text:
Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)
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"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"
One of A-side labels of the US 7-inch vinyl release
Single by The Jacksons
from the album Destiny
Released
1979
Format
7" single
12" maxi single
Recorded
August 1978
in Los Angeles, California
Genre
Disco
funk
Length
8:00 (album)
3:47 (7")
8:37 (Extended)
2:27 (Immortal version)
Label
Epic 8-50656
Songwriter(s)
Randy Jackson
Michael Jackson
Producer(s)
The Jacksons
The Jacksons singles chronology
"Blame It on the Boogie"
(1978) "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"
(1979) "Destiny"
(1979)
"Blame It on the Boogie"
(1978) "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"
(1979) "Destiny"
(1979)
Destiny track listing
"Things I Do for You"
(3) "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"
(4) "Destiny"
(5)
This Is It track listing
"The Way You Make Me Feel"
(6) "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"
(7) "I Just Can't Stop Loving You"
(8)
Alternative release(s)
Artwork for German and Dutch vinyl releases
"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" is a song recorded by The Jacksons for their 1978 album Destiny, and released as a single in 1979. It peaked at no. 7 in the Billboard Hot 100 in May 1979.[1]
The most successful of the Jacksons' recordings for Epic, "Shake Your Body" (originally demoed as "Shake a Body") was produced by the Jackson brothers, written by Randy and Michael, and featured Michael on lead vocals. The chorus "let's dance/let's shout (shout)/shake your body down to the ground" was inspired by an ad-lib from Marvin Gaye's "Got to Give It Up": "Let's dance/let's shout (shout)/gettin' funky's what it's all about" and the rhythmic pattern from Teddy Pendergrass's "Get Up, Get Down, Get Funky, Get Loose" (from his album Life Is a Song Worth Singing, released a couple of months previously).
Contents
[hide]
1 Release
2 Live performances
3 Personnel
4 Charts and certifications
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certifications
5 Samples
6 References
Release[edit]
Released to radio in a single edit of three minutes and forty-five seconds (and played in its full eight-minute album version by clubs), the single reached no. 3 in Cash Box magazine and peaked at no. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[2] It also peaked at no. 3 on the Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart.[2] The ensuing 12" Disco Single Remix featured a more focused drum and rhythm track, as well as the new synthesizer-voiced three octave climbing glissando that was not heard on the album version. "Shake Your Body" sold over two million copies, attaining double-platinum status from the Recording Industry Association of America.
The B-side on the 7" was "That's What You Get (For Being Polite)".
Live performances[edit]
The first performance of "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" was on the second leg of The Jacksons' Destiny Tour in 1979. Later, it was performed on the Triumph Tour in 1981. In 1984 it was performed on the Victory Tour. In 1987, it was performed on the first leg of Jackson's Bad Tour. It was also performed during the Michael Jackson 30th Anniversary concerts at the Madison Square Garden in New York City in September 2001; it would be the last song performed live by the Jacksons before the death of Michael Jackson in 2009. The song was going to be performed as an instrumental interlude (merged with Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough) during Jackson's 2009-2010 This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena, which was cancelled due to his sudden death. The song was remixed and released on the deluxe edition of the Michael Jackson's Immortal album.
