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Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award
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Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (MVP)
The Most Valuable Player award
Given for
Major League Baseball's Regular Season MVP
Country
United States
Presented by
Baseball Writers' Association of America
History
First award
1931
Most recent
José Altuve, American League
Giancarlo Stanton, National League
The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award, given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. Since 1931, it has been awarded by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA). The winners receive the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Memorial Baseball Award, which became the official name of the award in 1944,[1] in honor of the first MLB commissioner, who served from 1920 until his death on November 25, 1944.[1][2]
MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961.[3] The BBWAA does not offer a clear-cut definition of what "most valuable" means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters.[4][5]
First basemen, with 34 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen (16), third basemen (15), and shortstops (15). Of the 25 pitchers who have won the award, 15 are right-handed while 10 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the only pitchers who have won multiple times, Newhouser winning consecutively in 1944 and 1945.[6][7]
Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions,[6] while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions.[8] Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (2001–04).[9] Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times;[10] 9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice.[11] Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues.
The award's only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, when Keith Hernandez and Willie Stargell received an equal number of points.[6][12] There have been 18 unanimous winners, who received all the first-place votes.[3] The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22, followed by the St. Louis Cardinals with 17 winners. The award has never been presented to a member of the following three teams: Arizona Diamondbacks, New York Mets, and Tampa Bay Rays. The most recent recipients are José Altuve in the American League and Giancarlo Stanton in the National League.
In recent decades, pitchers have rarely won the award. When Justin Verlander won the AL award in 2011, he became the first pitcher in either league to be named the MVP since Dennis Eckersley in 1992. Verlander also became the first starting pitcher to win this award since Roger Clemens had accomplished the feat in 1986.[13] The National League went even longer without an MVP award to a pitcher—after Bob Gibson won in 1968, no pitcher in that league was named MVP until Clayton Kershaw in 2014.[14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chalmers Award (1911–1914)
2 League Awards (1922–1929)
3 Baseball Writers' Association of America's Most Valuable Player (1931–present)
4 Key
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Chalmers Award (1911–1914)[edit]
Ty Cobb won the first American League Chalmers Award in 1911 and was at the center of the controversy over the previous season's award.
Before the 1910 season, Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Automobile announced he would present a Chalmers Model 30 automobile to the player with the highest batting average in Major League Baseball at the end of the season. The 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers' widely disliked[3][15][16] Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobb's batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns. American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway, and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players.[3]
The following season, Chalmers created the Chalmers Award. A committee of baseball writers were to convene after the season to determine the "most important and useful player to the club and to the league". Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped, it was discontinued after 1914.[3]
Year
American League winner
Team
Position
National League winner
Team
Position
Ref
1911
Cobb Ty !Ty Cobb §
Detroit Tigers OF
Schulte Frank !Frank Schulte
Chicago Cubs OF [17]
1912
Speaker Tris !Tris Speaker
Boston Red Sox OF
Doyle Larry !Larry Doyle
New York Giants !New York Giants 2B [18]
1913
Johnson Walter !Walter Johnson
Washington Senators !Washington Senators RHP
Daubert Jake !Jake Daubert
Brooklyn Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers 1B [19]
1914
Collins Eddie !Eddie Collins
Philadelphia Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics 2B
Evers Johnny !Johnny Evers
Boston Braves !Boston Braves 2B [20]
League Awards (1922–1929)[edit]
Babe Ruth was ineligible for the award in his famous 1927 season by the rules of the American League award because he had previously won in 1923.
In 1922 the American League created a new award to honor "the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club".[21] Winners, voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry,[22] received a bronze medal and a cash prize.[23] Voters were required to select one player from each team and player-coaches and prior award winners were ineligible. These incredible flaws resulted in Babe Ruth only winning 1 MVP as the award was dropped after 1928. Under the All-Star Formula, Ruth would have won the MVP in 1920, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1928 and 1930 [citation needed]. The National League award, without these restrictions, lasted from 1924 to 1929.[3]
Year
American League winner
Team
Position
National League winner
Team
Position
Ref
1922
Sisler George !George Sisler
St. Louis Browns !St. Louis Browns 1B
—
-01 !— -01 !— [24]
1923
Ruth Babe !Babe Ruth §
New York Yankees OF
—
-02 !— -02 !— [25]
1924
Johnson Walter !Walter Johnson (2)
Washington Senators !Washington Senators RHP
Vance Dazzy !Dazzy Vance
Brooklyn Robins !Brooklyn Robins RHP [26]
1925
Peckinpaugh Roger !Roger Peckinpaugh
Washington Senators !Washington Senators SS
Hornsby Rogers !Rogers Hornsby
St. Louis Cardinals 2B [27]
1926
Burns George !George Burns
Cleveland Indians 1B
O'Farrell Bob !Bob O'Farrell
St. Louis Cardinals C [28]
1927
Gehrig Lou !Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees 1B
Waner Paul !Paul Waner
Pittsburgh Pirates OF [29]
1928
Cochrane Mickey !Mickey Cochrane
Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics C
Bottomley Jim !Jim Bottomley
St. Louis Cardinals 1B [30]
1929
—
-01 !— -01 !—
Hornsby Rogers !Rogers Hornsby (2)
Chicago Cubs 2B [31]
Baseball Writers' Association of America's Most Valuable Player (1931–present)[edit]
The BBWAA first awarded the modern MVP after the 1931 season, adopting the format the National League used to distribute its league award. One writer in each city with a team filled out a ten-place ballot, with ten points for the recipient of a first-place vote, nine for a second-place vote, and so on. In 1938, the BBWAA raised the number of voters to three per city and gave 14 points for a first-place vote. The only significant change since then occurred in 1961, when the number of voters was reduced to two per league city.[3]
Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win three MVP awards.
Hall of Famer and 2-time MVP, Hank Greenberg
Jim Konstanty, to date the only National League relief pitcher to be named MVP won it in 1950.
Hall of Famer Willie Mays won the award in 1954 and 1965 with the same team in different cities.
Barry Bonds' seven MVPs are the most for any individual player.
Alex Rodriguez won the award with two different teams at two different positions.
Albert Pujols won the award three times, all at first base with the St. Louis Cardinals.
Miguel Cabrera was the winner of back-to-back AL Awards from 2012-13.
Josh Donaldson won the AL MVP in 2015.
