text:
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals
European Cup/Champions League trophy
Founded
1955
Region
Europe (UEFA)
Number of teams
32 (group stage)
2 (finalists)
Current champions
Real Madrid (12th title)
Most successful club(s)
Real Madrid (12 titles)
2017–18 UEFA Champions League
The UEFA Champions League is a seasonal association football competition established in 1955.[1] The UEFA Champions League is open to the league champions of all UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) member associations (except Liechtenstein, which has no league competition), as well as to the clubs finishing from second to fourth position in the strongest leagues.[2] Prior to the 1992–93 season, the tournament was named the European Cup.[1] Originally, only the champions of their respective national league and the defending champion of the competition were allowed to participate. However, this was changed in 1997 to allow the runners-up of the stronger leagues to compete as well.[3] The defending champion of the competition did not automatically qualify until the rules were changed in 2005 to allow title holders Liverpool to enter the competition.[4]
Teams that have won the UEFA Champions League three times in a row, or five times overall, receive a multiple-winner badge.[5] Six teams have earned this privilege: Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Milan, Liverpool and Barcelona.[6] Until 2009, clubs that had earned that badge were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup and a new one was commissioned;[7] since 2009, the winning team each year has received a full-size replica of the trophy, while the original is retained by UEFA.[8]
A total of 22 clubs have won the Champions League/European Cup. Real Madrid hold the record for the most victories, having won the competition 12 times, including the inaugural competition. They have also won the competition the most times in a row, winning it five times from 1956 to 1960. Juventus have been runners-up the most times, losing seven finals. Atlético Madrid is the only team to reach three finals without having won the trophy while Stade de Reims and Valencia have finished as runners-up twice without winning. Spain has provided the most champions, with 17 wins from two clubs.[9] Italy have produced 12 winners from three clubs and England have produced 12 winners from five clubs. English teams were banned from the competition for five years following the Heysel disaster in 1985.[10] The current champions are Real Madrid, who beat Juventus in the 2017 final.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of finals
2 Performances
2.1 By club
2.2 By nation
3 Venues
4 Notes
5 References
List of finals[edit]
Key
Match was won during extra time
* Match was won on a penalty shoot-out
& Match was won after a replay
The "Season" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The wikilinks in the "Score" column point to the article about that season's final game.
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals
Season
Nation
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Nation
Venue
Attendance[11]
1955–56
Spain Real Madrid 4–3 Stade de Reims France Parc des Princes, Paris 38,239
1956–57
Spain Real Madrid 2–0 Fiorentina Italy Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 124,000
1957–58
Spain Real Madrid 3–2 Milan Italy Heysel Stadium, Brussels 67,000
1958–59
Spain Real Madrid 2–0 Stade de Reims France Neckarstadion, Stuttgart 72,000
1959–60
Spain Real Madrid 7–3 Eintracht Frankfurt West Germany Hampden Park, Glasgow 127,621
1960–61
Portugal Benfica 3–2 Barcelona Spain Wankdorf Stadium, Bern 26,732
1961–62
Portugal Benfica 5–3 Real Madrid Spain Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam 61,257
1962–63
Italy Milan 2–1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium, London 45,715
1963–64
Italy Internazionale 3–1 Real Madrid Spain Prater Stadium, Vienna 71,333
1964–65
Italy Internazionale 1–0 Benfica Portugal San Siro, Milan 89,000
1965–66
Spain Real Madrid 2–1 Partizan Yugoslavia Heysel Stadium, Brussels 46,745
1966–67
Scotland Celtic 2–1 Internazionale Italy Estádio Nacional, Lisbon 45,000
1967–68
England Manchester United 4–1 Benfica Portugal Wembley Stadium, London 92,225
1968–69
Italy Milan 4–1 Ajax Netherlands Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 31,782
1969–70
Netherlands Feyenoord 2–1 Celtic Scotland San Siro, Milan 53,187
1970–71
Netherlands Ajax 2–0 Panathinaikos Greece Wembley Stadium, London 83,179
1971–72
Netherlands Ajax 2–0 Internazionale Italy De Kuip, Rotterdam 61,354
1972–73
Netherlands Ajax 1–0 Juventus Italy Red Star Stadium, Belgrade 89,484
1973–74
West Germany Bayern Munich 4–0&[A] Atlético Madrid Spain Heysel Stadium, Brussels 72,047
1974–75
West Germany Bayern Munich 2–0 Leeds United England Parc des Princes, Paris 48,374
1975–76
West Germany Bayern Munich 1–0 Saint-Étienne France Hampden Park, Glasgow 54,864
1976–77
England Liverpool 3–1 Borussia Mönchengladbach West Germany Stadio Olimpico, Rome 52,078
1977–78
England Liverpool 1–0 Club Brugge Belgium Wembley Stadium, London 92,500
1978–79
England Nottingham Forest 1–0 Malmö FF Sweden Olympiastadion, Munich 57,500
1979–80
England Nottingham Forest 1–0 Hamburg West Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 51,000
1980–81
England Liverpool 1–0 Real Madrid Spain Parc des Princes, Paris 48,360
1981–82
England Aston Villa 1–0 Bayern Munich West Germany De Kuip, Rotterdam 46,000
1982–83
West Germany Hamburg 1–0 Juventus Italy Olympic Stadium, Athens 73,500
1983–84
England Liverpool 1–1*[B] Roma Italy Stadio Olimpico, Rome 69,693
1984–85
Italy Juventus 1–0 Liverpool England Heysel Stadium, Brussels 58,000
1985–86
Romania Steaua București 0–0*[C] Barcelona Spain Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville 70,000
1986–87
Portugal Porto 2–1 Bayern Munich West Germany Prater Stadium, Vienna 57,500
1987–88
Netherlands PSV Eindhoven 0–0*[D] Benfica Portugal Neckarstadion, Stuttgart 68,000
1988–89
Italy Milan 4–0 Steaua București Romania Camp Nou, Barcelona 97,000
1989–90
Italy Milan 1–0 Benfica Portugal Prater Stadium, Vienna 57,558
1990–91
Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 0–0*[E] Marseille France Stadio San Nicola, Bari 56,000
1991–92
Spain Barcelona 1–0 Sampdoria Italy Wembley Stadium, London 70,827
1992–93
France Marseille 1–0 Milan Italy Olympiastadion, Munich 64,400
1993–94
Italy Milan 4–0 Barcelona Spain Olympic Stadium, Athens 70,000
1994–95
Netherlands Ajax 1–0 Milan Italy Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna 49,730
1995–96
Italy Juventus 1–1*[F] Ajax Netherlands Stadio Olimpico, Rome 70,000
1996–97
Germany Borussia Dortmund 3–1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion, Munich 59,000
1997–98
Spain Real Madrid 1–0 Juventus Italy Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam 48,500
1998–99
England Manchester United 2–1 Bayern Munich Germany Camp Nou, Barcelona 90,245
1999–2000
Spain Real Madrid 3–0 Valencia Spain Stade de France, Saint-Denis 80,000
2000–01
Germany Bayern Munich 1–1*[G] Valencia Spain San Siro, Milan 71,500
2001–02
Spain Real Madrid 2–1 Bayer Leverkusen Germany Hampden Park, Glasgow 50,499
2002–03
Italy Milan 0–0*[H] Juventus Italy Old Trafford, Manchester 62,315
2003–04
Portugal Porto 3–0 Monaco France Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen 53,053
2004–05
England Liverpool 3–3*[I] Milan Italy Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul 69,000
2005–06
Spain Barcelona 2–1 Arsenal England Stade de France, Saint-Denis 79,610
2006–07
Italy Milan 2–1 Liverpool England Olympic Stadium, Athens 63,000
2007–08
England Manchester United 1–1*[J] Chelsea England Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow 67,310
2008–09
Spain Barcelona 2–0 Manchester United England Stadio Olimpico, Rome 62,467
2009–10
Italy Internazionale 2–0 Bayern Munich Germany Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 73,490
2010–11
Spain Barcelona 3–1 Manchester United England Wembley Stadium, London 87,695
2011–12
England Chelsea 1–1*[K] Bayern Munich Germany Allianz Arena, Munich 62,500
2012–13
Germany Bayern Munich 2–1 Borussia Dortmund Germany Wembley Stadium, London 86,298
2013–14
Spain Real Madrid 4–1 Atlético Madrid Spain Estádio da Luz, Lisbon 60,976
2014–15
Spain Barcelona 3–1 Juventus Italy Olympiastadion, Berlin 70,442
2015–16
Spain Real Madrid 1–1*[L] Atlético Madrid Spain San Siro, Milan 71,942
2016–17
Spain Real Madrid 4–1 Juventus Italy Millennium Stadium, Cardiff 65,842
Upcoming finals
Season
Nation
Finalist
Match
Finalist
Nation
Venue
2017–18
– NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
2018–19
– Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid
Performances[edit]
See also: European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics § General performances
By club[edit]
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club
v
t
e
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runner-up
Real Madrid
12 3 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017 1962, 1964, 1981
Milan
7 4 1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007 1958, 1993, 1995, 2005
Bayern Munich
5 5 1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013 1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012
Barcelona
5 3 1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015 1961, 1986, 1994
Liverpool
5 2 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005 1985, 2007
Ajax
4 2 1971, 1972, 1973, 1995 1969, 1996
Internazionale
3 2 1964, 1965, 2010 1967, 1972
Manchester United
3 2 1968, 1999, 2008 2009, 2011
Juventus
2 7 1985, 1996 1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017
Benfica
2 5 1961, 1962 1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990
Nottingham Forest
2 0 1979, 1980 —
Porto
2 0 1987, 2004 —
Celtic
1 1 1967 1970
Hamburg
1 1 1983 1980
Steaua București
1 1 1986 1989
Marseille
1 1 1993 1991
Borussia Dortmund
1 1 1997 2013
Chelsea
1 1 2012 2008
Feyenoord
1 0 1970 —
Aston Villa
1 0 1982 —
PSV Eindhoven
1 0 1988 —
Red Star Belgrade
1 0 1991 —
Atlético Madrid
0 3 — 1974, 2014, 2016
Reims
0 2 — 1956, 1959
Valencia
0 2 — 2000, 2001
Fiorentina
0 1 — 1957
Eintracht Frankfurt
0 1 — 1960
Partizan
0 1 — 1966
Panathinaikos
0 1 — 1971
Leeds United
0 1 — 1975
Saint-Étienne
0 1 — 1976
Borussia Mönchengladbach
0 1 — 1977
Club Brugge
0 1 — 1978
Malmö FF
0 1 — 1979
Roma
0 1 — 1984
Sampdoria
0 1 — 1992
Bayer Leverkusen
0 1 — 2002
Monaco
0 1 — 2004
Arsenal
0 1 — 2006
By nation[edit]
Performance by nation
Nation
Winners
Runners-up
Spain
17 11
Italy
12 16
England
12 7
Germany
7 10
Netherlands
6 2
Portugal
4 5
France
1 5
Romania
Scotland
Yugoslavia
1 1
Belgium
Greece
Sweden
0 1
Venues[edit]
European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues
Ground
Hosts
Years
Wembley Stadium, London 7 1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1992, 2011, 2013
Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid 4 1957, 1969, 1980, 2010
King Baudouin Stadium, Brussels 4 1958, 1966, 1974, 1985
Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna 4 1964, 1987, 1990, 1995
San Siro, Milan 4 1965, 1970, 2001, 2016
Stadio Olimpico, Rome 4 1977, 1984, 1996, 2009
Parc des Princes, Paris 3 1956, 1975, 1981
Hampden Park, Glasgow 3 1960, 1976, 2002
Olympiastadion, Munich 3 1979, 1993, 1997
Olympic Stadium, Athens 3 1983, 1994, 2007
Mercedes-Benz Arena, Stuttgart 2 1959, 1988
De Kuip, Rotterdam 2 1972, 1982
Camp Nou, Barcelona 2 1989, 1999
Stade de France, Saint-Denis 2 2000, 2006
Wankdorf Stadium, Bern 1 1961
Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam 1 1962
Estádio Nacional, Lisbon 1 1967
Red Star Stadium, Belgrade 1 1973
Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville 1 1986
Stadio San Nicola, Bari 1 1991
Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam 1 1998
Old Trafford, Manchester 1 2003
Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen 1 2004
Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul 1 2005
Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow 1 2008
Allianz Arena, Munich 1 2012
Estádio da Luz, Lisbon 1 2014
Olympiastadion, Berlin 1 2015
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff 1 2017
NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev 1 2018
Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid 1 2019
Notes[edit]
A. ^ The first final, played two days earlier, ended 1–1 after extra time.[12]
B. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[13]
C. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Steaua București won the penalty shoot-out 2–0.[14]
D. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[15]
E. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[16]
F. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Juventus won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[17]
G. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot-out 5–4.[18]
H. ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Milan won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[19]
I. ^ Score was 3–3 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[20]
J. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Manchester United won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[21]
K. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Chelsea won the penalty shoot-out 4–3.[22]
L. ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Real Madrid won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[23]
References[edit]
General
"European Champions' Cup". Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF). 31 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
"European Champion Clubs' Cup – History" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. p. 64. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b "Football's top club competition". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Competition format". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "1997/98: Seventh heaven for Madrid". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Liverpool get in Champions League". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 June 2005. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League Museum" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. p. 10. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Vieli, André, ed. (October 2005). "A brand-new trophy" (PDF). UEFA Direct. Union of European Football Associations (42): 8. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2007/08" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Champions' League 2009/10" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Haslam, Andrew (27 May 2009). "Spain savour European pre-eminence". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "1985: English teams banned after Heysel". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 31 May 1985. Retrieved 8 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League – Statistics Handbook 2012/13" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. p. 141. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "1973/74: Muller ends Bayern wait". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 15 May 1974. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1983/84: Kennedy spot on for Liverpool". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 30 May 1984. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1985/86: Steaua stun Barcelona". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 1986. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1987/88: PSV prosper from Oranje boom". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 1988. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1990/91: Crvena Zvezda spot on". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 29 May 1991. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1995/96: Juve hold their nerve". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 22 May 1996. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "2000/01: Kahn saves day for Bayern". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 23 May 2001. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "2002/03: Shevchenko spot on for Milan". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2003. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "2004/05: Liverpool belief defies Milan". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 25 May 2005. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "2007/08: Fate favours triumphant United". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 21 May 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Shoot-out win ends Chelsea's long wait for glory". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Spot-on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
UEFA club competitions winners
Men's
Champions League
Cup Winners' Cup
Europa League
Intertoto Cup
Super Cup
Intercontinental Cup
Women's
Champions League
[show]
v
t
e
European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners
European Cup
1950s
1955–56: Real Madrid
1956–57: Real Madrid
1957–58: Real Madrid
1958–59: Real Madrid
1959–60: Real Madrid
1960s
1960–61: Benfica
1961–62: Benfica
1962–63: Milan
1963–64: Internazionale
1964–65: Internazionale
1965–66: Real Madrid
1966–67: Celtic
1967–68: Manchester United
1968–69: Milan
1969–70: Feyenoord
1970s
1970–71: Ajax
1971–72: Ajax
1972–73: Ajax
1973–74: Bayern Munich
1974–75: Bayern Munich
1975–76: Bayern Munich
1976–77: Liverpool
1977–78: Liverpool
1978–79: Nottingham Forest
1979–80: Nottingham Forest
1980s
1980–81: Liverpool
1981–82: Aston Villa
1982–83: Hamburg
1983–84: Liverpool
1984–85: Juventus
1985–86: Steaua București
1986–87: Porto
1987–88: PSV
1988–89: Milan
1989–90: Milan
1990s
1990–91: Red Star Belgrade
1991–92: Barcelona
UEFA Champions League
1990s
1992–93: Marseille
1993–94: Milan
1994–95: Ajax
1995–96: Juventus
1996–97: Borussia Dortmund
1997–98: Real Madrid
1998–99: Manchester United
1999–2000: Real Madrid
2000s
2000–01: Bayern Munich
2001–02: Real Madrid
2002–03: Milan
2003–04: Porto
2004–05: Liverpool
2005–06: Barcelona
2006–07: Milan
2007–08: Manchester United
2008–09: Barcelona
2009–10: Internazionale
2010s
2010–11: Barcelona
2011–12: Chelsea
2012–13: Bayern Munich
2013–14: Real Madrid
2014–15: Barcelona
2015–16: Real Madrid
2016–17: Real Madrid
Finals
Winning managers
Winning players
[show]
v
t
e
European Cup and UEFA Champions League
European Cup era, 1955–1992
Seasons
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
Finals
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
UEFA Champions League era, 1992–present
Seasons
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
Finals
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
History
Finals
Winning managers
Winning players
Records and statistics
Top scorers
Hat-tricks
Appearances
Performance comparison
Anthem
Broadcasters
Trophy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals&oldid=838071110"
Categories:
UEFA Champions League Finals
UEFA Champions League
European Champion Clubs' Cup
Lists of association football matches
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from May 2013
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Featured lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Bosanski
Deutsch
فارسی
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Suomi
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
11 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 18:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured list. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