Personnel[edit]
Written and composed by Randy Jackson and Michael Jackson
Lead vocals by Michael Jackson
Background vocals by Jackie Jackson, Randy Jackson, Tito Jackson and Marlon Jackson
Produced and vocal arrangements by The Jacksons
Rhythm arrangements by Greg Phillinganes
Horn and strings arranged by Tom Washington (Tom Tom 84)
Keyboards and synthesizers by Greg Phillinganes and Mike Boddicker
Drums by Ed Green
Percussion by Paulinho da Costa
Guitar by Tito Jackson
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1979)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[3] 59
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4] 6
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)[5] 5
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[6] 13
Ireland (IRMA)[7] 9
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[8] 3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[9] 3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[10] 8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[11] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[2] 7
US Billboard Hot Soul Singles[2] 3
US Cash Box[12] 5
US Record World[13] 3
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot Digital Songs[2] 50
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1979)
Rank
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[14] 46
Canada (RPM Top 200 Singles)[15] 98
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[16] 34
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[17] 19
US Billboard Hot 100[18] 25
US Cash Box[19] 26
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[20]
Gold 75,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[21]
Silver 250,000^
United States (RIAA)[22]
Platinum 2,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Samples[edit]
The song was sampled by reggae fusion artist Shaggy for his 2000 single "Dance & Shout".[23] It was also sampled by rapper Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock on their song "Get on the Dance Floor".[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Vol. 91 no. 20. May 19, 1979. p. 100. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Destiny – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Jacksons – Shake Your Body (Down To The Ground)" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 4750b." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4734a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Shake Your Body". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Jacksons - Shake Your Body (Down To The Ground)" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Jacksons – Shake Your Body (Down To The Ground)" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Jacksons – Shake Your Body (Down To The Ground)". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending MAY 19, 1979". Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. . Cash Box.
Jump up ^ "Record World Singles" (PDF). Record World. June 6, 1979. p. 37. ISSN 0034-1622. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1979" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 32, No. 13, December 22, 1979". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1979" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1979" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1979". The Longbored Surfer. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1979". Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. . Cash Box.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Jacksons – Shake Your Body". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Jacksons – Shake Your Body (Down To The Ground)". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Shake Your Body (Down To The Ground) in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Jacksons – Shake Your Body". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Shaggy feat. Pee Wee's Dance & Shout sample of The Jacksons's Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)". WhoSampled. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock's Get on the Dance Floor sample of The Jacksons's Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)". WhoSampled. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Jackson 5/The Jacksons singles
Singles on Steeltown Records
"Big Boy"
Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5
"I Want You Back"
ABC
"ABC"
"The Love You Save"
"Never Had a Dream Come True"
"Don't Know Why I Love You"
" La La (Means I Love You)"
Third Album
"I'll Be There"
"Mama's Pearl"
"The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage"
Jackson 5 Christmas Album
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"
"Give Love on Christmas Day"
Maybe Tomorrow
"Never Can Say Goodbye"
"Maybe Tomorrow"
"16 Candles"
Greatest Hits
"Sugar Daddy"
Lookin' Through the Windows
"Little Bitty Pretty One"
"Lookin' Through the Windows"
"Doctor My Eyes"
Skywriter
"Skywriter"
G.I.T.: Get It Together
"Get It Together"
"Dancing Machine"
Dancing Machine
"Dancing Machine"
"I Am Love"
Moving Violation
"Forever Came Today"
"All I Do Is Think of You"
The Jacksons
"Enjoy Yourself"
"Show You the Way to Go"
Destiny
"Blame It on the Boogie"
"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"
Triumph
"Lovely One"
"This Place Hotel"
"Can You Feel It"
"Walk Right Now"
Victory
"State of Shock"
"Torture"
2300 Jackson Street
"Nothin' (That Compares 2 U)"
"2300 Jackson Street"
Notable collaborations and album tracks
"Who's Lovin' You"
"Hum Along and Dance"
"Feelin' Alright"
"This Is It"
Book
Category
Portal
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text:
Gun laws in Delaware
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gun laws in Delaware regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Delaware.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 Purchasing a Firearm
2.1 Firearm definition
2.1.1 Handguns
2.1.2 Long barrel guns
3 Restrictions and Requirements
3.1 Background Checks
4 Concealed Carry
4.1 Restricted areas
5 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant statutes
Notes
State permit to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No
Assault weapon law? No No
Magazine capacity restriction? No No
Owner license required? No No
Carry permits required? Yes Yes 11 Del.C. § 1441 Delaware is a officially "may issue" state for concealed carry, but mostly shall-issue in practice. Permits are generally issued to all applicants not barred from owning a firearm.