Year
American League winner
Team
Position
National League winner
Team
Position
Ref
1931 Grove, LeftyLefty Grove† Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics* LHP Frisch, FrankieFrankie Frisch† St. Louis Cardinals* 2B [32]
1932 Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx† Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics 1B Klein Chuck !Chuck Klein† Philadelphia Phillies OF [33]
1933 Foxx Jimmie !Jimmie Foxx† (2) Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics 1B Hubbell, CarlCarl Hubbell† San Francisco Giants !New York Giants* LHP [34]
1934 Cochrane, MickeyMickey Cochrane† (2) Detroit Tigers* C Dean, DizzyDizzy Dean† St. Louis Cardinals* RHP [35]
1935 Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†§ Detroit Tigers* 1B Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett† Chicago Cubs* C [36]
1936 Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig† (2) New York Yankees* 1B Hubbell, CarlCarl Hubbell†§ (2) San Francisco Giants !New York Giants* LHP [37]
1937 Gehringer, CharlieCharlie Gehringer† Detroit Tigers 2B Medwick, JoeJoe Medwick† St. Louis Cardinals OF [38]
1938 Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx† (3) Boston Red Sox 1B Lombardi, ErnieErnie Lombardi† Cincinnati Reds C [39]
1939 DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio† New York Yankees* OF Walters, BuckyBucky Walters Cincinnati Reds* RHP [40]
1940 Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg† (2) Detroit Tigers* OF McCormick, FrankFrank McCormick Cincinnati Reds* 1B [41]
1941 DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio† (2) New York Yankees* OF Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers* 1B [42]
1942 Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon† New York Yankees* 2B Cooper, MortMort Cooper St. Louis Cardinals* RHP [43]
1943 Chandler, SpudSpud Chandler New York Yankees* RHP Musial, StanStan Musial† St. Louis Cardinals* OF [44]
1944 Newhouser, HalHal Newhouser† Detroit Tigers LHP Marion, MartyMarty Marion St. Louis Cardinals* SS [45]
1945 Newhouser, HalHal Newhouser† (2) Detroit Tigers* LHP Cavarretta, PhilPhil Cavarretta Chicago Cubs* 1B [46]
1946 Williams, TedTed Williams† Boston Red Sox* OF Musial, StanStan Musial† (2) St. Louis Cardinals* 1B [47]
1947 DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio† (3) New York Yankees* OF Elliott, BobBob Elliott Atlanta Braves !Boston Braves 3B [48]
1948 Boudreau, LouLou Boudreau† Cleveland Indians* SS Musial, StanStan Musial† (3) St. Louis Cardinals OF [49]
1949 Williams, TedTed Williams† (2) Boston Red Sox OF Robinson, JackieJackie Robinson† Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers* 2B [50]
1950 Rizzuto, PhilPhil Rizzuto† New York Yankees* SS Konstanty, JimJim Konstanty Philadelphia Phillies* RHP [51]
1951 Berra, YogiYogi Berra† New York Yankees* C Campanella, RoyRoy Campanella† Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers C [52]
1952 Shantz, BobbyBobby Shantz Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics LHP Sauer, HankHank Sauer Chicago Cubs OF [53]
1953 Rosen, AlAl Rosen§ Cleveland Indians 3B Campanella, RoyRoy Campanella† (2) Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers* C [54]
1954 Berra, YogiYogi Berra† (2) New York Yankees C Mays, WillieWillie Mays† San Francisco Giants !New York Giants* OF [55]
1955 Berra, YogiYogi Berra† (3) New York Yankees* C Campanella, RoyRoy Campanella† (3) Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers* C [56]
1956 Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†§ New York Yankees* OF Newcombe, DonDon Newcombe Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers* RHP [57]
1957 Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle† (2) New York Yankees* OF Aaron, HankHank Aaron† Atlanta Braves !Milwaukee Braves* OF [58]
1958 Jensen, JackieJackie Jensen Boston Red Sox OF Banks, ErnieErnie Banks† Chicago Cubs SS [59]
1959 Fox, NellieNellie Fox† Chicago White Sox* 2B Banks, ErnieErnie Banks† (2) Chicago Cubs SS [60]
1960 Maris, RogerRoger Maris New York Yankees* OF Groat, DickDick Groat Pittsburgh Pirates* SS [61]
1961 Maris, RogerRoger Maris (2) New York Yankees* OF Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson† Cincinnati Reds* OF [62]
1962 Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle† (3) New York Yankees* OF Wills, MauryMaury Wills Los Angeles Dodgers SS [63]
1963 Howard, ElstonElston Howard New York Yankees* C Koufax, SandySandy Koufax† Los Angeles Dodgers* LHP [64]
1964 Robinson, BrooksBrooks Robinson† Baltimore Orioles 3B Boyer, KenKen Boyer St. Louis Cardinals* 3B [65]
1965 Versalles, ZoiloZoilo Versalles Minnesota Twins* SS Mays, WillieWillie Mays† (2) San Francisco Giants OF [66]
1966 Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†§ (2) Baltimore Orioles* OF Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente† Pittsburgh Pirates OF [67]
1967 Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski† Boston Red Sox* OF Cepeda, OrlandoOrlando Cepeda†§ St. Louis Cardinals* 1B [68]
1968 McLain, DennyDenny McLain§ Detroit Tigers* RHP Gibson, BobBob Gibson† St. Louis Cardinals* RHP [69]
1969 Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew† Minnesota Twins 3B McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey† San Francisco Giants 1B [70]
1970 Powell, BoogBoog Powell Baltimore Orioles* 1B Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench† Cincinnati Reds* C [71]
1971 Blue, VidaVida Blue Oakland Athletics LHP Torre, JoeJoe Torre†[c] St. Louis Cardinals 3B [72]
1972 Allen, DickDick Allen Chicago White Sox 1B Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench† (2) Cincinnati Reds* C [73]
1973 Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†§ Oakland Athletics* OF Rose, PetePete Rose Cincinnati Reds OF [74]
1974 Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs Texas Rangers OF Garvey, SteveSteve Garvey Los Angeles Dodgers* 1B [75]
1975 Lynn, FredFred Lynn Boston Red Sox* OF Morgan, JoeJoe Morgan† Cincinnati Reds* 2B [76]
1976 Munson, ThurmanThurman Munson New York Yankees* C Morgan, JoeJoe Morgan† (2) Cincinnati Reds* 2B [77]
1977 Carew, RodRod Carew† Minnesota Twins 1B Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster Cincinnati Reds OF [78]
1978 Rice, JimJim Rice† Boston Red Sox OF Parker, DaveDave Parker Pittsburgh Pirates OF [79]
1979 Baylor, DonDon Baylor Los Angeles Angels !California Angels LF/DH [80] Hernandez, KeithKeith Hernandez[d] St. Louis Cardinals 1B [12]
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†[d] Pittsburgh Pirates* 1B
