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Korean honorifics
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Korean honorifics
Hangul
높임말 / 경어
Hanja
높임말 / 敬語
Revised Romanization
nopimmal / gyeongeo
McCune–Reischauer
nopimmal /kyŏngŏ
Korean grammar
Phonology
Pronouns
Numerals
Postpositions
Verbs
Speech levels
Honorifics
v
t
e
The Korean language reflects the important observance of a speaker or writer's relationships with both the subject of the sentence and the audience. Korean grammar uses an extensive system of honorifics to reflect the speaker's relationship to the subject of the sentence and speech levels to reflect the speaker's relationship to the audience. Originally, the honorifics expressed the differences in social status between speakers. In contemporary Korean culture, honorifics are used to differentiate between formal and informal speech based on the level of familiarity between the speaker and the listener.
Contents
[hide]
1 Honorific nouns
2 Honorific verbs
3 Honorific forms of address
3.1 -ssi
3.2 -nim
3.3 -ya / -a
3.4 Seonbae–hubae
3.5 -gun /-yang
3.6 Less common forms of address
3.7 Relative honorifics
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Honorific nouns[edit]
When talking about someone superior in status, a speaker or writer must indicate the subject's superiority by using special nouns or verb endings. Generally, someone is superior in status if he or she is an older relative, a stranger of roughly equal or greater age, an employer, a teacher, a customer, or the like. Someone is equal or inferior in status if he or she is a younger stranger, a student, an employee or the like. The use of wrong speech levels or diction is likely to be considered insulting, depending on the degree of difference between the used form and the expected form.
One way of using honorifics is to use special "honorific" nouns in place of regular ones. A common example is using 진지 (jinji) instead of 밥 (bap) for "food". Often, honorific nouns are used to refer to relatives. The honorific suffix -님 (-nim) is affixed to many kinship terms to make them honorific. Thus, someone may address his own grandmother as 할머니 (halmeoni) but refer to someone else's grandmother as 할머님 (halmeonim).
Base noun
Honorific
English translation
할아버지 (harabeoji) 할아버님 (har-abeonim) grandfather
할머니 (halmeoni) 할머님 (halmeonim) grandmother
아버지 (abeoji) 아버님 (abeonim) father
어머니 (eomeoni) 어머님 (eomeonim) mother
형 (hyeong) 형님 (hyeongnim) a male's older brother
누나 (nuna) 누님 (nunim) a male's older sister
오빠 (oppa) 오라버니 (orabeoni) a female's older brother
언니 (eonni) a female's older sister
아들 (adeul) 아드님 (adeunim) son
딸 (ttal) 따님 (ttanim) daughter
Honorific verbs[edit]
All verbs and adjectives can be converted into an honorific form by adding the infix -시- (-si-) or -으시- (-eusi-) after the stem and before the ending. Thus, 가다 (gada, "to go") becomes 가시다 (gasida). A few verbs have suppletive honorific forms:
Base verb/adjective
Regular honorific
English translation
가다 (gada) 가시다 (gasida) "to go"
받다 (batda) 받으시다 (badeusida) "to receive"
작다 (jakda) 작으시다 (jageusida) "(to be) small"
Base verb/adjective
Suppletive honorific
English translation
있다 (itda) 계시다 (gyesida) "to be"
마시다 (masida) 드시다 (deusida) "to drink"
먹다 (meokda) 드시다 (deusida) "to eat"
먹다 (meokda) 잡수시다 (japsusida) "to eat"
자다 (jada) 주무시다 (jumusida) "to sleep"
배고프다 (baegopeuda) 시장하시다 (sijanghasida) "to be hungry"
A few verbs have suppletive humble forms, used when the speaker is referring to him/herself in polite situations. These include 드리다 (deurida) and 올리다 (ollida) for 주다 (juda, "give"). 드리다 (deurida) is substituted for 주다 (juda) when the latter is used as an auxiliary verb, while 올리다 (ollida, literally "raise up") is used for 주다 (juda) in the sense of "offer".
Honorific forms of address[edit]
Pronouns in Korean have their own set of polite equivalents (e.g., 저 (jeo) is the humble form of 나 (na, "I") and 저희 (jeohui) is the humble form of 우리 (uri, "we")). However, Korean language allows for coherent syntax without pronouns, effectively making Korean a so-called pro-drop language, thus Koreans usually avoid using the second-person singular pronoun, especially when using honorific forms. Third-Person Pronouns are occasionally avoided as well, mainly to maintain sense of politeness. Although honorific form of 너 (neo, singular "you") is 당신 (dangsin, literally, "friend" or "dear"), that term is used only as a form of address in a few specific social contexts, such as between two married couples or in an ironic sense between strangers. Other words are usually substituted where possible (e.g., the person's name, a kinship term, a professional title, the plural 여러분 yeoreobun, or no word at all, relying on context to supply meaning instead).
