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Apostles' Creed
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The rubric above this 13th-century illuminated manuscript translates "twelve articles of faith set out by twelve apostles".
The Apostles' Creed (Latin: Symbolum Apostolorum or Symbolum Apostolicum), sometimes entitled Symbol of the Apostles, is an early statement of Christian belief—a creed or "symbol".[a] It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes, most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western tradition, including the Catholic Church, Lutheranism and Anglicanism. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists and Congregationalists.
The Apostles' Creed is Trinitarian in structure with sections affirming belief in God the Father, Jesus Christ His Son and the Holy Spirit. The Apostles' Creed was based on Christian theological understanding of the Canonical gospels, the letters of the New Testament and to a lesser extent the Old Testament. Its basis appears to be the old Roman Creed known also as the Old Roman Symbol. Because of the early origin of its original form, it does not address some Christological issues defined in the Nicene and other Christian Creeds. It thus says nothing explicitly about the divinity of either Jesus or the Holy Spirit. This makes it acceptable to many Arians and Unitarians. Nor does it address many other theological questions which became objects of dispute centuries later.
The first mention of the expression "Apostles' Creed" occurs in a letter of AD 390 from a synod in Milan and may have been associated with the belief, widely accepted in the 4th century, that, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, each of the Twelve Apostles contributed an article of a creed.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Musical settings
3 Text in Latin
4 Text in Greek
5 English translations
5.1 Ecumenical version
5.2 Roman Catholic Church
5.2.1 Articles 1–12
5.2.2 Articles 9–10
5.3 Church of England
5.4 Lutheran Church
5.4.1 Evangelical Lutheran Worship
5.4.2 Lutheran Service Book
5.4.3 Church of Denmark
5.5 United Methodist Church
6 Liturgical use in Western Christianity
6.1 Catholic Church
6.1.1 Rite of Baptism
6.1.2 Profession of faith at Mass
6.1.3 Use in the Divine Office
6.2 Anglican Communion
6.2.1 Episcopal Church (United States)
6.3 Lutheran Church
6.4 Methodism
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
11.1 English translations
Origin[edit]
The title Symbolum Apostolicum (Symbol or Creed of the Apostles) appears for the first time in a letter, probably written by Ambrose, from a Council in Milan to Pope Siricius in about AD 390 "Let them give credit to the Creed of the Apostles, which the Roman Church has always kept and preserved undefiled".[4][5] But what existed at that time was not what is now known as the Apostles' Creed but a shorter statement of belief that, for instance, did not include the phrase "maker of heaven and earth", a phrase that may have been inserted only in the 7th century.[6]
This illumination from a 13th-century manuscript shows the apostles writing the Creed, receiving inspiration from the Holy Spirit.
The account of the origin of this creed, the forerunner and principal source of the Apostles' Creed,[7] as having been jointly created by the Apostles under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, with each of the twelve contributing one of the articles, was already current at that time.[5]
The earlier text evolved from simpler texts based on Matthew 28:19,[5] part of the Great Commission, and it has been argued that it was already in written form by the late 2nd century (c. 180).[5][8][9]
While the individual statements of belief that are included in the Apostles' Creed – even those not found in the Old Roman Symbol – are found in various writings by Irenaeus, Tertullian, Novatian, Marcellus, Rufinus, Ambrose, Augustine, Nicetas, and Eusebius Gallus,[10] the earliest appearance of what we know as the Apostles' Creed was in the De singulis libris canonicis scarapsus ("Excerpt from Individual Canonical Books") of St. Pirminius (Migne, Patrologia Latina 89, 1029 ff.), written between 710 and 714.[11] Bettenson and Maunder state that it is first from Dicta Abbatis Pirminii de singulis libris canonicis scarapsus (idem quod excarpsus, excerpt), c. 750.[12] This longer Creed seems to have arisen in what is now France and Spain. Charlemagne imposed it throughout his dominions, and it was finally accepted in Rome, where the Old Roman Symbol or similar formulas had survived for centuries.[5] It has been argued nonetheless that it dates from the second half of the 5th century, though no earlier.[13]
Some have suggested that the Apostles' Creed was spliced together with phrases from the New Testament.[14] For instance, the phrase "descendit ad inferos" ("he descended into hell") echoes Ephesians 4:9, "κατέβη εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς" ("he descended into the lower, earthly regions"). It is of interest that this phrase first appeared in one of the two versions of Rufinus in AD 390 and then did not appear again in any version of the creed until AD 650.[15]
This phrase and that on the communion of saints are articles found in the Apostles' Creed, but not in the Old Roman Symbol nor in the Nicene Creed.