value: caption

values: 2005 European Champion Clubs' Cup (cropped).jpg

values:
/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_Disaster
mw-redirect
Heysel Stadium Disaster

values: Penalty shoot-out (association football)

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values:
/wiki/Stadion_Crvena_Zvezda
mw-redirect
Stadion Crvena Zvezda

values:
/wiki/Leeds_United_A.F.C.
mw-redirect
Leeds United A.F.C.

values:
/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Munich)
mw-redirect
Olympic Stadium (Munich)

values: wikitable plainrowheaders sortable jquery-tablesorter

values: Template:UEFA Champions League performance by club

values: Template talk:UEFA Champions League performance by club

values:
float: left;
plainlinks hlist navbar mini

values:
/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V.
mw-redirect
Club Brugge K.V.

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Olympisch_Stadion_(Amsterdam)
mw-redirect
Olympisch Stadion (Amsterdam)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/ec1.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/19071.pdf

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:UEFA club competition winners

values: List of UEFA Cup and Europa League finals

values: List of Intercontinental Cup (football) winners

values: List of UEFA Women's Cup and Women's Champions League winners

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
collapseButton1
#
color: rgb(165, 172, 175);

values: Template talk:UEFA Champions League winners

values: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers

values: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning players

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
collapseButton2
#
color: rgb(165, 172, 175);

values: Template talk:UEFA Champions League seasons

values: European Cup and UEFA Champions League history

values: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers

values: List of UEFA Champions League hat-tricks

values: List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances

values: UEFA Champions League clubs performance comparison

values: List of UEFA Champions League broadcasters

values: Category:Lists of association football matches

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: قائمة نهائيات دوري أبطال أوروبا – Arabic

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Avropa Çempionlar Kuboku və UEFA Çempionlar Liqası finallarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Спіс фіналаў Кубка еўрапейскіх чэмпіёнаў і Лігі чэмпіёнаў УЕФА – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Spisak finala Kupa evropskih šampiona i UEFA Lige prvaka – Bosnian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values: Liste der UEFA-Champions-League-Endspiele – German

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: فهرست فینال‌های لیگ قهرمانان اروپا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: यूईएफए चैंपियंस लीग फाइनल की सूची – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Daftar final Piala Champions Eropa dan Liga Champions UEFA – Indonesian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Albo d'oro della UEFA Champions League – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: Europacupen i fotball – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Lista finalistów Ligi Mistrzów UEFA – Polish

values: Lista de campeões da Taça dos Campeões Europeus e Liga dos Campeões da UEFA – Portuguese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Lista finalelor Cupei Campionilor Europeni și a Ligii Campionilor – Romanian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Список финалов Кубка европейских чемпионов и Лиги чемпионов УЕФА – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Luettelo jalkapallon Euroopan cupin ja Mestarien liigan loppuotteluista – Finnish

values: UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi finalleri listesi – Turkish

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: Список переможців і фіналістів Кубка європейських чемпіонів і Ліги чемпіонів УЄФА – Ukrainian

values: Danh sách các trận chung kết cúp C1 châu Âu/Champions League – Vietnamese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values: 欧洲冠军联赛决赛列表 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals rootpage-List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_finals skin-vector action-view


