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Gestalt psychology
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Gestalt psychology or gestaltism (German: Gestalt [ɡəˈʃtalt] "shape, form") is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology. Gestalt psychology is an attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world. The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies. The assumed physiological mechanisms on which Gestalt theory rests are poorly defined and support for their existence is lacking.[1][2] The Gestalt theory of perception has been criticized as being descriptive of the end products of perception without providing much insight into the processes that lead to perception.[2] In the introduction to a 2016 special issue of the journal Vision Research on Gestalt perception, the authors concluded that "even though they study the same phenomena as earlier Gestaltists, there is little theoretical coherence. What happened to the Gestalt school that always aspired to provide a unified vision of psychology? Perhaps there is, in fact, little that holds the classic phenomena of Gestalt psychology together."[3]
This principle maintains that when the human mind (perceptual system) forms a percept or "gestalt", the whole has a reality of its own, independent of the parts. The original famous phrase of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka, "The whole is other than the sum of the parts" is often incorrectly translated[4] as "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", and thus used when explaining gestalt theory, and further incorrectly applied to systems theory.[5] Koffka did not like the translation. He firmly corrected students who replaced "other" with "greater". "This is not a principle of addition" he said.[6] The whole has an independent existence.
In the study of perception, Gestalt psychologists stipulate that perceptions are the products of complex interactions among various stimuli. Contrary to the behaviorist approach to focusing on stimulus and response, gestalt psychologists sought to understand the organization of cognitive processes (Carlson and Heth, 2010). The gestalt effect[citation needed] is the capability of our brain to generate whole forms, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of global figures instead of just collections of simpler and unrelated elements (points, lines, curves, etc.).
In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism. Gestalt theory, it is proposed, allows for the deconstruction of the whole situation into its elements.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
1.1 Gestalt therapy
2 Theoretical framework and methodology
3 Support from cybernetics and neurology
4 Properties
4.1 Emergence
4.2 Reification
4.3 Multistability
4.4 Invariance
5 Prägnanz
6 Criticisms
7 Gestalt views in psychology
7.1 Fuzzy-trace theory
8 Use in design
9 Music
10 Quantum cognition modeling
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Origins[edit]
The concept of gestalt was first introduced in philosophy and psychology in 1890 by Christian von Ehrenfels (a member of the School of Brentano). The idea of gestalt has its roots in theories by David Hume, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, David Hartley, and Ernst Mach. Max Wertheimer's unique contribution was to insist that the "gestalt" is perceptually primary, defining the parts it was composed from, rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts, as von Ehrenfels's earlier Gestalt-Qualität had been.[citation needed]
Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations, 1886), in formulating their very similar concepts of gestalt and figural moment, respectively. On the philosophical foundations of these ideas see Foundations of Gestalt Theory (Smith, ed., 1988).
Early 20th century theorists, such as Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler (students of Carl Stumpf) saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct. This 'gestalt' or 'whole form' approach sought to define principles of perception—seemingly innate mental laws that determined the way objects were perceived. It is based on the here and now, and in the way things are seen. Images can be divided into figure or ground. The question is what is perceived at first glance: the figure in front, or the background.
These laws took several forms, such as the grouping of similar, or proximate, objects together, within this global process. Although gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive,[2] it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects (Carlson et al. 2000), and of research into behavior, thinking, problem solving and psychopathology.
Gestalt therapy[edit]
The founders of Gestalt therapy, Fritz and Laura Perls, had worked with Kurt Goldstein, a neurologist who had applied principles of Gestalt psychology to the functioning of the organism. Laura Perls had been a Gestalt psychologist before she became a psychoanalyst and before she began developing Gestalt therapy together with Fritz Perls.[8] The extent to which Gestalt psychology influenced Gestalt therapy is disputed, however. In any case it is not identical with Gestalt psychology. On the one hand, Laura Perls preferred not to use the term "Gestalt" to name the emerging new therapy, because she thought that the gestalt psychologists would object to it;[9] on the other hand Fritz and Laura Perls clearly adopted some of Goldstein's work.[10] Thus, though recognizing the historical connection and the influence, most gestalt psychologists emphasize that gestalt therapy is not a form of gestalt psychology.
Mary Henle noted in her presidential address to Division 24 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association (1975): "What Perls has done has been to take a few terms from Gestalt psychology, stretch their meaning beyond recognition, mix them with notions—often unclear and often incompatible—from the depth psychologies, existentialism, and common sense, and he has called the whole mixture gestalt therapy. His work has no substantive relation to scientific Gestalt psychology. To use his own language, Fritz Perls has done 'his thing'; whatever it is, it is not Gestalt psychology" With the Gestalt theory however, she restricts herself explicitly to only three of Perls' books from 1969 and 1972, leaving out Perls' earlier work, and Gestalt therapy in general.[11]
There are clinical applications of Gestalt psychology in the psychotherapeutic field, foremost in Europe, e.g. Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy.
Theoretical framework and methodology[edit]
The school of gestalt practiced a series of theoretical and methodological principles that attempted to redefine the approach to psychological research. This is in contrast to investigations developed at the beginning of the 20th century, based on traditional scientific methodology, which divided the object of study into a set of elements that could be analyzed separately with the objective of reducing the complexity of this object.
The theoretical principles are the following:
Principle of Totality—The conscious experience must be considered globally (by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the individual simultaneously) because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships.
Principle of psychophysical isomorphism – A correlation exists between conscious experience and cerebral activity.
Based on the principles above the following methodological principles are defined:
Phenomenon experimental analysis—In relation to the Totality Principle any psychological research should take phenomena as a starting point and not be solely focused on sensory qualities.
Biotic experiment—The school of gestalt established a need to conduct real experiments that sharply contrasted with and opposed classic laboratory experiments. This signified experimenting in natural situations, developed in real conditions, in which it would be possible to reproduce, with higher fidelity, what would be habitual for a subject.[12]
Support from cybernetics and neurology[edit]
In the 1940s and 1950s, laboratory research in neurology and what became known as cybernetics on the mechanism of frogs' eyes indicate that perception of 'gestalts' (in particular gestalts in motion) is perhaps more primitive and fundamental than 'seeing' as such:
A frog hunts on land by vision... He has no fovea, or region of greatest acuity in vision, upon which he must center a part of the image... The frog does not seem to see or, at any rate, is not concerned with the detail of stationary parts of the world around him. He will starve to death surrounded by food if it is not moving. His choice of food is determined only by size and movement. He will leap to capture any object the size of an insect or worm, providing it moves like one. He can be fooled easily not only by a piece of dangled meat but by any moving small object... He does remember a moving thing provided it stays within his field of vision and he is not distracted.[13]
