Hawley, Gary J.; DeHayes, Donald H. (2006). "Landscape-scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region-wide injury" (PDF). Can. J. For. Res. 36: 142–152. doi:10.1139/x05-236. [permanent dead link] highbeam copy
Jump up ^ "Acid Rain Has Disproportionate Impact on Near-Shore Ocean Waters - Windows to the Universe". www.windows2universe.org.
Jump up ^ Effects of Acid Rain – Human Health. Epa.gov (2006-06-02). Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
Jump up ^ "ICP on effects on materials". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 85: 2701–2706. doi:10.1007/BF01186242. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Approaches in modeling the impact of air pollution-induced material degradation" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-18.
Jump up ^ Ed. Hatier (1993). "Acid Rain in Europe". United Nations Environment Programme GRID Arendal. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
Jump up ^ US Environmental Protection Agency (2008). "Clean Air Markets 2008 Highlights". Retrieved 2010-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Acid Rain - Green Education Foundation | GEF | Sustainability Education". www.greeneducationfoundation.org. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
Jump up ^ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 42 U.S. Code 7651
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acid rain.
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report – a 98-page report to Congress (2005)
Acid rain for schools
Acid rain for schools – Hubbard Brook
Acid Rain Retirement Fund environmental education links about acid rain
United States Environmental Protection Agency – New England Acid Rain Program (superficial)
Acid Rain (more depth than ref. above)
U.S. Geological Survey – What is acid rain?
Acid rain analysis – freeware for simulation and evaluation of titration curves and pH calculations
CBC Digital Archives – Acid Rain: Pollution and Politics
Larssen, Thorjørn et al. "Acid Rain in China". Environmental Science and Technology, 40:2, 2006, pp 418–425.
Acid Rain: A Continuing National Tragedy – a report from The Adirondack Council on acid rain in the Adirondack region (1998)
Assortment of Summaries on Acid Rain
Acid rain linked to decline of the wood thrush, a songbird of the Eastern Forest
Trouble in the Forest, a 1988 documentary hosted by David Suzuki
What Happens to Acid Rain?
Acid Rain and how it affects fish and other aquatic organisms
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text:
List of snowboard tricks
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Snowboard tricks are aerials or maneuvers performed on snowboards for fun, or in competitions. Most often, these maneuvers are performed on obstacles such as jumps, halfpipes, quarterpipes, hips, handrails, funboxes, or ledges, or on the surface of the snow. Many have their origins in older board sports such as skateboarding and surfing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Snowboard trick nomenclature
1.1 Stances
1.1.1 Switch-stance and fakie
1.2 Frontside and backside
2 Straight airs
3 Grabs
4 Spins
5 Flips and inverted rotations
6 Inverted hand plants
7 Slides
8 Stalls
9 Tweaks and variations
10 Miscellaneous tricks and identifiers
11 References
12 External links
Snowboard trick nomenclature[edit]
Snowboard tricks are named in the same manner that earlier board sports (skateboarding, surfing) named their maneuvers.
Stances[edit]
Regular
Rides with left foot forward in natural stance.[1]
Goofy
Rides with right foot forward in natural stance.[1]
Identifying whether a snowboarder is a regular stance or goofy stance rider is important to determine which trick is being performed. For example, if the rider enters a jump with left foot leading and performs one-and-a-half revolutions in the counterclockwise direction, the trick is known as a frontside 540 for a regular rider, and a cab 540 (or switch frontside 540) for a goofy rider.
Switch-stance and fakie[edit]
The terms switch-stance (switch) and fakie are often used interchangeably in snowboarding, though there is a distinct difference. The switch identifier refers to any trick that a snowboarder performs with their back foot forward, or the reverse of his/her natural stance. A snowboarder can also be said to be riding switch while traveling opposite from his/her natural stance when no trick is being performed. At this time, the leading tip of his board is referred to as the nose.