text:
Ēostre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Ostara" redirects here. For other uses, see Ostara (disambiguation).
Ostara (1884) by Johannes Gehrts. The goddess flies through the heavens surrounded by Roman-inspired putti, beams of light, and animals. Germanic people look up at the goddess from the realm below.
Ēostre or Ostara (Old English: Ēastre [æːɑstrə] or [eːɑstrə], Northumbrian dialect Ēastro [1], Mercian dialect and West Saxon dialect (Old English) Ēostre[2] ; Old High German: *Ôstara ) is a Germanic goddess who, by way of the Germanic month bearing her name (Northumbrian: Ēosturmōnaþ; West Saxon: Ēastermōnaþ; Old High German: Ôstarmânoth), is the namesake of the festival of Easter in some languages. Ēostre is attested solely by Bede in his 8th-century work The Reckoning of Time, where Bede states that during Ēosturmōnaþ (the equivalent of April), pagan Anglo-Saxons had held feasts in Ēostre's honour, but that this tradition had died out by his time, replaced by the Christian Paschal month, a celebration of the resurrection of Jesus.
By way of linguistic reconstruction, the matter of a goddess called *Austrō in the Proto-Germanic language has been examined in detail since the foundation of Germanic philology in the 19th century by scholar Jacob Grimm and others. As the Germanic languages descend from Proto-Indo-European (PIE), historical linguists have traced the name to a Proto-Indo-European goddess of the dawn *H₂ewsṓs (→ *Ausṓs), from which descends the Common Germanic divinity from whom Ēostre and Ostara are held to descend. Additionally, scholars have linked the goddess's name to a variety of Germanic personal names, a series of location names (toponyms) in England, and, discovered in 1958, over 150 inscriptions from the 2nd century CE referring to the matronae Austriahenae.
Theories connecting Ēostre with records of Germanic Easter customs, including hares and eggs, have been proposed. Particularly prior to the discovery of the matronae Austriahenae and further developments in Indo-European studies, debate has occurred among some scholars about whether or not the goddess was an invention of Bede. Ēostre and Ostara are sometimes referenced in modern popular culture and are venerated in some forms of Germanic neopaganism.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 De temporum ratione
3 Jacob Grimm, *Ostara, and Easter customs
4 Locations, personal names, and the matronae Austriahenae
5 Theories and interpretations
5.1 Dea ex Machina and the matronae Austriahenae
5.2 Hares and Freyja
6 In popular culture and modern veneration
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Etymology
Old English Ēostre continues into modern English as Easter and derives from Proto-Germanic **Austrǭ, itself a descendant of the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ews-, meaning 'to shine' (modern English east also derives from this root).[3]
The goddess name Ēostre is therefore linguistically cognate with numerous other dawn goddesses attested among Indo-European language-speaking peoples. These cognates lead to the reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess; the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture details that "a Proto-Indo-European goddess of the dawn is supported both by the evidence of cognate names and the similarity of mythic representation of the dawn goddess among various Indo-European groups” and that “all of this evidence permits us to posit a Proto-Indo-European *haéusōs 'goddess of dawn' who was characterized as a "reluctant" bringer of light for which she is punished. In three of the Indo-European stocks, Baltic, Greek and Indo-Iranian, the existence of a Proto-Indo-European 'goddess of the dawn' is given additional linguistic support in that she is designated the 'daughter of heaven'."[4]
De temporum ratione
In chapter 15 (De mensibus Anglorum, "The English months") of his 8th-century work De temporum ratione ("The Reckoning of Time"), Bede describes the indigenous month names of the English people. After describing the worship of the goddess Rheda during the Anglo-Saxon month of Hrēþ-mōnaþ, Bede writes about Ēosturmōnaþ, the month of the goddess Ēostre:
Eostur-monath, qui nunc Paschalis mensis interpretatur, quondam a Dea illorum quæ Eostre vocabatur, et cui in illo festa celebrabant nomen habuit: a cujus nomine nunc Paschale tempus cognominant, consueto antiquæ observationis vocabulo gaudia novæ solemnitatis vocantes.[5]
Eosturmonath has a name which is now translated "Paschal month", and which was once called after a goddess of theirs named Eostre, in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month. Now they designate that Paschal season by her name, calling the joys of the new rite by the time-honoured name of the old observance.[6]
Jacob Grimm, *Ostara, and Easter customs
In his 1835 Deutsche Mythologie, Jacob Grimm cites comparative evidence to reconstruct a potential continental Germanic goddess whose name would have been preserved in the Old High German name of Easter, *Ostara. Addressing skepticism towards goddesses mentioned by Bede, Grimm comments that "there is nothing improbable in them, nay the first of them is justified by clear traces in the vocabularies of Germanic tribes."[7] Specifically regarding Ēostre, Grimm continues that:
We Germans to this day call April ostermonat, and ôstarmânoth is found as early as Eginhart (temp. Car. Mag.). The great Christian festival, which usually falls in April or the end of March, bears in the oldest of OHG remains the name ôstarâ ... it is mostly found in the plural, because two days ... were kept at Easter. This Ostarâ, like the [Anglo-Saxon] Eástre, must in heathen religion have denoted a higher being, whose worship was so firmly rooted, that the Christian teachers tolerated the name, and applied it to one of their own grandest anniversaries.[8]
Grimm notes that "all of the nations bordering on us have retained the Biblical pascha; even Ulphilas writes 𐍀𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰, not 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐍉 (paska not áustrô), though he must have known the word". Grimm details that the Old High German adverb ôstar "expresses movement towards the rising sun", as did the Old Norse term austr, and potentially also Anglo-Saxon ēastor and Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂 (áustr). Grimm compares these terms to the identical Latin term auster. Grimm says that the cult of the goddess may have worshiped an Old Norse form, Austra, or that her cult may have already been extinct by the time of Christianization.[9]
Grimm notes that the Old Norse Prose Edda book Gylfaginning attests to a male being called Austri, who Grimm describes as a "spirit of light." Grimm comments that a female version would have been *Austra, yet that the High German and Saxon peoples seem to have only formed Ostarâ and Eástre, feminine, and not Ostaro and Eástra, masculine. Grimm additionally speculates on the nature of the goddess and surviving folk customs that may have been associated with her in Germany:
Ostara, Eástre seems therefore to have been the divinity of the radiant dawn, of upspringing light, a spectacle that brings joy and blessing, whose meaning could be easily adapted by the resurrection-day of the Christian's God. Bonfires were lighted at Easter and according to popular belief of long standing, the moment the sun rises on Easter Sunday morning, he gives three joyful leaps, he dances for joy ... Water drawn on the Easter morning is, like that at Christmas, holy and healing ... here also heathen notions seems to have grafted themselves on great Christian festivals. Maidens clothed in white, who at Easter, at the season of returning spring, show themselves in clefts of the rock and on mountains, are suggestive of the ancient goddess.[10]
In the second volume of Deutsche Mythologie, Grimm picks up the subject of Ostara again, connecting the goddess to various German Easter festivities, including Easter eggs:
But if we admit, goddesses, then, in addition to Nerthus, Ostara has the strongest claim to consideration. To what we said on p. 290 I can add some significant facts. The heathen Easter had much in common with May-feast and the reception of spring, particularly in matter of bonfires. Then, through long ages there seem to have lingered among the people Easter-games so-called, which the church itself had to tolerate : I allude especially to the custom of Easter eggs, and to the Easter tale which preachers told from the pulpit for the people's amusement, connecting it with Christian reminiscences.[11]
Grimm comments on further Easter time customs, including unique sword dances and particular baked goods ("pastry of heathenish form"). In addition, Grimm weights a potential connection to the Slavic spring goddess Vesna and the Lithuanian Vasara.[11]
Locations, personal names, and the matronae Austriahenae
