text:
Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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John Peters Humphrey
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted from early 1947 to late 1948 by Drafting Committee the first United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Further discussion and amendments were made by the Commission on Human Rights, the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations.
Members of the Commission who contributed significantly to the creation of the Declaration included Canadian John Peters Humphrey of the United Nations Secretariat, Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States (who chaired the Drafting Committee), René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, P. C. Chang of Republic of China (Taiwan),[a] and Hansa Mehta of India[1] among others. While not a member of the drafting committee, the French philosopher Jacques Maritain was influential in the lead up to the drafting of the Universal Declaration, advocacy for it within UNESCO in 1947-8, and in its subsequent advancement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Membership of the Drafting Committee
2 The drafting process
3 Controversies
4 UDHR timeline
4.1 1945
4.2 1946
4.3 1947
4.4 1948
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Membership of the Drafting Committee[edit]
The Drafting Committee[2] included
Eleanor Roosevelt, United States (Chair)
Peng Chun Chang, Republic of China
Charles Habib Malik, Lebanon
William Roy Hodgson, Australia
Hernán Santa Cruz, Chile
René Cassin, France
Alexander E. Bogomolov, Soviet Union
Charles Dukes, United Kingdom
John Peters Humphrey, Canada
The drafting process[edit]
John Peters Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat.[3] In this role, he produced the first draft of a list of rights that were to form the basis of the Declaration.
A portico with four columns, which Cassin saw as a metaphor for the format of his draft
The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft which was prepared by René Cassin working from the Humphrey draft. The structure was influenced by the Code Napoleon, including a preamble and introductory general principles.[4]
Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns and a pediment. Articles 1 and 2 are the foundation blocks, with their principles of dignity, liberty, equality and brotherhood. The seven paragraphs of the preamble, setting out the reasons for the Declaration, are represented by the steps. The main body of the Declaration forms the four columns. The first column (articles 3-11) constitutes rights of the individual, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery. The second column (articles 12-17) constitutes the rights of the individual in civil and political society. The third column (articles 18-21) is concerned with spiritual, public and political freedoms such as freedom of religion and freedom of association. The fourth column (articles 22-27) sets out social, economic and cultural rights.
In Cassin's model, the last three articles of the Declaration provide the pediment which binds the structure together. These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations.[5]
The Cassin draft was submitted to the Commission on Human Rights and was to undergo editing in the Commission, then in further drafts considered by the Third Committee of the United Nations, and finally in a draft before the General Assembly of the United Nations, which ultimately adopted the Declaration on 10 December 1948. The vote for the declaration was 48 to 0 with eight abstentions: the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia, the People's Republic of Poland, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Union of South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[6]
Controversies[edit]
The first controversy to resolve was related to the very origin of the human rights, basically the discussion between the supporters of the concepts of natural rights (which humans are endowed by God or Nature) and positive rights (which humans acquire as a result of a rational agreement).[7]
The second controversy was basically between the positions of the Marxist theory of the Soviet Bloc and the liberal theory of the Western World. In philosophical terms, the Soviet Bloc criticized the individualist stance of the issue, arguing in favor of the collectivism approach, where the rights of the collective dominate that of an individual. In political terms, the Soviet Union and its satellites, facing mounting accusations of human rights violations (and defending itself in the "And you are lynching Negroes" style), argued that the declaration is a mere formality if it would not consider guarantees of economic and social rights. However these objections were of surprisingly little consequence, because the Soviet Block was not very active during the seating of the Commission, perhaps indicating a preestablished decision not to sign the Declaration.[7]
Another issue is the legal status of the declaration. The majority considered the document to be mainly of moral character. At the same time some participants argued in favor of adding certain legal aspects in terms of international law.[7]
British representatives in particular were extremely frustrated that the proposal had moral but no legal obligation. (It was not until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force, giving a legal status to most of the Declaration) [8]
UDHR timeline[edit]
Source: United Nations Year Book 1948-1949, pp. 524 et seq
1945[edit]
United Nations Conference on International Organization, San Francisco
1946[edit]
15 February, Establishment of "Nuclear Committee" of Commission on Human Rights.
29 April - 20 May 1946 - First Meeting of the Nuclear Committee.
21 June 1946 - The UN Economic and Social Council adopts terms of reference of permanent Commission on Human Rights
1947[edit]
27 January - 10 February - First Meeting of the Commission on Human Rights, Lake Success, New York. Drafting Committee established.
9 June - 25 June - First Meeting of the Drafting Committee, Lake Success, New York. Draft outline of an International Bill of Human Rights prepared by the UN Secretariat ("the Humphrey Draft"). Drafting Committee splits work into two documents: preparation of a declaration of human rights and a working paper on a draft international convention on human rights.
2 December - 17 December - Second Session of the Commission on Human Rights, Geneva. Commission begins to consider work on three projects: a declaration on human rights, and international convention on human rights and measures for implementation and enforcement
1948[edit]
3 May - 21 May, Second Session of the Drafting Committee, Lake Success, New York.
24 May - 18 June, Third Session of the Commission on Human Rights, Lake Success, New York. Commission adopts a draft Declaration and transmits it to the Economic and Social Council.
