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Ambassador
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This article is about ambassadors in general. For other uses (including specific types of ambassadors), see Ambassador (disambiguation).
Hans Holbein the Younger:
The Ambassadors, 1533. The life-sized panel portrays Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve, the ambassadors of Francis I of France.
An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sovereign or appointed for a special and often temporary diplomatic assignment.[1] The word is also often used more liberally for persons who are known, without national appointment, to represent certain professions, activities and fields of endeavor such as sales.
An ambassador is the ranking government representative stationed in a foreign capital. The host country typically allows the ambassador control of specific territory called an embassy, whose territory, staff, and vehicles are generally afforded diplomatic immunity in the host country. Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, an ambassador has the highest diplomatic rank. Countries may choose to maintain diplomatic relations at a lower level by appointing a chargé d'affaires in place of an ambassador.
The equivalent to an ambassador exchanged among members of the Commonwealth of Nations are known as High Commissioners. The "ambassadors" of the Holy See are known as Papal or Apostolic Nuncios.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Purposes
2.1 Protect citizens
2.2 Support prosperity
2.3 Work for peace
3 Rise of modern diplomacy
4 Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary
5 Ambassador-at-Large
6 Title
7 Non-diplomatic ambassadorships
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Etymology[edit]
The term is derived from Middle English ambassadour, Anglo-French ambassateur, ultimately of Latin origin from the word Ambaxus-Ambactus, meaning servant or minister; akin to Old High German ambaht, "service". The first known usage of the term is in the Bible. [2]
Purposes[edit]
The foreign government to which an ambassador is assigned must first approve the person. In some cases, the foreign government might reverse its approval by declaring the diplomat a persona non grata, i.e. an unacceptable person. This kind of declaration usually results in recalling the ambassador to their home nation. In accordance with the Congress of Vienna of 1815 and the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the ambassador and embassy staff are granted diplomatic immunity and personal safety while living abroad.[3][4]
Protect citizens[edit]
Due to the advent of modern travel, today's world is a much smaller place in relative terms. With this in mind, it is considered important that the nations of the world have at least a small staff living in foreign capitals in order to aid travelers and visitors from their home nation. As an officer of the foreign service, an ambassador is expected to protect the citizens of their home country in the host country.[5][4]
Support prosperity[edit]
Another result of the increase in foreign travel is the growth of trade between nations. For most countries, the national economy is now part of the global economy. This means increased opportunities to sell and trade with other nations. When two nations are conducting a trade, it is usually advantageous to both parties to have an ambassador and perhaps a small staff living in the other land, where they act as an intermediary between cooperative businesses.[5][4]
Work for peace[edit]
One of the cornerstones of foreign diplomatic missions is to work for peace. This task can grow into a fight against international terrorism, the drug trade, international bribery, and human trafficking. Ambassadors help stop these acts, helping people across the globe. These activities are important and sensitive and are usually carried out in coordination with the Defense Ministry of the state (or the Defense Department in the U.S.) and the head of the nation.[5][4]
Rise of modern diplomacy[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Arrival of the English Ambassadors by Vittore Carpaccio, painted between 1495 and 1500—though ostensibly part of a series of paintings on the life of Saint Ursula, this actually depicts the developing diplomatic practices of the Republic of Venice in the painter's own time
Before taking office, an ambassador's credentials must be accepted, such as when South African Ambassador Harry Schwarz handed his credentials to U.S. President George H. W. Bush in 1991.
The rise of the modern diplomatic system was a product of the Italian Renaissance (from around 1300 AD). The use of ambassadors became a political strategy in Italy during the 17th century. The political changes in Italy altered the role of ambassadors in diplomatic affairs. Because many of the states in Italy were small in size, they were particularly vulnerable to larger states. The ambassador system was used to disperse information and to protect the more vulnerable states.
This practice then spread to Europe during the Italian Wars. The use and creation of ambassadors during the 15th century in Italy has had long-term effects on Europe and, in turn, the world's diplomatic and political progression. Europe still uses the same terms of ambassador rights as they had established in the 16th century, concerning the rights of the ambassadors in host countries as well as the proper diplomatic procedures. An ambassador was used as a representative of the state in which they are from to negotiate and disseminate information in order to keep peace and establish relationships with other states. This attempt was employed in the effort to maintain peaceful relations with nations and make alliances during difficult times.