Open Carry? Yes Yes Open carry without permit is generally permitted. A 2014 State Supreme Court ruling recognized that Open Carry was a long standing fundamental right, barring local prohibitions in effect prior to July 4, 1985.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes* Yes* Complete preemption, except for town Ordinance No. 146 (enacted 6-26-1980), which bans the carry of firearms, openly or concealed in Elsmere's town parks. Also the city of Dover did require a permit from the police chief or a state concealed permit to open carry but this was repealed in October of 2015 in keeping with the 2014 State Supreme Court ruling.
NFA weapons restricted? Yes Yes SBRs and AOWs are legal. The city of Wilmington prohibits possession of SBRs within city limits. Machine guns, suppressors, Destructive Devices and SBS are prohibited for the average citizen.[4]
Peaceable Journey laws? No No Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales? Yes Yes 147th General Assembly: Chapter 20 Private party transfers of firearms to persons other than family members must be conducted though a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale. A transfer to a person who possesses a valid License to Carry a Concealed Deadly Weapon is exempt from this requirement.
Purchasing a Firearm[edit]
Delaware gun laws do not restrict purchasing of firearms, this includes rifles, shotguns, and handguns. You must be at least 18 to be able to purchase rifles and shotguns; 21 for handguns.
Delaware was voted the 5th easiest state to purchase a gun.[5] There are about 5.6 registered gun owners per 1000 people in the state of Delaware, and over 1000 firearms dealers within the state. There are also gun shows that allow you to buy antique guns, and guns that are not currently being made or are rare.
Firearm definition[edit]
Delaware law classifies a "firearm" as any weapon from which a shot, projectile or other object may be discharged by force of combustion, explosive, gas and/or mechanical means, whether operable or inoperable, loaded or unloaded. It does not include BB guns.
Handguns[edit]
The basic requirements to purchase a handgun are as follows: You must be 21 or older, you must have a state-registered ID, and pass a Federal background check.
Long barrel guns[edit]
The basic requirements to purchase a long barrel gun are almost identical to handgun laws. You must be 18 years or older, you must also have a state-registered ID, and pass a Federal background check.
Restrictions and Requirements[edit]
Individuals that are barred from possessing firearms are those who have felony convictions. This also extends to misdemeanor violent offenses, along with all convictions that include narcotics and controlled substances. Another restriction that prevents people from obtaining firearms is if you have a mental instability of a mental illness. If you are younger than 16, unless you have supervision of an adult you may not purchase a firearm. The only place where you are allowed to purchase a firearm without background check would be a gun show and you wouldn't need an background check to buy antique guns.
Background Checks[edit]
In the state of Delaware a buyer of a firearm is subject to a mandatory background criminal background check. An adult-record check is also required. In 2016 the Delaware General Assembly passed legislation that required all gun purchasers have a federal background check, however if the government takes more than 3 days for the check the seller of the firearm is allowed to go forward with the sale. In the state of Delaware you are permitted to buy a shotgun with a background check being sent to the firearm dealer. The average cost of a state background check in Delaware is $52.
Concealed Carry[edit]
To be able to carry a concealed weapon you must first have a CDW permit. In order to get this permit you must first post your application published at least once, at least 10 days before filing. You must then obtain and attach an affidavit which shows that the publication was met. After that you must also submit 5 reference questionnaires completed by citizens of the county in which you reside. Lastly you must have the application notarized. If denied for your application you are allowed to appeal. If accepted you will have 90 days to complete the approved gun course, only then will you be allowed to carry a concealed weapon. After your first three years you will need to re apply for your permit. If you are granted another permit this one will now last you five years not three.