A cluster of place names in England contain and a variety of English and continental Germanic names include the element *ēoster, an early Old English word reconstructed by linguists and potentially an earlier form of the goddess name Ēostre. The Council of Austerfield called by King Aldfrith of Northumbria shortly before 704 convened at a place described in contemporary records both as in campo qui Eostrefeld dicitur and in campo qui dicitur Oustraefelda, which have led to the site being identified with Austerfield near Bawtry in the West Riding of Yorkshire.[12] Such locations also include Eastry (Eastrgena, 788 CE) in Kent, Eastrea (Estrey, 966 CE) in Cambridgeshire, and Eastrington (Eastringatun, 959 CE) in the East Riding of Yorkshire.[13]
The element *ēoster also appears in the Old English name Easterwine, a name borne by Bede's monastery abbot in Wearmouth–Jarrow and which appears an additional three times in the Durham Liber Vitae. The name Aestorhild also appears in the Liber Vitae, and is likely the ancestor of the Middle English name Estrild. Various continental Germanic names include the element, including Austrechild, Austrighysel, Austrovald, and Ostrulf.[14]
In 1958, over 150 Romano-Germanic votive inscriptions to the matronae Austriahenae were discovered near Morken-Harff, Germany. Most of these inscriptions are in an incomplete state, yet many are at least reasonably legible. Some of these inscriptions refer to the Austriates, evidently the name of a social group.[15]
Theories and interpretations
Dea ex Machina and the matronae Austriahenae
Some debate has occurred over whether or not the goddess was an invention of Bede's, particularly in the 19th century before more widespread reconstructions of the Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess. Writing in the late 19th century, Charles J. Billson notes that scholars before his writing were divided about the existence of Bede's account of Ēostre, stating that "among authorities who have no doubt as to her existence are W. Grimm, Wackernagel, Sinrock [sic], and Wolf. On the other hand, Weinhold rejects the idea on philological grounds, and so do Heinrich Leo and Hermann Oesre. Kuhn says, 'The Anglo-Saxon Eostre looks like an invention of Bede;' and Mannhardt also dismisses her as an etymological dea ex machina." Billson says that "the whole question turns ... upon Bede's credibility", and that "one is inclined to agree with Grimm, that it would be uncritical to saddle this eminent Father of the Church, who keeps Heathendom at arms' length and tells us less of than he knows, with the invention of this goddess." Billson points out that the Christianization of England started at the end of the 6th century, and, by the 7th, was completed. Billson argues that, as Bede was born in 672, Bede must have had opportunities to learn the names of the native goddesses of the Anglo-Saxons, "who were hardly extinct in his lifetime."[16]
Writing in the late 20th century, Rudolf Simek says that, despite expressions of doubts, Bede's account of Ēostre should not be disregarded. Simek opines that a "Spring-like fertility goddess" must be assumed rather than a "goddess of sunrise" regardless of the name, reasoning that "otherwise the Germanic goddesses (and matrons) are mostly connected with prosperity and growth". Simek points to a comparison with the goddess Rheda, also attested by Bede.[17]
Scholar Philip A. Shaw (2011) writes that the subject has seen "a lengthy history of arguments for and against Bede's goddess Ēostre, with some scholars taking fairly extreme positions on either side" and that some theories against the goddess have gained popular cultural prominence. Shaw, however, notes that "much of this debate, however, was conducted in ignorance of a key piece of evidence, as it was not discovered until 1958. This evidence is furnished by over 150 Romano-Germanic votive inscriptions to deities named the matronae Austriahenae, found near Morken-Harff and datable to around 150–250 AD". Most of these inscriptions are in an incomplete state, yet most are in a complete enough for reasonable clarity of the inscriptions. As early as 1966 scholars have linked these names etymologically with Ēostre and an element found in Germanic personal names.[18] Shaw argues against a functional interpretation of the available evidence and concludes that "the etymological connections of her name suggests that her worshippers saw her geographical and social relationship with them as more central than any functions she may have had".[19]
Hares and Freyja
An Easter postcard from 1907 depicting a rabbit
In Northern Europe, Easter imagery often involves hares and rabbits. Citing folk Easter customs in Leicestershire, England where "the profits of the land called Harecrop Leys were applied to providing a meal which was thrown on the ground at the 'Hare-pie Bank'", late 19th-century scholar Charles Isaac Elton theorizes a connection between these customs and the worship of Ēostre.[20] In his late 19th-century study of the hare in folk custom and mythology, Charles J. Billson cites numerous incidents of folk custom involving the hare around the period of Easter in Northern Europe. Billson says that "whether there was a goddess named Ēostre, or not, and whatever connection the hare may have had with the ritual of Saxon or British worship, there are good grounds for believing that the sacredness of this animal reaches back into an age still more remote, where it is probably a very important part of the great Spring Festival of the prehistoric inhabitants of this island."[16]
Some scholars have linked customs and imagery involving hares to Ēostre and the Norse goddess Freyja. Writing in 1972, John Andrew Boyle cites commentary contained within an etymology dictionary by A. Ernout and A. Meillet, where the authors write that "Little else ... is known about [Ēostre], but it has been suggested that her lights, as goddess of the dawn, were carried by hares. And she certainly represented spring fecundity, and love and carnal pleasure that leads to fecundity." Boyle responds that nothing is known about Ēostre outside of Bede's single passage, that the authors had seemingly accepted the identification of Ēostre with the Norse goddess Freyja, yet that the hare is not associated with Freyja either. Boyle writes that "her carriage, we are told by Snorri, was drawn by a pair of cats — animals, it is true, which like hares were the familiars of witches, with whom Freyja seems to have much in common." However, Boyle adds that "on the other hand, when the authors speak of the hare as the 'companion of Aphrodite and of satyrs and cupids' and point out that 'in the Middle Ages it appears beside the figure of Luxuria', they are on much surer ground and can adduce the evidence of their illustrations."[21]
In popular culture and modern veneration
Jacob Grimm's reconstructed *Ostara has had some influence in popular culture since. The name has been adapted as an asteroid (343 Ostara, 1892 by Max Wolf),[22] and a date on the Wiccan Wheel of the Year (Ostara, 21 March).[23] In music, the name Ostara has been adopted as a name by the musical group Ostara,[24] and as the names of albums by :zoviet*france: (Eostre, 1984) and The Wishing Tree (Ostara, 2009).
In some forms of Germanic neopaganism, Ēostre (or Ostara) is venerated. Regarding this veneration, Carole M. Cusack comments that, among adherents, Ēostre is "associated with the coming of spring and the dawn, and her festival is celebrated at the spring equinox. Because she brings renewal, rebirth from the death of winter, some Heathens associate Ēostre with Iðunn, keeper of the apples of youth in Scandinavian mythology".[25]
Politically, the name of Ostara was in the early 20th century invoked as the name of a German nationalist magazine, book series and publishing house established in 1905 at Mödling, Austria.[26]
Ostara is portrayed by Kristin Chenoweth in the TV series American Gods based on the novel of the same name. In the series, Ostara has survived into the modern age by forming an alliance with the Goddess of Media (Gillian Anderson) and capitalising on the Christian holiday. Odin (Ian McShane) forces her to accept that those who celebrate Easter are worshipping Jesus and not her, causing her to join his rebellion against the New Gods.[27]
In 1853, Scottish protestant minister Alexander Hislop published The Two Babylons, an anti-Catholic tract. In the tract, Hislop connects modern English Easter with the East Semitic theonym Ishtar by way of folk etymology. For example, from The Two Babylons, third edition:
What means the term Easter itself? It is not a Christian name. It bears its Chaldean origin on its very forehead. Easter is nothing else than Astarte, one of the titles of Beltis, the queen of heaven, whose name, as pronounced by the people of Ninevah, was evidently identical with that now in common use in this country. This name as found by Layard on the Assyrian monuments, is Ishtar.[28]
Because Hislop's claims have no linguistics foundation, his claims were rejected, but the Two Babylons would go on to have some influence in popular culture.[29] In the 2000s, a popular Internet meme similarly claimed an incorrect linguistic connection between English Easter and Ishtar.[30]
See also
Mōdraniht, the Old English "Mother's night," also attested by Bede
Hengist and Horsa, euhemerised Old English deities also possibly extending from Proto-Indo-European religion