Musical settings[edit]
Musical settings of the Symbolum Apostolorum as a motet are rare. The French composer Le Brung published one Latin setting in 1540, the Spanish composer Fernando de las Infantas published two in 1578.
More recently, in 1979 John Michael Talbot, a Third Order Franciscan, composed and recorded "Creed" on his album, The Lord's Supper.[16] In 1986 Graham Kendrick published the popular "We believe in God the Father", closely based on the Apostles' Creed. Rich Mullins and Beaker also composed a musical setting titled "Creed", released on Mullins' 1993 album A Liturgy, a Legacy, & a Ragamuffin Band.[17] The song "Creed" on Petra's 1990 album Beyond Belief is loosely based on the Apostles' Creed.[18]
GIA Publications published a hymn text in 1991 directly based on the Apostles' Creed, called "I Believe in God Almighty." It has been sung to hymn tunes from Wales, the Netherlands, and Ireland.[19]
In 2014 Hillsong released a version of the Apostles' Creed under the title "This I Believe (The Creed)" on their album No Other Name. Keith Getty and Kristyn Getty released an expression of the Apostles' Creed under the title "We Believe (Apostle's Creed)" on their 2016 album Facing a Task Unfinished.
Text in Latin[edit]
Credo
Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation of the Creed
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Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae,
et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum,
qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine,
passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus,
descendit ad infernos, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis,
ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis,
inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos.
Credo in Spiritum Sanctum,
sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem,
remissionem peccatorum,
carnis resurrectionem,
vitam aeternam.
Amen.[20]
Text in Greek[edit]
The Greek text is "not normally used in Greek and Eastern Orthodox churches".[21]
Πιστεύω εἰς θεòν πατέρα, παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς.
Καὶ (εἰς) Ἰησοῦν Χριστòν, υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τòν μονογενῆ, τòν κύριον ἡμῶν,
τòν συλληφθέντα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου, γεννηθέντα ἐκ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου,
παθόντα ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, σταυρωθέντα, θανόντα, καὶ ταφέντα,
κατελθόντα εἰς τὰ κατώτατα, τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἀναστάντα ἀπò τῶν νεκρῶν,
ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, καθεζόμενον ἐν δεξιᾷ θεοῦ πατρὸς παντοδυνάμου,
ἐκεῖθεν ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς.
Πιστεύω εἰς τò πνεῦμα τò ἅγιον, ἁγίαν καθολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν, ἁγίων κοινωνίαν,
ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν, σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν, ζωὴν αἰώνιον.
Ἀμήν.
English translations[edit]
Ecumenical version[edit]
15th-century Flemish tapestry illustrating the first four articles of the Creed
The English Language Liturgical Consultation (ELLC) is an international ecumenical group whose primary purpose is to provide ecumenically accepted texts for those who use English in their liturgy. In 1988 it produced a translation of the Apostles' Creed, distinguished among other things by its avoidance of the word "his" in relation to God. The text is as follows:[22]
I believe in God, the Father almighty,
creator of heaven and earth.

I believe in Jesus Christ, God's only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended to the dead.
On the third day he rose again;
he ascended into heaven,
he is seated at the right hand of the Father,
and he will come to judge the living and the dead.

I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting. Amen.
Roman Catholic Church[edit]
The Catechism of the Catholic Church gives the following English translation of the Apostles' Creed.[23] In its discussion of the Creed,[24] the Catechism maintains the traditional division into twelve articles, the numbering of which is here added to the text.