The use of ambassadors today is widespread. States and non-state actors use diplomatic representatives to deal with any problems that occur within the international system. Ambassadors now normally live overseas or within the country in which it is assigned to for long periods of time so that they are acquainted with the culture and local people. This way they are more politically effective and trusted, enabling them to accomplish goals that their host country desires.
Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary[edit]
Maria-Pia Kothbauer, Princess of Liechtenstein and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Czech Republic, presenting her credentials to Václav Klaus
The Congress of Vienna of 1815 formalized the system of diplomatic rank under international law:
Ambassadors are diplomats of the highest rank, formally representing the head of state, with plenipotentiary powers (i.e. full authority to represent the government). In modern usage, most ambassadors on foreign postings as head of mission carry the full title of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. "Ordinary" ambassadors and non-plenipotentiary status are rarely used, although they may be encountered in certain circumstances. The only difference between an extraordinary ambassador and an ordinary ambassador is that while the former's mission is permanent, the latter serves only for a specific purpose.[6]
Among European powers, the ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary was historically regarded as the personal representative of the Sovereign. The custom of dispatching ambassadors to the head of state rather than the government has persisted. For example, ambassadors to and from the United Kingdom are accredited to or from the Royal Court of St James's. Ambassadors hold the highest diplomatic rank and have precedence over chargés d'affaires, who are accredited by the foreign minister. Ambassadors also outranked envoys until the 1960s, when the last legations were upgraded to embassies.
Because members of the Commonwealth of Nations have or had a common head of state, they do not exchange ambassadors, but instead have High Commissioners, who represent the government, rather than the head of state. The diplomat representing the Holy See is titled a nuncio. In diplomatic usage, both the high commissioner and nuncio are considered equivalent in rank and role to an ambassador. Resident Coordinators within the United Nations system are accredited to the Head of State and have the same rank as ambassador.
Ambassadors carry formal letters of credence from their head of state, addressed to the host country's head of state. Because many Commonwealth countries have the same head of state, the accreditation of a High Commissioner is in the form of a simple and often informal letter of introduction from one head of government (Prime Minister) to that of another. The difference in accreditation is also reflected in the formal titles of envoys to foreign and Commonwealth states: e.g., British High Commissioners are formally titled "The High Commissioner for Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom", whereas British Ambassadors to foreign countries are known as "Her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador".[citation needed]
Ambassador-at-Large[edit]
Main article: Ambassador-at-Large
An ambassador-at-large is a diplomat of the highest rank or a minister who is accredited to represent their country. But unlike the ambassador-in-residence, who is usually limited to a country or embassy, the ambassador-at-large can be appointed to operate in several usually neighbouring countries, a region or sometimes a seat of international organizations such as the United Nations or European Union. In some cases, an ambassador-at-large may even be specifically assigned a role to advise and assist the state or Government in particular issues.
Historically, presidents or prime ministers have commissioned special diplomatic envoys for specific assignments, primarily overseas but sometimes also within the country as ambassadors-at-large.
Title[edit]
While the title generally reflects the ambassador's second head position as head of a diplomatic mission, in some countries the term may also represent a rank held by career diplomats, as a matter of internal promotion, regardless of the posting, and in many national careers it is quite common for them to be appointed to other functions, especially within the ministry/ministries in charge of foreign affairs, in some countries in systematic alternation with actual postings.
The formal form of address for an ambassador is generally the form that would be used to address a head of state: "(Your/His/Her) Excellency" followed by name or the country represented. In many countries, less formal variations are frequently used, such as "Ambassador" followed by name, or the name followed by "Ambassador of...". In the United States, "Mister/Madam Ambassador" may be used. The Republic of Kosovo has bestowed the title of Honorary ambassador to nine prominent individuals. This is a rare example of an appointment for life by presidential decree of an ambassador by a sovereign state. Honorary ambassadors are entitled to the same precedence and honors as career ambassadors in the Republic of Kosovo.
In some countries, a former ambassador may continue to be styled and addressed as ambassador throughout their life (in the United States, "Mr. Ambassador" or "Madam Ambassador" may be heard). In other countries, ambassador is a title that accrues to its holder only with respect to a specific position, and may not be used after leaving or beyond the position. Some countries do not use the term while an ambassador is in the home country, as the office holder is not an ambassador there; for example, a Canadian ambassador while in Canada is not generally addressed as ambassador, although they may be referred to as "Canadian ambassador to ..."; that is, with reference to a specific job function; the person is addressed or styled as ambassador only while holding such office.