Alternatively, the identifier fakie has its origin in skateboarding, a discipline where the feet are not attached to the board, but where the skateboarder's natural stance includes positioning the trailing foot on the kicked tail of the skateboard. On a skateboard, fakie refers to an instance where the skateboarder is traveling backward, but his/her feet remain in the same position on the skateboard as their natural stance.
Snowboarders will distinguish between fakie and switch, even though their feet never change position on the snowboard. The term switch is far more common when describing snowboard tricks, and a switch trick is any trick that is initiated switch-stance. Landing switch means that the snowboarder has landed with their back foot forwards.
The term fakie will sometimes refer to landing a trick or maneuver performed on a skateboard. An air-to-fakie, for instance, would be a straight air on a vertical feature with no rotation, and re-entering the same transition. The rider would land fakie and would, therefore, be riding switch. Another common way that the term fakie is used is when the identifier switch creates a redundant description. For example, much like skateboarding's conventions, a snowboarder would say fakie ollie, rather than switch nollie.
Frontside and backside[edit]
The identifiers frontside and backside describe how a trick is performed. These identifiers are very important technical terms and are commonly misunderstood because of their different uses for jumps and rails.
For aerial maneuvers, frontside and backside identify the direction of rotation of a spin. For instance a regular rider doing a frontside spin off a jump would rotate his body counterclockwise opening his shoulders up so that his "front side" is the first side of his body going forward off the jump in the first 90 degrees of his spin. A regular rider doing a backside spin off a jump would rotate his body clockwise closing his shoulders so that his "back side" is the first side of his body going forward off the jump in the first 90 degrees of his spin.
For tricks performed on obstacles such as rails, frontside and backside refer to the direction from which the snowboarder approaches the obstacle. A regular rider approaching a rail from the left side of the rail would be considered frontside because the "front side" of his body is facing the rail. A regular rider approaching a rail from the right side of the rail would be considered backside because the "back side" of his body is facing the rail. A regular rider doing a frontside spin onto a rail would rotate his body clockwise and then land on the rail. A regular rider doing a backside spin onto a rail would rotate his body counterclockwise and then land on the rail.
Straight airs[edit]
Ollie
A trick in which the snowboarder springs off the tail of the board and into the air.[1]
Nollie
A trick in which the snowboarder springs off the nose of the board and into the air.[1]
Switch ollie
While riding switch, the snowboarder performs an ollie.
Fakie ollie (Switch Nollie)
While riding switch, the snowboarder springs off of his/her 'new nose' and into the air. This resembles a nollie, but the snowboarder is riding in switch.
Ninety-ninety
An aerial trick in which a snowboarder twists his body in order to shift or rotate his board about 90° from its normal position beneath him, and then returns the board to its original position before landing. This trick can be performed frontside or backside, and also in variation with other tricks and spins.[1]
Air-to-fakie
Airing straight out of a vertical transition (halfpipe, quarterpipe) and then re-entering fakie, without rotation.[1]
Poptart
Airing from fakie to forward on a quarterpipe or halfpipe without rotation.[1]
Grabs[edit]
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An overview of a number of common grabs
One-Two
A trick in which the rider's front hand grabs the heel edge behind his back foot.
A B
A trick in which the rider's rear hand grabs the heel side of the board front for the front bindings.
Beef Carpaccio
A Roast Beef and Chicken Salad (in between the legs) at the same time with hands crossed.
Beef Curtains
A Roast Beef and Chicken Salad (in between the legs) at the same time. Also known as The King or Steak Tar Tar
Bloody Dracula
A trick in which the rider grabs the tail of the board with both hands. The rear hand grabs the board as it would do it during a regular tail-grab but the front hand blindly reaches for the board behind the riders back.
Canadian Bacon
The rear hand reaches behind the rear leg to grab the toe edge between the bindings while the rear leg is boned.[1]
Cannonball/UFO
A trick in which the nose and tail of the board are grabbed simultaneously.
Chicken salad
The rear hand reaches between the legs and grabs the heel edge between the bindings while the front leg is boned. The wrist is rotated inward to complete the grab. [1]
China air (West Coast) /Korean air (East Coast)
An easier version of the Japan Air; the front hand grabs the toe side in front of the front foot. Both knees are then bent.