The lowest-level concepts related to visual perception for a human being probably differ little from the concepts of a frog. In any case, the structure of the retina in mammals and in human beings is the same as in amphibians. The phenomenon of distortion of perception of an image stabilized on the retina gives some idea of the concepts of the subsequent levels of the hierarchy. This is a very interesting phenomenon. When a person looks at an immobile object, "fixes" it with his eyes, the eyeballs do not remain absolutely immobile; they make small involuntary movements. As a result the image of the object on the retina is constantly in motion, slowly drifting and jumping back to the point of maximum sensitivity. The image "marks time" in the vicinity of this point.[14]
Properties[edit]
The key principles of gestalt systems are emergence, reification, multistability and invariance.[15]
Emergence[edit]
This is demonstrated by the dog picture, which depicts a Dalmatian dog sniffing the ground in the shade of overhanging trees. The dog is not recognized by first identifying its parts (feet, ears, nose, tail, etc.), and then inferring the dog from those component parts. Instead, the dog appears as a whole, all at once. Gestalt theory does not have an explanation for how this perception of a dog appears.
Reification[edit]
See also: Reification (fallacy)
Reification
Reification is the constructive or generative aspect of perception, by which the experienced percept contains more explicit spatial information than the sensory stimulus on which it is based.
For instance, a triangle is perceived in picture A, though no triangle is there. In pictures B and D the eye recognizes disparate shapes as "belonging" to a single shape, in C a complete three-dimensional shape is seen, where in actuality no such thing is drawn.
Reification can be explained by progress in the study of illusory contours, which are treated by the visual system as "real" contours.
Multistability[edit]
the Necker cube and the Rubin vase, two examples of multistability
Multistability (or multistable perception) is the tendency of ambiguous perceptual experiences to pop back and forth unstably between two or more alternative interpretations. This is seen, for example, in the Necker cube and Rubin's Figure/Vase illusion shown here. Other examples include the three-legged blivet and artist M. C. Escher's artwork and the appearance of flashing marquee lights moving first one direction and then suddenly the other. Again, gestalt does not explain how images appear multistable, only that they do.
Invariance[edit]
Invariance
Invariance is the property of perception whereby simple geometrical objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, and scale; as well as several other variations such as elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features. For example, the objects in A in the figure are all immediately recognized as the same basic shape, which are immediately distinguishable from the forms in B. They are even recognized despite perspective and elastic deformations as in C, and when depicted using different graphic elements as in D. Computational theories of vision, such as those by David Marr, have provided alternate explanations of how perceived objects are classified.
Emergence, reification, multistability, and invariance are not necessarily separable modules to model individually, but they could be different aspects of a single unified dynamic mechanism.[16]
Prägnanz[edit]
Main article: Principles of grouping
The fundamental principle of gestalt perception is the law of prägnanz[de] (in the German language, pithiness), which says that we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, symmetrical, and simple. Gestalt psychologists attempt to discover refinements of the law of prägnanz, and this involves writing down laws that, hypothetically, allow us to predict the interpretation of sensation, what are often called "gestalt laws".[17]
Law of proximity
Law of similarity
Law of closure
A major aspect of Gestalt psychology is that it implies that the mind understands external stimuli as whole rather than the sum of their parts. The wholes are structured and organized using grouping laws. The various laws are called laws or principles, depending on the paper where they appear—but for simplicity's sake, this article uses the term laws. These laws deal with the sensory modality of vision. However, there are analogous laws for other sensory modalities including auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory (Bregman – GP). The visual Gestalt principles of grouping were introduced in Wertheimer (1923). Through the 1930s and '40s Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka formulated many of the laws of grouping through the study of visual perception.
Law of Proximity—The law of proximity states that when an individual perceives an assortment of objects they perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group. For example, in the figure that illustrates the Law of proximity, there are 72 circles, but we perceive the collection of circles in groups. Specifically, we perceive that there is a group of 36 circles on the left side of the image, and three groups of 12 circles on the right side of the image. This law is often used in advertising logos to emphasize which aspects of events are associated.[18][19]
Law of Similarity—The law of similarity states that elements within an assortment of objects are perceptually grouped together if they are similar to each other. This similarity can occur in the form of shape, colour, shading or other qualities. For example, the figure illustrating the law of similarity portrays 36 circles all equal distance apart from one another forming a square. In this depiction, 18 of the circles are shaded dark and 18 of the circles are shaded light. We perceive the dark circles as grouped together, and the light circles as grouped together forming six horizontal lines within the square of circles. This perception of lines is due to the law of similarity.[19]
Law of Closure—The law of closure states that individuals perceive objects such as shapes, letters, pictures, etc., as being whole when they are not complete. Specifically, when parts of a whole picture are missing, our perception fills in the visual gap. Research shows that the reason the mind completes a regular figure that is not perceived through sensation is to increase the regularity of surrounding stimuli. For example, the figure that depicts the law of closure portrays what we perceive as a circle on the left side of the image and a rectangle on the right side of the image. However, gaps are present in the shapes. If the law of closure did not exist, the image would depict an assortment of different lines with different lengths, rotations, and curvatures—but with the law of closure, we perceptually combine the lines into whole shapes.[18][19][20]
Law of Symmetry—The law of symmetry states that the mind perceives objects as being symmetrical and forming around a center point. It is perceptually pleasing to divide objects into an even number of symmetrical parts. Therefore, when two symmetrical elements are unconnected the mind perceptually connects them to form a coherent shape. Similarities between symmetrical objects increase the likelihood that objects are grouped to form a combined symmetrical object. For example, the figure depicting the law of symmetry shows a configuration of square and curled brackets. When the image is perceived, we tend to observe three pairs of symmetrical brackets rather than six individual brackets.[18][19]
Law of Common Fate—The law of common fate states that objects are perceived as lines that move along the smoothest path. Experiments using the visual sensory modality found that movement of elements of an object produce paths that individuals perceive that the objects are on. We perceive elements of objects to have trends of motion, which indicate the path that the object is on. The law of continuity implies the grouping together of objects that have the same trend of motion and are therefore on the same path. For example, if there are an array of dots and half the dots are moving upward while the other half are moving downward, we would perceive the upward moving dots and the downward moving dots as two distinct units.[21]
Law of Continuity—The law of continuity states that elements of objects tend to be grouped together, and therefore integrated into perceptual wholes if they are aligned within an object. In cases where there is an intersection between objects, individuals tend to perceive the two objects as two single uninterrupted entities. Stimuli remain distinct even with overlap. We are less likely to group elements with sharp abrupt directional changes as being one object.[18]