Restricted areas[edit]
Legal gun owners can bring their firearms almost anywhere in the state of Delaware. Gun owners are legally allowed to openly carry handguns in the state. The only places where firearms are prohibited by law are courthouses, police stations, and a few additional areas. Public parks were prohibited area until the state Supreme Court found their inclusion unconstitutional and prohibited enforcement of a carry ban on state park lands.[6] Additionally if you own a CCW permit for a concealed carry you are also allowed to bring your firearm to almost half of the states. (46%)
Location of Delaware in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State Gun Laws: Delaware", National Rifle Association – Institute for Legislative Action. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Delaware State Law Summary", Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Concealed Weapons Reciprocity", Delaware Attorney General's Office. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Delaware", Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Easiest states to buy a gun". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Delaware Supreme Court strikes down broad restrictions on gun possession in state parks and forests", Washington Post, Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
[hide]
v
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Gun laws in the United States by state
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
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New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
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Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
District of Columbia
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
http://www.handgunlaw.us/states/delaware.pdf
https://www.nraila.org/gun-laws/state-gun-laws/delaware/
https://gun.laws.com/state-gun-laws/delaware-gun-laws
https://www.pewpewtactical.com/gun-laws-state/delaware-gun-laws/
http://www.handgunlaw.us/states/delaware.pdf
https://www.dmv.com/de/delaware/background-checks
https://www.pewpewtactical.com/concealed-carry-laws/delaware-ccw-laws/
http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/politics/2016/06/21/gun-background-check/86211686/
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-easiest-states-to-buy-a-gun_us_5735cfa8e4b08f96c182dc38
http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/delaware
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Delaware&oldid=832844486"
Categories:
Delaware law
United States gun laws by state
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Start-stop system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
Last update: March 27, 2014 (January 2009)
This article refers to the automotive technology. For the use of start-stop systems in telecommunication, see asynchronous serial communication.
In automobiles, a start-stop system or stop-start system automatically shuts down and restarts the internal combustion engine to reduce the amount of time the engine spends idling, thereby reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This is most advantageous for vehicles which spend significant amounts of time waiting at traffic lights or frequently come to a stop in traffic jams. Start-stop technology may become more common with more stringent government fuel economy and emissions regulations.[1] This feature is present in hybrid electric vehicles, but has also appeared in vehicles which lack a hybrid electric powertrain. For non-electric vehicles fuel economy gains from this technology are typically in the range of 3-10 percent, potentially as high as 12 percent.[2] In the United States, idling wastes approximately 3.9 billion gallons of gasoline per year.[3]
On a manual transmission vehicle, stop-start is activated as follows: Stop car and press clutch - move gear lever to neutral - release clutch - then the engine stops. The engine won't stop if the car is moving, even if the aforementioned steps are followed (note that this isn't true for all cars). The engine restarts when the clutch is pressed prior to selecting a gear to move the car. The engine may also restart if there is a demand for power from, for example, the air conditioning system.
Since automobile accessories like compressors and water pumps have typically been designed to run on a serpentine belt on the engine, those systems must be redesigned to function properly when the engine is turned off. Typically, an electric motor is used to power these devices instead.
This technology has also been used on Honda Motor scooters in Asian markets for the last decade.[4] Their PCX 125cc model was released in 2010 to be sold in Europe with this technology, though their North American model does not feature it.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Carmakers and models
2.1 Early use
2.2 Bentley
2.3 BMW
2.4 Citroën
2.5 Fiat Group
2.6 Ford
2.7 General Motors
2.8 Hyundai
2.9 Honda
2.10 Jaguar
2.11 Kia
2.12 Land Rover
2.13 Mahindra & Mahindra
2.14 Mazda
2.15 Opel/Vauxhall
2.16 Renault
2.17 Roewe
2.18 SAAB
2.19 Tata
2.20 Toyota
2.21 Volkswagen
2.22 Volvo
3 Concerns
4 See also
5 References
Characteristics[edit]
Start/stop technology came to Europe first, due to regulatory differences. 25 percent of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) is spent idling.[3] In comparison, only an estimated 11 percent of the United States United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) test is spent at idle.[3]
Start/stop activation depends on specific driver inputs as well as operating conditions. The engine must have reached proper temperature to get adequate light-off of its catalytic converter and also to ensure proper lubrication and as effortless a restart as possible.
With a manual-gearbox car, engine shutdown typically comes with braking to a complete stop, gearbox in neutral and clutch release.