26 August, Economic and Social Council transmits draft to the General Assembly.
30 September - 7 December, Third Committee of General Assembly spends 81 meetings considering the Declaration. 168 resolutions for amendments to the draft, submitted and considered.
1–4 December, Sub-committee of Third Committee charged with cross checking 5 official language versions.
10 December, Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Declaration was drafted during the Chinese Civil War. P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the Republic of China, which was recognised as the government of China at the time.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/humanrights.pdf Archived 2014-01-12 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Drafting Committee, Dag Hammarskjöld Library Research Guides
Jump up ^ Johannes Morsink, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, University of Pennsylvania Press, p 5
Jump up ^ Glendon, pp 62-64
Jump up ^ Mary Ann Glendon, A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Chapter 10
Jump up ^ http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/udhr/udhr_general/drafting_history_10.html
^ Jump up to: a b c "РАЗРАБОТКА ВСЕОБЩЕЙ ДЕКЛАРАЦИИ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА (1946–1948 ГГ.)", Глен Джонсон (Glen Johnson ), Развитие личности no. 3, 2014
Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Final authorized text. The British Library. September 1952. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Johannes Morsink, "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting & Intent" (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999).
Mary Ann Glendon, "A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Random House New York, 2001
Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University (Centre for the Study of Human Rights), including article by article commentary, video interviews, discussion of meaning, drafting and history.
John Nurser, "For All Peoples and All Nations. Christian Churches and Human Rights.". (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2005).
External links[edit]
Text of the UDHR (English)
Official translations of the UDHR
UDHR Facebook page
Librivox: Human-read audio recordings in several Languages
Resource Guide on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN Library, Geneva)
Audio-visual materials
Video interview with Mary Ann Glendon author of "A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights" on the drafting of the Declaration.
Text, Audio, and Video excerpt of Eleanor Roosevelt's Address to the United Nations on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Animated presentation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by Amnesty International, from Youtube (English, 20 minutes and 23 seconds)
Audio: Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration, 6 November 1948.
UN Department of Public Information introduction to the drafters of the Declaration.
UN video archives of speeches on adoption of the Declaration.
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Emission spectrum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Emission spectrum of a metal halide lamp.
A demonstration of the 589 nm D2 (left) and 590 nm D1 (right) emission sodium D lines using a wick with salt water in a flame
The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to an atom or molecule making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photon is equal to the energy difference between the two states. There are many possible electron transitions for each atom, and each transition has a specific energy difference. This collection of different transitions, leading to different radiated wavelengths, make up an emission spectrum. Each element's emission spectrum is unique. Therefore, spectroscopy can be used to identify the elements in matter of unknown composition. Similarly, the emission spectra of molecules can be used in chemical analysis of substances.
Contents
[hide]
1 Emission
2 Origins
2.1 Radiation from molecules
3 Emission spectroscopy
4 History
5 Experimental technique in flame emission spectroscopy
6 Emission coefficient
6.1 Scattering of light
6.2 Spontaneous emission
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Emission[edit]
In physics, emission is the process by which a higher energy quantum mechanical state of a particle becomes converted to a lower one through the emission of a photon, resulting in the production of light. The frequency of light emitted is a function of the energy of the transition. Since energy must be conserved, the energy difference between the two states equals the energy carried off by the photon. The energy states of the transitions can lead to emissions over a very large range of frequencies. For example, visible light is emitted by the coupling of electronic states in atoms and molecules (then the phenomenon is called fluorescence or phosphorescence). On the other hand, nuclear shell transitions can emit high energy gamma rays, while nuclear spin transitions emit low energy radio waves.
The emittance of an object quantifies how much light is emitted by it. This may be related to other properties of the object through the Stefan–Boltzmann law. For most substances, the amount of emission varies with the temperature and the spectroscopic composition of the object, leading to the appearance of color temperature and emission lines. Precise measurements at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via emission spectroscopy.
Emission of radiation is typically described using semi-classical quantum mechanics: the particle's energy levels and spacings are determined from quantum mechanics, and light is treated as an oscillating electric field that can drive a transition if it is in resonance with the system's natural frequency. The quantum mechanics problem is treated using time-dependent perturbation theory and leads to the general result known as Fermi's golden rule. The description has been superseded by quantum electrodynamics, although the semi-classical version continues to be more useful in most practical computations.
Origins[edit]
When the electrons in the atom are excited, for example by being heated, the additional energy pushes the electrons to higher energy orbitals. When the electrons fall back down and leave the excited state, energy is re-emitted in the form of a photon. The wavelength (or equivalently, frequency) of the photon is determined by the difference in energy between the two states. These emitted photons form the element's spectrum.
The fact that only certain colors appear in an element's atomic emission spectrum means that only certain frequencies of light are emitted. Each of these frequencies are related to energy by the formula:
E photon = h ν {\displaystyle E_{\text{photon}}=h\nu } ,
where E photon {\displaystyle E_{\text{photon}}} is the energy of the photon, ν {\displaystyle \nu } is its frequency, and h {\displaystyle h} is Planck's constant. This concludes that only photons with specific energies are emitted by the atom. The principle of the atomic emission spectrum explains the varied colors in neon signs, as well as chemical flame test results (described below).
