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1700 Cascadia earthquake
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1700 Cascadia earthquake
Local date
January 26, 1700 (1700-01-26)
Local time
21:00 local time[1]
Magnitude
8.7–9.2 Mw[2]
Epicenter
45°N 125°W / 45°N 125°W / 45; -125Coordinates: 45°N 125°W / 45°N 125°W / 45; -125[1]
Fault
Cascadia subduction zone
Type
Megathrust
Tsunami
Yes
The 1700 Cascadia earthquake occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26 with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. The megathrust earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate from mid-Vancouver Island, south along the Pacific Northwest coast as far as northern California. The length of the fault rupture was about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles), with an average slip of 20 meters (66 ft).
The earthquake caused a tsunami which struck the coast of Japan[3] and may also be linked to the Bonneville Slide and the Tseax Cone eruption in British Columbia.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Evidence
1.1 Scientific research
1.2 Cultural research
2 Future threats
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
5.1 General
5.2 Native and Japanese accounts
5.3 Current hazards
Evidence[edit]
The 1700 earthquake took place at about 21:00 on January 26, 1700 (NS). Although there are no written records for the region from the time, the timing of the earthquake has been inferred from Japanese records of a tsunami that does not correlate with any other Pacific Rim quake. The Japanese records exist primarily in the modern-day Iwate Prefecture, in communities such as Tsugaruishi, Kuwagasaki and Ōtsuchi.[5]
Cascadia subduction zone
Scientific research[edit]
The most important clue linking the tsunami in Japan and the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest comes from studies of tree rings (dendrochronology), which show that several "ghost forests" of red cedar trees in Oregon and Washington, killed by lowering of coastal forests into the tidal zone by the earthquake, have outermost growth rings that formed in 1699, the last growing season before the tsunami.[6] This includes both inland stands of trees, such as one on the Copalis River in Washington,[6] and pockets of tree stumps that are now under the ocean surface and become exposed only at low tide.[7]
Sediment layers in these locations demonstrate a pattern consistent with seismic and tsunami events around this time.[8] Core samples from the ocean floor, as well as debris samples from some earthquake-induced landslides in the Pacific Northwest, also support this timing of the event.[7] Archaeological research in the region has uncovered evidence of several coastal villages having been flooded and abandoned around 1700.[9]
Cultural research[edit]
Local Native American and First Nations groups residing in Cascadia did not have a written tradition of record-keeping, so the event was not documented locally like the Japanese tsunami. However, numerous oral traditions describing a great earthquake and tsunami-like flooding exist among indigenous coastal peoples from British Columbia to Northern California.[6][10] These do not specify an exact date, and not all earthquake stories in the region can be definitively isolated as referring to the 1700 quake in particular; however, virtually all of the native peoples in the region have at least one traditional story of an event much stronger and more destructive than any other that their community had ever experienced.
Some of the stories contain temporal clues — such as an estimate of how many generations had passed since the event[9] — which can be traced back to a date range in the late 1600s or early 1700s,[6] or which concur with the event's timing in other ways. The Huu-ay-aht legend of a large earthquake and ocean wave devastating their settlements at Pachina Bay, for instance, speaks of the event taking place on a winter evening shortly after the village's residents had gone to sleep.[11] Masit was the only community on Pachina Bay not to have been wiped out, as it sat on a mountainside approximately 75 feet above sea level.[12] Nobody else from Pachina Bay survived the event — Anacla aq sop, a young woman who happened to be staying at Kiix?in on the more tsunami-sheltered Barkley Sound at the time of the event, came to be known as the last living member of her community.
Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) stories from the north end of Vancouver Island report a night-time earthquake that caused virtually all houses in their community to collapse;[9] Cowichan stories from Vancouver Island's inner coast speak of a nighttime earthquake, causing a landslide that buried an entire village.[9] Makah stories from Washington speak of a great night-time earthquake, of which the only survivors were those who fled inland before the tsunami hit.[13] The Quileute people in Washington have a story about a flood so powerful that villagers in their canoes were swept inland all the way to Hood Canal.[14]
Ethnographic research has focused on a common regional pattern of art and mythology depicting a great battle between a thunderbird and a whale,[9] as well as cultural signifiers such as earthquake-inspired ritual masks and dances.[15]
Future threats[edit]
Earthquake recurrence
est. year
interval
(years)
1700 AD > 318
1310 AD 390
810 AD 500
400 AD 410
170 BC 570
600 BC 430
The geological record reveals that "great earthquakes" (those with moment magnitude 8 or higher) occur in the Cascadia subduction zone about every 500 years on average, often accompanied by tsunamis. There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years with an average of 570–590 years.[16] Previous earthquakes are estimated to have been in 1310 AD, 810 AD, 400 AD, 170 BC and 600 BC.