-ssi[edit]
-ssi (씨) is the most commonly used honorific used amongst people of approximately equal speech level. It is attached at the end of the full name, such as Kim Cheolsu-ssi (김철수씨) or simply after the first name, Cheolsu-ssi (철수씨) if the speaker is more familiar with someone. Appending -ssi to the surname, for instance Kim-ssi (김씨), can be quite rude, as it indicates the speaker considers himself to be of a higher social status than the person he is speaking to.[1]
-nim[edit]
-nim (Hangul: 님) is the highest form of honorifics and above -ssi, but is still used as a commonplace honorific for guests, customers, clients, and unfamiliar individuals. -nim is also used towards someone who is revered and admired for having a significant amount of skill, intellect, knowledge, etc. and is used for people who are of a higher rank than oneself. Examples include family members (eomeo-nim 어머님 & abeo-nim 아버님), teachers (seonsaeng-nim 선생님), holy men (e.g. pastors – moksa-nim 목사님), and the Christian God (haneu-nim 하느님 / hana-nim 하나님). -nim will follow addressees' names on letters/emails and postal packages.
-ya / -a[edit]
-ya or -a (Hangul: 야, 아) is a casual title used at the end of names. It is not gender exclusive. If a name ends in a consonant -a is used (e.g. Gangcheol-a 강철아), while -ya is used if the name ends in a vowel (e.g. Cheolsu-ya 철수야). -ya / -a is used only between close friends and people who are familiar with each other, and its use between strangers or distant acquaintances would be considered extremely rude. -ya / -a is only used hierarchically horizontally or downwards: an adult or parent may use it for young children, and those with equal social standing may use it with each other, but a young individual will not use -ya or -a towards one who is older than their self.
Seonbae–hubae[edit]
Seonbae (선배) is used to address senior colleagues or mentor figures relating to oneself (e.g. older students in school, older/more experienced athletes, mentors, senior colleagues in academia, business, work, etc.). As with English titles such as Doctor, Seonbae can be used either by itself or as a title. Hubae (후배) is used to refer to juniors. However, an individual is not addressed as such directly, as the term is mainly used in the third person.
-gun /-yang[edit]
-gun (군) is used moderately in formal occasions (such as weddings), for young, unmarried males. -gun is also used to address young boys by an adult. -yang (양) is the female equivalent of 군 and is used to address young girls. Both are used in a similar fashion to -ssi, succeeding either the whole name or the first name in solitude.
Less common forms of address[edit]
Gwiha (귀하) can be seen commonly in formal letters, often used by a company to a client.
Gakha (각하) is used only in extremely formal occasions, usually when addressing Presidents or High Officials or Bishops and Archbishops. Somewhat avoided nowadays due to its connotations to Imperial Japan.
Jeonha (전하) was only used when addressing Kings, now mostly used to address Cardinals.
Pyeha (폐하) was used only when addressing Emperors.
Seongha (성하) is only used when addressing Popes.
Nari (나리) or alternatively, naeuri (나으리), was used by commoners in the Joseon Dynasty to refer to people of higher status but below daegam (대감), English equivalent of "His Excellency".[2] The honorific is of native Korean origin.
Relative honorifics[edit]
When speaking to someone about another person, you must calculate the relative difference in position between the person you’re referring to and the person you are speaking to. This is known as apjonbeop 압존법 or “relative honorifics”.
For example, one must change the post positional particle and verb if the person you are speaking to is a higher position (age, title, etc.) than the person you are referring to. “부장님, 이 과장님께서는 지금 자리에 안 계십니다 (bujangnim, I gwajangnimkkeseoneun jigeum jarie an gyeshimnida)” This means, “General Manager, Manager Lee is not at his desk now”, with the bolded parts elevating the Manager higher than the General Manager, even though they both are in a higher position than you. The General Manager would be offended by the fact that you elevated the Manager above him. Most Koreans perfect this while working at their first company job as it is confusing even for them.