The frequencies of light that an atom can emit are dependent on states the electrons can be in. When excited, an electron moves to a higher energy level or orbital. When the electron falls back to its ground level the light is emitted.
Emission spectrum of hydrogen
The above picture shows the visible light emission spectrum for hydrogen. If only a single atom of hydrogen were present, then only a single wavelength would be observed at a given instant. Several of the possible emissions are observed because the sample contains many hydrogen atoms that are in different initial energy states and reach different final energy states. These different combinations lead to simultaneous emissions at different wavelengths.
Emission spectrum of iron
Radiation from molecules[edit]
As well as the electronic transitions discussed above, the energy of a molecule can also change via rotational, vibrational, and vibronic (combined vibrational and electronic) transitions. These energy transitions often lead to closely spaced groups of many different spectral lines, known as spectral bands. Unresolved band spectra may appear as a spectral continuum.
Emission spectroscopy[edit]
Light consists of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Therefore, when the elements or their compounds are heated either on a flame or by an electric arc they emit energy in the form of light. Analysis of this light, with the help of a spectroscope gives us a discontinuous spectrum. A spectroscope or a spectrometer is an instrument which is used for separating the components of light, which have different wavelengths. The spectrum appears in a series of lines called the line spectrum. This line spectrum is called an atomic spectrum when it originates from an atom in elemental form. Each element has a different atomic spectrum. The production of line spectra by the atoms of an element indicate that an atom can radiate only a certain amount of energy. This leads to the conclusion that bound electrons cannot have just any amount of energy but only a certain amount of energy.
The emission spectrum can be used to determine the composition of a material, since it is different for each element of the periodic table. One example is astronomical spectroscopy: identifying the composition of stars by analysing the received light. The emission spectrum characteristics of some elements are plainly visible to the naked eye when these elements are heated. For example, when platinum wire is dipped into a strontium nitrate solution and then inserted into a flame, the strontium atoms emit a red color. Similarly, when copper is inserted into a flame, the flame becomes green. These definite characteristics allow elements to be identified by their atomic emission spectrum. Not all emitted lights are perceptible to the naked eye, as the spectrum also includes ultraviolet rays and infrared lighting. An emission is formed when an excited gas is viewed directly through a spectroscope.
Schematic diagram of spontaneous emission
Emission spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique which examines the wavelengths of photons emitted by atoms or molecules during their transition from an excited state to a lower energy state. Each element emits a characteristic set of discrete wavelengths according to its electronic structure, and by observing these wavelengths the elemental composition of the sample can be determined. Emission spectroscopy developed in the late 19th century and efforts in theoretical explanation of atomic emission spectra eventually led to quantum mechanics.
There are many ways in which atoms can be brought to an excited state. Interaction with electromagnetic radiation is used in fluorescence spectroscopy, protons or other heavier particles in Particle-Induced X-ray Emission and electrons or X-ray photons in Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy or X-ray fluorescence. The simplest method is to heat the sample to a high temperature, after which the excitations are produced by collisions between the sample atoms. This method is used in flame emission spectroscopy, and it was also the method used by Anders Jonas Ångström when he discovered the phenomenon of discrete emission lines in the 1850s.[1]
Although the emission lines are caused by a transition between quantized energy states and may at first look very sharp, they do have a finite width, i.e. they are composed of more than one wavelength of light. This spectral line broadening has many different causes.
Emission spectroscopy is often referred to as optical emission spectroscopy because of the light nature of what is being emitted.
History[edit]
Emission lines from hot gases were first discovered[citation needed] by Ångström, and the technique was further developed by David Alter, Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen.
See the history of spectroscopy for details.
Experimental technique in flame emission spectroscopy[edit]
The solution containing the relevant substance to be analysed is drawn into the burner and dispersed into the flame as a fine spray. The solvent evaporates first, leaving finely divided solid particles which move to the hottest region of the flame where gaseous atoms and ions are produced. Here electrons are excited as described above. It is common for a monochromator to be used to allow for easy detection.
On a simple level, flame emission spectroscopy can be observed using just a flame and samples of metal salts. This method of qualitative analysis is called a flame test. For example, sodium salts placed in the flame will glow yellow from sodium ions, while strontium (used in road flares) ions color it red. Copper wire will create a blue colored flame, however in the presence of chloride gives green (molecular contribution by CuCl).
Emission coefficient[edit]
Emission coefficient is a coefficient in the power output per unit time of an electromagnetic source, a calculated value in physics. The emission coefficient of a gas varies with the wavelength of the light. It has units of ms−3sr−1.[2] It is also used as a measure of environmental emissions (by mass) per MWh of electricity generated, see: Emission factor.
Scattering of light[edit]
In Thomson scattering a charged particle emits radiation under incident light. The particle may be an ordinary atomic electron, so emission coefficients have practical applications.
If X dV dΩ dλ is the energy scattered by a volume element dV into solid angle dΩ between wavelengths λ and λ+dλ per unit time then the Emission coefficient is X.
The values of X in Thomson scattering can be predicted from incident flux, the density of the charged particles and their Thomson differential cross section (area/solid angle).
Spontaneous emission[edit]
A warm body emitting photons has a monochromatic emission coefficient relating to its temperature and total power radiation. This is sometimes called the second Einstein coefficient, and can be deduced from quantum mechanical theory.