Law of Good Gestalt—The law of good gestalt explains that elements of objects tend to be perceptually grouped together if they form a pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly. This law implies that as individuals perceive the world, they eliminate complexity and unfamiliarity so they can observe a reality in its most simplistic form. Eliminating extraneous stimuli helps the mind create meaning. This meaning created by perception implies a global regularity, which is often mentally prioritized over spatial relations. The law of good gestalt focuses on the idea of conciseness, which is what all of gestalt theory is based on. This law has also been called the law of Prägnanz.[18] Prägnanz is a German word that directly translates to mean "pithiness" and implies the ideas of salience, conciseness and orderliness.[21]
Law of Past Experience—The law of past experience implies that under some circumstances visual stimuli are categorized according to past experience. If two objects tend to be observed within close proximity, or small temporal intervals, the objects are more likely to be perceived together. For example, the English language contains 26 letters that are grouped to form words using a set of rules. If an individual reads an English word they have never seen, they use the law of past experience to interpret the letters "L" and "I" as two letters beside each other, rather than using the law of closure to combine the letters and interpret the object as an uppercase U.[21]
Criticisms[edit]
Some of the central criticisms of Gestaltism are based on the preference Gestaltists are deemed to have for theory over data, and a lack of quantitative research supporting Gestalt ideas. This is not necessarily a fair criticism as highlighted by a recent collection of quantitative research on Gestalt perception.[3]
Other important criticisms concern the lack of definition and support for the many physiological assumptions made by gestaltists[1] and lack of theoretical coherence in modern Gestalt psychology.[3]
In some scholarly communities, such as cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience, gestalt theories of perception are criticized for being descriptive rather than explanatory in nature. For this reason, they are viewed by some as redundant or uninformative. For example, Bruce, Green & Georgeson[2] conclude the following regarding gestalt theory's influence on the study of visual perception:
The physiological theory of the gestaltists has fallen by the wayside, leaving us with a set of descriptive principles, but without a model of perceptual processing. Indeed, some of their "laws" of perceptual organisation today sound vague and inadequate. What is meant by a "good" or "simple" shape, for example?
—  Bruce, Green & Georgeson, Visual perception: Physiology, psychology and ecology
Gestalt views in psychology[edit]
Gestalt psychologists find it is important to think of problems as a whole. Max Wertheimer considered thinking to happen in two ways: productive and reproductive.[22]
Productive thinking is solving a problem with insight.
This is a quick insightful unplanned response to situations and environmental interaction.
Reproductive thinking is solving a problem with previous experiences and what is already known. (1945/1959).
This is a very common thinking. For example, when a person is given several segments of information, he/she deliberately examines the relationships among its parts, analyzes their purpose, concept, and totality, he/she reaches the "aha!" moment, using what is already known. Understanding in this case happens intentionally by reproductive thinking.
Another gestalt psychologist, Perkins, believes insight deals with three processes:
Unconscious leap in thinking.[17]
The increased amount of speed in mental processing.
The amount of short-circuiting that occurs in normal reasoning.[23]
Views going against the gestalt psychology are:
Nothing-special view
Neo-gestalt view
The Three-Process View
Gestalt psychology should not be confused with the gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, which is only peripherally linked to gestalt psychology. A strictly gestalt psychology-based therapeutic method is Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy, developed by the German gestalt psychologist and psychotherapist Hans-Jürgen Walter and his colleagues in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Other countries, especially Italy, have seen similar developments.
Fuzzy-trace theory[edit]
Fuzzy-trace theory, a dual process model of memory and reasoning, was also derived from Gestalt psychology. Fuzzy-trace theory posits that we encode information into two separate traces: verbatim and gist. Information stored in verbatim is exact memory for detail (the individual parts of a pattern, for example) while information stored in gist is semantic and conceptual (what we perceive the pattern to be). The effects seen in Gestalt psychology can be attributed to the way we encode information as gist.[24][25]
Use in design[edit]
The gestalt laws are used in user interface design. The laws of similarity and proximity can, for example, be used as guides for placing radio buttons. They may also be used in designing computers and software for more intuitive human use. Examples include the design and layout of a desktop's shortcuts in rows and columns.[26]
Music[edit]
An example of the Gestalt movement in effect, as it is both a process and result, is a music sequence. People are able to recognise a sequence of perhaps six or seven notes, despite them being transposed into a different tuning or key.[27]
Quantum cognition modeling[edit]
Main article: Quantum cognition § Gestalt perception
Similarities between Gestalt phenomena and quantum mechanics have been pointed out by, among others, chemist Anton Amann, who commented that "similarities between Gestalt perception and quantum mechanics are on a level of a parable" yet may give useful insight nonetheless. Physicist Elio Conte and co-workers have proposed abstract, mathematical models to describe the time dynamics of cognitive associations with mathematical tools borrowed from quantum mechanics[28][29] and has discussed psychology experiments in this context. A similar approach has been suggested by physicists David Bohm, Basil Hiley and philosopher Paavo Pylkkänen with the notion that mind and matter both emerge from an "implicate order".[30][31] The models involve non-commutative mathematics; such models account for situations in which the outcome of two measurements performed one after the other can depend on the order in which they are performed—a pertinent feature for psychological processes, as it is obvious that an experiment performed on a conscious person may influence the outcome of a subsequent experiment by changing the state of mind of that person.
See also[edit]
Psychology portal
Amodal perception
Cognitive grammar
Fuzzy-trace theory
Gestaltzerfall
Graz School
Hans Wallach
Hermann Friedmann
Important publications in Gestalt psychology
James J. Gibson
James Tenney
Kurt Goldstein
Laws of association
Mereology
Optical illusion
Pál Schiller Harkai
Pattern recognition (machine learning)
Pattern recognition (psychology)
Phenomenology
Principles of grouping
Rudolf Arnheim
Solomon Asch
Structural information theory
Topological data analysis
Wolfgang Metzger
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Schultz, Duane (2013). A History of Modern Psychology. Burlington: Elsevier Science. p. 291. ISBN 1483270084.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bruce, V., Green, P. & Georgeson, M. (1996). Visual perception: Physiology, psychology and ecology (3rd ed.). LEA. p. 110. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Jäkel, F., Singh, M., Wichmann, F. A., & Herzog, M. H. (2016), "An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception.", Vision Research, 126: 3–8, doi:10.1016/j.visres.2016.06.004 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Tuck, Michael (Aug 17, 2010). "Gestalt Principles Applied in Design". Retrieved 2014-12-19.
Jump up ^ David Hothersall: History of Psychology, chapter seven, (2004)
Jump up ^ Heider, F. 1977. Cited in Dewey, R.A. 2007. Psychology: An introduction: Chapter four - The Whole is Other than the Sum of the Parts. Retrieved 4/12/2014.
Jump up ^ Humphrey, G (1924). "The psychology of the gestalt". Journal of Educational Psychology. 15 (7): 401–412. doi:10.1037/h0070207.
Jump up ^ Bernd Bocian:Fritz Perls in Berlin 1893–1933. Expressionism – Psychonalysis – Judaism, 2010, p. 190, EHP Verlag Andreas Kohlhage, Bergisch Gladbach.
Jump up ^ Joe Wysong/Edward Rosenfeld (eds): An Oral History of Gestalt Therapy, Highland, New York 1982, The Gestalt Journal Press, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Allen R. Barlow, "Gestalt-Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident", The Gestalt Journal, Volume IV, Number 2, (Fall, 1981)
Jump up ^ See Barlow criticizing Henle: Allen R. Barlow: Gestalt Therapy and Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt – Antecedent Influence or Historical Accident, in: The Gestalt Journal, Volume IV, Number 2, Fall, 1981.
Jump up ^ William Ray Woodward, Robert Sonné Cohen – World views and scientific discipline formation: science studies in the German Democratic Republic : papers from a German-American summer institute, 1988