1980 Brett, GeorgeGeorge Brett† Kansas City Royals* 3B Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†§ Philadelphia Phillies* 3B [81]
1981 Fingers, RollieRollie Fingers† Milwaukee Brewers RHP Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt† (2) Philadelphia Phillies 3B [82]
1982 Yount, RobinRobin Yount† Milwaukee Brewers* SS Murphy, DaleDale Murphy Atlanta Braves OF [83]
1983 Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.† Baltimore Orioles* SS Murphy, DaleDale Murphy (2) Atlanta Braves OF [84]
1984 Hernandez, WillieWillie Hernández Detroit Tigers* LHP Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg† Chicago Cubs 2B [85]
1985 Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly New York Yankees 1B McGee, WillieWillie McGee St. Louis Cardinals* OF [86]
1986 Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens Boston Red Sox* RHP Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt† (3) Philadelphia Phillies 3B [87]
1987 Bell, GeorgeGeorge Bell Toronto Blue Jays OF Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson† Chicago Cubs OF [88]
1988 Canseco, JoseJose Canseco§ Oakland Athletics* OF Gibson, KirkKirk Gibson Los Angeles Dodgers* OF [89]
1989 Yount, RobinRobin Yount† (2) Milwaukee Brewers OF Mitchell, KevinKevin Mitchell San Francisco Giants* OF [90]
1990 Henderson, RickeyRickey Henderson† Oakland Athletics* OF Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds Pittsburgh Pirates OF [91]
1991 Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.† (2) Baltimore Orioles SS Pendleton, TerryTerry Pendleton Atlanta Braves* 3B [92]
1992 Eckersley, DennisDennis Eckersley† Oakland Athletics RHP Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (2) Pittsburgh Pirates OF [93]
1993 Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†§ Chicago White Sox 1B Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (3) San Francisco Giants OF [94]
1994 Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas† (2) Chicago White Sox 1B Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†§ Houston Astros 1B [95]
1995 Vaughn, MoMo Vaughn Boston Red Sox 1B Larkin, BarryBarry Larkin† Cincinnati Reds SS [96]
1996 Gonzalez, JuanJuan González Texas Rangers OF Caminiti, KenKen Caminiti§ San Diego Padres 3B [97]
1997 Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†§ Seattle Mariners OF Walker, LarryLarry Walker Colorado Rockies OF [98]
1998 Gonzalez, JuanJuan González (2) Texas Rangers OF Sosa, SammySammy Sosa Chicago Cubs OF [99]
1999 Rodriguez, IvanIván Rodríguez† Texas Rangers C Jones, ChipperChipper Jones† Atlanta Braves* 3B [100]
2000 Giambi, JasonJason Giambi Oakland Athletics 1B Kent, JeffJeff Kent San Francisco Giants 2B [101]
2001 Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki^ Seattle Mariners OF Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (4) San Francisco Giants OF [102][103]
2002 Tejada, MiguelMiguel Tejada Oakland Athletics SS Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds§ (5) San Francisco Giants* OF [104]
2003 Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (6) San Francisco Giants OF [105]
2004 Guerrero, VladimirVladimir Guerrero† Los Angeles Angels !Anaheim Angels OF Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (7) San Francisco Giants OF [106]
2005 Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (2) New York Yankees 3B Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols^ St. Louis Cardinals 1B [107]
2006 Morneau, JustinJustin Morneau Minnesota Twins 1B Howard, RyanRyan Howard^ Philadelphia Phillies 1B [108]
2007 Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (3) New York Yankees 3B Rollins, JimmyJimmy Rollins Philadelphia Phillies SS [109]
2008 Pedroia, DustinDustin Pedroia^ Boston Red Sox 2B Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols^ (2) St. Louis Cardinals 1B [110]
2009 Mauer, JoeJoe Mauer^ Minnesota Twins C Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols^§ (3) St. Louis Cardinals 1B [103][111]
2010 Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton^ Texas Rangers* OF Votto, JoeyJoey Votto^ Cincinnati Reds 1B [112][113]
2011 Verlander, JustinJustin Verlander^ Detroit Tigers RHP Braun, RyanRyan Braun^ Milwaukee Brewers OF [114][115]
2012 Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera^ Detroit Tigers* 3B Posey, BusterBuster Posey^ San Francisco Giants* C [116][117]
2013 Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera^ (2) Detroit Tigers 3B McCutchen, AndrewAndrew McCutchen^ Pittsburgh Pirates OF [118][119]
2014 Trout, MikeMike Trout^§ Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim OF Kershaw, ClaytonClayton Kershaw^ Los Angeles Dodgers LHP [14][120]
2015 Donaldson, JoshJosh Donaldson^ Toronto Blue Jays 3B Harper, BryceBryce Harper^§ Washington Nationals OF [121][122]
2016 Trout, MikeMike Trout^ (2) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim OF Bryant, KrisKris Bryant^ Chicago Cubs* 3B/OF [123]
2017 Altuve, JoséJosé Altuve^ Houston Astros* 2B Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton^ Miami Marlins OF [123]
Key[edit]
Year
Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a player[124][125]
^
Denotes player who is still active[a]
§
Unanimous selection[b][3]
Player (X)
Denotes winning player and number of times they had won the award at that point
*
Team won League Pennant
P
Pitcher (RHP indicates right-handed; LHP indicates left-handed)
C
Catcher
1B
First baseman
2B
Second baseman
3B
Third baseman
SS
Shortstop
OF
Outfielder
DH
Designated hitter
See also[edit]
"Esurance MLB Awards" Best Major Leaguer (in MLB; all positions) (there are also Best Hitter and Best Pitcher awards (in MLB))
"Players Choice Awards" Player of the Year (in MLB; all positions) (there are also Outstanding Player and Outstanding Pitcher awards (in each league))
Baseball America Major League Player of the Year (in MLB; all positions)
Baseball Digest Player of the Year (in MLB; position players only; from 1969 to 1993, included all positions; in 1994, a separate Pitcher of the Year award was added)
Best Major League Baseball Player ESPY Award (in MLB; all positions)
The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award (in each league) (discontinued in 1946)
Sporting News Player of the Year (in MLB; position players only)
List of Major League Baseball awards
Baseball awards
Notes[edit]
a A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season.
b A unanimous victory indicates that the player received all possible first-place votes.