See also[edit]
Absorption spectroscopy
Absorption spectrum
Atomic spectral line
Electromagnetic spectroscopy
Fraunhofer lines
Gas-discharge lamp#Color Table of emission spectra of gas discharge lamps
Isomeric shift
Isotopic shift
Luminous coefficient
Plasma physics
Rydberg formula
Spectral line
Spectral theory
The Diode equation includes the emission coefficient
Thermionic emission
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Incorporated, SynLube. "Spectroscopy Oil Analysis". www.synlube.com. Retrieved 2017-02-24.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Bradley W. (2007). An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics. CA, USA: Pearson Education. p. 256. ISBN 0-8053-0402-9.
External links[edit]
Emission spectra of atmospheric gases
NIST Physical Reference Data—Atomic Spectroscopy Databases
Color Simulation of Element Emission Spectrum Based on NIST data
Hydrogen emission spectrum

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text:
List of countries where Spanish is an official language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of territorial entities where Spanish is an official language. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2018.
Countries and territories where the Spanish language holds official status.
The following is a list of countries where Spanish is an official language, plus a number of countries where Spanish, or any language closely related to it, is an important or significant language.
Contents
[hide]
1 Official or national language
2 Significant minority language
2.1 Andorra
2.2 Belize
2.3 Gibraltar
2.4 United States
3 Historical language
3.1 Philippines
3.2 Western Sahara
3.3 Guam and Northern Mariana Islands
4 Creole languages
5 Judeo-Spanish
6 International organizations
7 References
Official or national language[edit]
Spanish is the majority language in 21 sovereign states and several dependent territories, totaling around 440 million people.[1] It is additionally the main official language in Equatorial Guinea.
In these countries and territories, Spanish is the main or mostly used language of communication of the vast majority of the population; official documents are written chiefly or solely in that language; and it is taught in schools and utilized as the primary medium of instruction as part of the official curriculum.
Country/Territory
Status
Population
(2014)[2]
Regulatory body
More information
Mexico De facto[3] 120,286,655 Academia Mexicana de la Lengua Mexican Spanish
Colombia De jure[4] 48,400,388 Academia Colombiana de la Lengua Colombian Spanish
Spaina De jure[5] 47,737,941 Real Academia Española Peninsular Spanish
Argentina De facto[6] 43,024,374 Academia Argentina de Letras Rioplatense Spanish
Perub De jure[7] 30,147,935 Academia Peruana de la Lengua Peruvian Coast Spanish
Venezuela De jure[8] 28,868,486 Academia Venezolana de la Lengua Venezuelan Spanish
Chile De facto[9] 17,363,894 Academia Chilena de la Lengua Chilean Spanish
Ecuadorc De jure[10] 15,654,411 Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua Ecuadorian Spanish
Guatemala De jure[11] 14,647,083 Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua Guatemalan Spanish
Cuba De jure[12] 11,047,251 Academia Cubana de la Lengua Cuban Spanish
Boliviad De jure[13] 10,631,486 Academia Boliviana de la Lengua Bolivian Spanish
Dominican Republic De jure[14] 10,349,741 Academia Dominicana de la Lengua Dominican Spanish
Honduras De jure[15] 8,598,561 Academia Hondureña de la Lengua Honduran Spanish
Paraguaye De jure[16] 6,703,860 Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española Paraguayan Spanish
El Salvador De jure[17] 6,125,512 Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua Salvadoran Spanish
Nicaragua De facto[18] 5,848,641 Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua Nicaraguan Spanish
Costa Rica De jure[19] 4,755,234 Academia Costarricense de la Lengua Costa Rican Spanish
Puerto Ricof De jure[20] 3,620,897 Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española Puerto Rican Spanish
Panama De jure[21] 3,608,431 Academia Panameña de la Lengua Panamanian Spanish
Uruguay De facto[22] 3,332,972 Academia Nacional de Letras Uruguayan Spanish
Equatorial Guineag De jure[23] 1,722,254 Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española Equatoguinean Spanish
Total 442,476,007 Association of Spanish Language Academies
a In Spain, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level, while the languages of Basque, Catalan/Valencian, and Galician are co-official alongside Spanish in certain regions.
b In Peru, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level while Quechua and Aymara hold co-official status in selected regions.
c In Ecuador, Spanish is the sole official language at the national level while the Kichwa (Northern Quechua) and Shuar languages hold co-official status in selected regions.
d In Bolivia, the national constitution recognizes Spanish and various indigenous languages of Bolivia as official at the national level, though Spanish is predominant nationwide.
e In Paraguay, Spanish and the indigenous Guaraní are recognized as co-official at the national level and both are widely used in society.
f Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the U.S. where Spanish and English are the official languages and Spanish is the primary language.[20]
g In Equatorial Guinea, the Spanish, French, and Portuguese languages all hold official status at the national level, though Spanish is the primary language in the public sphere while Fang, Bube, Kombe, and other Bantu languages, as well as an English-based creole, are used at home and family settings. See Equatorial Guinea#Languages.
Population of the Spanish speaking countries (+ Puerto Rico) in 2011
Significant minority language[edit]
Though not an official language at the national level, Spanish is regularly spoken by significant minority populations in each of the nations and territories noted below. In each, public services and information are widely available in Spanish, as are various forms of printed and broadcast media.