The English text used in the Mass of the Roman Rite is:[25]
1. I believe in God the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth. I believe in God,
the Father almighty,
Creator of heaven and earth,
2. I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord. and in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord,
3. He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary. who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
4. Under Pontius Pilate, He was crucified, died, and was buried. suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died and was buried;
5. He descended to the dead. On the third day he rose again. he descended into hell;
on the third day he rose again from the dead;
6. He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. he ascended into heaven,
and is seated at the right hand of God the Father almighty;
7. He will come again to judge the living and the dead. from there he will come to judge the living and the dead.
8. I believe in the Holy Spirit, I believe in the Holy Spirit,
9. the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints, the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
10. the forgiveness of sins, the forgiveness of sins,
11. the resurrection of the body, the resurrection of the body,
12. and the life everlasting.
Amen. and life everlasting.
Amen.
Articles 1–12[edit]
Pelbartus Ladislaus of Temesvár assigned one special phrase to each apostle: Peter (№ 1), John (№ 2), James, son of Zebedee (№ 3), Andrew (№ 4), Philip (№ 5a: descendit ad infernos…), Thomas (№ 5b: ascendit ad caelos…), Bartholomew (№ 6), Matthew (№ 7), James, son of Alphaeus (№ 8), Simon (№ 9), Jude (№ 10), Matthias (№ 11–12).[26]
Articles 9–10[edit]
Anabaptist theologians fought for believer's baptism under reference to a biblical understanding of the creed:
Leonhart: Which of the articles of the creed deal with baptism?
Hans: The ninth and tenth articles, where we confess the universal Christian church, the fellowship of the saints and forgiveness of sins, just as the Lord's Supper is also included there.[27]
Church of England[edit]
In the Church of England there are currently two authorized forms of the creed: that of the Book of Common Prayer (1662) and that of Common Worship (2000).
Book of Common Prayer, 1662[28][29][30]
I believe in God the Father Almighty,
Maker of heaven and earth:

And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord,
Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost,[b]
Born of the Virgin Mary,
Suffered under Pontius Pilate,
Was crucified, dead, and buried:
He descended into hell;
The third day he rose again from the dead;
He ascended into heaven,
And sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty;
From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.

I believe in the Holy Ghost;
The holy Catholick Church;
The Communion of Saints;
The Forgiveness of sins;
The Resurrection of the body,
And the Life everlasting.
Amen.
Common Worship[34]
I believe in God, the Father almighty,
creator of heaven and earth.
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended to the dead.
On the third day he rose again;
he ascended into heaven,
he is seated at the right hand of the Father,
and he will come to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting.
Amen.
Lutheran Church[edit]
Evangelical Lutheran Worship[edit]
The publication Evangelical Lutheran Worship gives the ELLC ecumenical version, footnoting the phrase "he descended to the dead" to indicate the alternative reading: "or ‘he descended into hell,’ another translation of this text in widespread use".[35][c]
Lutheran Service Book[edit]
The Lutheran Service Book has the following text:
I believe in God, the Father Almighty,
Maker of heaven and earth.
And in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died and was buried.
He descended into hell.
On the third day He rose again from the dead.
He ascended into heaven
and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty.
From thence He will come to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy Christian Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting. Amen.[36][37][d][e]
The creed is footnoted in the LSB for the word "Christian": "Christian: the ancient text reads "catholic," meaning the whole Church as it confesses the wholeness of Christian doctrine."[40]
Church of Denmark[edit]
The Church of Denmark still uses the phrase "We renounce the devil and all his doings and all his beings" as the beginning of this creed, before the line "We believe in God etc." This is mostly due to the influence of the Danish pastor Grundtvig. See Den apostolske trosbekendelse.
United Methodist Church[edit]
The United Methodists commonly incorporate the Apostles' Creed into their worship services. The version which is most often used is located at No. 881 in the United Methodist Hymnal, one of their most popular hymnals and one with a heritage to brothers John Wesley and Charles Wesley, founders of Methodism.[41][42] It is notable for omitting the line "he descended into hell", but is otherwise very similar to the Book of Common Prayer version. The 1989 Hymnal has both the traditional version and the 1988 ecumenical version,[43] which includes "he descended to the dead."