Cascadia earthquake sources
As seen in the 1700 quake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, subduction zone earthquakes can cause large tsunamis, and many coastal areas in the region have prepared tsunami evacuation plans in anticipation of a possible future Cascadia earthquake. However, the major nearby cities, notably Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, Victoria, and Tacoma, which are located on inland waterways rather than on the coast, would be sheltered from the full brunt of a tsunami. These cities do have many vulnerable structures, especially bridges and unreinforced brick buildings; consequently, most of the damage to the cities would probably be from the earthquake itself. One expert asserts that buildings in Seattle are vastly inadequate even to withstand an event of the size of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, let alone any more powerful one.[17]
Kenneth Murphy, who directs FEMA’s Region X, the division responsible for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska, put it quite dramatically: “Our operating assumption is that everything west of Interstate 5 will be toast.”[18]
Recent findings conclude that the Cascadia subduction zone is more complex and volatile than previously believed. In 2010 geologists predicted a 37 percent chance of an M8.2+ event within 50 years, and a 10 to 15 percent chance that the entire Cascadia subduction zone will rupture with an M9+ event within the same time frame.[19][20] Geologists have also determined the Pacific Northwest is not prepared for such a colossal quake. The tsunami produced could reach heights of 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m).[21]
A 2004 study revealed the potential for relative mean sea level rise (cause by subsidence) along the Cascadia subduction zone. It postulated that cities on the west coast of Vancouver Island, such as Tofino and Ucluelet, are at risk for a 1–2 m subsidence, relative to mean sea level.[22]
The confirmation of their oral traditions about a great earthquake has led many aboriginal groups in the area to initiate projects to relocate their coastal communities to higher and safer ground in preparation for the predicted next earthquake.[11] The Huu-ay-aht people have rebuilt their administration building on a high point of land in their territory;[11] coastal residents are immediately evacuated to this building whenever a tsunami warning is issued, as an interim measure toward eventually relocating all residents to higher ground.[23] The Quileute people secured a land grant from the federal government of the United States in 2012 to move their settlement inland, both as protection from a future tsunami threat and because of more frequent flooding on the Quillayute River.[14]
Some other subduction zones have such earthquakes every 100 to 200 years; the longer interval results from slower plate motions. The rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) per year.[24]
See also[edit]
1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake
Geology of the Pacific Northwest
List of earthquakes in Canada
List of earthquakes in the United States
List of historical earthquakes
List of historical tsunamis
Lists of earthquakes
Neskowin Ghost Forest
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
Jump up ^ Atwater et al. 2005, p. 98
Jump up ^ Atwater, B. F.; Musumi-Rokkaku, S.; Satake, K.; Yoshinobu, T.; Kazue, U.; Yamaguchi, D. K. (2005). The Orphan Tsunami of 1700—Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1707. United States Geological Survey–University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98535-0.
Jump up ^ Hill, Richard L. (2002-05-15). "Great Cascadia Earthquake Penrose Conference". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24.
Jump up ^ Kenji Satake; Kunihiko Shimazaki; Yoshinobu Tsuji; Kazue Ueda (18 January 1996). "Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700". Nature. Nature Publishing Group. 379 (6562): 246–249. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..246S. doi:10.1038/379246a0.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kathryn Schulz (July 20, 2015). "The Really Big One". The New Yorker.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jan. 26, 1700: How Scientists Know When The Last Big Earthquake Happened Here". Oregon Public Broadcasting, January 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ghosts of Tsunamis Past". American Museum of Natural History.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ruth S. Ludwin; Robert Dennis; Deborah Carver; Alan D. McMillan; Robert Losey; John Clague; Chris Jonientz-Trisler; Janine Bowechop; Jacilee Wray; Karen James (2005), "Dating the 1700 Cascadia Earthquake: Great Coastal Earthquakes in Native Stories" (PDF), Seismological Research Letters, Seismological Society of America, 76 (2): 140–148, doi:10.1785/gssrl.76.2.140
Jump up ^ http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/NAlegends.html
^ Jump up to: a b c Meissner, Dirk (18 January 2015), "Earth will rip open like a zipper, expert says, when overdue Vancouver Island quake strikes", Toronto Star, retrieved 19 January 2015
Jump up ^ "Prepare for next tsunami, says chief". Raven's Eye, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cascadia’s Locked Fault Means Massive Earthquake Is Due in Pacific Northwest: Seismologists". Indian Country Today Media Network, December 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Haida Gwaii Quake Brings Home the Importance of Quileute Relocation Legislation". Indian Country Today Media Network, November 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Get ready for the Big One". The Globe and Mail, April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Witter, Robert C.; Kelsey, Harvey M.; Hemphill-Haley, Eileen (October 2003). "Great Cascadia earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 6700 years, Coquille River estuary, southern coastal Oregon". Geological Society of America Bulletin. The Geological Society of America. 115 (10): 1289–1306. Bibcode:2003GSAB..115.1289W. doi:10.1130/b25189.1. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Yanev, Peter (27 March 2010). "Shake, Rattle, Seattle". The New York Times. p. WK11.
Jump up ^ Schulz, Kathryn (20 July 2015). "The Really Big One". The New Yorker.