Crail
The rear hand grabs the toe edge in front of the front foot while the rear leg is boned.[1] Alternatively, some consider any rear handed grab in front of the front foot on the toeside edge a crail grab, classifying a grab to the nose a "nose crail" or "real crail".
Cross-rocket
Advanced variation of a Rocket Air, where the arms are crossed in order to grab opposite sides of the nose of the board, while the rear leg is boned straight and the front leg is tucked up.
Drunk Driver
Similar to a Truck driver, it is a stalefish grab and mute grab performed at the same time.
Frontside grab/indy
A fundamental trick performed by grabbing the toe edge between the bindings with the trailing hand. This trick is referred to as a frontside grab on a straight air, or while performing a frontside spin. When performing a backside aerial or backside rotation, this grab is referred to as an Indy. The frontside air was popularized by skateboarder Tony Alva.
Gorilla
Both hands grab toeside between the bindings.
Japan air
The front hand grabs the toe edge in between the feet and the front knee is pulled to the board.[1]
Lien air
When performing a frontside air on transition, the snowboarder grabs heelside in front or behind the leading binding with his/her leading hand. In order for it to be a Lien air, the board can not be tweaked and has to be kept flat. The origin of the name of the trick is the reverse spelling of skateboarder Neil Blender's first name.
Snowboarder busting a method air off a cornice—a classic style of aerial grab and board tweak
Korean bacon
The KB is when the leading arm reach between the legs from behind and grab the toe edge at the front foot bending the knees pulling the board to the back. (Tweaked).
Melanchollie; Melon
The front hand reaches behind the front leg and grabs the heel edge in-between the bindings while the front leg is boned.[1]
Melon, water
A melon grab where the rider bones the front leg and turns the board the 45° angle.
Method
A fundamental trick performed by bending the knees to lift the board behind the rider's back, and grabbing the heel edge of the snowboard with the leading hand. Variations on the method include :
Power method, cross bone, or Palmer method
Performed by grabbing the heel edge with the leading hand, and tucking up the board while kicking out the rear foot in such a way that the base of the board is facing forward. Derived from the snowboarder Chris Roach of Grass Valley, CA. Other notable riders who popularized this air include snowboarders Jamie Lynn, Shaun Palmer, Terry Kidwell, and skateboarders Steve Caballero and Christian Hosoi.
Suitcase
A method in which the knees are bent so that the front hand is able to grab the toe edge and hold the board 'like a suitcase.'
Mindy, Super
Both hands grab toeside outside of the bindings.
Mule kick
An early snowboarder adaptation of the skateboarders method air. Often called a Toyota air, after its similar posturing to the early 1980s Toyota "Oh What A Feeling" ad campaign featuring people jumping off the ground, performed by jumping into an aerial backbend with legs bending until nearly kicking yourself in the butt as with skiing's backscratcher air, both arms bent back high over the head and not grabbing the board. Still occasionally seen and widely[by whom?] regarded as terrible.[citation needed]
Mute
The front hand grabs the toe edge either between the toes or in front of the front foot.[1] Variations include the Mute Stiffy, in which a mute grab is performed while straightening both legs, or alternatively, some snowboarders will grab mute and rotate the board frontside 90 degrees.
Nose Grab
The front hand grabs the nose of the snowboard.[1]
Nuclear
The rear hand reaches across the front of the body and grabs the heel edge in front of the front foot.[1]
Pickpocket
The front hand reaches behind the back and grabs the toe side of the board in front of the back foot and tweaks it back.
Perfect
The front hand grabs the tail of the board.
Roast beef
The rear hand reaches between the legs and grabs the heel edge between the bindings while the rear leg is boned.[1]
Rocket Air
The front hand grabs the toe edge in front of the front foot (mute) and the back leg is boned while the board points perpendicular to the ground.[1]
Rusty Trombone
A Roast Beef and Nose grab performed at the same time.
Seatbelt
The front hand reaches across the body and grabs the tail while the front leg is boned.[1] The snowboarders's arm resembles the sash of a three-point seatbelt, hence the name.