Country
Population
(2014)[2]
Total speakers
Percentage Spanish-speaking
Andorra 85,458 29,907 35%
Belize 340,844 106,795 30%
Gibraltar 29,185 23,857 81%
United States of America 318,892,103 52,000,000 23%
Andorra[edit]
See also: Languages of Andorra
The Spanish language is not official but also holds a special status (in the education system, the media, and some official documents) in the Principality of Andorra which shares land borders with Spain.[24]
Belize[edit]
See also: Languages of Belize
Spanish has no official recognition in the Central American nation of Belize, a Commonwealth realm where English is the official national language. However, the country shares land borders with Spanish-speaking Mexico and Guatemala and, per the 2010 Belizean census, Spanish is spoken by a sizable portion of the population; 30% claim Spanish as a mother tongue and about 50% of the population has working knowledge of the language.[25]
Gibraltar[edit]
See also: Languages of Gibraltar
The Spanish language is not official but also holds a special status (in the education system, the media, and some official documents) in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, which share land borders with Spain.[26]
United States[edit]
Main article: Spanish language in the United States
Spanish has been spoken in the United States for several centuries in the Southwest and Florida, which were all once part of New Spain. However, today only a tiny minority of Spanish speakers in the US trace their language back to those times; the overwhelming majority of speakers come from recent immigration. Only in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado has Spanish maintained speaking communities uninterruptedly since colonial times. [27] Spanish is the most studied foreign language in United States schools and is spoken as a native tongue by 41 million people, plus an additional 11 million fluent second-language speakers.[28] Though not official, Spanish has a special status for education in the U.S. state of New Mexico. [29] With over 50 million native speakers and second language speakers, the United States now has the second largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico.[30] Spanish is increasingly used alongside English nationwide in business and politics. In the United States, the language is regulated by the North American Academy of the Spanish Language.
Historical language[edit]
Philippines[edit]
Main article: Spanish language in the Philippines
See also: Philippine Spanish
Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of the Hispanic period in 1565 and through independence until a constitutional change in 1973. However, President Ferdinand Marcos had Spanish redesigned as an official language under Presidential Decree No. 156, dated 15 March 1973 and Spanish remained official until 1987, when it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language.[31]
On 8 August 2007, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo announced that the Philippine government asked help from the Spanish Government in her plan to reintroduce Spanish as a required subject in the Philippine school system.[32] By 2012, the language was a compulsory subject at only a very select number of secondary schools.[33] In spite of government promotion of Spanish, less than 0.5% of the population are able to speak Spanish at least proficiently.[34]
While Spanish is designated as an optional government language in the Philippines, its usage is very limited and not present in everyday life.[35] In the country, Spanish is regulated by the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language.
Western Sahara[edit]
Spanish is a secondary official language, alongside Arabic, in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a former Spanish colony and now a partially recognized state, most of whose territory is occupied by Morocco. Spanish is not a native language in that country.[36][37]
Guam and Northern Mariana Islands[edit]
Spanish was spoken during Spanish rule, but is no longer used. But in Guam there are Spanish songs and is spoken by Puerto Ricans and Catholic people. And both islands music is influenced by Spanish. Chamorro language is derived from Spanish language but is not creole. And the culture and cuisine are influenced by Hispanic culture and cuisine, and have Spanish surnames.
Creole languages[edit]
Main article: Spanish-based creole languages
There are a number of Spanish-based creole languages. Chavacano is spoken in Zamboanga City in the Philippines and is a regional language.[38] Papiamento is the official language in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao; it has been classified as either a Spanish-based or a Portuguese-based creole.[39][40]
Chamorro is an Austronesian language with many Spanish loanwords; some scholars have considered it a creole, but the most authoritative sources deny this. [41]
Country
Creole language
Estimated speakers[42]
Year
Status
Aruba Papiamento ~100,000[43] N/A Official.[44]
Caribbean Netherlands Papiamento – – Official.[45]
Curaçao Papiamento 185,155[46] 1981 Official.[47]
Philippines Chavacano 689,000[46] 1992 Regional.[38]
Judeo-Spanish[edit]
Main article: Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish (sometimes known as Ladino or other names) is a language derived from medieval Spanish; it is still spoken by some Sephardi Jews, mainly in Israel.[48]
International organizations[edit]
United Nations (UN)
European Union (EU)
Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
African Union (AU)
Central American Integration System (SICA)
Latin American Parliament (Parlatino)
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Mercosur
Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Latin Union
Pacific Alliance
Interpol
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
Jump up ^ Mexico does not have an official language at the federal level [1]; however, Spanish is spoken by the majority.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Colombia, Art. 10
Jump up ^ Spanish Constitution, Art. 3-1
Jump up ^ The Argentine Constitution does not establish Spanish as an official language.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Peru, Art. 48
Jump up ^ Constitution of Venezuela, Art. 9
Jump up ^ The Constitution of Chile does not establish Spanish as an official language. However, Chilean legislation establishes that schools must teach students to communicate in the "Castilian language" (General Law on Education (Articles 29 and 30), Chile Library of Congress.)