The United Methodist Hymnal also contains (at #882) what it terms the "Ecumenical Version" of this creed which is the ecumenically accepted modern translation of the International Committee on English Texts (1975) as amended by the subsequent successor body, the English Language Liturgical Consultation (1987).[44] This form of the Apostles' Creed can be found incorporated into the Eucharistic and Baptismal Liturgies in the Hymnal and in The United Methodist Book of Worship, and hence it is growing in popularity and use. The word "catholic" is intentionally left lowercase in the sense that the word catholic applies to the universal and ecumenical Christian church.
I believe in God the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth; And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord: who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried; the third day he rose from the dead; he ascended into heaven, and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Amen.
Liturgical use in Western Christianity[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The liturgical communities in western Christianity that derive their rituals from the Roman Missal, including those particular communities which use the Roman Missal itself (Roman Catholics), the Book of Common Prayer (Anglicans and Episcopalians), Evangelical Lutheran Worship (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America), Lutheran Service Book (Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod), and The United Methodist Book of Worship (The United Methodist Church), use the Apostles' Creed and interrogative forms of it in their rites of Baptism, which they consider to be the sacrament of initiation into the Church.
Catholic Church[edit]
Rite of Baptism[edit]
An interrogative form of the Apostles' Creed is used in the Rite of Baptism (for both children and adults). The minister of baptism asks the following questions (ICEL, 1974):
Do you believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth?
Do you believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, who was born of the Virgin Mary, was crucified, died, and was buried, rose from the dead, and is now seated at the right hand of the Father?
Do you believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and life everlasting?
To each question, the catechumen, or, in the case of an infant, the parents and sponsor(s) (godparent(s)) in his or her place, answers "I do." Then the celebrant says:
This is our faith. This is the faith of the Church. We are proud to profess it, in Christ Jesus our Lord.
And all respond: Amen.
Profession of faith at Mass[edit]
Since the 2002 edition, the Apostles' Creed is included in the Roman Missal with the indication, "Instead of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, especially during Lent and Easter time, the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed, may be used."[45] Previously the Nicene Creed was the only profession of faith that the Missal gave for use at Mass, except in Masses for children; but in some countries use of the Apostles' Creed was already permitted.
Use in the Divine Office[edit]
In the 1962 Breviary, authorized by Summorum Pontificum, the Apostles' Creed is recited at Prime and Compline on certain days during Advent and Lent as part of the Preces, a series of versicles and responses preceded by Kyrie, eleison ("Lord, have mercy") and the Our Father. In prior editions, it was also said after the Our Father and Hail Mary before Matins and Prime, and after Compline.
Anglican Communion[edit]
The Apostles' Creed is used in the non-Eucharistic services of Matins and Evening Prayer (Evensong). It is invoked after the recitation or singing of the Canticles, and it is the only part of the services in which the congregation traditionally turns to face the altar, if they are seated transversely in the quire.
Episcopal Church (United States)[edit]
The Episcopal Church uses the Apostles' Creed as a Baptismal Covenant for those who are to receive the Rite of Baptism. Regardless of age, candidates are to be sponsored by parents and/or godparents. Youths able to understand the significance of the Rite may go through the ritual speaking for themselves. Younger children and infants rely on their sponsors to act upon their behalf.
1. The celebrant calls for the candidates for Baptism to be presented.
2. The catechumen or sponsors state their request for Baptism.
3a. If the catechumen is of age, the celebrant will ask him or her if he or she desires Baptism, to which the catechumen will respond: "I do."
3b. If the candidate relies on sponsors, the celebrant asks them if they will raise the child in "the Christian faith and life" (ECUSA BCP), and will raise the child through "prayers and witness to grow into the full stature of Christ" to which the parents will state to each, "I will, with God's help."
4. A series of questions is then asked, to which the reply is always "I renounce them":
Do you renounce Satan and all the spiritual forces of wickedness that rebel against God?
Do you renounce the evil powers of this world which corrupt and destroy the creatures of God?
Do you renounce all sinful desires that draw you from the love of God?
5. The second half of the query is asked, to which the reply is always "I do":
Do you turn to Jesus Christ and accept him as your Savior?
Do you put your whole trust in his grace and love?