Cars with automatic transmissions shut down upon braking to a full stop - the shut down is activated by the footbrake pedal being in use when the car comes to a halt. If the car is slowed initially by manual use of the automatic gear box and final stoppage is by use of the handbrake the engine will not shut down.
Carmakers and models[edit]
Early use[edit]
The first vehicles to use this technology were the Fiat Regata "ES" with the City-matic system[6][7] and Volkswagen Polo "Formel E"[citation needed] models of the 1980s. The Volkswagen Group also adopted it in the Golf Ecomatic in 1994 and in the Volkswagen Lupo "3L" and the Audi A2 "3L" in 1999. Though these early implementations were considered rather disconcerting by many drivers, and high pricing failed to yield these cars much commercial success, both the Volkswagen Lupo and the Audi A2 (in their "3 litre" leverage) were more efficient than any production car available in the US at the time of their release.[8]
Bentley[edit]
Stop-Start technology was fitted to a Bentley for the first time in 2016 on the Bentayga model. Bentley's system stops the engine when the car is stopped or moving slowly.[9]
BMW[edit]
BMW is including the technology across many of its cars and the MINI line for 2008 as part of its Efficient Dynamics brand. BMW has been interested in ways to reduce parasitic losses on engines, so the company took the technology a step further. Instead of using an Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), BMW has used an enhanced starter which is conventional starter, developed by Robert Bosch GmbH, that can withstand the increased number of engine-starts in a stop-start vehicle.
BMW has developed the system such that the alternator is not activated most of the time. This means that electrical components in the vehicle are normally running on battery power. When the battery needs to be charged or when decelerating or braking, the alternator is activated to recharge the battery (regenerative braking). Since this battery experiences very different load characteristics than a normal car battery, BMW used an absorptive glass mat type instead.
Due to the use of regenerative braking, some have started calling this type of system a micro hybrid, a step below a mild hybrid system where the ISG can be used to assist the engine or even drive the vehicle.
Citroën[edit]
Citroën introduced a more refined system in its C2 and C3 models by 2006, named "Stop and Start". The Citroën implementation combines a SensoDrive automated gearbox and an electronically controlled reversible alternator[10] or integrated starter-generator (ISG). An ISG, also known as "integrated starter-alternator", combines the role of the starter and alternator into one unit; manufacturers include Valeo[11] and Denso.[12]
Fiat Group[edit]
Fiat introduced the Robert Bosch GmbH made system in the end of 2008 in the Fiat 500.[13] Starting September 2009, Alfa Romeo also introduced this system in its Alfa Romeo Mito series utilising Fiat Powertrain Technologies (FPT) 1.4 L Turbo petrol MultiAir engines.[14]
Ford[edit]
Late in 2010, Ford announced that its start-stop system, already used in its hybrids as well as several mainstream models in Europe, would be introduced in North America with the 2012 models, initially with 4-cylinder engines and later proliferating into V6s and V8s. Eventually the system will be available in all Ford vehicles.[15]
In 2013, it announced that start-stop technology would be brought into the second generation Ford Fusion models, and it built start-stop systems into the Ford F150 2015 model for the first time as a standard feature rather than an option.[16] Formerly, only the 2.7-liter turbocharged V-6 version came with stop-start, which requires a more robust (and expensive) absorbent-glass-mat (AGM) battery that can better handle the constant cycling and the heavier draw from vehicle accessories with the engine off.[17]
General Motors[edit]
In 2012 General Motors released its Chevrolet Malibu Eco model with eAssist technology, which combines start-stop technology with regenerative braking and electric boost in certain conditions. [18]
In 2014 General Motors announced that the Chevrolet Impala and Malibu would have a (non-eAssist) start-stop system across all models.
Hyundai[edit]
While both the Kia Rio and Rio5 share the same new direct-injected four-cylinder 1.6L engine with its cousin Hyundai Accent/Verna (also newly redesigned for 2012), Hyundai made no mention of this feature in their Accent line.[19] Hyundai 1.4 manual has the ISG (Intelligent Stop & Go) system (in Israel).