Jump up ^ "Odds Are 1-In-3 That A Huge Quake Will Hit Northwest In Next 50 Years". Oregon State University. 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
Jump up ^ "Odds are about 1-in-3 that mega-earthquake will hit Pacific Northwest in next 50 years, scientists say" (Press release). Oregon State University. May 25, 2010 – via Science Daily.
Jump up ^ "Perilous Situation". The Oregonian. 2009-04-19. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Lucinda J.; Hyndman, Roy D.; Mazzotti, Stéphane (2004). "Coseismic subsidence in the 1700 great Cascadia earthquake: Coastal estimates versus elastic dislocation models". GSA Bulletin. 116 (5–6): 655–670. Bibcode:2004GSAB..116..655L. doi:10.1130/B25369.1.
Jump up ^ Munro, Margaret (March 8, 2012). "Monster earthquake threat looms over B.C. coastal communities". Vancouver Sun.
Jump up ^ Kate Potter (September 2007). "The Big One: Understanding Why The Big Earthquake Is Predicted For Vancouver". The Science Creative Quarterly. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
External links[edit]
General[edit]
Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes: A magnitude 9.0 earthquake scenario – The Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup 2005
Tsunami Animation: Cascadia 1700 – Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
USGS Scientist Shows Evidence for 300-Year-Old Tsunami to Participants in International Tsunami Training Institute – USGS
Native and Japanese accounts[edit]
Native American Stories expand history – Pacific Northwest Seismic Network
Native American Legends of Tsunamis in Pacific NW – United States Geological Survey
Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions – Journal of Geophysical Research
Japanese Shipwreck Adds To Evidence Of Great Cascadia Earthquake In 1700 – Science Daily
Current hazards[edit]
Surviving a Tsunami—Lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan – United States Geological Survey
Big earthquake coming sooner than we thought, Oregon geologist says – The Oregonian
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text:
2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The 2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 13 February and will end on 26 May 2018 with the final at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine, to decide the champions of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League.[1] A total of 16 teams compete in the knockout phase.[2]
Times up to 24 March 2018 (round of 16) are CET (UTC+1), thereafter (quarter-finals and beyond) times are CEST (UTC+2).
Contents
[hide]
1 Round and draw dates
2 Format
3 Qualified teams
4 Bracket
5 Round of 16
5.1 Summary
5.2 Matches
6 Quarter-finals
6.1 Summary
6.2 Matches
7 Semi-finals
7.1 Summary
7.2 Matches
8 Final
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Round and draw dates[edit]
The schedule of the knockout phase is as follows (all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland).[1]
Round
Draw
First leg
Second leg
Round of 16 11 December 2017 13–14 & 20–21 February 2018 6–7 & 13–14 March 2018
Quarter-finals 16 March 2018 3–4 April 2018 10–11 April 2018
Semi-finals 13 April 2018 24–25 April 2018 1–2 May 2018
Final 26 May 2018 at NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
Format[edit]
The knockout phase involves the 16 teams which qualify as winners and runners-up of each of the eight groups in the group stage.
Each tie in the knockout phase, apart from the final, is played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs advance to the next round. If the aggregate score is level, the away goals rule is applied, i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances. If away goals are also equal, then thirty minutes of extra time is played. The away goals rule is again applied after extra time, i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level, the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored. If no goals are scored during extra time, the tie is decided by penalty shoot-out. In the final, which is played as a single match, if scores are level at the end of normal time, extra time is played, followed by penalty shoot-out if scores remain tied.[2]
The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight group winners are seeded, and the eight group runners-up are unseeded. The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same group or the same association cannot be drawn against each other.
In the draws for the quarter-finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other.
Qualified teams[edit]
Group
Winners
(seeded in round of 16 draw)
Runners-up
(unseeded in round of 16 draw)
A
Manchester United Basel
B
Paris Saint-Germain Bayern Munich
C
Roma Chelsea
D
Barcelona Juventus
E
Liverpool Sevilla
F
Manchester City Shakhtar Donetsk
G
Beşiktaş Porto
H
Tottenham Hotspur Real Madrid
Bracket[edit]
Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final
Sevilla 0 2
2
Manchester United 0 1
1
Sevilla 1 0
1
Bayern Munich 2 0
2
Bayern Munich 5 3
8
Beşiktaş 0 1
1
Bayern Munich 1
Real Madrid 2
Juventus 2 2
4
Tottenham Hotspur 2 1
3
Juventus 0 3
3
Real Madrid 3 1
4
Real Madrid 3 2
5
Paris Saint-Germain 1 1
2
Winners of semi-final 1
Winners of semi-final 2
Porto 0 0
0
Liverpool 5 0
5
Liverpool 3 2
5
Manchester City 0 1
1
Basel 0 2
2
Manchester City 4 1
5
Liverpool 5
Roma 2
Chelsea 1 0
1
Barcelona 1 3
4
Barcelona 4 0
4
Roma (a) 1 3
4
Shakhtar Donetsk 2 0
2
Roma (a) 1 1
2
Round of 16[edit]
The draw for the round of 16 was held on 11 December 2017, 12:00 CET.[3]
With five English teams in the round of 16, this was the first time five teams from one association qualified for the Champions League knockout phase.[4]
Summary[edit]
The first legs were played on 13, 14, 20 and 21 February, and the second legs were played on 6, 7, 13 and 14 March 2018.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Juventus 4–3 Tottenham Hotspur 2–2 2–1
Basel 2–5 Manchester City 0–4 2–1
Porto 0–5 Liverpool 0–5 0–0
Sevilla 2–1 Manchester United 0–0 2–1
Real Madrid 5–2 Paris Saint-Germain 3–1 2–1
Shakhtar Donetsk 2–2 (a) Roma 2–1 0–1
Chelsea 1–4 Barcelona 1–1 0–3
Bayern Munich 8–1 Beşiktaş 5–0 3–1
Matches[edit]
13 February 2018 (2018-02-13)20:45
Juventus
2–2
Tottenham Hotspur
Higuaín 2', 9' (pen.)