Tīw, the Old English extension of the Proto-Indo-European sky deity
Old High German lullaby, a lullaby in Old High German that mentions Ostara, generally held to be a literary forgery
Aurvandil, a Germanic being associated with stars, the first element of whose name is cognate to Ēostre
Dellingr, a potential personification of the dawn in Norse mythology
Notes
Jump up ^ Sievers 1901 p. 98
Jump up ^ Wright, 85, §208
Jump up ^ Watkins 2006 [2000]: 2021.
Jump up ^ Mallory & Adams (1997:148–149).
Jump up ^ Giles (1843:179).
Jump up ^ Wallis (1999:54).
Jump up ^ Grimm (1882:289).
Jump up ^ Grimm (1882:290).
Jump up ^ Grimm (1882:290—291).
Jump up ^ Grimm (1882:291).
^ Jump up to: a b Grimm (1883:780–781).
Jump up ^ Cubitt, Catherine (1995). Anglo-Saxon Church Councils c.650–c.850. London: Leicester University Press, pp 302f. ISBN 0-7185-1436-X
Jump up ^ Shaw (2011:59—60).
Jump up ^ Shaw (2011:60).
Jump up ^ Shaw (2011:52 and 63).
^ Jump up to: a b Billson (1892:448).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:74).
Jump up ^ Shaw (2011:52).
Jump up ^ Shaw (2011:70—71).
Jump up ^ Elton, Charles Isaac (1882). Origins of English History. p. 391.
Jump up ^ Boyle (1972:323—324).
Jump up ^ Schmadel (2003:44)
Jump up ^ Hubbard (2007:175).
Jump up ^ Diesel, Gerten (2007:136).
Jump up ^ Cusack (2008:354–355).
Jump up ^ Simek (2007:255).
Jump up ^ Griffiths, Eleanor Blye (19 June 2017). "American Gods mythology guide: Meet Germanic spring goddess Ostara". Radio Times. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Hislop (1903:103).
Jump up ^ See, for example, contemporary discussion in anonymous (1859:338-340).
Jump up ^ D'Costa, Krystal. "Beyond Ishtar: The Tradition of Eggs at Easter". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
References
Anonymous (1859). Review: The Two Babylons in The Saturday Review, Vol. VIII, pp. 338-340. John W. Parker and Son.
Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology: The Origins of American English Words. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270084-7
Billson, Charles J. (1892). "The Easter Hare" as published in Folk-Lore, Vol. 3, No. 4 (December 1892). Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Folklore Enterprises Ltd.
Boyle, John Andrew (1974). "The Hare in Myth and Reality: A Review Article" as published in Folklore, Vol. 84, No. 4 (Winter, 1973). Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Folklore Enterprises Ltd.
Cusack, Carole M. (2008). "The Return of the Goddess: Mythology, Witchcraft and Feminist Spirituality" as published in Pizza, Murphy. Lewis, James R. (Editors). Handbook of Contemporary Paganism. Brill Publishers. ISBN 9004163735
Diesel, Andreas. Gerten, Dieter (2007). Looking for Europe: Neofolk und Hintergründe. Index Verlag. ISBN 3-936878-02-1
Grimm, Jacob (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) (1882). Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix Vol. I. London: George Bell and Sons.
Grimm, Jacob (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) (1883). Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix Vol. II. London: George Bell and Sons.
Hislop, Alexander (1903). The Two Babylons. Third edition. S.W. Partridge. Web.
Hubbard, Benjamin Jerome. Hatfield, John T. Santucci, James A. (2007). An Educator's Classroom Guide to America's Religious Beliefs and Practices. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 1-59158-409-4
Giles, John Allen (1843). The Complete Works of the Venerable Bede, in the Original Latin, Collated with the Manuscripts, and Various Print Editions, Accompanied by a New English Translation of the Historical Works, and a Life of the Author. Vol. VI: Scientific Tracts and Appendix. London: Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria Lane.
Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-884964-98-2.
Shaw, Philip A. (2011). Pagan Goddesses in the Early Germanic World: Eostre, Hreda and the Cult of Matrons. Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 978-0-7156-3797-5
Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, fifth edition, illustrated. Springer. ISBN 3-540-00238-3
Sievers, Eduard (Albert S. Cook Ed. Trans.) (1903) An Old English grammar Third Edition. Ginn and Company
Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1
Wallis, Faith (Trans.) (1999). Bede: The Reckoning of Time. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-693-3
Watkins, Calvert (2006 [2000]). The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-08250-6
Wright, Joseph and Wright, Elisabeth Mary. (1914) Old English Grammar Second Edition. Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press
[show]
v
t
e
Anglo-Saxon paganism and mythology
Gods and divine figures
Beowa
Ēostre
Frige
Gefjon
Hretha
Ing
Saxnot
Þunor
Tiw
Wade
Wayland the Smith
Wōden
Heroic figures
Ægil
Beowa
Eormenric
Finn
Hengist and Horsa
Sceafa
Waldere
Other beings
Cofgod
Elf
Ides
Dwarf (Dweorh)
Eoten/Thurs
Mare
Wælcyrge
Wight
Locations
Middangeard
Neorxnawang
Sources
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Æcerbot
Anglo-Saxon calendar
Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
Beowulf
De temporum ratione
Deor
Ealuscerwen
Finnesburg Fragment
Franks Casket
Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Nine Herbs Charm
Old English language
Spong Hill
Sutton Hoo
Widsith
Wið færstice
Origins
Germanic paganism
(Angles
Frisii
Jutes
Saxons)
Society and culture
Anglo-Saxon law
Anglo-Saxon runes
Anglo-Saxon burial
Bēot
Blōtan
Calendar
Folkmoot
Frith
Hearg
Maypole
Moot hill
Scop
Symbel
Thegn
Thing
Thyle
Weregild
Wicce
Wilweorthunga
Wyrd
Yule
Neopagan revival
Fyrnsidu
Seax-Wica
Theodism
[show]
v
t
e
Anglo-Saxon time
Months and
modern equivalents
Mōdraniht (New Years)
Æfterra Gēola (January, Yule)
Solmōnath (February)
Hrēthmōnath (March)
Ēosturmōnath (April)
Thrimilicemōnath (May)
Ærra Litha (June)
Æfterra Litha (July)
Wēodmōnath (August)
Halegmōnath aka Hærfestmōnath (September)
Winterfylleth (October)
Blōtmōnath (November)
Ærra Gēola (December, Yule)
Week days
Sunnandæg
Mōnandæg
Tīwesdæg
Wōdnesdæg
Thursdæg
Frīgedæg
Sæterdæg
See also
Germanic calendar
Lunar calendar
[show]
v
t
e
Easter
Main topics
Controversies
Date
Easter Sunday
Etymology
Observances
Traditions
Christianity
Apostles' Fast
Bright Week
Burial of Jesus
Crucifixion of Jesus
Dormition of the Theotokos
Easter Monday
Easter Vigil
Epitaphios
Exsultet
Good Friday
Good Friday Prayer
Good Friday prayer for the Jews
Great Lent
Holy Week
Jesus
Last Supper
Lent
Lumen Christi
Maundy Thursday
Myrrhbearers
Paschal candle
Paschal cycle
Paschal greeting
Paschal Homily
Paschal Tide
Paschal trikirion
Paschal troparion
The Passion
Pentecostarion
Resurrection of Jesus
Tenebrae
Traditions
Artos
Burning of Judas
Cascarón
Clipping the church
Croatian pisanica
Crucession
Easter basket
Easter Bilby
Easter bonnet
Easter Bunny
Easter egg
Easter egg tree
Easter postcard
Easter Sepulchre
Egg dance
Egg decorating
Egg decorating in Slavic culture
Egg hunt
Egg rolling
Egg tapping
Egg tossing
Fasika
Gorzkie żale
Holy Fire
Holy Week procession
Lieldienas
Osterbrunnen
Pace Egg play
Polish pisanka
Pysanka
Radonitsa
Rouketopolemos
Saitopolemos
Scoppio del carro
Sunrise service
Święconka
Traditional Easter games and customs
Media
Film
Fiction
Songs
Related topics
Computus
Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table
Easter controversy
Easter Epic
Ecclesiastical new moon
Paschal Full Moon
Pussy willow
Reform of the date of Easter
Related events
Divine Mercy Sunday
Easter Monday
Easter Tuesday
Easter Wednesday
Easter Thursday
Easter Friday
Easter Saturday
Eastertide
Easter Triduum
Easter Week
Good Friday
Holy Saturday
Maundy Thursday
Mid-Pentecost
Octave of Easter
Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Pre-Lenten Season
Trinity Sunday
Society
Ēostre
Maslenitsa
Salzburg Easter Festival
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ēostre&oldid=834406812"
Categories:
Germanic goddesses
Quarter days
Hausos
March observances
Events in Norse mythology
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Old English-language text
Use British English from August 2010
Use dmy dates from July 2013
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Articles containing German-language text
Articles containing Old High German-language text
Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text
Articles containing Latin-language text
Articles containing Middle High German-language text
Articles containing Gothic-language text
Articles containing Old Norse-language text
Articles containing Old Saxon-language text
Articles with text from the Slavic languages collective
Articles containing Lithuanian-language text
Articles containing Middle English-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Alemannisch
Ænglisc
العربية
Български
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
Galego
Italiano
Latina
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
11 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 15:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Ostara_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Ostara (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: i