Honda[edit]
Honda has been using the start-stop function for over a decade via their IMA mild hybrid system in first generation Insight models in the Japanese domestic market since 1999.[20] and more recently on the Civic Hybrid.
Jaguar[edit]
Jaguar's Intelligent Eco Stop/Start was first fitted to the XF[21] and XJ models in 2011 before expanding to the rest of the range.
Kia[edit]
The redesigned 2012 Kia Rio and Rio5 (hatchback) debuted at the 2011 New York Auto Show was announced with their Intelligent Stop and Go (ISG) feature, or stop-start technology.[22]
Kia claims the combination of direct fuel injection and stop-start will offer 30MPG City/40MPG on the highway in both 6 speed manual and automatic transmissions.
Land Rover[edit]
In 2008 Land Rover fitted its Freelander with Stop/Start which could reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 10%.[23] As of 2016 all Land Rover and Range Rover models are fitted with Intelligent Eco Stop/Start.
Mahindra & Mahindra[edit]
Mahindra's were the first in India to launch stop-start based Micro Hybrid system in May 2000. This involved home-grown technology and first of its kind component development like Hall sensor based neutral and clutch pedal sensors, and later a joint venture with Bosch for common rail based vehicles.
Mazda[edit]
The i-Stop system, Mazda’s first start stop system, detects which piston is in the best position to restart quickest, which is the one in the combustion stroke phase, where air and fuel are in the cylinder, ready to be ignited. The mixture in this cylinder is ignited by the spark plug, forcing that piston down, and with partial-assistance from the starter motor, results in a near instantaneous engine restart time of 0.35 seconds.[24]
In 2011, Mazda announced i-ELOOP, a system which uses a variable-voltage alternator to convert kinetic energy to electric power during deceleration. The energy stored in a double-layer capacitor, is used to supply power needed by vehicle electrical systems. When used in conjunction with Mazda’s start-stop system, i-Stop, the company claims fuel savings of up to 10%.[25]
Opel/Vauxhall[edit]
In 2010, Opel introduced Start/stop in their EcoFLEX branded models. The system is used with Family 0, Ecotec and MGE petrol and MultiJet, Circle L, and Family B diesel engines.
Renault[edit]
Renault introduced the technology in all of its European models in 2010.
Roewe[edit]
In 2009, Roewe's Rover 75 based 750 was fitted with stop-start as standard with the hybrid 1.8 Rover K-series engine.[26]
SAAB[edit]
A Start/Stop function was fitted to the second-generation 9-5 in 2009. The button to control the system was placed next to the gearshift like SAAB ignition keys of old.[27]
Tata[edit]
Tata Motors introduced this system on their LCV Tata Ace.[28]
Toyota[edit]
Toyota has been selling cars with start-stop system on their internal combustion engine vehicles since 2009, and since 1997 in their Prius hybrid line.[29] Both Toyota and Mazda introduced stop-start technology, available also outside of Japan, in some of their 2009 model year vehicles.
Volkswagen[edit]
Volkswagen began using start-stop systems with the Polo Formel E with SSA around 1983. Later the LUPO 3L, and after that in the Polo, Golf and Passat BlueMotion, which also include weight and aerodynamic improvements. The system is now commonplace in the Volkswagen range, fitted to all vehicles with the Bluemotion Technology package, though certain other models have the technology too. For the Lupo 3L, with an automated manual gearbox and clutch, the engine stops four seconds after the car becomes stationary with the driver's foot on the brake pedal. No other action is necessary. Removing the foot from the brake pedal initiates engine start and the car can be driven away. The gear lever remains in the drive D position throughout. The same applies to the Audi A2 1.2TDi, which is almost identical mechanically.