Jump up ^ Lettvin, J.Y., Maturana, H.R., Pitts, W.H., and McCulloch, W.S. (1961). Two Remarks on the Visual System of the Frog. In Sensory Communication edited by Walter Rosenblith, MIT Press and John Wiley and Sons: New York
Jump up ^ Valentin Fedorovich Turchin – The phenomenon of science – a cybernetic approach to human evolution – Columbia University Press, 1977
Jump up ^ Steven., Lehar, (2003). The World in your Head: A Gestalt View of the Mechanism of Conscious Experience. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. ISBN 0805841768. OCLC 52051454.
Jump up ^ "Gestalt Isomorphism". Sharp.bu.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Sternberg, Robert, Cognitive Psychology Third Edition, Thomson Wadsworth© 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stevenson, Herb. "Emergence: The Gestalt Approach to Change". Unleashing Executive and Orzanizational Potential. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Soegaard, Mads. "Gestalt Principles of form Perception". Interaction Design. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2013/05/why-your-brain-thinks-these-dots-are-a-dog/
^ Jump up to: a b c Todorovic, Dejan. "Gestalt Principles". Scholarpedia.org. Scholarpedia. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Sternberg, Robert, Cognitive Psychology Fourth Edition, Thomas Wadsworth© 2006.
Jump up ^ Langley& associates, 1987; Perkins, 1981; Weisberg, 1986,1995"
Jump up ^ Reyna, Valerie (2012). "A new institutionism: Meaning, memory, and development in Fuzzy-Trace Theory". Judgment and Decision Making. 7 (3): 332–359.
Jump up ^ Barghout, Lauren (2014). "Visual Taxometric Approach to Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy-Spatial Taxon Cut Yields Contextually Relevant Regions". Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems: 163–173.
Jump up ^ Soegaard, Mads. "Gestalt principles of form perception". Interaction-design.org. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Willis D. (1999). A source book of Gestalt psychology (Vol 2 ed.). Psychology Press.
Jump up ^ Conte, Elio; Todarello, Orlando; Federici, Antonio; Vitiello, Francesco; Lopane, Michele; Khrennikov, Andrei; Zbilut, Joseph P. (2007). "Some remarks on an experiment suggesting quantum-like behavior of cognitive entities and formulation of an abstract quantum mechanical formalism to describe cognitive entity and its dynamics". Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. 31 (5): 1076–1088. arXiv:0710.5092  . doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2005.09.061.
Jump up ^ Elio Conte, Orlando Todarello, Antonio Federici, Francesco Vitiello, Michele Lopane, Andrei Khrennikov: A Preliminary Evidence of Quantum Like Behavior in Measurements of Mental States, arXiv:quant-ph/0307201 (submitted 28 July 2003)
Jump up ^ B.J. Hiley: Particles, fields, and observers, Volume I The Origins of Life, Part 1 Origin and Evolution of Life, Section II The Physical and Chemical Basis of Life, pp. 87–106 (PDF)
Jump up ^ Basil J. Hiley, Paavo Pylkkänen: Naturalizing the mind in a quantum framework. In Paavo Pylkkänen and Tere Vadén (eds.): Dimensions of conscious experience, Advances in Consciousness Research, Volume 37, John Benjamins B.V., 2001, ISBN 90-272-5157-6, pages 119-144
Carlson, Neil R. and Heth, C. Donald (2010) Psychology the Science of Behaviour Ontario, CA: Pearson Education Canada. pp 20–22.
Smith, Barry (ed.) (1988) Foundations of Gestalt Theory, Munich and Vienna: Philosophia Verlag, 1988.
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Gestalt psychology
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Gestalt psychology on Encyclopædia Britannica
Gestalt principles article in Scholarpedia, by Dejan Todorović
Journal "Gestalt Theory - An International Multidisciplinary Journal" in full text (open source)
International Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications – GTA
Embedded Figures in Art, Architecture and Design
On Max Wertheimer and Pablo Picasso
On Esthetics and Gestalt Theory
The World In Your Head – by Steven Lehar
Gestalt Isomorphism and the Primacy of Subjective Conscious Experience – by Steven Lehar
The new gestalt psychology of the 21st century
The Pennsylvania Gestalt Center
Gestalt Society of Croatia
Gestalt Theory
Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
James J. Gibson in brief
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List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
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This article details the list of men's singles Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions. Some major changes have taken place in history and have affected the number of titles that have been won by various players. These have included the opening of the French national championships to international players in 1925, the elimination of the challenge round in 1922, and the admission of professional players in 1968 (the start of the 'Open' era).[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Note: All of these tournaments have been listed since they began, rather than when they officially became majors. The Australian and US tournaments have only been officially regarded as majors by the ILTF (now the ITF) since 1924 (though many regarded the US Championships as a major before then). The French Championships have only been a major since 1925 (when it became open to all amateurs internationally). Before 1924 (since 1912/1913 to 1923) there were 3 official majors: Wimbledon, the World Hard Court Championships (played on clay) and the World Covered Court Championships (played on an indoor wood surface).
Roger Federer has won 19 Major singles titles, 8 of them at Wimbledon - the most by any man in history.
Rod Laver is the only man in history to win all four Majors in the same calendar year "The Grand Slam" twice (1962 and 1969)
Don Budge is the only male player in tennis history to have won six consecutive Grand Slam singles titles, from Wimbledon 1937 to U.S. Championships 1938.
Rafael Nadal has won 16 Major titles, including 10 French Open titles at Roland Garros, making him the only male player with ten titles at one particular Grand Slam event.
Pete Sampras won 14 Major titles, 7 of them at Wimbledon. 14 Major titles was the world record at the time of his retirement in 2002.
Bill Tilden won 10 Major titles in the 1920s, becoming the first male player to achieve this feat.
Ken Rosewall holds a record 15 Pro Slam titles, and a record 23 overall Major titles, counting both Amateur and Pro circuits.
Roy Emerson was the first male player in history to win each Major title twice, and the only player to have won a career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles.
Novak Djokovic is the first player to hold all four major titles on three different surfaces simultaneously. He is tied with Roy Emerson for 12 major titles and for the all-time record of 6 Australian titles.
Andre Agassi was the first male player to complete the Career Grand Slam on three different surfaces, and the first male player in history to win the Career Golden Slam (winning the four Grand Slams and the Olympic Gold Medal in singles).
Contents
[hide]
1 Champions by year
2 Statistics
2.1 Grand Slam singles titles by decade
2.1.1 1920s
2.1.2 1930s
2.1.3 1940s
2.1.4 1950s
2.1.5 1960s
2.1.6 1970s
2.1.7 1980s
2.1.8 1990s
2.1.9 2000s
2.1.10 2010s
2.2 Most Grand Slam singles titles (5 or more)
2.3 Most singles titles by Grand Slam tournament
2.4 Grand Slam singles titles by country (open era)
2.5 Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title
2.6 Achieved a Career Grand Slam
2.7 Completed the Grand Slam
2.8 Winners of three Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year
2.9 Winners of two Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year
2.10 Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Slam singles titles
2.11 Winners of five or more singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament
2.12 Winners of four or more consecutive singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament
2.13 Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set
2.13.1 Chronological timeline (by player)
2.13.2 Occurrences by Grand Slam tournament
3 See also
4 Notes
Champions by year
Year
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
1877 started in 1905 started in 1891 GBR: Spencer Gore started in 1881
1878 tournament not created tournament not created Frank Hadow tournament not created
1879 tournament not created tournament not created John Hartley (1/2) tournament not created
1880 tournament not created tournament not created John Hartley (2/2) tournament not created
1881 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (1/7) USA: Richard Sears (1/7)
1882 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (2/7) Richard Sears (2/7)
1883 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (3/7) Richard Sears (3/7)
1884 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (4/7) Richard Sears (4/7)