value: span

attrs: lang style title xml:lang

values:
de
font-style:normal;
German language text
de

attrs: class style

attrs: lang title xml:lang

values:
/wiki/Old_English_language
mw-redirect
Old English language

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect
mw-redirect
Northumbrian dialect

values:
/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect_(Old_English)
mw-redirect
West Saxon dialect (Old English)

values:
/wiki/Old_High_German_language
mw-redirect
Old High German language

values:
ang
font-style:normal;
Old English language text
ang

values:
Proto-Indo-European language
Unicode
ine
white-space:nowrap;
ine

values:
goh
font-style:normal;
Old High German language text
goh

values: font-style:italic;text-align:left la poem la

values:
presentation
margin-left: 3em; margin-right: 3em;

values:
gmh
Middle High German language text
gmh

values:
/wiki/Slavic_peoples
mw-redirect
Slavic peoples

values:
sla
Slavic languages collective text
sla

values: Vasara (mythology) (page does not exist)

values:
non
font-style:normal;
Old Norse language text
non

values: Luxuria (mythology) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/East_Semitic
mw-redirect
East Semitic

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Ginn_and_Company
mw-redirect
Ginn and Company

values: Elisabeth, Mary Wright (page does not exist)

values: Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem
mw-redirect
Rune poems

values:
/wiki/De_temporum_ratione
mw-redirect
De temporum ratione

values:
/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial
mw-redirect
Anglo-Saxon burial

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Paschal_Full_Moon
mw-redirect
Paschal Full Moon