Non-diplomatic ambassadorships[edit]
In a less formal sense, the phrase is used for high-profile non-diplomatic representatives of various entities (rarely states), mainly cultural and charitable organizations, often as willing figureheads to attract media attention; for example, film and pop stars make appeals to the public at large for UNESCO activities (see UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors), sometimes during press-swarmed visits in the foreign country.
In French speaking regions such as metropolitan France, Guadeloupe, Réunion, Quebec, or Wallonia, the title of ambassadeur personne is used.
See also[edit]
International relations portal
Consul (representative)
Lists of ambassadors
Diplomat
Diplomacy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Defined by Webster".
Jump up ^ "Webster Dictionary".
Jump up ^ "Purpose of Ambassador".
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Purpose as on web".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Purpose as on web".
Jump up ^ Leopold Grahame (August 6, 1913). "Embassy Councilor; Suggestion to State Department in Regard to Ex-Gov. Lind". Query.nytimes.com.
Bibliography[edit]
Rana, K. (2003). "The 21st Century Ambassador: people who are very important"
External links[edit]
Look up ambassador in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambassadors.
Embassypages.com - Embassies and Consulates Around the World
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ambassador
http://careers.state.gov/officer
https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/221.htm
http://www.ediplomat.com/nd/functions.htm
http://law.jrank.org/pages/4281/Ambassadors-Consuls-Powers-Duties.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20140112095115/http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=29741
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Sport for social development
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Sport for Social Development is a method of bringing about social change through the use of sports. In the U.S. this is commonly referred to as Sports-Based Youth Development. Sport refers to the physical activity and development is any individual, health, social, and economic benefits. Sport for is used as a tool for peace and development. The programs use sport to help children learn lifelong skills as an incentive for the children to improve their scholarship. Sport is used as a tool to reach personal and community goals. Most organizations utilizing this method are geared towards underprivileged children and teenagers in urban areas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Promote youth development
2 Organizations in America
2.1 Up2Us Sports
2.2 Street Soccer USA
2.3 Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities
2.4 Team-Up for Youth
2.5 CityLax, Inc.
2.6 Project GOAL
2.7 Play for Life International
2.8 Soccer in the Streets
3 Global organizations
3.1 Women Win
3.2 Laureus Sport for Good Foundation
3.3 Indiability Foundation
3.4 Sports PLUS Global
3.5 Coaches Across Continents
3.6 Cricket for Change
3.7 Hoops 4 Hope
3.8 Peace Players International
3.9 Magic Bus India Foundation
3.10 Right to Play
3.11 Rugby League Against Violence
3.12 Moving the Goalposts Kilifi
4 Funding
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Promote youth development[edit]
Since the advent of modern Olympics in 1896, athletes have shown that sports enable people to come together in an effort to bring about global peace and to share a desire for self-improvement. Non-profit sports programs aiming to educate through similar means are part of an up-and-coming movement, however.[1] Through sport, children learn sportsmanship and other life skills. Youth sport can help them grow towards positive development and good relationships with others. Sport is a tool utilized to get young people involved in their communities. Positive peer relationships are also encouraged through coaching as well as the physical activity, which makes sport particularly beneficial to children with disorders such as ADHD[2]. This leads to youth feeling integrated with other young people. Through being involved in sports youth can gain self-esteem when they are enjoying the experience of taking part in a sport.[3] Sports help them gain lifelong skills and want to do better in the classroom as well. Involvement in sports have been related to one having better cognitive functioning as well as higher grades and rest scores, satisfaction in school, engagement in school, aspirations for college, and lower dropout rates.[4] Also, according to the Official Website of the Olympic Movement, being surrounded by a supportive group of people with similar goals, as in playing a sport, “can alleviate the negative effects of poverty.”[1] Non-profit organizations are founded in urban areas affected by poverty to help marginalized children by creating an environment to unite people across gender, race, religion, or socioeconomic background.