Report
Kane 35'
Eriksen 71'
Juventus Stadium, Turin
Attendance: 41,232[5]
Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)
7 March 2018 (2018-03-07)20:45
Tottenham Hotspur
1–2
Juventus
Son Heung-min 39'
Report
Higuaín 64'
Dybala 67'
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 84,010[6]
Referee: Szymon Marciniak (Poland)
Juventus won 4–3 on aggregate.
13 February 2018 (2018-02-13)20:45
Basel
0–4
Manchester City
Report
Gündoğan 14', 53'
B. Silva 18'
Agüero 23'
St. Jakob-Park, Basel
Attendance: 36,000[7]
Referee: Jonas Eriksson (Sweden)
7 March 2018 (2018-03-07)20:45
Manchester City
1–2
Basel
Gabriel Jesus 8'
Report
Elyounoussi 17'
Lang 71'
City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester
Attendance: 49,411[8]
Referee: Pavel Královec (Czech Republic)
Manchester City won 5–2 on aggregate.
14 February 2018 (2018-02-14)20:45
Porto
0–5
Liverpool
Report
Mané 25', 53', 85'
Salah 29'
Firmino 69'
Estádio do Dragão, Porto
Attendance: 47,718[9]
Referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy)
6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)20:45
Liverpool
0–0
Porto
Report
Anfield, Liverpool
Attendance: 48,768[10]
Referee: Felix Zwayer (Germany)
Liverpool won 5–0 on aggregate.
21 February 2018 (2018-02-21)20:45
Sevilla
0–0
Manchester United
Report
Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
Attendance: 39,725[11]
Referee: Clément Turpin (France)
13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)20:45
Manchester United
1–2
Sevilla
Lukaku 84'
Report
Ben Yedder 74', 78'
Old Trafford, Manchester
Attendance: 74,909[12]
Referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
Sevilla won 2–1 on aggregate.
14 February 2018 (2018-02-14)20:45
Real Madrid
3–1
Paris Saint-Germain
Ronaldo 45' (pen.), 83'
Marcelo 86'
Report
Rabiot 33'
Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid
Attendance: 78,158[13]
Referee: Gianluca Rocchi (Italy)
6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)20:45
Paris Saint-Germain
1–2
Real Madrid
Cavani 71'
Report
Ronaldo 51'
Casemiro 80'
Parc des Princes, Paris
Attendance: 46,585[14]
Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)
Real Madrid won 5–2 on aggregate.
21 February 2018 (2018-02-21)20:45
Shakhtar Donetsk
2–1
Roma
Ferreyra 52'
Fred 71'
Report
Ünder 41'
Metalist Stadium, Kharkiv[note 1]
Attendance: 35,124[15]
Referee: Willie Collum (Scotland)
13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)20:45
Roma
1–0
Shakhtar Donetsk
Džeko 52'
Report
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
Attendance: 47,693[16]
Referee: Alberto Undiano Mallenco (Spain)
2–2 on aggregate. Roma won on away goals.
20 February 2018 (2018-02-20)20:45
Chelsea
1–1
Barcelona
Willian 62'
Report
Messi 75'
Stamford Bridge, London
Attendance: 37,741[17]
Referee: Cüneyt Çakır (Turkey)
14 March 2018 (2018-03-14)20:45
Barcelona
3–0
Chelsea
Messi 3', 63'
Dembélé 20'
Report
Camp Nou, Barcelona
Attendance: 97,183[18]
Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia)
Barcelona won 4–1 on aggregate.
20 February 2018 (2018-02-20)20:45
Bayern Munich
5–0
Beşiktaş
Müller 43', 66'
Coman 53'
Lewandowski 79', 88'
Report
Allianz Arena, Munich
Attendance: 70,000[19]
Referee: Ovidiu Hațegan (Romania)
14 March 2018 (2018-03-14)18:00
Beşiktaş
1–3
Bayern Munich
Vágner Love 59'
Report
Thiago 18'
Gönül 46' (o.g.)
Wagner 84'
Vodafone Park, Istanbul
Attendance: 36,885[20]
Referee: Michael Oliver (England)
Bayern Munich won 8–1 on aggregate.