Slob
The front hand grabs mute, the back leg is boned and the board is kept parallel with the ground.[1]
Stiffy
Grab indy in between the bindings and bone both legs 90° to the body.
Stalefish
Back hand grabs the heel edge of the board between the feet, around the outside of the knee.
Squirrel
A trick in which the rider's front hand grabs the heel edge in front of the front foot and his rear/back hand grabs the heel edge behind the rear foot.
Swiss cheese air
The rear hand reaches between the legs and grabs the heel edge in front of the front foot while the back leg is boned.
Tailfish
Similar in naming convention to a Tindy, Tailfish is a portmanteau of 'Tail' and 'Stalefish'. The trailing hand grabs the heel edge between rear binding and the tail.
Tail Grab
The rear hand grabs the tail of the snowboard.[1] Variations include straightening, or 'boning' the front leg, or 'tweaking' the board slightly frontside or backside.
Taipan air
The back hand grabs the toe edge just in front of the rear foot. However, the arm must go around the outside of your rear knee. The board is then pulled behind the rider (tweaked). The name Taipan is a portmanteau of tail/Japan air.
Tindy
The tindy grab is a controversial grab, and the name is a portmanteau of 'tail' and 'indy'. The trailing hand grabs between the rear binding and the tail on the toe edge.
Truck driver
When both hands grab Indy and Melon.
Spins[edit]
Spins are typically performed in 180° increments due to the nature of the obstacles on which they are performed. Even in cases where spins are performed on unconventional obstacles, the rotation is regarded as the nearest increment of 180°, and can be identified by the direction of approach and landing (regular and switch). A spin attempted from a jump to a rail is the only time a spin can be referred to in a 90-degree increment, examples: 270 (between a 180 and 360-degree spin) or 450 (between a 360 and 540-degree spin). These spins can be frontside, backside, cab, or switch-backside just like any other spins. In April 2015 British snowboarder and Winter Olympic medallist Billy Morgan demonstrated the world's first quadruple cork 1800, the biggest spin ever.[2]
The term "Cab" in snowboarding generally refers to any switch-frontside spin (no matter what the amount of rotation) on any feature (halfpipe, jumps, rails, boxes). For example, a "switch-frontside 1080 double cork" off a jump would be referred to as a "cab 1080 double cork". The term was originally only applied to a switch-frontside 360 in a halfpipe in which a rider would take off a wall switch, spin 360 degrees frontside, and land on his/her comfortable stance (regular/goofy). Therefore, the term "Cab" only applied to tricks in the halfpipe in which rotations were in full 360 increments, such as a "Cab 360" or "Cab 720." For example, since a switch-frontside 540 would land a rider in the same switch position he/she took off from in the halfpipe, it was not referred to as a "Cab 540" because the rider did not take off switch, spin frontside, and land in his/her comfortable stance.
A Half-Cab is a switch-frontside 180 spin.
An alley-oop is a spin performed in a halfpipe or quarterpipe in which the spin is rotated in the opposite direction of the air. For example, performing a frontside rotation on the backside wall of a halfpipe, or spinning clockwise while traveling right-to-left through the air on a quarterpipe would mean the spin was alley-oop.
Hard Way: A term used when spinning onto a feature or off a jump using your opposite edge to start the direction of your spin. Example- If a regular rider was to spin Hard Way front side 270 onto rail, they would start that spin off their toe side edge. That would make the trick a Hard Way front side 270. Opposite of the traditional front side rotation starting with your heel edge. Same applies to goofy riders.
Flips and inverted rotations[edit]
Back flip
Flipping backwards (like a standing backflip) off of a jump.
Front flip
Flipping forward (like a standing frontflip) off of a jump.
Crippler
An inverted 540 degree spin performed on the frontside wall of the halfpipe
Wildcat
A backflip performed on a straight jump, with an axis of rotation in which the snowboarder flips in a backward, cartwheel-like fashion. A double wildcat is called a supercat.