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles containing Old English-language text

values: Category:Use British English from August 2010

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Old High German-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Middle High German-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Gothic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Old Saxon-language text

values: Category:Articles with text from the Slavic languages collective

values: Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Middle English-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/%C4%92ostre
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara
Ostara – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: أوستارا – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara
Ostara – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara
Ostara – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Εόστρε – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara
Ostara – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara
Ostara – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eostre
Eostre – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara
Ostara – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eostre
Eostre – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara
Ostara – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Остара – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ēostre rootpage-Ēostre skin-vector action-view


text:
Lights (Journey song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Lights"
Single by Journey
from the album Infinity
B-side
"Opened the Door"
Released
August 1978
Format
7" single
Recorded
1977
Genre
Soft rock[1]
Length
3:09
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Steve Perry, Neal Schon
Producer(s)
Roy Thomas Baker
Journey singles chronology
"Feeling That Way / Anytime"
(1978) "Lights"
(1978) "Just the Same Way"
(1979)
"Feeling That Way / Anytime"
(1978) "Lights"
(1978) "Just the Same Way"
(1979)
Audio sample
file
help
"Lights" is a song recorded by American rock band Journey and written by Steve Perry and Neal Schon, released in 1978.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Personnel
3 References
4 External links
Background and writing[edit]
The song is a ballad about Journey's city of origin, San Francisco, although it was actually written in and originally intended to be about Los Angeles. It was one of Steve Perry's first Journey songs, and was recorded soon after joining the band. In an interview, Perry said, "I had the song written in Los Angeles almost completely except for the bridge and it was written about Los Angeles. It was 'when the lights go down in the city and the sun shines on LA.' I didn't like the way it sounded at the time. And so I just had it sitting back in the corner. Then life changed my plans once again, and I was now facing joining Journey. I love San Francisco, the bay, and the whole thing. 'The bay' fit so nice, 'When the lights go down in the city and the sun shines on the bay.' It was one of those early-morning-going-across-the-bridge things, when the sun was coming up and the lights were going down. It was perfect." [2]
Released as a single in 1978, it was originally a minor hit, reaching number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time.[3] It has, however, become more popular over the years and is now one of Journey's most popular and easily recognizable songs and is often played in Classic Hits/Oldies radio stations. It is frequently played at San Francisco Giants baseball games (including versions led by Perry himself at Game 2 of the 2010 World Series[4] and Games 1[5] and 2[6] of the 2012 World Series) and the cross-bay Oakland Athletics after-game fireworks starts. The song is now usually played at Levi's Stadium when the NFL San Francisco 49ers win a home game. It is sometimes used in promos for the Golden State Warriors.
Journey released a live version of the song in 1993 for the Time³ box set. This recording reached #30 on the Adult Contemporary chart.[7]
The song was the last to be played during the Top 40 era of KFRC 610, a legendary San Francisco station, before the flip to a nostalgia/adult standards format in 1986.[8]
KIII of Corpus Christi, Texas used this song during their sign offs in the late 1980s.
Personnel[edit]
Steve Perry – lead vocals
Neal Schon – guitars, backing vocals
Gregg Rolie – keyboards, backing vocals
Ross Valory – bass guitar, backing vocals
Aynsley Dunbar – drums
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "AM Gold: The Best Seventies Soft-Rock Gems". Rolling Stone. June 11, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Steve Perry "Off The Record" w/Joe Benson, December 2000". Steveperryfanclub.homestead.com. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Lights by Journey Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ "43,000+ Giants Fans singing Journey's "Lights" with Steve Perry in the audience. Someone on Yahoo..." McCovey Chronicles. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Latest News, Articles, Photos, Images and Videos on range of topics". Firstpost. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ "Tigers vs. Giants | 10/25/12 | MLB.com". Sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com. 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 126.
Jump up ^ "Bay Area Radio Museum and Hall of Fame | San Francisco". Sfradiomuseum.com. 1939-03-14. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Journey
Neal Schon
Ross Valory
Steve Smith
Jonathan Cain
Arnel Pineda
Gregg Rolie
George Tickner
Aynsley Dunbar
Robert Fleischman
Steve Perry
Randy Jackson
Steve Augeri
Deen Castronovo
Prairie Prince
Stevie "Keys" Roseman
Larrie Londin
Bob Glaub
Mike Baird
Jeff Scott Soto
Omar Hakim
Studio albums
Journey
Look into the Future
Next
Infinity
Evolution
Departure
Escape
Frontiers
Raised on Radio
Trial by Fire
Arrival
Generations
Revelation
Eclipse
EPs
Red 13
Live albums
Captured
Greatest Hits Live
Live in Houston 1981: The Escape Tour
Soundtrack albums
Dream, After Dream
Compilation albums
In the Beginning
Greatest Hits
The Ballade
Time3
The Essential Journey
Greatest Hits 2
Videos
Journey 2001
Greatest Hits 1978–1997
Live in Houston 1981: The Escape Tour
Revelation
Live in Manila
Documentaries
Don't Stop Believin': Everyman's Journey
Tours
Departure Tour
Escape Tour
Frontiers Tour
Raised on Radio Tour
Revelation Tour
Eclipse Tour
Games
Journey Escape
Journey
Related
Articles
Discography
Members
Bands
Santana
Frumious Bandersnatch
Bad English
The Storm
Vital Information
Hardline
Abraxas Pool
Planet Us
Soul SirkUS
Revolution Saints
People
Walter "Herbie" Herbert
Irving Azoff
Kevin Chalfant
Jimmy Barnes
Michael Bolton
Jeremey Hunsicker
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Journey singles discography
1970s
1975
"To Play Some Music"
"Of a Lifetime"
"In My Lonely Feeling"
"Mystery Mountain"
1976
"Midnight Dreamer"
"On a Saturday Nite"
"I'm Gonna Leave You"
"She Makes Me (Feel Alright)"
"Anyway"
"You're on Your Own"
1977
"Look into the Future"
"Spaceman"
"People"
"Nickel and Dime"
"I Would Find You"
1978
"Wheel in the Sky"
"Feeling That Way" / "Anytime"
"Lights"
1979
"Just the Same Way"
"Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin'"
"Lovin' You is Easy"
1980s
1980
"Too Late"
"Any Way You Want It"
"Walks Like a Lady"
"Good Morning Girl" / "Stay Awhile"
1981
"The Party's Over (Hopelessly in Love)"
"Dixie Highway"
"Who's Crying Now"
"Stone in Love"
"Don't Stop Believin'"
1982
"Open Arms"
"Still They Ride"
"Only Solutions"
1983
"Separate Ways (Worlds Apart)"
"Faithfully"
"After the Fall"
"Send Her My Love"
"Ask the Lonely"
1984
"Chain Reaction"
1985
"Only the Young"
1986
"Be Good to Yourself"
"Suzanne"
"Girl Can't Help It"
"Raised on Radio"
1987
"I'll Be Alright Without You"
"Why Can't This Night Go on Forever"
1989
"Who's Crying Now" (re-issue)
1990s
1993
"Lights" (live)
"Natural Thing"
1996
"When You Love a Woman"
"Message of Love"
"Can't Tame the Lion"
"If He Should Break Your Heart"
2000s
2001
"Higher Place"
"All the Way"
"With Your Love"
2005
"The Place in Your Heart"
2008
"After All These Years"
"Never Walk Away"
"Where Did I Lose Your Love"
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Major League Baseball on ABC
Related programs
Major League Baseball Game of the Week (1953–1954; 1960; 1965)
Monday Night Baseball (1976–1988)
Thursday Night Baseball (1989)
Baseball Night in America (1994–1995)
ESPN Major League Baseball (broadcasters)
Non-MLB programs
Little League World Series (broadcasters)
Wide World of Sports
Related articles
The Baseball Network
World Series television ratings
Television contracts
List of events on Wide World of Sports
1953 season
Chicago White Sox
Cleveland Indians
Philadelphia Athletics
ABC's owned & operated TV stations
WABC 7 (Brooklyn Dodgers, August 17, 1953-October 1, 1953)
WLS 7 (Chicago Cubs, 2015-present)
KTRK 13 (Houston Astros, 1962-1972)
WFIL 6 (later WPVI) (Philadelphia Athletics, 1949-1954; Philadelphia Phillies, 1959-1970)
Sponsors
Falstaff Brewing Corporation
L&M
Commentators
The Baseball Network
All-Star Game
ALCS
ALDS
NLCS
NLDS
World Series
Key figures
Gary Bender
Jack Buck
Ken Coleman
Dizzy Dean
Bob DeLaney
Don Drysdale
Curt Gowdy
Merle Harmon
Keith Jackson
George Kell
Gene Kirby
Jim Lampley
Al Michaels
Brent Musburger
Bob Prince
Chris Schenkel
Gary Thorne
Jack Whitaker
Steve Zabriskie
Color commentators
Johnny Bench
Buddy Blattner
Lou Brock
Steve Busby
Norm Cash
Howard Cosell
Don Drysdale
Leo Durocher
Carl Erskine
Tommy Hutton
Jim Kaat
Reggie Jackson
Bob Gibson
Tommy Henrich
Tim McCarver
Joe Morgan
Jim Palmer
Jackie Robinson
Steve Stone
Bob Uecker
Earl Weaver
Bill White
Warner Wolf
Guest commentators
Johnny Bench
Rick Dempsey
Mark Fidrych
Tommy John
Tommy Lasorda
Billy Martin
Ross Porter
Tom Seaver
Hosts & field reporters
Jack Arute
Tim Brant
Dave Diles
Corey McPherrin
John Saunders
Al Trautwig
Lesley Visser
"Inside Pitch" scouting analysts
Tony Gwynn
Paul Molitor
Steve Sax
Mike Schmidt
Lore
Roger Maris' 61 home run season (1961)
"The Bird" (1976)
"The Double" (1995)
Tiebreaker games
1959 National League playoff series
1978 AL East Playoff
1980 NL West Playoff
LCS games
Chris Chambliss' Walk-Off Home Run (1976)
"Garvey Home Run" (1984)
"Gatorade Glove Play" (1984)
"You're Looking at One for the Ages Here" (1986)
World Series games
"Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx Is Burning" (1977)
"Mr. October" (1977)
"The Call" (1985)
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
World Series
1948
1949
1950
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1994 (cancelled)
1995 (Games 1, 4-5)
AL Championship Series
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1995 (Games 1–2)
NL Championship Series
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1995 (Games 1–2)
AL Division Series
1981
1995
2002 (ABC Family, coverage produced by ESPN)
NL Division Series
1995
2002 (ABC Family, coverage produced by ESPN)
All-Star Game
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1995
Music
"Hello Old Friend"
"Lights"
Seasons
Saturday Game of the Week
1953
1954
1959 (NL tie-breaker series)
1960
1961 (prime time games)
1965
Monday Night Baseball
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989 (now on Thursday nights)
The Baseball Network
1994
1995
[show]
v
t
e
San Francisco Giants
Formerly the New York Gothams and the New York Giants
Based in San Francisco, California (Bay Area)
Franchise
History in New York
History in San Francisco
Seasons
Records
No-hitters
Players
Managers
Owners and executives
Opening Day starting pitchers
First-round draft picks
Broadcasters
Ballparks
Polo Grounds
Oakland Park
St. George Grounds
Hilltop Park
Seals Stadium
Candlestick Park
AT&T Park
Spring training:
Payne Park
Flamingo Field
LSU Varsity Baseball Field
Al Lang Stadium
Phoenix Municipal Stadium
Scottsdale Stadium
Culture
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
Curse of Coogan's Bluff
"Don't Stop Believin'"
"Lights" (Journey song)
McCovey Cove
New York Brickley Giants
The Fan
The Franchise (Showtime TV series)
White Flag Trade
Willie Mac Award
"You Dropped a Bomb on Me"
Lore
1894 Temple Cup
Matt Cain's perfect game
Merkle's Boner
NL tie-breakers
1951 tie-breaker series
1962 tie-breaker series
1998 Wild Card tie-breaker game
NL Wild Card Games
2014
2016
"Shot Heard 'Round the World"
The Catch
Rivalries
Los Angeles Dodgers
Oakland Athletics
Subway Series/New York Yankees
Retired numbers
NY
NY
3
4
11
20
24
27
30
36
44
42
Pre-World Series Champions (2)
1888
1889
Temple Cup Champions (1)
1894
World Series Champions (8)
1905
1921
1922
1933
1954
2010
2012
2014
National League
Championships (23)
1888
1889
1904
1905
1911
1912
1913
1917
1921
1922
1923
1924
1933
1936
1937
1951
1954
1962
1989
2002
2010
2012
2014
Division titles (8)
1971
1987
1989
1997
2000
2003
2010
2012
Wild card (3)
2002
2014
2016
Minor league affiliates
AAA
Sacramento River Cats
AA
Richmond Flying Squirrels
A Adv.
San Jose Giants
A
Augusta GreenJackets
Short A
Salem-Keizer Volcanoes
Rookie
AZL Giants
DSL Giants
[show]
Seasons (136)
1880s
1880 · 1881 · 1882 · 1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890s
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900s
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910s
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920s
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930s
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940s
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960s
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970s
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lights_(Journey_song)&oldid=811611608"
Categories:
1978 singles
Rock ballads
Journey (band) songs
Songs written by Steve Perry
Songs written by Neal Schon
Song recordings produced by Roy Thomas Baker
Songs about San Francisco
1993 singles
Live singles
Columbia Records singles
1978 songs
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 22 November 2017, at 19:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: td