Quarter-finals[edit]
The draw for the quarter-finals was held on 16 March 2018, 12:00 CET.[21][22]
Summary[edit]
The first legs were played on 3 and 4 April, and the second legs were played on 10 and 11 April 2018.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Barcelona 4–4 (a) Roma 4–1 0–3
Sevilla 1–2 Bayern Munich 1–2 0–0
Juventus 3–4 Real Madrid 0–3 3–1
Liverpool 5–1 Manchester City 3–0 2–1
Matches[edit]
4 April 2018 (2018-04-04)20:45
Barcelona
4–1
Roma
De Rossi 38' (o.g.)
Manolas 55' (o.g.)
Piqué 59'
L. Suárez 87'
Report
Džeko 80'
Camp Nou, Barcelona
Attendance: 90,106[23]
Referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
10 April 2018 (2018-04-10)20:45
Roma
3–0
Barcelona
Džeko 6'
De Rossi 58' (pen.)
Manolas 82'
Report
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
Attendance: 56,580[24]
Referee: Clément Turpin (France)
4–4 on aggregate. Roma won on away goals.
3 April 2018 (2018-04-03)20:45
Sevilla
1–2
Bayern Munich
Sarabia 31'
Report
Navas 37' (o.g.)
Thiago 68'
Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
Attendance: 40,635[25]
Referee: Daniele Orsato (Italy)
11 April 2018 (2018-04-11)20:45
Bayern Munich
0–0
Sevilla
Report
Allianz Arena, Munich
Attendance: 70,000[26]
Referee: Willie Collum (Scotland)
Bayern Munich won 2–1 on aggregate.
3 April 2018 (2018-04-03)20:45
Juventus
0–3
Real Madrid
Report
Ronaldo 3', 64'
Marcelo 72'
Juventus Stadium, Turin
Attendance: 40,849[27]
Referee: Cüneyt Çakır (Turkey)
11 April 2018 (2018-04-11)20:45
Real Madrid
1–3
Juventus
Ronaldo 90+8' (pen.)
Report
Mandžukić 2', 37'
Matuidi 61'
Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid
Attendance: 75,796[28]
Referee: Michael Oliver (England)
Real Madrid won 4–3 on aggregate.
4 April 2018 (2018-04-04)20:45
Liverpool
3–0
Manchester City
Salah 12'
Oxlade-Chamberlain 21'
Mané 31'
Report
Anfield, Liverpool
Attendance: 50,685[29]
Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)
10 April 2018 (2018-04-10)20:45
Manchester City
1–2
Liverpool
Gabriel Jesus 2'
Report
Salah 56'
Firmino 77'
City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester
Attendance: 53,461[30]
Referee: Antonio Mateu Lahoz (Spain)
Liverpool won 5–1 on aggregate.
Semi-finals[edit]
The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018, 13:00 CEST.[31]
For the first time since the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League, all the four teams at this stage represent different national associations.[32]
Summary[edit]
The first legs were played on 24 and 25 April, and the second legs will be played on 1 and 2 May 2018.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Bayern Munich Real Madrid 1–2 1 May
Liverpool Roma 5–2 2 May
Matches[edit]
25 April 2018 (2018-04-25)20:45
Bayern Munich
1–2
Real Madrid
Kimmich 28'
Report
Marcelo 44'
Asensio 57'
Allianz Arena, Munich
Attendance: 70,000[33]
Referee: Björn Kuipers (Netherlands)
1 May 2018 (2018-05-01)20:45
Real Madrid
v
Bayern Munich
Report
Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid
24 April 2018 (2018-04-24)20:45
Liverpool
5–2
Roma
Salah 36', 45+1'
Mané 56'
Firmino 61', 69'
Report
Džeko 81'
Perotti 85' (pen.)