Jump up ^ Constitution of Ecuador, Art. 2
Jump up ^ Constitution of Guatemala, Art. 143
Jump up ^ Constitution of Cuba Archived 2 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine., Art. 2
Jump up ^ Constitution of Bolivia, Art. 5
Jump up ^ The Constitution of the Dominican Republic establish Spanish as it official language.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Honduras, Art. 6
Jump up ^ Constitution of Paraguay, Art. 140
Jump up ^ Constitution of El Salvador, Art. 62
Jump up ^ The Constitution of Nicaragua does not establish Spanish as an official language.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Costa Rica, Art. 76
^ Jump up to: a b Constitution of Puerto Rico Archived 19 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine., Art. 3, Section 5: It is mandatory to be able to read and write in either English or Spanish in order to be a member of the Legislative Assembly.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Panama, Art. 7
Jump up ^ The Constitution of Uruguay does not establish Spanish as an official language.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Equatorial Guinea Archived 1 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Art. 4
Jump up ^ "Observatori de l'Institut d'Estudis Andorrans" (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Statistical Institute of Belize: Belize Population and Housing Census 2010. Country Report. Belmopan 2013.
Jump up ^ <Constitution of Gibraltar Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Canfield, Delos Lincoln (1981). Spanish Pronunciation in the Americas. The University of Chicago Press. p. 80. The main nuclei of Spanish speech in the United States are northern New Mexico / southern Colorado, the border territories from California through Texas, the Florida peninsula, New York City, and other large cities of the Northeast and Midwest. Only one of these, the New Mexico / Colorado dialect area, has maintained linguistic continuity since colonial days, and its speech goes back to about 1600.
Jump up ^ "US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
Jump up ^ Language Rights and New Mexico Statehood By the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
Jump up ^ "Más 'speak spanish' que en España". Retrieved 2007-10-06. (Spanish)
Jump up ^ Article XIV, Sec 7: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
Jump up ^ "La presidenta filipina pedirá ayuda a España para oficializar el español" (in Spanish). MSN Noticias. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
Jump up ^ Legaspi, Amita O. (3 July 2012). "PNoy (President Benigno Aquino III) and Spain's Queen Sofia welcome return of Spanish language in Philippine schools". GMA News.
Jump up ^ Medium projection, Philippine Statistics Authority, 2010, archived from the original on 11 August 2011
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Philippines, Art. 14
Jump up ^ "Como saharauis queremos conservar el español". Lavozdegalicia.es. 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
Jump up ^ "EL ESPAñOL EN LOS CAMPAMENTOS DE REFUGIADOS SAHARAUIS (TINDUF, ARGELIA)" (PDF). Cvc.cervantes.es. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
^ Jump up to: a b DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3. GMA News. July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Attila Narin (June 1998). "Papiamentu Facts". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
Jump up ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. Bloomsbury Publishing plc. p. 489. ISBN 0-7475-3117-X.
Jump up ^ Topping, Donald (1973). Chamorro Reference Grammar. University Press of Hawaii. pp. 6 and 7. ISBN 978-0-8248-0269-1.
Jump up ^ "Ethnologue". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Language" - Government of Aruba (official site) - 2010
Jump up ^ Migge, Bettina; Léglise, Isabelle; Bartens, Angela (2010). Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 268. ISBN 978-90-272-5258-6.
Jump up ^ "Tijdelijke wet officiële talen BES" (in Dutch). wetten.nl. Retrieved 2010-10-24. Artikel 2: De officiële talen zijn het Engels, het Nederlands en het Papiamento. (English: Article 2: The official languages are English, Dutch and Papiamento)
^ Jump up to: a b Número de hispanohablantes en países y territorios donde el español no es lengua oficial Archived 29 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Instituto Cervantes.
Jump up ^ "Nieuwsbrief 070313 – Papiaments officieel erkend". Nieuws.leidenuniv.nl. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
Jump up ^ EJP | News | Western Europe | Judaeo-Spanish language revived Archived 29 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.. Ejpress.org (19 September 2005). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
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Kelly Reno
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kelly Reno
Born
(1966-06-19) June 19, 1966 (age 51)
Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, rancher, trucker
Years active
1979–1985
Spouse(s)
Lynette Tuttle (m. 1986; div. 1996)
Annette Crump (m. 1998; div. 2005)
Dawn Hickey (m. 2007)
Children
Three (with Tuttle) One stepdaughter (with Hickey)
Kelly Reno (born June 19, 1966, in Pueblo, Colorado)[citation needed] is a former child actor who was cast at age 11 in the role of Alec Ramsey, the young boy who is marooned on a deserted island along with a horse, in The Black Stallion (based on the novel by Walter Farley). The film was made in 1977.
Reno also appeared in the 1983 film adaptation of The Black Stallion Returns, alongside Vincent Spano.
Reno's acting career was cut short when the pick-up truck he was driving was hit by a semi-truck. He had severe injuries and the long recovery time put an end to his acting career. In 1985 he appeared as an Alamo messenger who travels through time in an episode entitled "Alamo Jobe" in Steven Spielberg's Amazing Stories.
After 20 years as a cattle rancher, he became a semi-truck driver. He lives in Colorado with his third wife and her daughter (Shaina).