Tamedog
A frontflip performed on a straight jump, with an axis of rotation in which the snowboarder flips in a forward, cartwheel-like fashion.
McTwist
A forward-flipping backside 540, performed in a halfpipe, quarterpipe, or similar obstacle. The rotation may continue beyond 540° (e.g., McTwist 720). The origin of this trick comes from vert ramp skateboarding, and was first performed on a skateboard by Mike McGill.
Double McTwist
Shaun White is credited as the creator of the Double McTwist 1260, but Ben Stewart performs the trick in some of the earliest archival footage.[3] Shaun White was the first athlete to perform the trick in competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics giving it worldwide recognition and giving it the name "Tomahawk".[4][5] Since then, numerous athletes have performed the Double McTwist 1260 including Iouri Podladtchikov.
Haakon flip
An aerial maneuver performed in a halfpipe by taking off backwards, and performing an inverted 720° rotation. The rotation mimics a half-cab leading to McTwist, and is named after freestyle legend Terje Haakonsen of Norway.[6]
Lando-Roll
A Frontside cork 540/720 method done by Alaskan snowboarder Mark Landvik.
Backside Misty
After a rider learns the basic backside 540 off the toes, the Misty Flip can be an easy next progression step. Misty Flip is quite different than the backside rodeo, because instead of corking over the heel edge with a back flip motion, the Misty corks off the toe edge specifically and has more of a Front Flip in the beginning of the trick, followed by a side flip coming out to the landing.
Frontside Misty
The Frontside misty ends up looking quite a bit like a frontside rodeo in the middle of the trick, but at take off the rider uses a more frontflip type of motion to start the trick. The frontside Misty can only be done off the toes and the rider will wind up to spin frontside, then snap their trailing shoulder towards their front foot and the lead shoulder will release towards the sky. as they unwind at takeoff release. Usually grabbing Indy the rider follows the lead shoulder through the rotation to 540, 720 and even 900.
Chicane
A chicane is a rarely done trick that involves doing a frontside 180 with a front flip on the X Axis. Opposite of the 90 roll, the chicane is frontside 90, tuck front flip, 90 degrees more to land switch, or vice versa.
Frontside Rodeo
The basic frontside rodeo is all together a 540. It essentially falls into a grey area between an off axis frontside 540 and a frontside 180 with a back flip blended into it. The grab choice and different line and pop factors can make it more flipy or more of an off-axis spin. Frontside rodeo can be done off the heels or toes and with a little more spin on the Z Axis can go to 720 or 900. It is possible to do it to a 1080 but, if there is too much flip in the spin, it can be hard not to over flip when going past 720 and 900. The bigger the Z Axis spin, the later the inverted part of the rotation should be. Gaining control on big spin rodeos, may lead to a double cork or a second flip rotation in the spin, if the rider has developed a comfort level with double flips on the tramp or other gymnastic environment.;Rodeo flip; frontside rodeo: A frontward-flipping frontside spin done off the toe-edge. Most commonly performed with a 540° rotation, but also performed as a 720°, 900°, etc..
Backside Rodeo flip
A backward-flipping backside spin. Most commonly performed with a 540° rotation, but also performed as a 720°, 900°, etc..
Ninety Roll
A trick performed by back-flipping toward the landing of a jump, with a total rotation of 180° backside (i.e. spin 90° backside-backflip-spin 90°), therefore landing fakie. Essentially, this is a backside 180 backflip. This trick is sometimes confused with a backside Rodeo, though the Ninety Roll has a much more linear axis of rotation.
Michalchuk
A trademark flip first performed in the halfpipe by Michael Michalchuk. A flat-spinning, on-axis backflip often grabbing melon, indy or method and rotating 540 degrees.
Doublechuk
A variation of the Michalchuk, but with two backflip rotations.
Rippey flip
A back-flipping frontside 360°, typically performed with a method grab. Named after its originator, Jim Rippey, although already performed 5 years earlier by former pro skateboarder and snowboarder John Cardiel.