Anfield, Liverpool
Attendance: 51,236[34]
Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)
2 May 2018 (2018-05-02)20:45
Roma
v
Liverpool
Report
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
Final[edit]
Main article: 2018 UEFA Champions League Final
The final will be played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev on 26 May 2018. The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw.[31]
26 May 2018 (2018-05-26)20:45
Winners of semi-final 1
v
Winners of semi-final 2
Report
NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Shakhtar Donetsk played their home match at Metalist Stadium, Kharkiv, instead of their regular stadium Donbass Arena, Donetsk, due to the war conditions in Eastern Ukraine.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "2017/18 Champions League match and draw calendar". UEFA.com. 11 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017/18 Season" (PDF). UEFA.com. 4 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Round of 16 draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Knockout stage first: five English clubs through". UEFA.com. 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg – Juventus v Tottenham Hotspur" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg – Tottenham Hotspur v Juventus" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg – Basel v Manchester City" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg – Manchester City v Basel" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg – Porto v Liverpool" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg – Liverpool v Porto" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg – Sevilla v Manchester United" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg – Manchester United v Sevilla" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg – Real Madrid v Paris Saint-Germain" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg – Paris Saint-Germain v Real Madrid" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 6 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg – Shakhtar Donetsk v Roma" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg – Roma v Shakhtar Donetsk" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg – Chelsea v Barcelona" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg – Barcelona v Chelsea" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg – Bayern Munich v Beşiktaş" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg – Beşiktaş v Bayern Munich" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Quarter-final draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League quarter-final draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Quarter-finals 1st Leg – Barcelona v Roma" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Quarter-finals 2nd Leg – Roma v Barcelona" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Quarter-finals 1st Leg – Sevilla v Bayern Munich" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Quarter-finals 2nd Leg – Bayern Munich v Sevilla" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Quarter-finals 1st Leg – Juventus v Real Madrid" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Quarter-finals 2nd Leg – Real Madrid v Juventus" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Quarter-finals 1st Leg – Liverpool v Manchester City" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Quarter-finals 2nd Leg – Manchester City v Liverpool" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 10 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Semi-final and final draws". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Champions League last four: which nations dominate?". UEFA.com. 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Semi-finals 1st Leg – Bayern Munich v Real Madrid" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Summary Semi-finals 1st Leg – Liverpool v Roma" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
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Retail design
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Retail design is a creative and commercial discipline that combines several different areas of expertise together in the design and construction of retail space. Retail design is primarily a specialized practice of architecture and interior design, however it also incorporates elements of interior decoration, industrial design, graphic design, ergonomics, and advertising.[1][2][3]
Retail design is a very specialized discipline due to the heavy demands placed on retail space. Because the primary purpose of retail space is to stock and sell product to consumers, the spaces must be designed in a way that promotes an enjoyable and hassle-free shopping experience for the consumer. For example, research shows that male and female shoppers who were accidentally touched from behind by other shoppers left a store earlier than people who had not been touched and evaluated brands more negatively.[4] The space must be specially-tailored to the kind of product being sold in that space; for example, a bookstore requires many large shelving units to accommodate small products that can be arranged categorically while a clothing store requires more open space to fully display product.[5][6][7]
Retail spaces, especially when they form part of a retail chain, must also be designed to draw people into the space to shop. The storefront must act as a billboard for the store, often employing large display windows that allow shoppers to see into the space and the product inside. In the case of a retail chain, the individual spaces must be unified in their design.[5][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Usage
2.1 Role
2.2 Design elements
2.3 Perspective
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
History[edit]
Retail design first began to grow in the middle of the 19th century, with stores such as Bon Marche and Printemps in Paris, "followed by Marshall Fields in Chicago, Selfridges in London and Macy's in New York." These early retail design stores were swiftly continued with an innovation called the chain store.
The first known chain department stores were established in Belgium in 1875, when Isidore, Benjamin and Modeste Dewachter incorporated Dewachter frères (Dewachter Brothers) selling ready-to-wear clothing for men and children and specialty clothing such as riding apparel and beachwear.[9][10] The firm opened with four locations[9][11] and, by 1904, Maison Dewachter (House of Dewachter) had stores in 20 cities and towns in Belgium and France, with multiple stores in some cities.[12][13] Isidore's eldest son, Louis Dewachter, managed the chain at its peak and also became an internationally known landscape artist, painting under the pseudonym Louis Dewis.[14]
The first retail chain store in the United States was opened in the early 20th century by Frank Winfield Woolworth, which quickly became a franchise across the US. Other chain stores began growing in places like the UK a decade or so later, with stores like Boots. After World War II, a new type of retail design building known as the shopping centre came into being. This type of building took two different paths in comparison between the US and Europe. Shopping centres began being built out of town within the United States to benefit the suburban family, while Europe began putting shopping centres in the middle of town. The first shopping centre in the Netherlands was built in the 1950s, as retail design ideas began spreading east.[15]
The next evolution of retail design was the creation of the boutique in the 1960s, which emphasized retail design run by individuals. Some of the earliest examples of boutiques are the Biba boutique created by Barbara Hulanicki and the Habitat line of stores made by Terence Conran. The rise of the boutique was followed, in the next two decades, with an overall increase in consumer spending across the developed world. This rise made retail design shift to compensate for increased customers and alternative focuses. Many retail design stores redesigned themselves over the period to keep up with changing consumer tastes. These changes resulted on one side with the creation of multiple "expensive, one-off designer shops" catering to specific fashion designers and retailers.[15]
The rise of the internet and internet retailing in the latter part of the 20th century and into the 21st century saw another change in retail design to compensate. Many different sectors not related to the internet reached out to retail design and its practices to lure online shoppers back to physical shops, where retail design can be properly utilized.[15]
Usage[edit]
Role[edit]