1885 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (5/7) Richard Sears (5/7)
1886 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (6/7) Richard Sears (6/7)
1887 tournament not created tournament not created Herbert Lawford Richard Sears (7/7)
1888 tournament not created tournament not created Ernest Renshaw Henry Slocum (1/2)
1889 tournament not created tournament not created William Renshaw (7/7) Henry Slocum (2/2)
1890 tournament not created tournament not created Willoughby Hamilton Oliver Campbell (1/3)
1891 tournament not created Briggs, H.H. Briggs * Wilfred Baddeley (1/3) Oliver Campbell (2/3)
1892 tournament not created FRA: Schopfer, JeanJean Schopfer * Wilfred Baddeley (2/3) Oliver Campbell (3/3)
1893 tournament not created Riboulet, LaurentLaurent Riboulet * Joshua Pim (1/2) Robert Wrenn (1/4)
1894 tournament not created Vacherot, AndréAndré Vacherot * Joshua Pim (2/2) Robert Wrenn (2/4)
1895 tournament not created Vacherot, AndréAndré Vacherot * Wilfred Baddeley (3/3) Fred Hovey
1896 tournament not created Vacherot, AndréAndré Vacherot * Harold Mahony Robert Wrenn (3/4)
1897 tournament not created Aymé, PaulPaul Aymé * Reginald Doherty (1/4) Robert Wrenn (4/4)
1898 tournament not created Aymé, PaulPaul Aymé * Reginald Doherty (2/4) Malcolm Whitman (1/3)
1899 tournament not created Aymé, PaulPaul Aymé * Reginald Doherty (3/4) Malcolm Whitman (2/3)
1900 tournament not created Aymé, PaulPaul Aymé * Reginald Doherty (4/4) Malcolm Whitman (3/3)
1901 tournament not created Vacherot, AndréAndré Vacherot * Arthur Gore (1/3) William Larned (1/7)
1902 tournament not created Vacherot, MichelMichel Vacherot * Laurence Doherty (1/6) William Larned (2/7)
1903 tournament not created Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Laurence Doherty (2/6) Laurence Doherty (3/6)
1904 tournament not created Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Laurence Doherty (4/6) Holcombe Ward
1905 AUS: Rodney Heath (1/2) Germot, MauriceMaurice Germot * Laurence Doherty (5/6) Beals Wright
1906 NZL: Anthony Wilding (1/6) Germot, MauriceMaurice Germot * Laurence Doherty (6/6) William Clothier
1907 Horace Rice Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Norman Brookes (1/3) William Larned (3/7)
1908 Fred Alexander Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Arthur Gore (2/3) William Larned (4/7)
1909 Anthony Wilding (2/6) Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Arthur Gore (3/3) William Larned (5/7)
1910 Rodney Heath (2/2) Germot, MauriceMaurice Germot * Anthony Wilding (3/6) William Larned (6/7)
1911 Norman Brookes (2/3) Gobert, AndréAndré Gobert * Anthony Wilding (4/6) William Larned (7/7)
1912 James Cecil Parke Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Anthony Wilding (5/6) Maurice McLoughlin (1/2)
1913 Ernie Parker Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Anthony Wilding (6/6) Maurice McLoughlin (2/2)
1914 Arthur O'Hara Wood Decugis, MaxMax Decugis * Norman Brookes (3/3) Richard Williams (1/2)
1915 Francis Lowe no competition no competition William Johnston (1/3)
1916 no competition no competition no competition Richard Williams (2/2)
1917 no competition no competition no competition Robert Lindley Murray (1/2)
1918 no competition no competition no competition Robert Lindley Murray (2/2)
1919 Algernon Kingscote † no competition Gerald Patterson (1/3) William Johnston (2/3)
1920 Pat O'Hara Wood (1/2) Gobert, AndréAndré Gobert * Bill Tilden (1/10) Bill Tilden (2/10)
1921 Rhys Gemmell Samazeuilh, JeanJean Samazeuilh * Bill Tilden (3/10) Bill Tilden (4/10)
1922 James Anderson (1/3) Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet * Gerald Patterson (2/3) Bill Tilden (5/10)
1923 Pat O'Hara Wood (2/2) †† Blanchy, FrançoisFrançois Blanchy * William Johnston (3/3) Bill Tilden (6/10)
1924 James Anderson (2/3) Borotra, JeanJean Borotra * Jean Borotra (1/4) Bill Tilden (7/10)
1925 James Anderson (3/3) René Lacoste (1/7) ** René Lacoste (2/7) Bill Tilden (8/10)
1926 John Hawkes Henri Cochet (1/7) Jean Borotra (2/4) René Lacoste (3/7)
1927 Gerald Patterson (3/3)††† René Lacoste (4/7) Henri Cochet (2/7) René Lacoste (5/7)
1928 Jean Borotra (3/4) Henri Cochet (3/7) René Lacoste (6/7) Henri Cochet (4/7)
1929 John Gregory René Lacoste (7/7) Henri Cochet (5/7) Bill Tilden (9/10)
1930 Edgar Moon Henri Cochet (6/7) Bill Tilden (10/10) John Doeg
1931 Jack Crawford (1/6) Jean Borotra (4/4) Sidney Wood Ellsworth Vines (1/3)
1932 Jack Crawford (2/6) Henri Cochet (7/7) Ellsworth Vines (2/3) Ellsworth Vines (3/3)
1933 Jack Crawford (3/6) Jack Crawford (4/6) Jack Crawford (5/6) Fred Perry (1/8)
1934 Fred Perry (2/8) GER: Gottfried von Cramm (1/2) Fred Perry (3/8) Fred Perry (4/8)
1935 Jack Crawford (6/6) Fred Perry (5/8) Fred Perry (6/8) Wilmer Allison
1936 Adrian Quist (1/3) GER: Gottfried von Cramm (2/2) Fred Perry (7/8) Fred Perry (8/8)
1937 Vivian McGrath Henner Henkel Don Budge (1/6) Don Budge (2/6)
1938 Don Budge (3/6) Don Budge (4/6) Don Budge (5/6) Don Budge (6/6)
1939 John Bromwich (1/2) Don McNeill (1/2) Bobby Riggs (1/3) Bobby Riggs (2/3)
1940 Adrian Quist (2/3) no competition no competition Don McNeill (2/2)
1941 no competition held under German occupation *** no competition Bobby Riggs (3/3)
1942 no competition held under German occupation *** no competition Ted Schroeder (1/2)
1943 no competition held under German occupation *** no competition Joseph Hunt
1944 no competition held under German occupation *** no competition Frank Parker (1/4)
1945 no competition Yvon Petra—unrecognized winner *** no competition Frank Parker (2/4)
1946 John Bromwich (2/2) Marcel Bernard Yvon Petra Jack Kramer (1/3)
1947 Dinny Pails HUN: József Asbóth Jack Kramer (2/3) Jack Kramer (3/3)
1948 Adrian Quist (3/3) Frank Parker (3/4) Bob Falkenburg Pancho Gonzales (1/2)
1949 Frank Sedgman (1/5) Frank Parker (4/4) Ted Schroeder (2/2) Pancho Gonzales (2/2)
1950 Frank Sedgman (2/5) Budge Patty (1/2) Budge Patty (2/2) Arthur Larsen
1951 Richard Savitt (1/2) EGY: Jaroslav Drobný (1/3) Richard Savitt (2/2) Frank Sedgman (3/5)
1952 Ken McGregor Jaroslav Drobný (2/3) Frank Sedgman (4/5) Frank Sedgman (5/5)
1953 Ken Rosewall (1/8) Ken Rosewall (2/8) Vic Seixas (1/2) Tony Trabert (1/5)
1954 Mervyn Rose (1/2) Tony Trabert (2/5) EGY: Jaroslav Drobný (3/3) Vic Seixas (2/2)
1955 Ken Rosewall (3/8) Tony Trabert (3/5) Tony Trabert (4/5) Tony Trabert (5/5)
1956 Lew Hoad (1/4) Lew Hoad (2/4) Lew Hoad (3/4) Ken Rosewall (4/8)
1957 Ashley Cooper (1/4) SWE: Sven Davidson Lew Hoad (4/4) Malcolm Anderson
1958 Ashley Cooper (2/4) Mervyn Rose (2/2) Ashley Cooper (3/4) Ashley Cooper (4/4)
1959 Alex Olmedo (1/2) ITA: Nicola Pietrangeli (1/2) Alex Olmedo (2/2) Neale Fraser (1/3)
1960 Rod Laver (1/11) Nicola Pietrangeli (2/2) Neale Fraser (2/3) Neale Fraser (3/3)
1961 Roy Emerson (1/12) ESP: Manuel Santana (1/4) Rod Laver (2/11) Roy Emerson (2/12)
1962 Rod Laver (3/11) Rod Laver (4/11) Rod Laver (5/11) Rod Laver (6/11)
1963 Roy Emerson (3/12) Roy Emerson (4/12) Chuck McKinley MEX: Rafael Osuna
1964 Roy Emerson (5/12) Manuel Santana (2/4) Roy Emerson (6/12) Roy Emerson (7/12)
1965 Roy Emerson (8/12) Fred Stolle (1/2) Roy Emerson (9/12) Manuel Santana (3/4)
1966 Roy Emerson (10/12) Tony Roche Manuel Santana (4/4) Fred Stolle (2/2)
1967 Roy Emerson (11/12) Roy Emerson (12/12) John Newcombe (1/7) John Newcombe (2/7)
1968 William Bowrey Amateur era tennis ends Open era tennis begins Ken Rosewall (5/8) Rod Laver (7/11) Arthur Ashe (1/3)
1969 Rod Laver (8/11) Rod Laver (9/11) Rod Laver (10/11) Rod Laver (11/11)
1970 Arthur Ashe (2/3) TCH: Jan Kodeš (1/3) John Newcombe (3/7) Ken Rosewall (6/8)
1971 Ken Rosewall (7/8) Jan Kodeš (2/3) John Newcombe (4/7) Stan Smith (1/2)
1972 Ken Rosewall (8/8) Andrés Gimeno Stan Smith (2/2) ROU: Ilie Năstase (1/2)
1973 John Newcombe (5/7) Ilie Năstase (2/2) Jan Kodeš (3/3) John Newcombe (6/7)
1974 Jimmy Connors (1/8) Björn Borg (1/11) Jimmy Connors (2/8) Jimmy Connors (3/8)
1975 John Newcombe (7/7) Björn Borg (2/11) Arthur Ashe (3/3) Manuel Orantes
1976 Mark Edmondson Adriano Panatta Björn Borg (3/11) Jimmy Connors (4/8)
1977 Roscoe Tanner (Jan) ARG: Guillermo Vilas (1/4) Björn Borg (4/11) Guillermo Vilas (2/4)
Vitas Gerulaitis (Dec)
1978 Guillermo Vilas (3/4) †††† Björn Borg (5/11) Björn Borg (6/11) Jimmy Connors (5/8)
1979 Guillermo Vilas (4/4) †††† Björn Borg (7/11) Björn Borg (8/11) John McEnroe (1/7)
1980 Brian Teacher †††† Björn Borg (9/11) Björn Borg (10/11) John McEnroe (2/7)
1981 RSA: Johan Kriek (1/2) †††† Björn Borg (11/11) John McEnroe (3/7) John McEnroe (4/7)
1982 Johan Kriek (2/2) †††† Mats Wilander (1/7) Jimmy Connors (6/8) Jimmy Connors (7/8)
1983 Mats Wilander (2/7) †††† Yannick Noah John McEnroe (5/7) Jimmy Connors (8/8)
1984 Mats Wilander (3/7) †††† Ivan Lendl (1/8) John McEnroe (6/7) John McEnroe (7/7)
1985 Stefan Edberg (1/6) †††† Mats Wilander (4/7) FRG: Boris Becker (1/6) Ivan Lendl (2/8)
1986 no competition Ivan Lendl (3/8) Boris Becker (2/6) Ivan Lendl (4/8)
1987 Stefan Edberg (2/6) Ivan Lendl (5/8) Pat Cash Ivan Lendl (6/8)