c Torre is a member of the Hall of Fame, but not as a player. He was inducted in 2014 as a manager.[126]
d Hernandez and Stargell both received 216 points in the 1979 voting.[12]
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1975". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1976". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1977". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1978". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/split.fcgi?id=baylodo01&t=b&year=1979
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1980". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1981". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1982". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1983". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1984". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1985". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1986". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1987". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1988". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1989". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1990". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1991". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1992". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1993". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1994". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1995". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1996". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1997". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1998". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1999". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2000". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2001". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Albert Pujols of St. Louis Cardinals is unanimous National League MVP". ESPN. The Associated Press. November 25, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2002". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2003". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2004". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2005". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2006". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2007". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2008". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Awards Voting for 2009". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Rangers Outfielder Josh Hamilton Honored". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Reds' Joey Votto Runs Away With Award". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Justin Verlander Completes Rare Double, Adding MVP to Cy Young". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ryan Braun Slugs His Way to Award". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mike Trout Highest WAR at Youngest Age". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "YadierMolina". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Miguel Cabrera Goes Back-to-Back". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Andrew McCutchen Wins Pirates' 1st MVP since 1992". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mike Trout, Angels". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Josh Donaldson, Blue Jays". Baseball Writer's Association of America. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bryce Harper, Nationals". Baseball Writers' Association of America. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Angels' Mike Trout wins second AL MVP, edging Red Sox's Mookie Betts
Jump up ^ Gillette & Palmer, pp. 1755–1760
Jump up ^ "Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Joe Torre". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
External links[edit]
Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners (1911–present) (and "Multiple Winners of the MVP and Cy Young Awards"). Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
[show]
v
t
e
Major League Baseball awards and trophies
Team
Commissioner's Trophy (list of winners)
Warren Giles Trophy (NL pennant winners)
William Harridge Trophy (AL pennant winners)
Individual
Most Valuable Player (MVP)
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Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award
Book:Major League Baseball awards
Category:Major League Baseball awards
Portal:Baseball
[show]
v
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American League MVP Award
1931: Grove
1932: Foxx
1933: Foxx
1934: Cochrane
1935: Greenberg
1936: Gehrig
1937: Gehringer
1938: Foxx
1939: DiMaggio
1940: Greenberg
1941: DiMaggio
1942: Gordon
1943: Chandler
1944: Newhouser
1945: Newhouser
1946: Williams
1947: DiMaggio
1948: Boudreau
1949: Williams
1950: Rizzuto
1951: Berra
1952: Shantz
1953: Rosen
1954: Berra
1955: Berra
1956: Mantle
1957: Mantle
1958: Jensen
1959: Fox
1960: Maris
1961: Maris
1962: Mantle
1963: Howard
1964: B. Robinson
1965: Versalles
1966: F. Robinson
1967: Yastrzemski
1968: McLain
1969: Killebrew
1970: Powell
1971: Blue
1972: Allen
1973: Jackson
1974: Burroughs
1975: Lynn
1976: Munson
1977: Carew
1978: Rice
1979: Baylor
1980: Brett
1981: Fingers
1982: Yount
1983: Ripken Jr.
1984: Hernández
1985: Mattingly
1986: Clemens
1987: Bell
1988: Canseco
1989: Yount
1990: Henderson
1991: Ripken Jr.
1992: Eckersley
1993: Thomas
1994: Thomas
1995: Vaughn
1996: González
1997: Griffey Jr.
1998: González
1999: I. Rodríguez
2000: Giambi
2001: Suzuki
2002: Tejada
2003: A. Rodriguez
2004: Guerrero
2005: A. Rodriguez
2006: Morneau
2007: A. Rodriguez
2008: Pedroia
2009: Mauer
2010: Hamilton
2011: Verlander
2012: Cabrera
2013: Cabrera
2014: Trout
2015: Donaldson
2016: Trout
2017: Altuve
[show]
v
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National League MVP Award
1931: Frisch
1932: Klein
1933: Hubbell
1934: Dean
1935: Hartnett
1936: Hubbell
1937: Medwick
1938: Lombardi
1939: Walters
1940: McCormick
1941: Camilli
1942: Cooper
1943: Musial
1944: Marion
1945: Cavarretta
1946: Musial
1947: Elliott
1948: Musial
1949: J. Robinson
1950: Konstanty
1951: Campanella
1952: Sauer
1953: Campanella
1954: Mays
1955: Campanella
1956: Newcombe
1957: Aaron
1958: Banks
1959: Banks
1960: Groat
1961: F. Robinson
1962: Wills
1963: Koufax
1964: Boyer
1965: Mays
1966: Clemente
1967: Cepeda
1968: B. Gibson
1969: McCovey
1970: Bench
1971: Torre
1972: Bench
1973: Rose
1974: Garvey
1975: Morgan
1976: Morgan
1977: Foster
1978: Parker
1979: Hernandez & Stargell
1980: Schmidt
1981: Schmidt
1982: Murphy
1983: Murphy
1984: Sandberg
1985: McGee
1986: Schmidt
1987: Dawson
1988: K. Gibson
1989: Mitchell
1990: Bonds
1991: Pendleton
1992: Bonds
1993: Bonds
1994: Bagwell
1995: Larkin
1996: Caminiti
1997: Walker
1998: Sosa
1999: Jones
2000: Kent
2001: Bonds
2002: Bonds
2003: Bonds
2004: Bonds
2005: Pujols
2006: Howard
2007: Rollins
2008: Pujols
2009: Pujols
2010: Votto
2011: Braun
2012: Posey
2013: McCutchen
2014: Kershaw
2015: Harper
2016: Bryant
2017: Stanton
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=822201355"
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Document type definition
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A document type definition (DTD) is a set of markup declarations that define a document type for an SGML-family markup language (SGML, XML, HTML).
A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the legal building blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document, or as an external reference.[1]
XML uses a subset of SGML DTD.
As of 2009[update], newer XML namespace-aware schema languages (such as W3C XML Schema and ISO RELAX NG) have largely superseded DTDs. A namespace-aware version of DTDs is being developed as Part 9 of ISO DSDL. DTDs persist in applications that need special publishing characters, such as the XML and HTML Character Entity References, which derive from larger sets defined as part of the ISO SGML standard effort.
Contents
[hide]
1 Associating DTDs with documents
1.1 Examples
2 Markup declarations
2.1 Element type declarations
2.2 Attribute list declarations
2.3 Entity declarations
2.4 Notation declarations
3 XML DTDs and schema validation
4 XML DTD schema example
5 Security
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Associating DTDs with documents[edit]
A DTD is associated with an XML or SGML document by means of a document type declaration (DOCTYPE). The DOCTYPE appears in the syntactic fragment doctypedecl near the start of an XML document.[2] The declaration establishes that the document is an instance of the type defined by the referenced DTD.
DTDs make two sorts of declaration:
an optional external subset
an optional internal subset.
The declarations in the internal subset form part of the DOCTYPE in the document itself. The declarations in the external subset are located in a separate text file. The external subset may be referenced via a public identifier and/or a system identifier. Programs for reading documents may not be required to read the external subset.
Note that any valid SGML or XML document that references an external subset in its DTD, or whose body contains references to parsed external entities declared in its DTD (including those declared within its internal subset), may only be partially parsed but cannot be fully validated by validating SGML or XML parsers in their standalone mode (this means that these validating parsers don't attempt to retrieve these external entities, and their replacement text is not accessible).
However, such documents are still fully parsable in the non-standalone mode of validating parsers, which signals an error if it can't locate these external entities with their specified public identifier (FPI) or system identifier (a URI), or are inaccessible. (Notations declared in the DTD are also referencing external entities, but these unparsed entities are not needed for the validation of documents in the standalone mode of these parsers: the validation of all external entities referenced by notations is left to the application using the SGML or XML parser). Non-validating parsers may eventually attempt to locate these external entities in the non-standalone mode (by partially interpreting the DTD only to resolve their declared parsable entities), but do not validate the content model of these documents.