Organizations in America[edit]
Up2Us Sports[edit]
Up2Us, doing business as Up2Us Sports, is a sport-based youth development non-profit organization founded in 2010 dedicated to supporting young people through sport.[5] Through their national coach program, Up2Us identifies, trains and supports coaches, many of whom serve as AmeriCorps members, to work with young people in underserved communities around the country.[6] Their training teaches strategies for coaches to work with young people who have dealt with trauma.[7]
Street Soccer USA[edit]
Street Soccer USA is a non-profit organization under the umbrella of HELP USA that promotes the growth and development of a national network of grassroots soccer programs to achieve social change. SSUSA aims to get homeless men, women, and youth off the streets through innovative, sports-based solutions to eradicate homelessness and poverty in the United States. As of 2010, SSUSA has 18 teams across the United States.[8]
Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities[edit]
Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities (RBI) is a youth baseball program operated by Major League Baseball. This youth initiative is designed to provide young people from underserved and diverse communities the opportunity to play baseball and softball. The program was created by John Young in 1989 in Los Angeles, and now serves more than 200 communities.
Team-Up for Youth[edit]
Team-Up believes in the power of sports to help children learn and grow socially, emotionally, and physica lly.[9] This organization was founded in 2001 and they want to support the healthy development of youth through strengthening and expanding after school sports programs in a low-income community in the San Francisco Bay Area. They make physical activity programs accessible in their neighborhood so that these children can socially, emotionally, and physical make improvements. The program has many components including: training and education, coaching corps, grant making, public policy, and knowledge creation and sharing. Team-Up receives substantial funding through the Evelyn & Walter Haas Jr. Fund and the San Francisco Foundation.
CityLax, Inc.[edit]
CityLax is based in New York City. Since the organization started in 2005, it has described itself as "school-centric."[10] CityLax functions on the idea that schools are the best environment for students and athletes alike to build on their abilities and work towards self-improvement. The organization brings lacrosse into the public school sphere to provide more opportunities to learn, both on and off the field.
Project GOAL[edit]
Project GOAL (Greater Opportunities for Athletes to Learn) is located in Central Falls, RI, just outside Providence. Project GOAL was founded in October 2004 with just 20 children involved. It has since tripled in size.[11] In a personal interview, Darius Shirzadi, Co-Founder and Executive Director of Project GOAL, emphasized that by playing soccer children learn "respect, responsibility, and accountability." The organization uses soccer to encourage team members to work towards academic improvement.[12] In doing so, the team members acquire new lifelong abilities. 97% of participating students have gone on to become the first in their families to attend college.[13]
Play for Life International[edit]
Play for Life International, founded in 2007, helps over 700 children per year. The organization provides a secure community for at-risk children. As stated on the website, "We give children a safe place to play while fighting the battle of idle time."[14]
Soccer in the Streets[edit]
Soccer in the Streets was founded in 1989 and works with nearly 2,000 youth each year. The organization empowers underserved youth through soccer, character development, mentoring, and employability programs. Throughout the 1990s, Soccer in the Streets introduced soccer to many urban and underserved communities through soccer clinics, especially during the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups and the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. In recent years, Soccer in the Streets has developed programming geared towards preparing youth for success on and off the field. Year round programming serves youth from kindergarten through early adulthood.
Global organizations[edit]
Sport for Social Development is a worldwide initiative.
Women Win[edit]
Women Win is the global leader in girls’ empowerment through sport. They leverage the power of play to help girls build leadership and become better equipped to exercise their rights. Sport is only the tool; the end game is helping girls thrive as they face the most pressing issues of adolescence, including accessing sexual and reproductive health and rights, addressing gender-based violence and achieving economic empowerment. Since 2007, Women Win has impacted the lives of over 1.24 million adolescent girls in over 100 countries. This has been made possible by collaborations with a wide variety of grassroots women’s organisations, corporates, development organisations, sport bodies and government agencies. Their work is strategically positioned at the intersection of development, sport and women’s rights.
Laureus Sport for Good Foundation[edit]
This global organization supports projects through funding, educational training, as well as research and evaluation tools. They also connect their projects from around the world to encourage collaboration. Laureus Sport for Good was founded in 2000, inspired be Nelson Mandela's infamous speech at the first Laureus World Sports Awards in 2000, in which he declared that "Sport has the power to change the world." Through its projects, the Foundation uses sport as the means to tackle problems such as HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, crime, social exclusion, landmines awareness, violence, discrimination and health problems such as obesity. Laureus currently supports over 150 projects in around 40 countries. Laureus has national foundations in the United States, Argentina, South Africa, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands. Their website states they have raised "over €100 million since 2000". The Foundation has the support of over 180 Laureus Ambassadors and 60 Laureus World Sport Academy Members.