1988 Mats Wilander (5/7) Mats Wilander (6/7) Stefan Edberg (3/6) Mats Wilander (7/7)
1989 Ivan Lendl (7/8) Michael Chang Boris Becker (3/6) Boris Becker (4/6)
1990 Ivan Lendl (8/8) ECU: Andrés Gómez Stefan Edberg (4/6) Pete Sampras (1/14)
1991 GER: Boris Becker (5/6) Jim Courier (1/4) Michael Stich Stefan Edberg (5/6)
1992 Jim Courier (2/4) Jim Courier (3/4) Andre Agassi (1/8) Stefan Edberg (6/6)
1993 Jim Courier (4/4) Sergi Bruguera (1/2) Pete Sampras (2/14) Pete Sampras (3/14)
1994 Pete Sampras (4/14) Sergi Bruguera (2/2) Pete Sampras (5/14) Andre Agassi (2/8)
1995 Andre Agassi (3/8) AUT: Thomas Muster Pete Sampras (6/14) Pete Sampras (7/14)
1996 Boris Becker (6/6) RUS: Yevgeny Kafelnikov (1/2) NED: Richard Krajicek Pete Sampras (8/14)
1997 Pete Sampras (9/14) BRA: Gustavo Kuerten (1/3) Pete Sampras (10/14) Patrick Rafter (1/2)
1998 CZE: Petr Korda Carlos Moyá Pete Sampras (11/14) Patrick Rafter (2/2)
1999 Yevgeny Kafelnikov (2/2) Andre Agassi (4/8) Pete Sampras (12/14) Andre Agassi (5/8)
2000 Andre Agassi (6/8) Gustavo Kuerten (2/3) Pete Sampras (13/14) Marat Safin (1/2)
2001 Andre Agassi (7/8) Gustavo Kuerten (3/3) CRO: Goran Ivanišević Lleyton Hewitt (1/2)
2002 Thomas Johansson Albert Costa Lleyton Hewitt (2/2) Pete Sampras (14/14)
2003 Andre Agassi (8/8) Juan Carlos Ferrero SUI: Roger Federer (1/19) Andy Roddick
2004 Roger Federer (2/19) Gastón Gaudio Roger Federer (3/19) Roger Federer (4/19)
2005 Marat Safin (2/2) Rafael Nadal (1/16) Roger Federer (5/19) Roger Federer (6/19)
2006 Roger Federer (7/19) Rafael Nadal (2/16) Roger Federer (8/19) Roger Federer (9/19)
2007 Roger Federer (10/19) Rafael Nadal (3/16) Roger Federer (11/19) Roger Federer (12/19)
2008 SRB: Novak Djokovic (1/12) Rafael Nadal (4/16) Rafael Nadal (5/16) Roger Federer (13/19)
2009 Rafael Nadal (6/16) Roger Federer (14/19) Roger Federer (15/19) Juan Martín del Potro
2010 Roger Federer (16/19) Rafael Nadal (7/16) Rafael Nadal (8/16) Rafael Nadal (9/16)
2011 Novak Djokovic (2/12) Rafael Nadal (10/16) Novak Djokovic (3/12) Novak Djokovic (4/12)
2012 Novak Djokovic (5/12) Rafael Nadal (11/16) Roger Federer (17/19) Andy Murray (1/3)
2013 Novak Djokovic (6/12) Rafael Nadal (12/16) Andy Murray (2/3) Rafael Nadal (13/16)
2014 Stan Wawrinka (1/3) Rafael Nadal (14/16) Novak Djokovic (7/12) Marin Čilić
2015 Novak Djokovic (8/12) Stan Wawrinka (2/3) Novak Djokovic (9/12) Novak Djokovic (10/12)
2016 Novak Djokovic (11/12) Novak Djokovic (12/12) Andy Murray (3/3) Stan Wawrinka (3/3)
2017 Roger Federer (18/19) Rafael Nadal (15/16) Roger Federer (19/19) Rafael Nadal (16/16)
Legend
Player won all 4 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year
Player won 3 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year
Player won 2 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year
Italics – open only to specific club members of the host country
* authorities differ on whether these events should count toward grand slam totals
** The French Championships opened itself to international competitors and renamed as Championnats Internationaux de France (de tennis).
*** French Championships held between 1941 and 1945 are not recognized by the tournament organizer. See Tournoi de France
† Held in January 1920, before the 1920 Australasian Championships
†† Held in August 1923, after Wimbledon and before the US National Championships
††† Renamed from Australasian Championships to Australian Championships
†††† Australian Open held in December of the year it is listed under, after the US Open
Statistics
Grand Slam singles titles by decade
1920s
9
Tilden
7
Lacoste
5
Cochet
3
Anderson, Borotra
2
Patterson, Wood
1
Gemmel, Gregory, Hawkes, Johnston
1930s
8
Perry
6
Budge, Crawford
3
Vines
2
Cochet, von Cramm, Riggs
1
Allison, Borotra, Bromwich, Doeg, Henkel, McGrath, McNeill, Moon, Quist, Tilden, Wood
1940s
4
Parker
3
Kramer
2
Gonzales, Quist, Schroeder
1
Asboth, Bernard, Bromwich, Falkenburg, Hunt, McNeill, Pails, Petra, Riggs, Sedgman
1950s
5
Trabert
4
Cooper, Hoad, Rosewall, Sedgman
3
Drobny
2
Olmedo, Patty, Rose, Savitt, Seixas
1
Anderson, Davidson, Fraser, Larsen, McGregor, Pietrangeli
1960s
12
Emerson
11
Laver
4
Santana
2
Fraser, Newcombe, Stolle
1
Ashe, Bowrey, McKinley, Osuna, Pietrangeli, Roche, Rosewall
1970s
8
Borg
5
Newcombe, Connors
4
Vilas
3
Rosewall, Kodes
2
Smith, Năstase, Ashe
1
Edmondson, Gerulaitis, Gimeno, McEnroe, Orantes, Panatta, Tanner
1980s
7
Lendl, Wilander
6
McEnroe
4
Becker
3
Borg, Connors, Edberg
2
Kriek
1
Cash, Chang, Noah, Teacher
1990s
12
Sampras
5
Agassi
4
Courier
3
Edberg
2
Becker, Bruguera, Kafelnikov, Rafter
1
Gómez, Korda, Krajicek, Kuerten, Lendl, Moyá, Muster, Stich
2000s
15
Federer
6
Nadal
3
Agassi
2
Hewitt, Safin, Sampras, Kuerten
1
Costa, Djokovic, Ferrero, Gaudio, Ivanišević, Johansson, del Potro, Roddick
2010s
11
Djokovic
10
Nadal
4
Federer
3
Murray, Wawrinka
1
Čilić
Most Grand Slam singles titles (5 or more)
All time
Rank
Player
Total
Winning Span
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
1 Roger Federer 19 15 5 1 8 5
2 Rafael Nadal 16 13 1 10 2 3
3 Pete Sampras 14 13 2 0 7 5
4 Roy Emerson 12 7 6 2 2 2
Novak Djokovic 12 9 6 1 3 2
6 Rod Laver 11 10 3 2 4 2
Björn Borg 11 8 0 6 5 0
8 Bill Tilden 10 11 0 0 3 7
9 Fred Perry 8 4 1 1 3 3
Ken Rosewall 8 20 4 2 0 2
Jimmy Connors 8 10 1 0 2 5
Ivan Lendl 8 7 2 3 0 3
Andre Agassi 8 12 4 1 1 2
14 Richard Sears 7 7 0 0 0 7
William Renshaw 7 9 0 0 7 0
William Larned 7 11 0 0 0 7
René Lacoste 7 5 0 3 2 2
Henri Cochet 7 7 0 4 2 1
John Newcombe 7 9 2 0 3 2
John McEnroe 7 6 0 0 3 4
Mats Wilander 7 7 3 3 0 1
22 Laurence Doherty 6 5 0 0 5 1
Tony Wilding 6 8 2 0 4 0
Jack Crawford 6 5 4 1 1 0
Don Budge 6 2 1 1 2 2
Stefan Edberg 6 8 2 0 2 2
Boris Becker 6 12 2 0 3 1
28 Frank Sedgman 5 4 2 0 1 2
Tony Trabert 5 3 0 2 1 2
Open Era
Rank
Player
Total
Winning Span
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
1 Roger Federer 19 15 5 1 8 5
2 Rafael Nadal 16 13 1 10 2 3
3 Pete Sampras 14 13 2 0 7 5
4 Novak Djokovic 12 9 6 1 3 2
5 Björn Borg 11 8 0 6 5 0
6 Jimmy Connors 8 10 1 0 2 5
Ivan Lendl 8 7 2 3 0 3
Andre Agassi 8 12 4 1 1 2
9 John McEnroe 7 6 0 0 3 4
Mats Wilander 7 7 3 3 0 1
11 Stefan Edberg 6 8 2 0 2 2
Boris Becker 6 12 2 0 3 1
13 Rod Laver 5 10 1 1 2 1
John Newcombe 5 9 2 0 2 1
Most singles titles by Grand Slam tournament
All Time
Grand Slam
Wins #
Player(s)
Australian Open 6 Roy Emerson
Novak Djokovic
French Open 10 Rafael Nadal
Wimbledon 8 Roger Federer
US Open 7 Richard Sears
William Larned
Bill Tilden
Open Era
Grand Slam
Wins #
Player(s)
Australian Open 6 Novak Djokovic
French Open 10 Rafael Nadal
Wimbledon 8 Roger Federer
US Open 5 Jimmy Connors
Pete Sampras
Roger Federer
Note: Bold indicates player still active.
Grand Slam singles titles by country (open era)
51
United States
25
Sweden
23
Spain
22
Switzerland
20
Australia
12
Czechoslovakia (one as Czech Republic)
12
Serbia
7
Germany (also West Germany)
6
Argentina
4
Russia
3
Brazil, United Kingdom
2
Croatia, Romania, South Africa
1
Austria, Ecuador, France, Italy, Netherlands
Most consecutive years with at least one Grand Slam title
Year #
Span
Player(s)
10 2005–2014 Rafael Nadal
8 1974–1981 Björn Borg
8 1993–2000 Pete Sampras
8 2003–2010 Roger Federer
7 1881–1887 Richard Sears
Note: * indicates ongoing streak, bold indicates player still active.
Achieved a Career Grand Slam
These players won all four majors. The year listed is the year the player first won each tournament; the last one is marked in bold. The age listed is the age at the end of that last tournament, i.e., the age at which the player completed his Career Grand Slam.
Player
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
Age
Fred Perry 1934 1935 1934 1933 26 years, 15 days
Don Budge 1938 1938 1937 1937 22 years, 357 days
Rod Laver 1960 1962 1961 1962 24 years, 32 days
Roy Emerson 1961 1963 1964 1961 27 years, 244 days
Andre Agassi 1995 1999 1992 1994 29 years, 38 days
Roger Federer 2004 2009 2003 2004 27 years, 203 days
Rafael Nadal 2009 2005 2008 2010 24 years, 101 days
Novak Djokovic 2008 2016 2011 2011 29 years, 14 days
Completed the Grand Slam
(Winners of all four Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year[9][10][11][12][13])
Australian—French—Wimbledon—U.S.:
1938 Don Budge
1962 Rod Laver
1969 Rod Laver (2)
Winners of three Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year
Note: players with four titles are not included here.
Australian—French—Wimbledon:
1933 J Crawford
1956 L Hoad
Australian—French—U.S.:
1988 M Wilander
Australian—Wimbledon—U.S.:
1934 F Perry
1958 A Cooper
1964 R Emerson
1974 J Connors
2004 R Federer
2006 R Federer (2)
2007 R Federer (3)
2011 N Djokovic
2015 N Djokovic (2)
French—Wimbledon—U.S.:
1955 T Trabert
2010 R Nadal
Winners of two Grand Slam singles tournaments in the same calendar year
Note: players with more than two titles are not included here.
Australian—French:
1953 Ken Rosewall
1963 Roy Emerson
1967 Roy Emerson (2)
1992 Jim Courier
2016 Novak Djokovic
Australian—Wimbledon:
1951 Dick Savitt
1959 Alex Olmedo
1965 Roy Emerson
1994 Pete Sampras
1997 Pete Sampras (2)
2017 Roger Federer
Australian—U.S.:
1961 Roy Emerson
1973 John Newcombe