See also[edit]
Korean speech levels
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ri, Ui-do (리의도) (2005). Proper Procedures for Korean Usage (올바른 우리말 사용법 , Olbareun urimal sayongbeop) (in Korean). Seoul: Yedam. p. 182. ISBN 89-5913-118-0.
Jump up ^ http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=33802
[1]
Further reading[edit]
Sohn, Ho-min (2006). Korean Language in Culture and Society. University of Hawai‘i Press: KLEAR Textbooks.
[hide]
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Jump up ^ "Korean Translation". Lingua Asia. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
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It's the Hard Knock Life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"It's the Hard Knock Life" is a song from the musical Annie[1] with music by Charles Strouse and lyrics by Martin Charnin.[2][3][4] The song is about the hard times while living in an orphanage.
In the 2014 film adaptation, the lyrics in the line "No one cares for you a smidge, when you're in an orphanage", have been changed to "no one cares for you a bit, when you're just a foster kid".[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
The song is sampled in the Jay-Z song "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)."[5]
Howard, Rajesh, and Stuart sing this song in the 23rd episode of Season 8 of The Big Bang Theory entitled "The Maternal Combustion."
Dr. Evil and Mini Me sing a version in Austin Powers in Goldmember.
Play covered the song in 2004 for their third studio album Don't Stop the Music which was later featured 20th Anniversary DVD release of Annie. The cover was panned by critics.
The song is sampled in Lukas Graham's 2014 single "Mama Said".[6]
Cher Lloyd performed a cover of both the original version and Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem) during the second live shows week of the seventh series of the British X Factor in 2010. The song was also performed the same year by Cher at a funeral in Chicago.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Haun, Harry. "Thirty-Five Years Young: Despite a Hard-Knock Life, Annie's Hardly Showing Her Age". New York Observer. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Musicnotes.com: Unsupported Browser or Operating System".
Jump up ^ "It's the Hard Knock Life - ANNIE to Close on Broadway January 5, 2014". Broadway World. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Annie Fun Facts". Pittsburgh CLO. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem) by Jay-Z Songfacts".
Jump up ^ "Lukas Graham's Mama Said". WhoSampled. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
[hide]
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Little Orphan Annie (1938)
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Annie: A Royal Adventure! (1995)
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Annie (2014)
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Annie Warbucks (1993)
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"It's the Hard Knock Life"
"Tomorrow"
"You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile"
Related
Daddy Warbucks
Harold Gray
"Little Orphant Annie"
Life After Tomorrow
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_the_Hard_Knock_Life&oldid=818773881"
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Kate Warne
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kate Warne
Born
1833
Erin, Chemung County, New York
Died
January 28, 1868 (age 34-35)
Chicago, Cook County, Illinois
Cause of death
pulmonary edema caused by pneumonia
Resting place
Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois
Nationality
American
Other names
Kay Warne, Kay Waren, Kay Warren, Kate Warne, Kate Waren, Kate Warren, Kitty Warne, Kitty Waren, Kitty Warren, Kittie Waren, Kittie Warne, Kittie Warren, Angie Warren, Mrs. Barley, Mrs. Cherry
Occupation
detective, spy, female superintendent of detectives, supervisor of women agents
Known for
First female detective, in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the first, female detective in the United States, responsible for uncovering the 1861 Baltimore Plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln
Kate Warne (1833 – January 28, 1868)[1] was the first female detective, in 1856, in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pre–Civil War
1.1 Early detective work: 1856-1861
2 The Baltimore Plot
3 Civil War: Intelligence work for the Union, 1861–1865
4 Post-Civil War: Continued espionage, 1865–1867
5 Burial
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Pre–Civil War[edit]
Early detective work: 1856-1861[edit]
Very little is known about Kate Warne prior to her working for Allan Pinkerton, except that she was born in Erin, Chemung County, New York and was a widow by age 23. Pinkerton, in his book The Spy of the Rebellion (1883), described her as:
[a] commanding person, with clear cut, expressive features...a slender, brown-haired woman, graceful in her movements and self-possessed. Her features, although not what could be called handsome [beautiful], were decidedly of an intellectual cast... her face was honest, which would cause one in distress instinctly [sic] to select her as a confidante.