Sato flip
Halfpipe trick done by Rob Kingwill (Sato is the Japanese word for sugar). It is something like a frontside McTwist. The rider rides up the transition of the pipe as if doing a frontside 540°, pops in the air and grabs frontside, then throws head, shoulders, and hips down.
Cork
Spins are corked or corkscrew when the axis of the spin allows for the snowboarder to be oriented sideways or upside-down in the air, typically without becoming completely inverted (though the head and shoulders should drop below the relative position of the board). A Double-Cork refers to a rotation in which a snowboarder inverts or orients himself sideways at two distinct times during an aerial rotation. David Benedek is the originator of the Double-Cork in the Half-pipe, but the Double-Cork is also a very common trick in Big-Air competitions. Shaun White is known for making this trick famous in the half-pipe. Several snowboarders have recently extended the limits of technical snowboarding by performing triple-cork variations, Torstein Horgmo being the first to land one in competition. Mark McMorris originated Backside Triple-Cork 1440's in 2011. In April 2015 British snowboarder and Winter Olympic medallist Billy Morgan demonstrated the world's first quadruple cork 1800.[7]
Inverted hand plants[edit]
Invert
Overlaying term for handstands on the edge of a halfpipe
Handplant
A 180° degree handplant in which the rear hand is planted on the lip of the wall and the rotation is frontside.
Sad plant
An invert with a sad grab (melon grab).
Elguerial
An invert where the halfpipe wall is approached fakie, the rear hand is planted, a 360 degree backside rotation is made, and the rider lands going forward. Named after Eddie Elguera.
Eggplant
A one-handed 180° invert in which the front hand is planted on the lip of the wall and the rotation is backside.
Eggflip
An eggplant where the rider chooses to flip over in order to re-enter the pipe instead or rotating 180 degrees. This trick is performed forward to fakie or switch (fakie to forward).
McEgg
An invert where the rider plants the front hand on the wall, rotated 540 degrees in a backside direction and lands riding forward.
Andrecht
A rear handed backside handplant with a front-handed grab.[1]
Miller flip
A 360° frontside handplant to fakie.
Layback
A non-inverted handplant in which the leading hand is planted during a slide. The rider literally lays back, hence the name.
HoHo
An invert but both hands are planted at the top of the halfpipe.
Killer Stand
You make an invert but you also take your back/rear hand on front hand's elbow.
Fresh
An invert (front hand) but back flip is boned; no grab
J-Tear
Inverted frontside 540 with a hand plant in the middle. Originally a variation on the Jacoby Terror Air. This trick was invented by Mike Jacoby for a contest that didn't allow inverted aerials; inverted handplants, however, were acceptable.
Slides[edit]
Slides are tricks performed along the surface of obstacles like handrails and funboxes. In skateboarding, slides are distinguished from grinds because some tricks are performed by sliding on the surface of the skateboard, and others are performed by grinding on the trucks of the skateboard. However, because snowboards don't have trucks, the term grind doesn't apply to these types of maneuvers. They can still be called grinds.
Many rail maneuvers are identified as frontside or backside, and these refer to the way in which the snowboarder approaches the obstacle. Frontside refers to a trick performed where a snowboarder approaches an obstacle that is in front of the toe edge of his snowboard. Backside refers to a trick performed in which a snowboarder approaches an obstacle that is behind the heel edge of his board. The direction that the snowboarder is facing while riding the obstacle has no bearing on the frontside or backside identifier. The frontside and backside identifiers are not used when a snowboarder travels straight toward the obstacle.
A zeach
50-50
A slide in which a snowboarder rides straight along a rail or other obstacle.[1] This trick has its origin in skateboarding, where the trick is performed with both skateboard trucks grinding along a rail.
Boardslide
A slide performed where the riders leading foot passes over the rail on approach, with his/her snowboard traveling perpendicular along the rail or other obstacle.[1] When performing a frontside boardslide, the snowboarder is facing uphill. When performing a backside boardslide, a snowboarder is facing downhill. This is often confusing to new riders learning the trick because with a frontside boardslide you are moving backward and with a backside boardslide you are moving forward.