French—Wimbledon:
1925 René Lacoste
1935 Fred Perry
1950 Budge Patty
1978 Björn Borg
1979 Björn Borg (2)
1980 Björn Borg (3)
2008 Rafael Nadal
2009 Roger Federer
French—U.S.:
1927 René Lacoste
1928 Henri Cochet
1977 Guillermo Vilas
1986 Ivan Lendl
1987 Ivan Lendl (2)
1999 Andre Agassi
2013 Rafael Nadal
2017 Rafael Nadal (2)
Wimbledon—U.S.:
1903 Laurence Doherty
1920 Bill Tilden
1921 Bill Tilden (2)
1932 Ellsworth Vines
1936 Fred Perry
1937 Don Budge
1939 Bobby Riggs
1947 Jack Kramer
1952 Frank Sedgman
1960 Neale Fraser
1967 John Newcombe
1981 John McEnroe
1982 Jimmy Connors
1984 John McEnroe (2)
1989 Boris Becker
1993 Pete Sampras
1995 Pete Sampras (2)
2005 Roger Federer
Winners of three or more consecutive Grand Slam singles titles
Titles
Players
Years
6 Don Budge 1937–38
4 Rod Laver 1962
Rod Laver 1969
Novak Djokovic 2015–16
3 Jack Crawford 1933
Tony Trabert 1955
Lew Hoad 1956
Roy Emerson 1964–65
Pete Sampras 1993–94
Roger Federer 2005–06
Roger Federer 2006–07
Rafael Nadal 2010
Novak Djokovic 2011–12
Winners of five or more singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament
All-time
Titles
Player
Grand Slam
10 Rafael Nadal French Open
8 Roger Federer Wimbledon
7 Richard Sears U.S. Championships
William Renshaw Wimbledon Championships
William Larned U.S. Championships
Bill Tilden U.S. Championships
Pete Sampras Wimbledon
6 Roy Emerson Australian Championships
Björn Borg French Open
Novak Djokovic Australian Open
5 Laurence Doherty Wimbledon
Björn Borg Wimbledon
Jimmy Connors US Open
Pete Sampras US Open
Roger Federer US Open
Roger Federer Australian Open
Open Era
Titles
Player
Grand Slam
10 Rafael Nadal French Open
8 Roger Federer Wimbledon
7 Pete Sampras Wimbledon
6 Björn Borg French Open
Novak Djokovic Australian Open
5 Björn Borg Wimbledon
Jimmy Connors US Open
Pete Sampras US Open
Roger Federer US Open
Roger Federer Australian Open
Winners of four or more consecutive singles titles at one Grand Slam tournament
All-time
Titles
Player
Grand Slam
Years
7 Richard Sears U.S. Championships 1881–87
6 William Renshaw Wimbledon 1881–86
Bill Tilden U.S. Championships 1920–25
5 Laurence Doherty Wimbledon 1902–06
William Larned U.S. Championships 1907–11
Roy Emerson Australian Championships 1963–67
Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976–80
Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003–07
Roger Federer US Open 2004–08
Rafael Nadal French Open 2010–14
4 Reginald Doherty Wimbledon 1897–1900
Tony Wilding Wimbledon 1910–13
Björn Borg French Open 1978–81
Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1997–2000
Rafael Nadal French Open 2005–08
Open Era
Titles
Player
Grand Slam
Years
5 Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976–80
Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003–07
Roger Federer US Open 2004–08
Rafael Nadal French Open 2010–14
4 Björn Borg French Open 1978–81
Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1997–2000
Rafael Nadal French Open 2005–08
Bold = Active Streaks
Winning a Grand Slam singles tournament without losing a set
Chronological timeline (by player)
Most in category *
Player
Times
Grand Slam Tournaments
Australian Open
French Open
Wimbledon
US Open
Richard Sears 3 * — — — 1881, 1882, 1883 *
Laurence Doherty 1 — — — 1903
Holcombe Ward 1 — — — 1904
William Larned 1 — — — 1907
Tony Wilding 1 1909 * — — —
Rodney Heath 1 1910 * — — —
Pat O'Hara Wood 1 1923 * — — —
Don Budge 2 1938 * — 1938 * —
John Bromwich 1 1939 * — — —
Frank Parker 1 — — — 1945
Frank Sedgman 1 — — — 1952
Tony Trabert 3 * — — 1955 * 1953, 1955
Neale Fraser 1 — — — 1960[14]
Chuck McKinley 1 — — 1963 * —
Roy Emerson 1 1964 * — — —
Ken Rosewall 1 1971 * — — —
Ilie Năstase 1 — 1973 — —
Björn Borg 3 * — 1978, 1980 1976 * —
Roger Federer 2 2007 * — 2017 * —
Rafael Nadal 3 * — 2008, 2010, 2017 * — —
Occurrences by Grand Slam tournament
Grand Slam Tournament
Times
Number of Players
Player(s)
Australian Open 8 8 Tony Wilding
Rodney Heath
Pat O'Hara Wood
Don Budge
John Bromwich
Roy Emerson
Ken Rosewall
Roger Federer
French Open 6 3 Ilie Năstase
Björn Borg (twice)
Rafael Nadal (3 times)
Wimbledon 5 5 Don Budge
Tony Trabert
Chuck McKinley
Björn Borg
Roger Federer
US Open 11 8 Richard Sears (3 times)
Laurence Doherty
Holcombe Ward
William Larned
Frank Parker
Frank Sedgman
Tony Trabert (twice)
Neale Fraser
See also
Tennis statistics
Chronological list of men's major tennis champions
List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions
List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions
List of Grand Slam boys' singles champions
List of Grand Slam girls' singles champions
List of men's Grand Slam, Olympic and ATP Tour Finals and Masters Series singles champions
Notes
Jump up ^ ESPN Sports Almanac 2006, page 814
Jump up ^ World Book Encyclopedia 2008 T p166a
Jump up ^ Compton Encyclopedia 1975 ST p301
Jump up ^ Concord Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ CBS Sports "[1]"
Jump up ^ Top End Sports "[2]"
Jump up ^ USA Today Tennis "[3]"
Jump up ^ Tennis 28 Slams "[4]"
Jump up ^ USOpen.org Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "WTA Tour". wtatour.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "ROGER FEDERER "CERTAINLY HAS THE CHANCE" AT THE GRAND SLAM, SAYS LAVER". worldtennismagazine.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Stats - All Grand Slam Winners - Grand Slam History". www.grandslamhistory.com. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ CROWE, JERRY (22 May 1994). "Return to Grand Slam Glory : Rod Laver Was the Last Man to Sweep Four Major Titles and Thinks It Can Be Done Again". Retrieved 5 September 2017 – via LA Times.
Jump up ^ "Neale Fraser wins 1960 US Open without dropping set". ATP World Tour. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
[show]
v
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[show]
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Richard Savitt