Do you promise to follow and obey him as your Lord?
6. The Apostles' Creed is then recited by candidates, sponsors and congregation, each section of the Creed being an answer to the celebrant's question, 'Do you believe in God the Father (God the Son, God the Holy Spirit)?'
Lutheran Church[edit]
Lutherans following the Lutheran Service Book (Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Lutheran Church–Canada), like Roman Catholics, use the Apostles' Creed during the Sacrament of Baptism:
Do you believe in God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth?
Do you believe in Jesus Christ, His only son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, and born of the virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died and was buried. He descended into hell. On the third day He rose again from the dead. He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of the Father. From thence He will come to judge the living and the dead?
Do you believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting?
Following each question, the candidate answers by saying "Yes, I believe". If the candidate is a child, the godparents are to answer the questions.[46]
For ELCA Lutherans who use the Evangelical Lutheran Worship book, the Apostles' Creed appears during the Sacrament of Holy Baptism Rite on p. 229 of the hardcover pew edition.
Methodism[edit]
Methodists use the Apostles' Creed as part of their baptismal rites in the form of an interrogatory addressed to the candidate(s) for baptism and the whole congregation as a way of professing the faith within the context of the Church's sacramental act. For infants, it is the professing of the faith by the parents, sponsors, and congregation on behalf of the candidate(s); for confirmands, it is the professing of the faith before and among the congregation. For the congregation, it is a reaffirmation of their professed faith.
Do you believe in God?
I believe in God, the Father Almighty, creator of heaven and earth.
Do you believe in Jesus Christ?
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; he descended to the dead. On the third day he rose again; he ascended into heaven, is seated at the right hand of the Father, and will come again to judge the living and the dead.
Do you believe in the Holy Spirit?
I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting.[47]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Nicene Creed
Chalcedonian Creed
Lutheran Book of Worship
Virgin birth of Jesus
Passion of Jesus
One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Not in the sense that the word "symbol" has in modern English, but in the original meaning of the word, derived from "Latin symbolum, sign, token, from Greek σύμβολον, token for identification (by comparing with its counterpart), from συμβάλλειν, to throw together, compare".[1]
Jump up ^ In a suggested revision of 1923, this line has "of the Holy Ghost".[31] The Scottish Book of Common Prayer (1637) has "which was conceived of the holy Ghost".[32] This goes back to the 1559 Book of Common Prayer, which has "whiche was conceived of the holy Ghost".[33]
Jump up ^ This ecumenical version of the English Language Liturgical Consultation (ELLC) and its predecessor. the International Consultation on English Texts (ICET) is included in Evangelical Lutheran Worship, the primary worship resource for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada.
Jump up ^ The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod has a slightly different text.[38]
Jump up ^ The version used by the German Lutheran Trinity Church Melbourne is also slightly different.[39]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Bartleby .
Jump up ^ Rogers, Jack (1985), Presbyterian Creeds, Westminster John Knox Press, pp. 62–63, ISBN 978-0-664-25496-4 .
Jump up ^ Orr, James. "The Apostles' Creed". International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Reformed. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ambrose of Milan. "Letter 42:5". Tertullian.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Apostles' Creed", Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 90, ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3 .
Jump up ^ Day, Gardiner Mumford (1963), The Apostles' Creed: an interpretation for today, Scribner, p. 33 .
Jump up ^ McGiffert, Arthur Cushman (2008), The Apostles' Creed: Its Origin, Its Purpose, and Its Historical Interpretation, p. 42, ISBN 0-559-85199-5 .
Jump up ^ Bettenson, Henry, ed. (1963), Documents of the Christian Church (2nd ed.), London, p. 23 .
Jump up ^ Lynch, Joseph (1992), The Medieval Church, London and NY: Longman, p. 7 .
Jump up ^ Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes, II. The History of Creeds, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, July 13, 2005, retrieved May 19, 2011
Jump up ^ Kelly, JND (1972), Early Christian Creeds (third ed.), London: Longman, Green & Co, pp. 398–434 .
Jump up ^ Bettenson, Henry; Maunder, Chris (1999), Documents of the Christian Church (3 ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, p. 26 .