Contents
[hide]
1 Filmography
1.1 Films
1.2 Television
2 Bibliography
3 External links
Filmography[edit]
Films[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1979 The Black Stallion Alec Ramsey
1983 The Black Stallion Returns
Brady's Escape Miki
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1983 The Merv Griffin Show Himself
1985 Amazing Stories (TV series) Alamo Jobe
Bibliography[edit]
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 372-373.
External links[edit]
Kelly Reno on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 66074482
LCCN: no97030641
ISNI: 0000 0000 4190 156X
GND: 1031749829
BNF: cb142199525 (data)
BIBSYS: 11050985

This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Reno&oldid=831587328"
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You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby"
Featured in the 1938 film Hard to Get
Song by Dick Powell
Published
1938
Composer(s)
Harry Warren
Lyricist(s)
Johnny Mercer
"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby" is a popular song with music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Johnny Mercer, published in 1938 by Remick Music Corporation. It was featured in the Warner Brothers movie Hard to Get, released November 1938, in which it was sung by Dick Powell.[1]
Originally, the song was recorded by Bing Crosby for the biggest-selling hit version,[1][2] while other contemporaneous hit versions included recordings by Tommy Dorsey (with vocal by Edythe Wright) and Russ Morgan.[1] It was also revived by Bobby Darin in 1961, reaching the charts again that year.[1] The song has been recorded by many other artists (see below for a partial list) and is considered a popular standard. It was used frequently in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons, also produced by Warner Brothers, under the musical direction of Carl W. Stalling.[3]
Recorded versions[edit]
Russ Morgan and his orchestra (recorded August 26, 1938, released by Decca Records as catalog number 2125A,[1] with the flip side "This Is Madness"[4])
Tommy Dorsey and his Clambake 7 with vocal by Edythe Wright (recorded September 29, 1938, released by Victor Records as catalog number 26066,[1] with the flip side "Sailing at Midnight"[5])
Blue Barron and his orchestra (recorded October 1, 1938, released by Bluebird Records as catalog number 7886[6] and by Montgomery Ward Records as catalog number 7537,[7] both with the flip side "It's Time to Say Aloha"[6][7])
Bing Crosby (recorded October 14, 1938,[8] released by Decca Records as catalog number 2147A,[1] with the flip side "Summertime"[4])
Chick Bullock (recorded October 20, 1938, released by Conqueror Records as catalog number 9149, with the flip side "I Won't Tell a Soul"[9])
Dorothy Carless and Sam Costa ("two voices and a piano") in February 1939, released by Regal Zonophone (MR 2984).
Robert Clary (released by Capitol Records as catalog number 891, with the flip side "Alouette"[10])
Perry Como (recorded March 21, 1946, released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-1916, with the flip side "A Garden in the Rain"[11])
Bobby Darin (recorded on June 19, 1961 released as Atco 6206, with the flip side "Sorrow Tomorrow";[12] the biggest hit version, reaching U.S. #5 and UK #10)
Joe Loss & his Band with vocal by Chick Henderson (recorded January 21, 1939 released on Regal Zonophone MR-2992)
The Dave Clark Five (released in 1967 as a U.S. single on Epic Records, catalog number 10179, with the flip side "Man in the Pin-Stripe Suit"). Their version peaked at number thirty-five and was their seventeenth and final Top 40 hit [13]
Johnny Mercer (recorded January, 1974, released on the album My Huckleberry Friend.)
Red Norvo and his orchestra (vocal: Mildred Bailey; released by Brunswick Records as catalog number 8240, with the flip side "Just You, Just Me"[14])
Bob Smith and the Herman Chittison Trio (released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-2266, with the flip side "Where's Sam?"[15])
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gardner, Edward Foote (2000). Popular Songs of the 20th Century: Chart Detail & Encyclopedia, 1900-1949. St. Paul, Minnesota: Paragon House. ISBN 1-55778-789-1.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Joel Whitburn Presents a Century of Pop Music. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN 0-89820-135-7.
Jump up ^ http://www.alfred.com/Products/The-Looney-Tunes-Songbook--00-35330.aspx
^ Jump up to: a b Decca Records in the 2000 to 2499 series
Jump up ^ Victor Records in the 26000 to 26499 series
^ Jump up to: a b Bluebird Records in the 7500 to 7999 series
^ Jump up to: a b Montgomery Ward Records in the 7500 to 7999 series
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Conqueror Records in the 9000 to 9499 series
Jump up ^ Capitol Records in the 500 to 999 series
Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records in the 20-1500 to 20-1999 series
Jump up ^ Atco Records in the 6050 to 6792 series
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 129.