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Ashley Cooper (tennis player)

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William Bowrey

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Tony Wilding

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Wimbledon Championships

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values: 1934 Australian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1935 French Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1934 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1933 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1938 Australian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1938 French Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1937 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1937 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1960 Australian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1962 French Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1961 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1962 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1961 Australian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1963 French Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1964 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1961 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1881 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1882 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1883 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1903 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1904 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1907 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1909 Australasian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1910 Australasian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1923 Australasian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1938 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1939 Australian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1945 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1952 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1955 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1953 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1955 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1960 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1963 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1964 Australian Championships – Men's Singles

values: 1976 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

values: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles

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/wiki/Tennis_statistics
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Tennis statistics

values: Chronological list of men's major tennis champions

values: List of Grand Slam women's singles champions

values: List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions

values: List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions

values: List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions

values: List of Grand Slam boys' singles champions

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values: List of Australian Open women's singles champions

values: List of Australian Open men's doubles champions

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values: List of Australian Open mixed doubles champions

values: List of Australian Open singles finalists during the open era

values: List of French Open women's singles champions

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values: List of French Open women's doubles champions

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values: Chronological list of men's Grand Slam tennis champions

values: Chronological list of women's Grand Slam tennis champions

values: List of Grand Slam singles champions by country

values: List of Open Era Grand Slam men's singles finals

values: List of Open Era Grand Slam women's singles finals

values: List of Grand Slam singles champions in Open Era with age of first title

values: List of ATP Tour Top-level tournament singles champions

values: List of men's Grand Slam, Olympic and ATP Tour Finals and Masters Series doubles champions

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values: Tennis Masters Series records and statistics

values: Open Era tennis records – women's singles

values: All-time tennis records – women's singles

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values: Campions d'individual masculí dels torneigs del Grand Slam – Catalan

values: Seznam vítězů na grandslamových turnajích v tenise – Czech

values: Liste der Sieger der Grand-Slam-Turniere (Herreneinzel) – German

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values: Anexo:Campeones de torneos de Grand Slam (individual masculino) – Spanish

values: Liste des champions de tennis vainqueurs en Grand Chelem en simple – French

values: ग्रैंड स्लैम टेनिस विजेताओं की सूची – Hindi

values: Pobjednici Grand Slam turnira (pojedinačno muškarci) – Croatian

values: رجاله كسبو جراند سلام ف فردى التنس – Egyptian Arabic

values: グランドスラム男子シングルス優勝者一覧 – Japanese

values: Lista de campeões em simples de torneios do Grand Slam – Portuguese

values: Список победителей турниров Большого шлема в мужском одиночном разряде – Russian

values: Seznam zmagovalcev turnirjev za Grand Slam - moški posamično – Slovenian

values: Победници Гренд слем турнира — мушкарци појединачно – Serbian

values: Luettelo tenniksen miesten kaksinpelin Grand Slam -voittajista – Finnish

values: Grand Slam tek erkekler şampiyonları listesi – Turkish

values: Список переможців турнірів Великого шолома серед чоловіків в одиночному розряді – Ukrainian

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values: 網球四大滿貫及ATP年終賽男單冠軍 – Chinese

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