Jump up ^ "Origin of the Creed", Catholic Encyclopedia, New advent .
Jump up ^ Trillhaas, Wolfgang, "Creeds, Lutheran Attitude Toward", in Bodensieck, Julius, The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church, A–E, Minneapolis: Augsburg, p. 629 .
Jump up ^ Grudem, Wayne A (2004), Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine, Leicester, ENG; Grand Rapids, MI: Inter-Varsity Press; Zondervan, p. 586 .
Jump up ^ Smith, Michael G (February 1, 1985), "Troubador of the Kingdom", Christianity Today, p. 88 .
Jump up ^ Powell, Mark Allan (2002), Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music, Hendrickson, p. 615, ISBN 1-56563-679-1
Jump up ^ Powell, Mark Allan (2002), Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music, Hendrickson, p. 696, ISBN 1-56563-679-1
Jump up ^ "I believe in God almighty", Hymnary .
Jump up ^ "Symbolum Fidei" [Faith symbol]. Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae (in Latin). Vatican. June 25, 1992. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bird, Michael F. (July 5, 2016). What Christians ought to believe: an introduction to Christian doctrine through the Apostles’ Creed. New York City: HarperCollins. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-310-52093-1.
Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes, Volume II. The History of Creeds, CCEL, February 19, 2009, retrieved September 29, 2016 .
Jump up ^ "Praying Together" (PDF). English Language Liturgical Consultation. 1988. p. 22. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "English translation of the Apostles' Creed". The Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican. March 25, 1997. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Part I, Section II". English translation of the Apostles' Creed. Vatican. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ New English translations of Ordo Missae to be set to music (PDF), Catholic Church in Australia, April 13, 2010, p. 5, retrieved September 28, 2016 .
Jump up ^ Sermones Pomerii de sanctis II. Pars aestivalis. Sermo XXVII.: Item in divisionis apostolorum festo. Hagenau 1499.
Cf. Rufinus, "Commentary on the Apostles' Creed", newadvent.org, retrieved October 1, 2016, each contributing his several sentence to one common summary […].
Jump up ^ Pipkin, H. Wayne; Yoder, John Howard, eds. (1989), Balthasar Hubmaier, theologian of Anabaptism, Scottdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press, p. 351, ISBN 0-8361-3103-7 ; cf. p. 239: Hubmaier, Balthasar (1527), Twelve articles in prayer form, Nikolsburg, O my Lord Jesus Christ, institute once again the two bands, namely water baptism and the Supper, with which thou has outwardly girded and bound thy bride.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Common Prayer (original text)" (PDF). Vulcan hammer. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Order for Morning Prayer". Anglican. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Order for Evening Prayer". Anglican. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ A Suggested Prayer Book, Being the text of the English Rite altered and enlarged in accordance with the Prayer Book Revision proposals made by the English Church Union (PDF). 1923. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Order of Confirmation". The Book of Common Prayer for Scotland. 1637. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Confirmacion". The Book of Common Prayer. 1559. Archived from the original on May 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Creeds and Authorized Affirmations of Faith". Church of England. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Apostles' Creed", Statements of belief, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America .
Jump up ^ Lutheran Service Book (PDF), St. Louis: Concordia, 2006, pp. 159, 175, 192, 207 .
Jump up ^ Lutheran Worship, St. Louis: Concordia, 1982, pp. 142, 167, 186 .
Jump up ^ LCMS, archived from the original on March 10, 2011 , .
Jump up ^ German Lutherans, Melbourne, AU: ASN, archived from the original on September 28, 2007 .
Jump up ^ Lutheran Service Book, St. Louis: Concordia, 2006, pp. 159, 175, 192, 207 .
Jump up ^ "Contemporary Evangelical Perspectives". Catalyst resources. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Contemporary Evangelical Perspectives". Catalyst resources. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Apostle's Creed Traditional and Ecumenical Versions". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hickman, Hoyt, ed. (1989), "The Worship Resources", United Methodist Hymnal, p. 200 .
Jump up ^ Roman Missal | Apostles' Creed, Wentworthville: Our Lady of Mount Carmel, 2011, retrieved September 30, 2016 .