Lipslide
A slide performed where the rider's trailing foot passes over the rail on approach, with his/her snowboard traveling perpendicular along the rail or other obstacle.[1] When performing a frontside lipslide, the snowboarder is facing downhill. When performing a backside lipslide, a snowboarder is facing uphill.
Bluntslide
A slide performed where the rider's leading foot passes over the rail on approach, with their snowboard traveling perpendicular and trailing foot directly above the rail or other obstacle (like a tailslide). When performing a frontside bluntslide, the snowboarder is facing uphill. When performing a backside bluntslide, the snowboarder is facing downhill.
Noseblunt
A slide performed where the rider's trailing foot passes over the rail on approach, with their snowboard traveling perpendicular and leading foot directly above the rail or other obstacle (like a noseslide). When performing a frontside noseblunt, the snowboarder is facing downhill. When performing a backside noseblunt, the snowboarder is facing uphill.
Noseslide
Similar to a boardslide or lipslide, but only the nose of the board is on the feature. Proper noseslides are done with the feature directly under the front foot or farther out towards the nose.
Tailslide
Similar to a boardslide or lipslide, but only the tail of the board is on the feature. Proper tailslides are done with the feature directly under the back foot or farther out towards the tail.[1]
Nosepress
A trick performed by sliding along an obstacle, with pressure being put on the nose of the board, such that the tail of the board is raised in the air.[1]
Tailpress
A trick performed by sliding along an obstacle, with pressure being put on the tail of the board, such that the nose of the board is raised in the air.[1]
MJ
A slide that somewhat resembles a 50–50, a snowboarder slides along an obstacle on his toe edge, reminiscent of a dance move made popular by Michael Jackson.
Zeach
A term used to describe any rail maneuver where the board is not solidly locked into the intended position. Named after Zach Leach, who popularized feeble or smith-esque slides in the early 2000s.
The Gutterball
The Gutterball is a one footed (front foot is strapped in and the rear foot is unstrapped ) front boardslide with a backhanded seatbelt nose grab, resembling the body position that someone would have after releasing a bowling ball down a bowling ally. This trick was invented and named by Jeremy Cameron which won him a first place in the Morrow Snowboards "FAME WAR" Best Trick contest in 2009.
Stalls[edit]
Stalls in snowboarding are derived from similar tricks in skateboarding, and are typically performed in halfpipes or on similar obstacles. Variations have been adapted as snowboards do not have trucks and wheels.
Nose-pick
Stalling on an object with the nose of the snowboard, while grabbing frontside, and then jumping back off the object into the jump you came off.
Board-stall; Disaster
A trick performed when a rider stalls on an object with his snowboard, with the point of contact between both bindings. The Disaster variation comes from skateboarding, and involves performing a frontside or backside 180 before stalling on the lip of the obstacle, and then re-entering.
Nose-stall
Similar to a board-stall, this variation involves stalling on the nose of the snowboard at the top of a transition or obstacle.
Tail-stall
The opposite of a nose-stall, this trick involves stalling on an obstacle with the tail of the snowboard. Often performed by approaching an obstacle fakie or by doing a 180 after approaching the feature normally,
Blunt-stall
Mimicking skateboarding, and similar to a board-stall, this trick is performed by stalling on an object with the tail of the board (blunt stall), or the nose of the board (nose blunt stall). Distinguished from a nose-stall or tail-stall because during the stall, most of the snowboard will be positioned above the obstacle and point of contact.
(most if not all stalls are referred to as nose or tail presses in current snowboarding whether or not they are actually tail and nose stalls or blunt stalls. blunt stalls are considered to be more stylish forms of nose or tail presses however.)
Tail-block
A trick typically performed on the snow at the peak of a transition, or occasionally on an object, in which the snowboarder springs up and stands on the tail of his board while grabbing the nose of the board.
Nose-block
Similar to a tail-block, but performed by standing on the nose while grabbing the tail of the board.