Examples[edit]
The following example of a DOCTYPE contains both public and system identifiers:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
All HTML 4.01 documents conform to one of three SGML DTDs. The public identifiers of these DTDs are constant and are as follows:
-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN
-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN
-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN
The system identifiers of these DTDs, if present in the DOCTYPE, are URI references. A system identifier usually points to a specific set of declarations in a resolvable location. SGML allows mapping public identifiers to system identifiers in catalogs that are optionally available to the URI resolvers used by document parsing software.
Note that this DOCTYPE can only appear after the optional XML declaration, and before the document body, if the document syntax conforms to XML. This includes XHTML documents:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!-- the XHTML document body starts here--> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ... </html>
An additional internal subset can also be provided after the external subset:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" [ <!-- an internal subset can be embedded here --> ]> <!-- the XHTML document body starts here--> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ... </html>
Alternatively, only the internal subset may be provided:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html [ <!-- an internal subset can be embedded here --> ]> <!-- the XHTML document body starts here--> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ... </html>
Finally, the document type definition may include no subset at all; in that case, it just specifies that the document has a single top-level element (this is an implicit requirement for all valid XML and HTML documents, but not for document fragments or for all SGML documents, whose top-level elements may be different from the implied root element), and it indicates the type name of the root element:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html> <!-- the XHTML document body starts here--> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ... </html>
Markup declarations[edit]
DTDs describe the structure of a class of documents via element and attribute-list declarations. Element declarations name the allowable set of elements within the document, and specify whether and how declared elements and runs of character data may be contained within each element. Attribute-list declarations name the allowable set of attributes for each declared element, including the type of each attribute value, if not an explicit set of valid values.
DTD markup declarations declare which element types, attribute lists, entities, and notations are allowed in the structure of the corresponding class of XML documents.[3]
Element type declarations[edit]
An element type declaration defines an element and its possible content. A valid XML document contains only elements that are defined in the DTD.
Various keywords and characters specify an element’s content:
EMPTY for specifying that the defined element allows no content, i.e., it can't have any children elements, not even text elements (if there are whitespaces, they are ignored);
ANY for specifying that the defined element allows any content, without restriction, i.e., that it may have any number (including none) and type of children elements (including text elements);
or an expression, specifying the only elements allowed as direct children in the content of the defined element; this content can be either:
a mixed content, which means that the content may include at least one text element and zero or more named elements, but their order and number of occurrences can't be restricted; this can be:
( #PCDATA ): historically meaning parsed character data, this means that only one text element is allowed in the content (no quantifier is allowed);
( #PCDATA | element name | ... )*: a limited choice (in an exclusive list between parentheses and separated by "|" pipe characters and terminated by the required "*" quantifier) of two or more child elements (including only text elements or the specified named elements) may be used in any order and number of occurrences in the content.
an element content, which means that there must be no text elements in the children elements of the content (all whitespaces encoded between child elements are then ignored, just like comments). Such element content is specified as content particle in a variant of Backus–Naur form without terminal symbols and element names as non-terminal symbols. Element content consists of:
a content particle can be either the name of an element declared in the DTD, or a sequence list or choice list. It may be followed by an optional quantifier.
a sequence list means an ordered list (specified between parentheses and separated by a "," comma character) of one or more content particles: all the content particles must appear successively as direct children in the content of the defined element, at the specified position and relative order;
a choice list means a mutually exclusive list (specified between parentheses and separated by a "|" pipe character) of two or more content particles: only one of these content particles may appear in the content of the defined element at the same position.
A quantifier is a single character that immediately follows the specified item it applies to, to restrict the number of successive occurrences of these items at the specified position in the content of the element; it may be either:
+ for specifying that there must be one or more occurrences of the item — the effective content of each occurrence may be different;
* for specifying that any number (zero or more) of occurrences is allowed — the item is optional and the effective content of each occurrence may be different;
? for specifying that there must not be more than one occurrence — the item is optional;
If there is no quantifier, the specified item must occur exactly one time at the specified position in the content of the element.
For example:
<!ELEMENT html (head, body)> <!ELEMENT p (#PCDATA | p | ul | dl | table | h1|h2|h3)*>
Note that element type declarations are ignored by non-validating SGML and XML parsers (in which cases, any elements are accepted in any order, and in any number of occurrences in the parsed document), but these declarations are still checked for form and validity.
Attribute list declarations[edit]
An attribute list specifies for a given element type the list of all possible attribute associated with that type. For each possible attribute, it contains:
the declared name of the attribute,
its data type (or an enumeration of its possible values),
and its default value.[4]
For example:
<!ATTLIST img src CDATA #REQUIRED id ID #IMPLIED sort CDATA #FIXED "true" print (yes | no) "yes" >
Here are some attribute types supported by both SGML and XML:
CDATA
this type means characters data and indicates that the effective value of the attribute can be any textual value, unless the attribute is specified as fixed (the comments in the DTD may further document values that are effectively accepted, but the DTD syntax does not allow such precise specification);
ID
the effective value of the attribute must be a valid identifier, and it is used to define and anchor to the current element the target of references using this defined identifier (including as document fragment identifiers that may be specified at end of an URI after a "#" sign); it is an error if distinct elements in the same document are defining the same identifier; the uniqueness constraint also implies that the identifier itself carries no other semantics and that identifiers must be treated as opaque in applications; note that XML also predefines the standard pseudo-attribute "xml:id" with this type, without needing any declaration in the DTD, so the uniqueness constraint also applies to these defined identifiers when they are specified anywhere in a XML document.
IDREF or IDREFS
the effective value of the attribute can only be a valid identifier (or a space-separated list of such identifiers) and must be referencing the unique element defined in the document with an attribute declared with the type ID in the DTD (or the unique element defined in an XML document with a pseudo-attribute "xml:id") and whose effective value is the same identifier;
NMTOKEN or NMTOKENS
the effective value of the attribute can only be a valid name token (or a spaced-separated list of such name tokens), but it is not restricted to a unique identifier within the document; this name may carry supplementary and application-dependent semantics and may require additional naming constraints, but this is out of scope of the DTD;
ENTITY or ENTITIES
the effective value of the attribute can only be the name of an unparsed external entity (or a space-separated list of such names), which must also be declared in the document type declaration; this type is not supported in HTML parsers, but is valid in SGML and XML 1.0 or 1.1 (including XHTML and SVG);
(value1|...)
the effective value of the attribute can only be one of the enumerated list (specified between parentheses and separated by a "|" pipe character) of textual values, where each value in the enumeration is possibly specified between 'single' or "double" quotation marks if it's not a simple name token;
NOTATION (notation1|...)
the effective value of the attribute can only be any one of the enumerated list (specified between parentheses and separated by a "|" pipe character) of notation names, where each notation name in the enumeration must also be declared in the document type declaration; this type is not supported in HTML parsers, but is valid in SGML and XML 1.0 or 1.1 (including XHTML and SVG).