Jump up ^ "Rite of Baptism", Lutheran Service Book .
Jump up ^ "Baptismal Covenant I", The United Methodist Hymnal, p. 35 .
Further reading[edit]
Cannata, Raymond F.; Reitano, Joshua D. (2013), Rooted: The Apostles’ Creed, Oro Valley, AZ: Doulos Resources, ISBN 978-1-937063-92-4
Lochman, Jan Milič (1999), "Apostles' Creed", in Fahlbusch, Erwin, Encyclopedia of Christianity, 1, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, pp. 109–10, ISBN 0-8028-2413-7
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apostles' Creed.
Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Symbolum Apostolicum
Vaghi, Msgr. Peter J (2008), The Faith We Profess: A Catholic Guide to the Apostles' Creed, Ave Maria press .
Languages, UK: CPRF . A website with the Creeds in a significant number of languages.
Rosary prayers in different languages, Mary rosaries . A website with prayers in many languages; a significant number of the languages also have the Apostles' Creed.
Audio recordings and texts of the Apostle's Creed and other prayers in various languages
English translations[edit]
The full text of Apostles' Creed at Wikisource
"Roman Catholic translation". Catechism of the Catholic Church. Rome, IT: Vatican. Retrieved June 21, 2005.
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Atwood machine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Illustration of Atwood machine, 1905.
The Atwood machine (or Atwood's machine) was invented in 1784 by the English mathematician George Atwood as a laboratory experiment to verify the mechanical laws of motion with constant acceleration. Atwood's machine is a common classroom demonstration used to illustrate principles of classical mechanics.
The ideal Atwood Machine consists of two objects of mass m1 and m2, connected by an inextensible massless string over an ideal massless pulley.[1]
When m1 = m2, the machine is in neutral equilibrium regardless of the position of the weights.
When m1 ≠ m2 both masses experience uniform acceleration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Equation for constant acceleration
2 Equation for tension
3 Equations for a pulley with inertia and friction
3.1 Practical implementations
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Equation for constant acceleration[edit]
The free body diagrams of the two hanging masses of the Atwood machine. Our sign convention, depicted by the acceleration vectors is that m1 accelerates downward and that m2 accelerates upward, as would be the case if m1 > m2
We are able to derive an equation for the acceleration by using force analysis. If we consider a massless, inextensible string and an ideal massless pulley, the only forces we have to consider are: tension force (T), and the weight of the two masses (W1 and W2). To find an acceleration we need to consider the forces affecting each individual mass. Using Newton's second law (with a sign convention of m 1 > m 2 {\displaystyle m_{1}>m_{2}} ) we can derive a system of equations for the acceleration (a).
As a sign convention, we assume that a is positive when downward for m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} and upward for m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} . Weight of m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} and m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} is simply W 1 = m 1 g {\displaystyle W_{1}=m_{1}g} and W 2 = m 2 g {\displaystyle W_{2}=m_{2}g} respectively.
Forces affecting m1:
m 1 g − T = m 1 a {\displaystyle \;m_{1}g-T=m_{1}a}
Forces affecting m2:
T − m 2 g = m 2 a {\displaystyle \;T-m_{2}g=m_{2}a}
and adding the two previous equations we obtain
m 1 g − m 2 g = m 1 a + m 2 a {\displaystyle \;m_{1}g-m_{2}g=m_{1}a+m_{2}a} ,
and our concluding formula for acceleration
a = g m 1 − m 2 m 1 + m 2 {\displaystyle a=g{m_{1}-m_{2} \over m_{1}+m_{2}}}
Conversely, the acceleration due to gravity, g, can be found by timing the movement of the weights, and calculating a value for the uniform acceleration a: a = 2 d t 2 {\displaystyle a={\frac {2d}{t^{2}}}} .