Tweaks and variations[edit]
One-footed
Tricks performed with one foot removed from the binding (typically the rear foot) are referred to as one-footed tricks. One footed tricks include fast plants in which the rear foot is dropped and initiates a straight air or rotation, the boneless, which is a fast-plant with a grab; and the no-comply, which is a front-footed fast plant.
Shifty
An aerial trick in which a snowboarder twists his body, rotating his/her board 90° and then returning it to its original position before landing. This trick can be performed frontside or backside, and also in variation with other tricks and spins.
Stiffy
Any grab where both the legs are boned-out (straightened as much as possible). Typically performed as a variation of a mute or frontside grab.
Stink-bug
Grabbing Frontside or Mute with the rider's elbow passing to the inside of the knees. Style conventions dictate that during a grab, the elbow should be positioned to the outside of the knee.
Tuck knee
Where the knee of either leg is dropped down to touch the top of the board. When referring to snowboarding it means that the rider attempts to put his knee on the board by putting their knee underneath the torso and then pulling down to the board.
Tweak
A term used in western ski areas for when a trick is highly refined in movement, such as with legs or arms fully extended, to give maximum aesthetic quality to a trick. Demonstrates high technical ability, much like in gymnastics.
Poke
A grab trick in which the front leg only or back leg only is boned-out.
Miscellaneous tricks and identifiers[edit]
Jib
To ride on any surface that is not snow, or to ride on any feature in a non-traditional way. I.e. tapping or spinning on a death cookie or snow embankment.
Butter
While traveling along the surface of the snow, this trick is performed by pressuring either the nose or tail of the snowboard in such a way that the opposite half of the snowboard lifts off of the snow, allowing for a pivot-like rotation. A butter can be performed as a partial rotation (90°), which is then reverted, as a continuous rotation (180°, 360°, etc.), or as a lead-in to an aerial maneuver. (butters are similar to blunt slides in skateboarding)
Manual; Nose manual
While riding along the snow, pressuring the nose or tail such that the opposite end of the board is raised in the air.
Pretzel
Concluding a slide trick with a 270° spin opposite the direction in which you did a rotation during the trick's initiation.
Sameway or Bagel
Like a Pretzel, but spinning 270° off the rail in the same direction as you got on.
Disaster
When riding a wall ride, the rider performs a backside or frontside 180° spin and then stalls on the top of the wallride
Bonk
To tap an object or obstacle with your board.
Penguin Walk
To 'walk' while strapped into a snowboard by alternatively springing from nose to tail, propelling the snowboarder forward in a walking fashion. Also known as a "Crab" or "Duck" walk. This is an easy way to drop in to a slope after strapping in once you have the hang of it.
Tail or Nose Tap
Quickly tapping your tail or nose on a feature in the snow, or quickly tapping your nose or tail on the end of a rail or box just before you ride off of it.
Revert
To continue spinning on the snow after landing a jump in which a spinning trick was performed. This typically occurs unintentionally when the snowboarder cannot stop rotating as he lands his trick. Alternatively, this term can refer to a 'return' to riding position after performing a butter or rail trick in which there was some rotation performed. In this case, it is often the reversal of a prior, partial rotation, returning the snowboarder to his original stance.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "9.1 Glossary of Tricks - Judges Manual Snowboard" (PDF). International Ski Federation. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/16/snowboarder-billy-morgan-lands-a-world-first-1800-quadruple-cork-trick
Jump up ^ Stewart, Ben. "Double Cork 1260". Retrieved 2012-05-24.
Jump up ^ "White lands tomahawk for half-pipe gold". BBC News. 18 January 2011.
Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/olympics/winter/2010/snowboarding/news/story?id=4923369
Jump up ^ Sinclair, Bex. "Haakon Example". Retrieved 2012-05-24.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/apr/16/snowboarder-billy-morgan-lands-a-world-first-1800-quadruple-cork-trick
External links[edit]
FIS Snowboard Tricks List
Portable List of Snowboard Tricks
Snowboarding Dictionary forum
List of Freestyle Snowboard Movies
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This page was last edited on 15 April 2018, at 18:36.
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