A default value can define whether an attribute must occur (#REQUIRED) or not (#IMPLIED), or whether it has a fixed value (#FIXED), or which value should be used as a default value ("…") in case the given attribute is left out in an XML tag.
Note that attribute list declarations are ignored by non-validating SGML and XML parsers (in which cases any attribute is accepted within all elements of the parsed document), but these declarations are still checked for well-formedness and validity.
Entity declarations[edit]
An entity is similar to a macro. The entity declaration assigns it a value that is retained throughout the document. A common use is to have a name more recognizable than a numeric character reference for an unfamiliar character.[5] Entities help to improve legibility of an XML text. In general, there are two types: internal and external.
Internal (parsed) entities are associating a name with any arbitrary textual content defined in their declaration (which may be in the internal subset or in the external subset of the DTD declared in the document). When a named entity reference is then encountered in the rest of the document (including in the rest of the DTD), and if this entity name has effectively been defined as a parsed entity, the reference itself is replaced immediately by the textual content defined in the parsed entity, and the parsing continues within this replacement text.
Predefined named character entities are similar to internal entities: 5 of them however are treated specially in all SGML, HTML and XML parsers. These entities are a bit different from normal parsed entities, because when a named character entity reference is encountered in the document, the reference is also replaced immediately by the character content defined in the entity, but the parsing continues after the replacement text, which is immediately inserted literally in the currently parsed token (if such character is permitted in the textual value of that token). This allows some characters that are needed for the core syntax of HTML or XML themselves to be escaped from their special syntactic role (notably "&" which is reserved for beginning entity references, "<" or ">" which delimit the markup tags, and "double" or 'single' quotation marks, which delimit the values of attributes and entity definitions). Predefined character entities also include numeric character references that are handled the same way and can also be used to escape the characters they represent, or to bypass limitations in the character repertoire supported by the document encoding.
In basic profiles for SGML or in HTML documents, the declaration of internal entities is not possible (because external DTD subsets are not retrieved, and internal DTD subsets are not supported in these basic profiles).
Instead, HTML standards predefine a large set of several hundred named character entities, which can still be handled as standard parsed entities defined in the DTD used by the parser.
External entities refer to external storage objects. They are just declared by a unique name in the document, and defined with a public identifier (an FPI) and/or a system identifier (interpreted as an URI) specifying where the source of their content. They exist in fact in two variants:
parsed external entities (most often defined with a SYSTEM identifier indicating the URI of their content) that are not associated in their definition to a named annotation, in which case validating XML or SGML parsers retrieve their contents and parse them as if they were declared as internal entities (the external entity containing their effective replacement text);
unparsed external entities that are defined and associated with an annotation name, in which case they are treated as opaque references and signaled as such to the application using the SGML or XML parser: their interpretation, retrieval and parsing is left to the application, according to the types of annotations it supports (see the next section about annotations and for examples of unparsed external entities).
External entities are not supported in basic profiles for SGML or in HTML documents, but are valid in full implementations of SGML and in XML 1.0 or 1.1 (including XHTML and SVG, even if they are not strictly needed in those document types).
An example of internal entity declarations (here in an internal DTD subset of an SGML document) is:
<!DOCTYPE sgml [ <!ELEMENT sgml ANY> <!ENTITY % std "standard SGML"> <!ENTITY % signature " — &author;."> <!ENTITY % question "Why couldn’t I publish my books directly in %std;?"> <!ENTITY % author "William Shakespeare"> ]>
<sgml>&question;&signature;</sgml>
Note that internal entities may be defined in any order, as long as they are not referenced and parsed in the DTD or in the body of the document, in their order of parsing: it is valid to include a reference to a still undefined entity within the content of a parsed entity, but it is invalid to include anywhere else any named entity reference before this entity has been fully defined, including all other internal entities referenced in its defined content (this also prevents circular or recursive definitions of internal entities). This document is parsed as if it was:
<!DOCTYPE sgml [ <!ELEMENT sgml ANY> <!ENTITY % std "standard SGML"> <!ENTITY % signature " — &author;."> <!ENTITY % question "Why couldn’t I publish my books directly in standard SGML?"> <!ENTITY % author "William Shakespeare"> ]>
<sgml>Why couldn’t I publish my books directly in standard SGML? — William Shakespeare.</sgml>
Note that reference to the "author" internal entity is not substituted in the replacement text of the "signature" internal entity. Instead, it is replaced only when the "signature" entity reference is parsed within the content of the "sgml" element, but only by validating parsers (non-validating parsers do not substitute entity references occurring within contents of element or within attribute values, in the body of the document.
This is possible because the replacement text specified in the internal entity definitions permits a distinction between parameter entity references (that are introduced by the "%" character and whose replacement applies to the parsed DTD contents) and general entity references (that are introduced by the "&" character and whose replacement is delayed until they are effectively parsed and validated). The "%" character for introducing parameter entity references in the DTD loses its special role outside the DTD and it becomes a literal character.
However, the references to predefined numeric character entities are substituted wherever they occur, without needing a validating parser (they are only introduced by the "&" character).
Notation declarations[edit]
Notations are used in SGML or XML. They provide a complete reference to unparsed external entities whose interpretation is left to the application (which interprets them directly or retrieves the external entity themselves), by assigning them a simple name, which is usable in the body of the document. For example, notations may be used to reference non-XML data in an XML 1.1 document. For example, to annotate SVG images to associate them with a specific renderer:
<!NOTATION type-image-svg SYSTEM "image/svg">
This declares the MIME type of external images with this type, and associates it with a notation name "type-image-svg". However, notation names usually follow a naming convention that is specific to the application generating or using the notation: notations are interpreted as additional meta-data whose effective content is an external entity and either a PUBLIC FPI, registered in the catalogs used by XML or SGML parsers, or a SYSTEM URI, whose interpretation is application dependent (here a MIME type, interpreted as a relative URI, but it could be an absolute URI to a specific renderer, or a URN indicating an OS-specific object identifier such as a UUID).