Indiability Foundation[edit]
The Indiability Foundation is dedicated to improving the lives of youth and people with physical disabilities in India. IMAGE (Indian Mixed Ability Group Events), a sport for development and social change program, which works towards the social inclusion of disabled people into mainstream Indian society, was set up in 2005. After beginning life as after-schools sports clubs, allowing disabled and non-disabled students to interact and promote mutual understanding, the project has developed into a community outreach program. IMAGE was able to maximize its social impact by combining learning objectives with sports sessions in the conservative rural areas of Rajasthan where disabled people are most severely ostracised. IMAGE trains groups of young people with disabilities and their non-disabled counterparts, to drive the program. These young people are responsible for delivering sports and games specially designed to carry valuable information such as why education is important, improving sanitation, and explaining how diseases including polio and cholera are spread through open defecation.
The project breaks down barriers between disabled and non-disabled communities through group activities, instills confidence, and allows disabled youth to nurture their inclusion into mainstream society. Subsequently, discriminatory mindsets on disability are challenged as IMAGE members start getting accepted as well-educated, productive, and responsible role models in the isolated communities where the project operates. Furthermore, the participants develop skill sets through their work experience with IMAGE, which they can include on their CVs – a concept that they’re made aware of through the IMAGE Employability Workshops.
Sports PLUS Global[edit]
Positive Learning Using Sports is an international global organization that gives educational training to communities and programs through sports and promoting positive human development and social change. Since 1984, Sports PLUS has reached over five thousand children and trained two thousand coaches and educators in camps and after-school programs throughout the United States, Cyprus, Canada, and Hong Kong.[9] Their PLUS model has twelve essential steps that communities can use. The steps develop respectful relationships and an understanding of how children learn in groups.
Coaches Across Continents[edit]
Coaches Across Continents is a global leader in the sport for social impact movement. They partner with local organizations to implement their award-winning 'Hat-Trick Initiative' based on their Chance to Choice philosophy and Self-Directed Learning Methodology that focuses on local social issues such as: female empowerment including gender equity; conflict prevention including social inclusion; health and wellness including HIV behavior change, other life skills and FUN. In 2016 4,817 coaches participated in CAC training and received Sport for Social Impact certifications. In addition, nearly 1.5 Million children were directly impacted through our 1,698 community partners. In 2016 Coaches Across Continents worked with 90 communities in 28 countries, developing local community leaders on sport for development skills to positively impact and educate their youth.
Cricket for Change[edit]
Cricket for Change, founded in 1981 in the UK, has had thirty years of impacting the lives of disadvantaged children.[15]
Hoops 4 Hope[edit]
Hoops 4 Hope is a non-profit organization in South Africa that uses basketball to help children from underserved areas become proactive leaders in their individual lives and in their communities.[16] It has been in existence for over 15 years. Hoops 4 Hope in conjunction with its sister organization Soccer 4 Hope has given 10,000 children the opportunity to participate in sports.[16]
Peace Players International[edit]
Peace Players International has been working for almost a decade "to unite, educate and inspire young people in divided communities through basketball."[17] There are 52,000 children involved in South Africa, Northern Ireland, Israel and the West Bank, and Cyprus.[17]
Magic Bus India Foundation[edit]
Magic Bus India Foundation is an organisation that works with 300,000 children and 8,000 volunteers using a sport for development curriculum the organisation has developed over 15 years of working in India's slums and villages. The programme begins when a child is 7 years old, follows their journey through childhood and aims to create confident young people, ready for jobs or higher education opportunities. The organisation foster young adults who they call Community Youth Leaders to deliver the programme and to become role models and mentors for the children.[18] Both the young adults and children come from the same communities, so that a close and constant relationship is built. The young adults are trained to deliver the activity-based curricula we have pioneered, to bring about changes in behaviours and practices. They work to promote gender equality, access to education and health services, as well as developing a child's social and emotional skills. Their other key role is to work with the child’s support structure: the parents, the community at large and local institutions to ensure the change we make results in social, emotional and economic well-being.