Volvo[edit]
Volvo introduced their Start/Stop technology in 2009 under their DRIVe branding.[30]
Concerns[edit]
The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) raised questions about non-hybrid Honda vehicles equipped with the company's 'Idle Stop' transmissions in February 2001 due to concerns over the "sudden lurching forward of a vehicle in an automatic restart" – rather than the "gradual creeping forward found in current transmission designs." [31][32]
Hybrid/electric assist vehicles experience almost no delay in power from a stop, due to the instant availability of power from the traction battery to the electric motor(s). Gasoline/microhybrids on the other hand generally experience slight delays (albeit fractions of a second).
Many people[who?] think that long-term use may induce additional wear due to lack of oil lubrication. For the crankshaft bearing half shells and the big end bearings this can translate into frequent high-speed rotary movement before a hydrodynamic film is established. During this phase of boundary lubrication, metal-to-metal contact can occur between the crankshaft surface and the bearing’s sliding surface. This was not an issue while the number of engine restarts totaled at what was generally understood to be a normal magnitude. However, in a vehicle with start-stop system this effect can necessitate new technological solutions to avoid premature bearing wear, depending on the driving cycle. Consequently, future engines for start-stop applications need to be designed for 250,000 to 300,000 starts. Traditional bearing shells with aluminum or copper lining show severe wear after only 100,000 cycles. In a start stop system the short stop times keep the engine and oil warm, retaining lubrication.[33] Some implementations do not use a starter motor, eliminating concerns of starter motor wear. Mazda i-stop used in their Mazda3/Axela line (in Europe and JDM) uses combustion to restart their engine by sensing the position of the piston in the cylinder. They claim quieter and quicker engine restart within 0.35 seconds.[34]
Start-stop systems are heavily reliant on the battery. Testing indicates that AGM batteries diminish in their ability to support start-stop functionality over time. [1]. While alternatives exist (NiZn, Lithium-Ion, supercapacitors,[35] PbC), virtually all automakers continue to use conventional AGM lead acid batteries.
See also[edit]
Automobile portal
Technology portal
Idle reduction
Microcar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Johnson Controls expands global production of Start-Stop batteries to meet rising automaker demand, Johnson Controls Press release, September 16 2015
Jump up ^ Do Stop-Start Systems Really Save Fuel?, Edmunds.com, 11/30/2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Start/Stop: Making the Most of Just Hanging Around, Road&Track, April 17 2012
Jump up ^ "Honda Worldwide | World News | News Release | January 22, 2001". World.honda.com. 2001-01-22. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Honda unveils economical scooter". RAC. 8 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Jongeneel, Jeroen (1983-12-24). "Test: Fiat Regata 85S". Autovisie (in Dutch). Hilversum, Netherlands: Folio Groep B.V. 28 (26): 48.
Jump up ^ "18.02.2009 FIAT REGATA SEDAN BOASTED 'STOP-START' TECHNOLOGY MORE THAN TWO DECADES AGO". ItaliaSpeed.com. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
Jump up ^ Healey, James R. (1999-08-27). "VW Lupo: Rough road to fuel economy". USA Today. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
Jump up ^ http://www.bentleymotors.com/en/models/bentayga/bentayga/model-features/performance.html#a2a744f326f4cfd0f846a47a8f8272e3
Jump up ^ "Citroen Technology - Stop and Start". Citroen.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
Jump up ^ "Valeo and Ricardo launches customer preview program for mild hybrid vehicle with world-class fuel economy" (PDF) (Press release). Valeo. 2002-06-26. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "DENSO Develops World's First Belt-Driven Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) for Hybrid Vehicles" (Press release). Denso. 2001-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "07.02.2009 NEW 500 START&STOP GETS STARTED IN THE UK". ItaliaSpeed.com. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Alfa MiTo to Get MultiAir Engines, Start-Stop System". autoevolution.com. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
Jump up ^ Previous post Next post (2010-12-29). "Ford Offers Auto Start-Stop Across Model Range | Autopia". Wired.com. Retrieved 2011-03-13.