Warne walked into the Pinkerton Detective Agency in response to an advertisement in a local newspaper. When she walked into Pinkerton's Chicago office, according to Pinkerton company records, he further described her acquaintance:
"[he] was surprised to learn Kate was not looking for clerical work, but was actually answering an advertisement for detectives he had placed in a Chicago newspaper. At the time, such a concept was almost unheard of. Pinkerton said " It is not the custom to employ women detectives!" Kate argued her point of view eloquently - pointing out that women could be "most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective." A Woman would be able to befriend the wives and girlfriends of suspected criminals and gain their confidence. Men become braggarts when they are around women who encourage them to boast. Kate also noted, Women have an eye for detail and are excellent observers."[2]
Warne's arguments swayed Pinkerton, who employed Warne as the first female detective.[3] Pinkerton soon had a chance to put Warne to the test. In 1858, Warne was involved in the case of Adams Express Company embezzlements, where she was successfully able to bring herself into the confidence of the wife of the prime suspect, Mr. Maroney. She thereby acquired valuable evidence leading to the husband's conviction.[4] Mr. Maroney was an expressman living in Montgomery, Alabama. The Maroneys stole $50,000 from the Adams Express Company. With Warne’s help, $39,515 was returned. Mr. Maroney was convicted and sentenced to ten years in Montgomery, Alabama. In 1860, Allan Pinkerton put Warne in charge of his new Female Detective Bureau.[citation needed]
The Baltimore Plot[edit]
In 1861, Allan Pinkerton was hired by Samuel H. Felton, president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, to investigate secessionist activity and threats of damage to the railroad in Maryland. Pinkerton soon was at work, placing agents at various points in Maryland to investigate the possibility. As the investigation proceeded, Pinkerton became aware that the activity in Maryland did not just end with the railroad, but included the president-elect, Abraham Lincoln. Pinkerton received permission to continue his investigation and focus on the possible assassination plot. Warne was one of five agents sent to Baltimore, Maryland, on February 3, 1861, to investigate the hotbed of secessionist activity.[5]
During the investigation, evidence unveiled a plot to assassinate Lincoln on his way to take office. Under the aliases Mrs. Cherry and Mrs. M. Barley (M.B.), Warne tracked suspicious movement among the Baltimore secessionists.[6] It was in part through her undercover work in the guise of:
[A] rich southern lady visiting Baltimore with a thick southern accent that apparently Mrs. Warne infiltrated secessionist social gatherings, in the Baltimore area, places such as the classy Barnum Hotel posing as a flirting "Southern belle" and was quick to not only verify that there was a plot to assassinate Lincoln, she developed details of how the assassination was going to occur.[7]
Pinkerton had agents across Maryland. However, it was Warne specifically who supplied many key details, causing Pinkerton to believe that the plot was imminent. Warne had befriended secessionists in Maryland and collected many details about the plot to assassinate Lincoln.[citation needed]
The president-elect, Abraham Lincoln, was traveling from his home in Springfield, Illinois, to the Capital via a train tour that was to stop at notable cities along the way. His published program showed that Lincoln's last leg of the journey was from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to Washington, D.C. Due to the configuration of the rail system, all southbound trains required a transfer to be made in Baltimore, Maryland. The northbound station ended at Calvert Street and the southbound train station started at Camden Street (now the Camden Yards station). The distance between these two stations were about a mile by carriage ride.[8]
The secessionist plot to kill Lincoln was:
just as Mr. Lincoln would be passing through the narrow vestibule of the Depot at Calvert St. Station, to enter his carriage. A row or fight was to be got up by some outsiders to quell which the few policemen at the Depot would rush out, thus leaving Mr. Lincoln entirely unprotected and at the mercy of a mob of Secessionists who were to surround him at that time. A small Steamer had been chartered and was lying in one of the Bays or little streams running into the Chesapeake Bay, to which the murderers were to flee and it was immediately to put off for Virginia.[8]
After seeing the pieces of the plot coming together, Pinkerton requested of Kate Warne on the morning of February 18 to take the 5:10 evening train to New York City. Once there, she was to set up a meeting with Norman B. Judd and place into his confidence a letter from Pinkerton stating all the hereto discovered details of the assassination attempt. After Warne supplied details of the Baltimore Plot to Judd, Judd set up a meeting between himself, Pinkerton and Lincoln on February 21.[9] At this meeting, Lincoln was doubtful about an assassination plot, or that if such a plot existed that it should be taken seriously.