Jump up ^ Brunswick Records in the 8000 to 8517 series
Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records in the 20-2000 to 20-2499 series
[show]
v
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Bobby Darin
Discography
Studio albums
Bobby Darin (1958)
That's All (1960)
This is Darin (1960)
For Teenagers Only (1960)
The 25th Day of December (1960)
Two of a Kind (1961)
Love Swings (1961)
Twist with Bobby Darin (1961)
Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles (1962)
Things and Other Things (1962)
Oh! Look at Me Now (1962)
You're the Reason I'm Living (1963)
It's You or No One (1963)
18 Yellow Roses (1963)
Earthy! (1963)
Golden Folk Hits (1963)
Winners (1964)
From Hello Dolly to Goodbye Charlie (1964)
Venice Blue (1965)
Bobby Darin Sings The Shadow of Your Smile (1966)
In a Broadway Bag (Mame) (1966)
If I Were a Carpenter (1966)
Inside Out (1967)
Bobby Darin Sings Doctor Dolittle (1967)
Bobby Darin Born Walden Robert Cassotto (1968)
Commitment (1969)
Live albums
Darin at the Copa (1960)
Live at the Desert Inn (1987)
Compilation albums
The Bobby Darin Story (1961)
Aces Back to Back (2004)
Singles
"Splish Splash"
"Early in the Morning"
"Dream Lover"
"Mack the Knife"
"Beyond the Sea"
"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby"
"Things"
"You're the Reason I'm Living"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"Darlin' Be Home Soon"
Related articles
Beyond the Sea (film)
Dream Lover: The Bobby Darin Musical
Book:Bobby Darin
[show]
v
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Bing Crosby
Discography
Filmography
Albums
Music of Hawaii (1939)
Victor Herbert Melodies, Vol. One (1939)
Patriotic Songs for Children (1939)
Cowboy Songs (1939)
Victor Herbert Melodies, Vol. Two (1939)
George Gershwin Songs, Vol. One (1939)
Ballad for Americans (1940)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs (1940)
Christmas Music (1940)
Star Dust (1940)
Hawaii Calls (1941)
Small Fry (1941)
Crosbyana (1941)
Under Western Skies (1941)
Song Hits from Holiday Inn (w/ Fred Astaire) (1942)
Merry Christmas (1945)
Selections from Going My Way (1945)
Selections from The Bells of St. Mary's (1946)
Don't Fence Me In (1946)
The Happy Prince (1946)
Selections from Road to Utopia (1946)
Bing Crosby – Stephen Foster (1946)
What We So Proudly Hail (1946)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs, Vol. One (1946)
Favorite Hawaiian Songs, Vol. Two (1946)
Blue Skies (w/ Fred Astaire) (1946)
Bing Crosby – Jerome Kern (1946)
St. Patrick's Day (1947)
Bing Crosby – Victor Herbert (1947)
Selections from Welcome Stranger (1947)
Our Common Heritage (1947)
El Bingo (1947)
The Small One (1947)
The Man Without a Country (1947)
Drifting and Dreaming (1947)
Blue of the Night (1948)
Selections from Showboat (1948)
The Emperor Waltz (1948)
St. Valentine's Day (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson, Bob Hope, Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters (1948)
Selections from Road to Rio (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland, Mary Martin, Johnny Mercer (1948)
Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton, Eddie Heywood, Louis Jordan (1948)
Auld Lang Syne (1948)
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949)
Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin (1949)
South Pacific (1949)
Christmas Greetings (1949)
Ichabod – The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1949)
Top o' the Morning / Emperor Waltz (1949)
Songs from Mr. Music (1950)
Go West Young Man (1950)
Le Bing: Song Hits of Paris (1953)
Some Fine Old Chestnuts (1954)
Selections from White Christmas (1954)
Bing: A Musical Autobiography (1954)
High Tor (1956)
A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World (1956)
High Society (w/ Frank Sinatra, Grace Kelly, and Louis Armstrong) (1956)
Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around (1956)
Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings (1956)
Bing with a Beat (1957)
A Christmas Story (1957)
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1957)
Never Be Afraid (1957)
Jack B. Nimble – A Mother Goose Fantasy (1957)
New Tricks (1957)
Fancy Meeting You Here ( w/ Rosemary Clooney) (1958)
How the West Was Won (1959)
Bing & Satchmo (w/ Louis Armstrong) (1960)
101 Gang Songs (1960)
Holiday in Europe (1960)
The Road to Hong Kong (1962)
On the Happy Side (1962)
On the Sentimental Side (1962)
I Wish You a Merry Christmas (1962)
Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre (1963)
Return to Paradise Islands (1963)
Bing Crosby Sings the Great Country Hits (1963)
America, I Hear You Singing (w/ Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring) (1964)
12 Songs of Christmas (w/ Frank Sinatra and Fred Waring) (1964)
That Travelin' Two-Beat (w/ Rosemary Clooney) (1965)
Bing 'n' Basie (w/ Count Basie) (1972)
A Couple of Song and Dance Men (w/ Fred Astaire) (1975)
Seasons (1977)
Bing Crosby: The Voice of Christmas (1998)
Family
Dixie Lee (first wife)
Gary Crosby (son)
Dennis Crosby (son)
Phillip Crosby (son)
Lindsay Crosby (daughter)
Kathryn Crosby (second wife)
Harry Crosby (son)
Mary Crosby (daughter)
Nathaniel Crosby (son)
Denise Crosby (granddaughter)
Larry Crosby (brother)
Bob Crosby (brother)
Related
Songs Bing Crosby recorded multiple times
A Tribute to Bing Crosby
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Must_Have_Been_a_Beautiful_Baby&oldid=797262214"
Categories:
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1938 songs
Bobby Darin songs
Looney Tunes songs
Songs with lyrics by Johnny Mercer
Mildred Bailey songs
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