The declared notation name must be unique within all the document type declaration, i.e. in the external subset as well as the internal subset, at least for conformance with XML.[6][7]
Notations can be associated to unparsed external entities included in the body of the SGML or XML document. The PUBLIC or SYSTEM parameter of these external entities specifies the FPI and/or the URI where the unparsed data of the external entity is located, and the additional NDATA parameter of these defined entities specifies the additional notation (i.e., effectively the MIME type here). For example:
<!DOCTYPE sgml [ <!ELEMENT sgml (img)*> <!ELEMENT img EMPTY> <!ATTLIST img data ENTITY #IMPLIED> <!ENTITY example1SVG SYSTEM "example1.svg" NDATA example1SVG-rdf> <!NOTATION example1SVG-rdf SYSTEM "example1.svg.rdf"> ]>
<sgml> <img data="example1SVG" /> </sgml>
Within the body of the SGML document, these referenced external entities (whose name is specified between "&" and ";") are not replaced like usual named entities (defined with a CDATA value), but are left as distinct unparsed tokens that may be used either as the value of an element attribute (like above) or within the element contents, provided that either the DTD allows such external entities in the declared content type of elements or in the declared type of attributes (here the ENTITY type for the data attribute), or the SGML parser is not validating the content.
Notations may also be associated directly to elements as additional meta-data, without associating them to another external entity, by giving their names as possible values of some additional attributes (also declared in the DTD within the <!ATTLIST ...> declaration of the element). For example:
<!DOCTYPE sgml [ <!ELEMENT sgml (img)*> <!-- the optional "type" attribute value can only be set to this notation. --> <!ATTLIST sgml type NOTATION ( type-vendor-specific ) #IMPLIED> <!ELEMENT img ANY> <!-- optional content can be only parsable SGML or XML data --> <!-- The optional "title" attribute value must be parsable as text. The optional "data" attribute value is set to an unparsed external entity. The optional "type" attribute value can only be one of the two notations. --> <!ATTLIST img title CDATA #IMPLIED data ENTITY #IMPLIED type NOTATION ( type-image-svg | type-image-gif ) #IMPLIED> <!-- Notations are referencing external entities and may be set in the "type" attributes above, or must be referenced by any defined external entities that cannot be parsed. --> <!NOTATION type-image-svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <!NOTATION type-image-gif PUBLIC "image/gif"> <!NOTATION type-vendor-specific PUBLIC "application/VND.specific+sgml"> <!ENTITY example1SVGTitle "Title of example1.svg"> <!-- parsed internal entity --> <!ENTITY example1SVG SYSTEM "example1.svg"> <!-- parsed external entity --> <!ENTITY example1GIFTitle "Title of example1.gif"> <!-- parsed internal entity --> <!ENTITY example1GIF SYSTEM "example1.gif" NDATA type-image-gif> <!-- unparsed external entity --> ]>
<sgml type="type-vendor-specific"> <!-- an SVG image is parsable as valid SGML or XML text --> <img title="&example1SVGTitle;" type="type-image-svg">&example1SVG;</img> <!-- it can also be referenced as an unparsed external entity --> <img title="&example1SVGTitle;" data="example1SVG" /> <!-- a GIF image is not parsable and can only be referenced as an external entity --> <img title="&example1GIFTitle;" data="example1GIF" /> </sgml>
The example above shows a notation named "type-image-svg" that references the standard public FPI and the system identifier (the standard URI) of an SVG 1.1 document, instead of specifying just a system identifier as in the first example (which was a relative URI interpreted locally as a MIME type). This annotation is referenced directly within the unparsed "type" attribute of the "img" element, but its content is not retrieved. It also declares another notation for a vendor-specific application, to annotate the "sgml" root element in the document. In both cases, the declared notation named is used directly in a declared "type" attribute, whose content is specified in the DTD with the "NOTATION" attribute type (this "type" attribute is declared for the "sgml" element, as well as for the "img" element).
However, the "title" attribute of the "img" element specifies the internal entity "example1SVGTitle" whose declaration that does not define an annotation, so it is parsed by validating parsers and the entity replacement text is "Title of example1.svg".
The content of the "img" element references another external entity "example1SVG" whose declaration also does not define an notation, so it is also parsed by validating parsers and the entity replacement text is located by its defined SYSTEM identifier "example1.svg" (also interpreted as a relative URI). The effective content for the "img" element be the content of this second external resource. The difference with the GIF image, is that the SVG image is parsed within the SGML document, according to the declarations in the DTD, where the GIF image is just referenced as an opaque external object (which is not parsable with SGML) via its "data" attribute (whose value type is an opaque ENTITY).
Only one notation name may be specified in the value of ENTITY attributes (there's no support in SGML, XML 1.0 or XML 1.1 for multiple notation names in the same declared external ENTITY, so separate attributes are needed). However multiple external entities may be referenced (in a space-separated list of names) in attributes declared with type ENTITIES, and where each named external entity is also declared with its own notation).
Notations are also completely opaque for XML and SGML parsers, so they are not differentiated by the type of the external entity that they may reference (for these parsers they just have a unique name associated to a public identifier (an FPI) and/or a system identifier (a URI)).
Some applications (but not XML or SGML parsers themselves) also allow referencing notations indirectly by naming them in the "URN:name" value of a standard CDATA attribute, everywhere a URI can be specified. However this behaviour is application-specific, and requires that the application maintains a catalog of known URNs to resolve them into the notations that have been parsed in a standard SGML or XML parser. This use allows notations to be defined only in a DTD stored as an external entity and referenced only as the external subset of documents, and allows these documents to remain compatible with validating XML or SGML parsers that have no direct support for notations.
Notations are not used in HTML, or in basic profiles for XHTML and SVG, because:
All external entities used by these standard document types are referenced by simple attributes, declared with the CDATA type in their standard DTD (such as the "href" attribute of an anchor "a" element, or the "src" attribute of an image "img" element, whose values are interpreted as a URI, without needing any catalog of public identifiers, i.e., known FPI)
All external entities for additional meta-data are referenced by either:
Additional attributes (such as type, which indicates the MIME type of the external entity, or the charset attribute, which indicates its encoding)
Additional elements (such as link or meta in HTML and XHTML) within their own attributes
Standard pseudo-attributes in XML and XHTML (such as xml:lang, or xmlns and xmlns:* for namespace declarations).
Note also that even in validating SGML or XML 1.0 or XML 1.1 parsers, the external entities referenced by an FPI and/or URI in declared notations are not retrieved automatically by the parsers themselves. Instead, these parsers just provide to the application the parsed FPI and/or URI associated to the notations found in the parsed SGML or XML document, and with a facility for a dictionary containing all notation names declared in the DTD; these validating parsers also check the uniqueness of notation name declarations, and report a validation error if some notation names are used anywhere in the DTD or in the document body but not declared:
If the application can't use any notation (or if their FPI and/or URI are unknown or not supported in their local catalog), these notations may be either ignored silently by the application or the application could signal an error.
Otherwise, the applications decide themselves how to interpret them, then if the external entities must be retrieved and then parsed separately.
Applications may then signal an error, if such interpretation, retrieval or separate parsing fails.
Unrecognized notations that may cause an application to signal an error should not block interpretation of the validated document using them.