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Journey
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Don't Stop Believin': Everyman's Journey

values:
/wiki/The_Storm_(band)
mw-redirect
The Storm (band)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Journey_singles_discography
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: Template talk:Major League Baseball on ABC

values:
/wiki/Thursday_Night_Baseball
mw-redirect
Thursday Night Baseball

values: List of ESPN Major League Baseball broadcasters

values: Little League World Series on television

values: List of Little League World Series Championship Game broadcasters

values: Major League Baseball television contracts

values: List of events broadcast on Wide World of Sports (U.S. TV series)

values: Historical Major League Baseball over-the-air television broadcasters

values: List of Los Angeles Dodgers broadcasters

values: List of Philadelphia Phillies broadcasters

values: List of Major League Baseball on ABC announcers

values: List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game broadcasters

values: List of American League Championship Series broadcasters

values: List of American League Division Series broadcasters

values: List of National League Championship Series broadcasters

values: List of National League Division Series broadcasters

values: 1978 American League East tie-breaker game

values: 1980 National League West tie-breaker game

values: 1976 American League Championship Series

values: 1984 National League Championship Series

values: 1986 American League Championship Series

values: Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx Is Burning

values: 1978 American League Championship Series

values: 1980 American League Championship Series

values: 1982 American League Championship Series

values: 1984 American League Championship Series

values: 1988 American League Championship Series

values: 1995 American League Championship Series

values: 1976 National League Championship Series

values: 1978 National League Championship Series

values: 1980 National League Championship Series

values: 1982 National League Championship Series

values: 1986 National League Championship Series

values: 1988 National League Championship Series

values: 1995 National League Championship Series

values: 1976 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

values: 1978 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

values: 1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

values: 1982 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

values: 1984 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

values: 1986 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

values: 1988 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

values: 1995 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
collapseButton3
#
color: rgb(255, 255, 255);

values: background-color:#F15B28;color:#000000;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;;background-color:#000000;color:#FFFFFF;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F15B28, inset -2px -2px 0 #F15B28; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F15B28, inset -2px -2px 0 #F15B28; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #F15B28, inset -2px -2px 0 #F15B28;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: History of the New York Giants (baseball)

values: background-color:#F15B28;color:#000000;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;;width:1%

values: List of San Francisco Giants team records

values: List of San Francisco Giants owners and executives

values: List of San Francisco Giants Opening Day starting pitchers

values: List of San Francisco Giants first-round draft picks

values: List of San Francisco Giants broadcasters

values: width:1%;background-color:#F15B28;color:#000000;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;

values: 1998 National League Wild Card tie-breaker game

values: 1989 National League Championship Series

values: 2002 National League Championship Series

values: 2010 National League Championship Series

values: 2012 National League Championship Series

values: 2014 National League Championship Series

values: List of San Francisco Giants minor league affiliates

values:
collapseButton4
#
color: rgb(255, 255, 255);

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Roy Thomas Baker

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Lights_(Journey_song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lights_Journey_song rootpage-Lights_Journey_song skin-vector action-view