However, a second independent source confirmed the plot by way of Frederick W. Seward, son of William H. Seward (the secretary of state–designate).[3] From this point, Lincoln agreed that the assassination plot was plausible enough to take action. Lincoln decided to avoid hazard where it was not necessary, however he refused to cancel any of his scheduled plans in Harrisburg. His agenda included giving three speeches, the raising of the American flag, at Independence Hall, and attending a high-profile dinner.[10]
Accordingly, they made train arrangements that allowed Lincoln to fulfill his scheduled duties in Harrisburg. It was not until 5:45 that night that there was any deviation from his schedule. John George Nicolay, Lincoln's private secretary, interrupted the dinner party to excuse the president-elect. Lincoln then changed into a traveling suit, a soft felt cap and carried a shawl upon one arm to play the role of an invalid.[11] Pinkerton, meanwhile, had the telegraph lines interrupted to prevent any knowledge of the deviation in Lincoln's schedule. At the station, Warne entered the sleeping car through the rear along with Pinkerton, Ward Hill Lamon, and a still-disguised Lincoln. She greeted Lincoln loudly as she would have a true brother.[citation needed]
From Harrisburg, Abraham Lincoln rode to Philadelphia by a special Pennsylvania Railroad train. From Philadelphia he went to Baltimore by a special Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore train on the night of February 22–23.[12] It is said that Kate Warne did not sleep a wink on the overnight trip from Pennsylvania to Washington D.C. The disguises provided by Warne that night enabled Lincoln to make it through Baltimore without recognition and take his seat in the White House. It is believed that Pinkerton came up with the slogan to his agency "we never sleep" as a result of Warne's guard of Lincoln that night. Warne was key in the foiled Baltimore assassination plot – not only did she help uncover its details, but she also carried out most of the arrangements to smuggle Lincoln into Washington, D.C. She couriered secret information and set up meetings as well as securing the necessary four berths on a train leaving Philadelphia under the pretext that these berths were for her sick brother and family members.[8] The train pulled out shortly before 11 p.m. and arrived in Baltimore about 3:30 a.m. on February 23. Warne remained in Baltimore as the sleeping cars with Lincoln on board were shifted to another train, which arrived in Washington around 6 a.m.[13]
Civil War: Intelligence work for the Union, 1861–1865[edit]
During the American Civil War Kate Warne traveled with her boss, Allan Pinkerton, to meet with General George B. McClellan's Ohio Division. This photo shows Pinkerton and President Lincoln at the Battle of Antietam in 1862.
During the American Civil War, Allan Pinkerton and Kate Warne were used as a covert war intelligence-gathering bureau. Warne could easily penetrate into Southern social gatherings. She said that women are most useful in worming out secrets in many places which would be impossible for a male detective. Believed to be a mistress of Pinkerton, Warne would often pose as his wife while undercover. She also had an assortment of alias names: Kay Warne, Kay Waren, Kay Warren, Kate Warne, Kate Waren, Kate Warren, Kitty Warne, Kitty Waren, Kitty Warren, Kittie Waren, Kittie Warne, and Kittie Warren. Warne was known as "Kitty" to Robert Pinkerton, Allan's brother. Robert Pinkerton often argued with Warne over expenses turned over to the agency, but her relationship with Allan continued for years.[citation needed]
After the quelled assassination attempt on president-elect Abraham Lincoln, Kate Warne continued to travel with Allan Pinkerton as his Female Superintendent of Detectives. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate States of America's cannons in Charleston began firing on Fort Sumter. These cannon shells marked the beginning of the American Civil War. Within nine days, Pinkerton wrote to President Lincoln offering the services of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. However, before Lincoln could respond, Major General George B. McClellan asked Pinkerton to set up a military intelligence service for McClellan's command.[14] Therefore, by the end of July 1861, Pinkerton took Warne, Timothy Webster, and later George Bangs west to set up a headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio, to follow McClellan's Ohio division (see also Cincinnati in the Civil War).[15]
Post-Civil War: Continued espionage, 1865–1867[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
After the Civil War, Kate Warne worked on various high-profile cases. One of these involved the murder of a bank-teller, George Gordon. The murderer got away with $130,000. Pinkerton determined that Gordon was fetching money for a friend or someone who frequented the bank when he was struck on the head behind the ear with a hammer with intent to murder any witnesses of the robbery. Through his investigation, Pinkerton felt certain that his prime suspect, Alexander P. Drysdale, had in fact killed Gordon. However, at this point he did not have enough hard evidence to convict Drysdale; too much was still based on speculation. Therefore, he set a trap for Drysdale so that he would reveal a confession. Warne was sent under cover as a Mrs. Potter and became close friends with Mr. Drysdale's wife. Through this plot, they were able to uncover where Drysdale had hidden the stolen money.[citation needed]