XML DTDs and schema validation[edit]
The XML DTD syntax is one of several XML schema languages. However, many of the schema languages do not fully replace the XML DTD. Notably, the XML DTD allows defining entities and notations that have no direct equivalents in DTD-less XML (because internal entities and parsable external entities are not part of XML schema languages, and because other unparsed external entities and notations have no simple equivalent mappings in most XML schema languages).
Most XML schema languages are only replacements for element declarations and attribute list declarations, in such a way that it becomes possible to parse XML documents with non-validating XML parsers (if the only purpose of the external DTD subset was to define the schema). In addition, documents for these XML schema languages must be parsed separately, so validating the schema of XML documents in pure standalone mode is not really possible with these languages: the document type declaration remains necessary for at least identifying (with a XML Catalog) the schema used in the parsed XML document and that is validated in another language.
A common misconception holds that a non-validating XML parser does not have to read document type declarations, when in fact, the document type declarations must still be scanned for correct syntax as well as validity of declarations, and the parser must still parse all entity declarations in the internal subset, and substitute the replacement texts of internal entities occurring anywhere in the document type declaration or in the document body.
A non-validating parser may, however, elect not to read parsable external entities (including the external subset), and does not have to honor the content model restrictions defined in element declarations and in attribute list declarations.
If the XML document depends on parsable external entities (including the specified external subset, or parsable external entities declared in the internal subset), it should assert standalone="no" in its XML declaration. The validating DTD may be identified by using XML Catalogs to retrieve its specified external subset.
In the example below, the XML document is declared with standalone="no" because it has an external subset in its document type declaration:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE people_list SYSTEM "example.dtd"> <people_list />
If the XML document type declaration includes any SYSTEM identifier for the external subset, it can't be safely processed as standalone: the URI should be retrieved, otherwise there may be unknown named character entities whose definition may be needed to correctly parse the effective XML syntax in the internal subset or in the document body (the XML syntax parsing is normally performed after the substitution of all named entities, excluding the five entities that are predefined in XML and that are implicitly substituted after parsing the XML document into lexical tokens). If it just includes any PUBLIC identifier, it may be processed as standalone, if the XML processor knows this PUBLIC identifier in its local catalog from where it can retrieve an associated DTD entity.
XML DTD schema example[edit]
An example of a very simple external XML DTD to describe the schema of a list of persons might consist of:
<!ELEMENT people_list (person)*> <!ELEMENT person (name, birthdate?, gender?, socialsecuritynumber?)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT birthdate (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT gender (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT socialsecuritynumber (#PCDATA)>
Taking this line by line:
people_list is a valid element name, and an instance of such an element contains any number of person elements. The * denotes there can be 0 or more person elements within the people_list element.
person is a valid element name, and an instance of such an element contains one element named name, followed by one named birthdate (optional), then gender (also optional) and socialsecuritynumber (also optional). The ? indicates that an element is optional. The reference to the name element name has no ?, so a person element must contain a name element.
name is a valid element name, and an instance of such an element contains "parsed character data" (#PCDATA).
birthdate is a valid element name, and an instance of such an element contains parsed character data.
gender is a valid element name, and an instance of such an element contains parsed character data.
socialsecuritynumber is a valid element name, and an instance of such an element contains parsed character data.
An example of an XML file that uses and conforms to this DTD follows. The DTD is referenced here as an external subset, via the SYSTEM specifier and a URI. It assumes that we can identify the DTD with the relative URI reference "example.dtd"; the "people_list" after "!DOCTYPE" tells us that the root tags, or the first element defined in the DTD, is called "people_list":
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE people_list SYSTEM "example.dtd"> <people_list> <person> <name>Fred Bloggs</name> <birthdate>2008-11-27</birthdate> <gender>Male</gender> </person> </people_list>
One can render this in an XML-enabled browser (such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox) by pasting and saving the DTD component above to a text file named example.dtd and the XML file to a differently-named text file, and opening the XML file with the browser. The files should both be saved in the same directory. However, many browsers do not check that an XML document conforms to the rules in the DTD; they are only required to check that the DTD is syntactically correct. For security reasons, they may also choose not to read the external DTD.
The same DTD can also be embedded directly in the XML document itself as an internal subset, by encasing it within [square brackets] in the document type declaration, in which case the document no longer depends on external entities and can be processed in standalone mode:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?> <!DOCTYPE people_list [ <!ELEMENT people_list (person*)> <!ELEMENT person (name, birthdate?, gender?, socialsecuritynumber?)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT birthdate (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT gender (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT socialsecuritynumber (#PCDATA)> ]> <people_list> <person> <name>Fred Bloggs</name> <birthdate>2008-11-27</birthdate> <gender>Male</gender> </person> </people_list>
Alternatives to DTDs (for specifying schemas) are available:
XML Schema, also referred to as XML Schema Definition (XSD), has achieved Recommendation status within the W3C,[8] and is popular for "data oriented" (that is, transactional non-publishing) XML use because of its stronger typing and easier round-tripping to Java declarations[citation needed]. Most of the publishing world has found that the added complexity of XSD would not bring them any particular benefits[citation needed], so DTDs are still far more popular there. An XML Schema Definition is itself an XML document while a DTD is not.
RELAX NG, which is also a part of DSDL, is an ISO international standard.[9] It is more expressive than XSD[citation needed], while providing a simpler syntax[citation needed], but commercial software support has been slow in coming.
Security[edit]
An XML DTD can be used to create a denial of service (DoS) attack by defining nested entities that expand exponentially, or by sending the XML parser to an external resource that never returns.[10]
For this reason, .NET Framework provides a property that allows prohibiting or skipping DTD parsing,[10] and recent versions of Microsoft Office applications (Microsoft Office 2010 and higher) refuse to open XML files that contain DTD declarations.
See also[edit]
Semantic Web
XML Schema Language Comparison – Comparison to other XML Schema languages.
XML Schema (W3C)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Introduction to DTD".
Jump up ^ "doctypedecl". Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1. W3C.
Jump up ^ Watt, Andrew H. (2002). Sams teach yourself XML in 10 minutes. Sams Publishing.
Jump up ^ Attribute-list Declaration, Specifications of Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1, W3C.
Jump up ^ "DTD Entities". DTD Tutorial. W3Schools.
Jump up ^ Notation Declarations, Specifications of Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, W3C.
Jump up ^ Notation Declarations, Specifications of Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1, W3C.
Jump up ^ "XML Schema Part 1: Structures (Second Edition)". W3C. 2004. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "ISO/IEC 19757-2:2008 - Information technology -- Document Schema Definition Language (DSDL) -- Part 2: Regular-grammar-based validation -- RELAX NG". ISO. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Bryan Sullivan (November 2009). "XML Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses". MSDN Magazine. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
External links[edit]
Definition of the XML document type declaration from Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth Edition) on W3.org
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Document_type_definition&oldid=835313407"
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