A retail designer must create a thematic experience for the consumer, by using spatial cues to entertain as well as entice the consumer to purchase goods and interact with the space.[16][17] The success of their designs are not measured by design critics but rather the records of the store which compare amount of foot traffic against the overall productivity. Retail designers have an acute awareness that the store and their designs are the background to the merchandise and are only there to represent and create the best possible environment in which to reflect the merchandise to the target consumer group.[18]
Design elements[edit]
Since the evolution of retail design and its impact on productivity have become clear, a series of standardisations in the techniques and design qualities has been determined. These standardisations range from alterations to the perspective of the structure of the space, entrances, circulation systems, atmospheric qualities (light and sound) and materiality. By exploring these standardisations in retail design the consumer will be given a thematic experience that entices them to purchase the merchandise. It is also important to acknowledge that a retail space must combine both permanent and non permanent features, that allow it to change as the needs of the consumer and merchandise change (e.g. per season).[19][20]
The structure of retail space creates the constraints of the overall design; often the spaces already exist, and have had many prior uses. It is at this stage that logistics must be determined, structural features like columns, stairways, ceiling height, windows and emergency exists all must be factored into the final design. In retail one hundred percent of the space must be utilised and have a purpose.[21] The floor plan creates the circulation which then directly controls the direction of the traffic flow based on the studied psychology of consumer movement pattern within a retail space. Circulation is important because it ensures that the consumer moves through the store from front to back, guiding them to important displays and in the end to the cashier.[22] There are six basic store layouts and circulation plans that all provide a different experience:
Straight plan: this plan divides transitional areas from one part of the store to the other by using walls to display merchandise. It also leads the consumer to the back of the store. This design can be used for a variety of stores ranging from pharmacies to apparel.[23]
Pathway plan: is most suitable for large stores that are single level. In this plan there is a path that is unobstructed by shop fixtures, this smoothly guides the consumer through to the back of the store. This is well suited for apparel department stores, as the clothes will be easily accessible.[23]
Diagonal plan: uses perimeter design which cause angular traffic flow. The cashier is in a central location and easily accessible. This plan is most suited for self-service retail.[23]
Curved plan: aims to create an intimate environment that is inviting. In this plan there is an emphasis on the structure of the space including the walls, corners and ceiling this is achieved by making the structure curved and is enhance by circular floor fixtures. Although this is a more expensive layout it is more suited to smaller spaces like salons and boutiques.[24]
Varied plan: in this plan attention is drawn to special focus areas, as well as having storage areas that line the wall. This is best suited for footwear and jewellery retail stores.[24]
Geometric plan: uses the racks and the retail floor fixtures to create a geometric floor plan and circulation movement. By lowering parts of the ceiling certain areas can create defined retail spaces. This is well suited for appeal stores.[24]
Once the overall structure and circulation of the space has been determined, the atmosphere and thematics of the space must be created through lighting, sound, materials and visual branding. These design elements will cohesively have the greatest impact on the consumer and thus the level of productivity that could be achieved.[citation needed]
Lighting can have a dramatic impact on the space. It needs to be functional but also complement the merchandise as well as emphasize key points throughout the store. The lighting should be layered and of a variety of intensities and fixtures. Firstly, examine the natural light and what impact it has in the space. Natural light adds interest and clarity to the space; also consumers also prefer to examine the quality of merchandise in natural light.[25] If no natural light exists, a sky light can be used to introduce it to the retail space. The lighting of the ceiling and roof is the next thing to consider. This lighting should wash the structural features while creating vectors that direct the consumer to key merchandise selling areas. The next layer should emphasize the selling areas. These lights should be direct but not too bright and harsh. Poor lighting can cause eye strain and an uncomfortable experience for the consumer. To minimize the possibility of eye strain, the ratio of luminance should decrease between merchandise selling areas. The next layer will complement and bring focus onto the merchandise; this lighting should be flattering for the merchandise and consumer. The final layer is to install functional lighting such as clear exit signs.[26][27]
Ambiance can then be developed within the atmosphere through sound and audio, the music played within the store should reflect what your target market would be drawn to, this would also be developed through the merchandise that is being marketed. In a lingerie store the music should be soft, feminine and romanticized; where in a technology department the music would be more upbeat and more masculine.[28]
Materiality is another key selling tool, the choices made must not only be aesthetically pleasing and persuasive but also functional with a minimal need for maintenance.[29] Retail spaces are high traffic area and are thus exposed to a lot of wear this means that possible finishes of the materials should be durable. The warmth of a material will make the space more inviting, a floor that is firm and somewhat buoyant will be more comfortable for that consumer to walk on and thus this will allow them to take longer when exploring the store.[30][31] By switching materials throughout the store zones/ areas can be defined, for example by making the path one material and contrast it against another for the selling areas this help to guide the consumer through the store. Colour is also important to consider it must not over power or clash against the merchandise but rather create a complementary background for the merchandise. As merchandise will change seasonally the interior colours should not be trend based but rather have timeless appeal like neutral based colours.[30][31]
Visual branding of the store will ensure a memorable experience for the consumer to take with them once they leave the store ensuring that they will want to return. The key factor is consistency exterior branding and signage should continue into the interior, they should attract, stimulate and dramatise the store. To ensure consistency the font should be consistent with the font size altering.[32] The interior branding should allow the consumer to easily self direct themselves through the store, proper placement of sales signs that will draw consumer in and show exactly where the cashier is located. The branding should reflect what the merchandise is and what the target market would be drawn to.[33][34]
Perspective[edit]
The final element of a well-executed retail space is the staging of the consumer's perspective. It is the role of retail design to have total control of the view that the consumer will have of the retail space. From the exterior of a retail store the consumer should have a clear unobstructed view into the interior.[35]
See also[edit]
Architecture
Brand
Branded environments
Brand implementation
Customer engagement
Display case
Display window
Ergonomics
Interior design
Marketing
Merchandising
Planogram
Retail chain
Retailing
Visual merchandising
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Retail design" by Otto Riewoldt, te Neues, 2000
Jump up ^ "Becoming an Architect: A Guide to Careers in Design" by Lee W. Waldrep, John Wiley and Sons, 2009
Jump up ^ "Retail design firms", Opportunities in commercial art and graphic design careers, Volume 2003 by Barbara Gordon, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004, Pg. 88
Jump up ^ Martin, Brett A. S. (2012), "A Stranger’s Touch: Effects of Accidental Interpersonal Touch on Consumer Evaluations and Shopping Time", Journal of Consumer Research, 39 (June), 174-184.