Another case for which Kate Warne went undercover was brought about by a Captain Sumner, who was convinced that both his sister, Mrs. Annie Thayer and a Mr. Pattmore, were attempting to poison Mrs. Pattmore and himself. Warne took the name Lucille and assumed the role of a fortune teller to lure information out of the suspected murderer's confidants. In the meantime, she also continually coordinated Pinkerton's other female detectives in the agency. Pinkerton rented a space for Warne to work as part of her guise. Allan Pinkerton named Kate Warne one of the five best detectives that he had. Her employment by Pinkerton was a significant moment in Woman's History. Women were not allowed to be a part of the police force until 1891 and could not be detectives until 1903.[citation needed]
Pinkerton specifically thanked Kate Warne and Timothy Webster in his memoirs. Both Warne and Webster were key operatives during the Baltimore Plot investigations. Warne reported back to Pinkerton about all her work when he was away from the office and they worked together, on numerous cases, during their tenure. Pinkerton constantly showed a deep trust in the work that Warne performed and acknowledges so in his memoirs. She was in charge of the Female Detective Bureau established by Pinkerton. Her title was Supervisor of Women Agents. Pinkerton said to his female prospective agents:
In my service you will serve your country better than on the field. I have several female operatives. If you agree to come aboard you will go in training with the head of my female detectives, Kate Warne. She has never let me down.[16]
Burial[edit]
Warne was buried in the Pinkerton Family Plot at Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.[1] Her gravestone is marked under the misspelled surname of "Warn",[17] and states that she died of "congestion of the lungs", likely a pulmonary edema.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
Kate Warne was depicted as a young detective in the Canadian TV series The Pinkertons, played by Martha MacIsaac.
See also[edit]
American Civil War spies
Hattie Lawton
Timothy Webster
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "History of Policewomen". SameShield.com. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Timothy Webster & Kate Warne". Pinkerton Government Services. 2006-10-15. Archived from the original on 2006-10-15. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1976). Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Wikisource.
Jump up ^ Williams, David Ricardo (1998). Call in Pinkerton's: American Detectives at Work for Canada. Dundurn. ISBN 9781550023060. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
Jump up ^ Steers, Edward (2005-10-21). Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813191513. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
Jump up ^ "HERNDON'S INFORMANTS: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln | Edited by Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis | Letters, Interviews, and Statements Collected by William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, 1865-92". University of Illinois Press. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Kate Warne America's First female Private-Eye". Spy and Private Eye Museum. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cuthbert, Norma Barrett, ed. (1949). Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot 1861 From Pinkerton records and related papers (PDF). Huntington Library. OL 16180232M. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
Jump up ^ James O. Hall, David Winfred Gaddy, and William A. Tidwell. Come Retribution. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781604736076. Retrieved 2015-04-08. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Richter, William L. (2004-05-17). Historical Dictionary of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810865631. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ Axelrod, Alan (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Civil War. Alpha. ISBN 9781592571321. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ "A Matter of Allegiances" (PDF). Mdhistory.net. p. 172. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Saving Mr. Lincoln". Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-07-11. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Charles (1956). Wild Train: The Story of the Andrews Raiders. Random House. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ Rinaldi, Ann (2001). Girl in Blue. Scholastic. p. 133. ISBN 9780439073363. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Arnie (2003). The Hoofs and Guns of the Storm: Chicago's Civil War Connections. Lake Claremont Press. p. 152. ISBN 9781893121065. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
Further reading[edit]
Stashower, David, 2013. The Hour of Peril:The Secret Plot to Murder Lincoln before the Civil War, Minotaur Books, New York. ISBN 9780312600228.
Hannigan, Kate, 2015. The Detective's Assistant, Little, Brown Books for Young Readers, New York; ISBN 9780316403511. Historical fiction based on the cases of Kate Warne.
Pinkerton, Allan (1900). The Somnambulist and the Detective: The Murderer and the Fortune Teller. Dillingham. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
Pinkerton, Allan (1885). The Spy of the Rebellion: Being a True History of the Spy System of the United States Army During the Late Rebellion. Revealing Many Secrets of the War Hitherto Not Made Public. Compiled from Official Reports Prepared for President Lincoln, General McClellan and the Provost-Marshal-General. M.A. Winter & Company, Publishers. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
Crowdy, Terry (2006). The Enemy Within: A History of Espionage. Osprey Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 9781841769332. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
Kate Warne at Find a Grave
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LCCN: n2007026131
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