Jump up ^ Content, Thomas (January 12, 2015). "Johnson Controls start-stop battery to boost Ford F-150 pickup's MPG". Milwaukee, Wisconsin Journal-Sentinel. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Ford to Make Auto Stop-Start Standard on All EcoBoost F-150 Pickups for 2017, Car&Driver Blog, January 22, 2016
Jump up ^ "37-mpg Malibu Eco heads for U.S. dealers driven by exclusive eAssist™ technology". media.gm.com. 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
Jump up ^ Hyundai Accent
Jump up ^ "Honda Worldwide | World News | News Releases | September 6, 1999". World.honda.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
Jump up ^ http://www.parkers.co.uk/cars/advice/news/archive/First-drive-Jaguar-XF-22-diesel/
Jump up ^ Richardson, Aaron (2011-04-21). "New York 2011: Kia debuts all-new 2012 Rio with start-stop, good for 40 MPG — Autoblog". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
Jump up ^ http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/land-rover/freelander/first-drives/land-rover-freelander-stop-start
Jump up ^ "Mazda 3 i-Stop". Topgear.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
Jump up ^ Kurt Ernst. Mazda's regenerative braking system switches batteries for capacitors. 2011
Jump up ^ http://www.mguk.org/t615-the-new-roewe-750-1-8l-petrol-turbo-electric
Jump up ^ http://www.desktopmachine.com/press/886/Saab_9-5/
Jump up ^ "Tata Motors rolls out micro-hybrid version of Ace LCV". WheelsUnplugged.com. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
Jump up ^ "The Widespread Introduction of the TOYOTA Mild Hybrid Cars(HEV) May Promote". MarkLines.com. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Volvo launches stop/start S60, V60 DRIVe models in Europe". Autoblog.com.
Jump up ^ "NHTSA puts brakes on Honda's 'Idle Stop' transmission technology". Autocentral.com. 2001-02-15. Archived from the original on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
Jump up ^ Stephen R. Kratzke (2003-05-15). "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Transmission Shift Lever Sequence, Starter Interlock, and Transmission Braking Effect". Federalregister.gov. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Does stop-start technology wear engines down?". Dsc.discovery.com. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
Jump up ^ "Idling stop technology | Environmental Technology". MAZDA. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Maxwell Ultracapacitor Transportation Solutions". Maxwell Technologies website. Retrieved 6 Feb 2014.
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Each one teach one
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the African-American proverb. For other uses, see Each One Teach One (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Each one teach one is an African-American proverb.
The phrase originated in the United States during slavery, when Africans were denied education, including learning to read. Many if not most enslaved people were kept in a state of ignorance about anything beyond their immediate circumstances which were under control of owners, the law makers and authorities. When an enslaved person learned or was taught to read, it became his duty to teach someone else, spawning the phrase "Each one teach one".[citation needed]
Many of the political prisoners on Robben Island, South Africa held during apartheid (1948-1991) were illiterate. Their mail was highly censored and reading materials limited. The inmates used the term, "each one, teach one" as a battle cry to ensure everyone in the movement was educated.
In the first half of the 20th century, the phrase was applied to the work of a Christian missionary, Dr. Frank Laubach, who utilized the concept to help address poverty and illiteracy in the Philippines. Many sources cite Dr. Laubach as creating the saying, but many others believe that he simply used it in order to advance the cause of ending illiteracy in the world.[1]
In the 1996 novel Push by Sapphire and the 2009 movie based on it, Precious, the expression is used as the name of an alternative school that the principal character is attending after being transferred out from public school.
The phrase has also been adopted by the Delancey Street Foundation, a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco that provides residential rehabilitation services and vocational training for people with history of substance abuse or criminal convictions. The organization incorporates the "each one, teach one" principle by having each client act as a mentor to successive clients in academic subjects and trades varying from masonry to catering.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Each One Teach One". Laubach Literacy Ontario. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Cowen, John (20 December 2015). "Each one, teach one" (PDF). Delancey Street Foundation.
External links[edit]
"Each One Teach One" Teaching Activity from NOAA

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