The Atwood machine is sometimes used to illustrate the Lagrangian method of deriving equations of motion.[2]
Equation for tension[edit]
It can be useful to know an equation for the tension in the string. To evaluate tension, substitute the equation for acceleration in either of the 2 force equations.
a = g m 1 − m 2 m 1 + m 2 {\displaystyle a=g{m_{1}-m_{2} \over m_{1}+m_{2}}}
For example, substituting into m 1 a = m 1 g − T {\displaystyle m_{1}a=m_{1}g-T} , results in
T = 2 g m 1 m 2 m 1 + m 2 = 2 g 1 / m 1 + 1 / m 2 {\displaystyle T={2gm_{1}m_{2} \over m_{1}+m_{2}}={2g \over 1/m_{1}+1/m_{2}}}
Equations for a pulley with inertia and friction[edit]
For very small mass differences between m1 and m2, the rotational inertia I of the pulley of radius r cannot be neglected. The angular acceleration of the pulley is given by the no-slip condition:
α = a r , {\displaystyle \alpha ={a \over r},}
where α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the angular acceleration. The net torque is then:
τ n e t = ( T 1 − T 2 ) r − τ f r i c t i o n = I α {\displaystyle \tau _{\mathrm {net} }=\left(T_{1}-T_{2}\right)r-\tau _{\mathrm {friction} }=I\alpha }
Combining with Newton's second law for the hanging masses, and solving for T1, T2, and a, we get:
Acceleration:
a = g ( m 1 − m 2 ) − τ f r i c t i o n r m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 {\displaystyle a={{g(m_{1}-m_{2})-{\tau _{\mathrm {friction} } \over r}} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}}}}}
Tension in string segment nearest m1:
T 1 = m 1 g ( 2 m 2 + I r 2 + τ f r i c t i o n r g ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 {\displaystyle T_{1}={{m_{1}g(2m_{2}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}}+{{\tau _{\mathrm {friction} }} \over {rg}})} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}}}}}
Tension in string segment nearest m2:
T 2 = m 2 g ( 2 m 1 + I r 2 + τ f r i c t i o n r g ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 {\displaystyle T_{2}={{m_{2}g(2m_{1}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}}+{{\tau _{\mathrm {friction} }} \over {rg}})} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}}}}}
Should bearing friction be negligible (but not the inertia of the pulley and not the traction of the string on the pulley rim), these equations simplify as the following results:
Acceleration:
a = g ( m 1 − m 2 ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 {\displaystyle a={{g(m_{1}-m_{2})} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}}}}}
Tension in string segment nearest m1:
T 1 = m 1 g ( 2 m 2 + I r 2 ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 {\displaystyle T_{1}={{m_{1}g(2m_{2}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}})} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}}}}}
Tension in string segment nearest m2:
T 2 = m 2 g ( 2 m 1 + I r 2 ) m 1 + m 2 + I r 2 {\displaystyle T_{2}={{m_{2}g(2m_{1}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}})} \over {m_{1}+m_{2}+{{I} \over {r^{2}}}}}}
Practical implementations[edit]
Atwood's original illustrations show the main pulley's axle resting on the rims of another four wheels, to minimize friction forces from the bearings. Many historical implementations of the machine follow this design.
An elevator with a counterbalance approximates an ideal Atwood machine and thereby relieves the driving motor from the load of holding the elevator cab — it has to overcome only weight difference and inertia of the two masses. The same principle is used for funicular railways with two connected railway cars on inclined tracks, and for the elevators on the Eiffel Tower which counterbalance each other. Ski lifts are another example, where the gondolas move on a closed (continuous) pulley system up and down the mountain. The ski lift is similar to the counter-weighted elevator, but with a constraining force provided by the cable in the vertical dimension thereby achieving work in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Boat lifts [3] are another type of counter-weighted elevator system approximating an Atwood machine.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atwood's machine.
Frictionless plane
Kater's pendulum
Spherical cow
Swinging Atwood's machine
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Tipler, Paul A. (1991). Physics For Scientists and Engineers (3rd, extended ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 160. ISBN 0-87901-432-6. Chapter 6, example 6-13
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Herbert (1980). Classical Mechanics (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Addison-Wesley/Narosa Indian Student Edition. pp. 26–27. ISBN 81-85015-53-8. Section 1-6, example 2
Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_lift
External links[edit]
Professor Greenslade's account on the Atwood Machine
Atwood's Machine by Enrique Zeleny, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atwood_machine&oldid=792136529"
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Euclidean vectors

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Newton's second law

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