^ Jump up to: a b "Luxury retail design and atmosphere", Luxury fashion branding: trends, tactics, techniques by Uché Okonkwo, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, Pg. 78
Jump up ^ "Building type basics for retail and mixed-use facilities" by Stephen A. Kliment, Jerde Partnership International, and Vilma Barr, John Wiley and Sons, 2004
Jump up ^ "Retail Design Identity", Possessed: The Rise and Fall of Prince by Alex Hahn, Billboard Books, 2004, Pg. 157
Jump up ^ "Boutiques and other retail spaces: the architecture of seduction" by Leontine de Wit, Taylor & Francis US, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Annexes to the Belgian Monitor of 1875. Acts, Extracts of Acts, Minutes and Documents relating to Corporations, Book #3, Page 67
Jump up ^ LouisDewis.com
Jump up ^ The French Wikipedia site reports that Dewachter frères opened in La Louvière in 1865, but provides no reference.
Jump up ^ Maison Dewachter Liège 1891 letterhead
Jump up ^ Maison Dewachter Bordeaux 1904 letterhead listing 20 cities and towns and three stores in Bordeaux itself
Jump up ^ LouisDewis.com
^ Jump up to: a b c "Retail Design", Design: the key concepts by Catherine McDermott, Psychology Press, 2007, Pg. 195
Jump up ^ *Lopez, M. J., 2003. "Retail Store Planning And Design Manual". 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ST Publications.p.1
Jump up ^ Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.p.9
Jump up ^ *Lopez, M. J., 2003. "Retail Store Planning And Design Manual". 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ST Publications.p.4
Jump up ^ Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.p.23
Jump up ^ Curtis, E. and Watson, H., 2007. "Fashion Retail". 2nd ed. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. p.12
Jump up ^ Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.p.15-17
Jump up ^ Israel, L.J., 1994. "Store Planning/ Design". United States of America: John Wiley & sons, INC.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.p.6
^ Jump up to: a b c Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.p.7
Jump up ^ Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.p.65-80
Jump up ^ *Lopez, M. J., 2003. "Retail Store Planning And Design Manual". 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ST Publications.p.147-167
Jump up ^ Israel, L.J., 1994. "Store Planning/ Design". United States of America: John Wiley & sons, INC.p.183-191
Jump up ^ Curtis, E. and Watson, H., 2007. "Fashion Retail". 2nd ed. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.p.213
Jump up ^ *Lopez, M. J., 2003. "Retail Store Planning And Design Manual". 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ST Publications.p.563-566
^ Jump up to: a b Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.p51-64
^ Jump up to: a b Israel, L.J., 1994. "Store Planning/ Design". United States of America: John Wiley & sons, INC.p.160-172
Jump up ^ Israel, L.J., 1994. "Store Planning/ Design". United States of America: John Wiley & sons, INC.p.192
Jump up ^ Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.p.81-94
Jump up ^ *Lopez, M. J., 2003. "Retail Store Planning And Design Manual". 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ST Publications.p.258
Jump up ^ *Lopez, M. J., 2003. "Retail Store Planning And Design Manual". 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ST Publications.p.169-170
Further reading[edit]
Israel, L.J., 1994. "Store Planning/ Design". United States of America: John Wiley & sons, INC.
Lopez, M. J., 2003. "Retail Store Planning And Design Manual". 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: ST Publications.
Barr, V. and Broudy, C.E., 1990. "Designing to Sell". 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, INC.
Curtis, E. and Watson, H., 2007. "Fashion Retail". 2nd ed. West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Rodney Fitch & Lance Knobel (1990). Fitch on retail design. Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-2562-5.
Catherine McDermott (2007). "Retail Design". Design: the key concepts. Routledge key guides. Routledge. pp. 195–197. ISBN 978-0-415-32016-0.
Stephen Doyle (2004). "Retail store design". In Margaret Bruce; Christopher Moore; Grete Birtwistle. International retail marketing: a case study approach. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5748-8.
Sean Nixon (1996). "Menswear and retailing practices: the case of retail design". Hard looks: masculinities, spectatorship and contemporary consumption. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-16333-4.
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values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Ретейл-дизайн – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Retail_design rootpage-Retail_design skin-vector action-view