The curriculum has a grounding in academic research and is based on classical learning theories. Sporting activities and games are structured into each session to make them fun and appealing to children. Sessions are designed to represent real-life situations and challenges so children are able to relate these back to their daily lives. [19]
Right to Play[edit]
Right to Play is an international organization that has programs in a variety of countries around the world, including Botswana, Pakistan, Thailand, and Peru.[20] The organization was founded in 1992 and has since created a global network of support and commitment to underprivileged children by Olympic athletes and charitable organizations such as UNICEF. Raising funds, advocating for play base learning, and building awareness is some of the things the national offices do for Right To Play. The goal for Right To Play is to teach kids in need through educational games.
Rugby League Against Violence[edit]
Rugby League Against Violence[21] (RLAV) is an organisation that operates in both Australia and Papua New Guinea, using rugby league as a vehicle for development. It aims to change attitudes towards women and promote respectful relationships as a way of reducing levels of family, gender-based and domestic violence in both nations.
Moving the Goalposts Kilifi[edit]
Moving the Goalposts (MTG) Kilifi is a girls football for development organization that was founded in 2002. Moving the Goalposts works annual with more than 4000 girls between the ages of 9 – 25 years in rural communities in Kilifi County, Kenya on issues such as school drop out, teenage pregnancies, early marriages and gender equality in Coastal rural Kenya. MTG's interventions are mobilization of girls and young women in football leagues and tournaments, leadership development for girls, peer education on sexual reproductive health and rights, advocacy within communities and cooperation with parents and stakeholders, and educational support and economic empowerment.
Funding[edit]
Building extensive networks in the private, governmental and non-governmental sectors in addition to composing a solid organisational framework and acquiring the appropriate resources is the recipe to success.[22] There are foundations internationally that offer grants.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Sport, a Tool for Development". Official website of the Olympic Movement. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Kamp, C. F.; Sperlinch, B.; Holmberg, H. C. (2014). "Nurturing The Child". Acta Paediatrica. 103: 709. More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Social and Emotional Development". Retrieved 1 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Maximizing the Benefits of Youth Sport". Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 84: 8–13. August 2013. doi:10.1080/07303084.2013.820112. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Dixon, Lance. "Coaches teach kids life lessons". Miami Herald. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Mcnulty, Ian. "Community Impact Series: Up2Us". WWNO. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Given, Karen. "Trauma-Sensitive Coaching Transforms Violent Neighborhoods". WBUR. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ http://avidsoccer.com/blog/index.php/2010/06/15/epl-soccer-stars-demonstrate-that-ending-homelessness-is-a-team-sport-by-training-homeless-teens-in-la/comment-page-1/
^ Jump up to: a b "Intermediaries supporting sports-based youth development programs". 2007. 2007. pp. 107–118. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "About". CityLax. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Baker, Jon (30 November 2009). "Project GOAL scores". The Pawtucket Times. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Shirzadi, Darius (15 October 2011). "Project GOAL" (personal interview). Interview with Darius Shirzadi. Providence.
Jump up ^ Matt B. Doyle; Eric M. Payne; Eli A. Wolff. Unesco Report: Current Trends in Sport for Development and Peace: A Young Professionals Perspective (Report). p. 9. 97% of participating students have gone on to become the first in their families to attend college.
Jump up ^ "About us". Play for Life International. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Using cricket to change young lives". Cricket for Change. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "About H4H". Hoops 4 Hope. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mission, Vision and Values". Peace Players International. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iixaQy-viDI
Jump up ^ http://www.magicbus.org
Jump up ^ "Where we work". Right to Play. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "RLAV PNG". Rugby League Against Violence. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Funding Opportunities". Retrieved 11 December 2013.
References[edit]
Beedy, Jeff Positive Learning Using Sports. 1997.
Quinn, Jane (1999). "Where Need Meets Opportunity: Youth Development Programs for Early Teens". The Future of Children: When School Is Out. 9 (2). Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Hu, Winnie (July 28, 2008). "For Many Student Athletes, Game Over". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
"Participation in School Athletics". Child Trends Data Bank. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Gruneau, Richard. Class, Sports, and Social Development. The University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-387-4.
External links[edit]
Students for SportsCorps: Sport For Development and Peace
· www.positivelearningusingsports.org
Sport and Social Change
Sport for Social Change Initiative
International Sport and Development Platform
Benefits and Impact of Youth & Interscholastic Sports
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