text:
Balamory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Balamory
Created by
Brian Jameson
Starring
Julie Wilson Nimmo
Miles Jupp
Kasia Haddad
Buki Akib
Juliet Cadzow
Andrew Agnew
Rodd Christensen
Mary Riggans
Kim Tserkezie
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
254, including Christmas special.
Production
Producer(s)
Brian Jameson
Running time
19–21 minutes. 28–30 minutes. Specials
Production company(s)
BBC Scotland
Distributor
BBC
Release
Original network
CBeebies
Picture format
16:9 Widescreen
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
10 February 2002 – 14 April 2005
External links
Website
www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/balamory
Balamory is a Scottish live action television series on British television (BBC One, BBC Two and CBeebies) for pre school children, about a fictional small island community called Balamory in Scotland. It was produced between 10 February 2002 and 14 April 2005 by BBC Scotland, with 254 episodes made (including a DVD exclusive Christmas episode). The series was created by Brian Jameson.
Balamory was filmed mostly in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull, with the exception of scenes at Archie's castle filmed at Fenton Tower in North Berwick, and other scenes, such as Camden and the nursery filmed in Glasgow.
A select series of episodes was shown for two brief seasons in the United States on the Discovery Kids channel. It was also shown on TLC. In Ireland, episodes were shown until recently on weekdays on RTÉ Two's The Den and continue to be shown on The Den's replacement, RTÉjr.
Tobermory, Mull, the setting for the fictional town of Balamory
Edie McCredie's bus (LDV Convoy) in the Glasgow Museum of Transport
Contents
[hide]
1 Characters
2 Episodes
2.1 Episode guide
3 Audience
4 Songs
5 Production
6 Retirement
7 Awards
8 References
9 External links
Characters[edit]
There are eight central characters in Balamory. Each character wears a distinctive colour of clothing like pink or yellow, and lives in a house of the same colour like Archie lives in a pink castle, with the exception of Penny Pocket (who shares the red house/shop with Suzie Sweet, and wears blue) and PC Plum (who lives in the white house but wears a police uniform). Each character also has one or more individual songs.
Character
Actor
Job
House
Song(s)
Miss Hoolie Julie Wilson Nimmo Nursery teacher Green house
Nursery Song:Everybody everyone
Day off song:What do you want to do today (Series 1–2)
Strike up the band (Series 3–4)
Archie the Inventor Miles Jupp Inventor Pink castle
I'm Archie the Inventor (Series 1-4)
Great Inventions, Groovy Solutions (Series 3–4)
Josie Jump Buki Akib (series 1-2)
Kasia Haddad (Series 3–4) Fitness instructor Yellow house
Josie Jump is My Name (Jump a Little Higher) (Series 1-4)
Cheer You Up (Series 3–4)
Edie McCredie Juliet Cadzow Bus driver Blue garage/house
When I Honk My Horn (Series 1-4)
Let Me Take You on a Journey (Series 3–4)
PC Plum Andrew Agnew Policeman Black and white police station
I'm PC Plum (Series 1–4)
Follow the Clue (Series 3–4)
Spencer the Painter Rodd Christensen Painter/Musician Orange house
Climbing Up My Musical Ladder (Series 1–4)
If You Need a Little Rhythm (Series 3–4)
Suzie Sweet Mary Riggans Shop and café workers Red shop
I'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)
Suzie's Cooking (Series 3–4)
Penny Pocket Kim Tserkezie
I'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)
Sort It (Series 3–4)
The nursery teacher Miss Hoolie is the framing character and narrator for each episode. She introduces the programme and the problem which needs to be solved, provides a recap in the middle, and summarises the story at the end of the episode.
Archie the Inventor builds zany creations from household objects, such as boxes, bottles, yoghurt pots, string, and similar items that young children might typically use in craft projects. His inventions are intended to be useful, but sometimes backfire.
Josie Jump is the fitness instructor at the primary school next door to Miss Hoolie's nursery school. She plays and coaches all types of gymnastics, sports, and dance, and encourages the young viewers to exercise. She is also talented at storytelling through expressive movement and dance.
Edie McCredie drives the nursery school bus. She has travelled all over the world, and has a variety of photographs and souvenirs to talk about. She is also an expert driver and motor mechanic, and occasionally gets exasperated with other road users.
Police officer PC Plum aspires to be a master detective, but Balamory is a crime free village. He spends most of his time watching wildlife and using his detective skills, to figure out what the animals have been doing. He is also particularly interested in rules, regulations, and safety.
Spencer is officially responsible for painting the coloured houses of Balamory, but also paints pictures and creates music. His painter's ladder is musical, each rung sounding a different note. Spencer is also the only American to reside in Balamory and he is black.
Suzie Sweet and Penny Pocket together run the village shop and cafe. Suzie Sweet is an older, grandmotherly figure who loves to tell customers about the items in the shop. Penny Pocket is a young woman who uses a wheelchair; she has a talent for mathematics.
Episodes[edit]
A typical episode follows this general plan:
The opening credits show the town of "Balamory" with its brightly coloured houses. Miss Hoolie opens the nursery school, greets the nursery children, and talks about that day's weather.
One of the other characters (who will be the main character of that episode) tells Miss Hoolie about a problem. This character then sings "Which Coloured House Are We Going To?", asking the young viewers to guess which of the Balamory characters will be most helpful in solving the problem. The main character then proceeds to visit several other characters until the problem is solved. Miss Hoolie and the main character provide a summary of the story at each point, and a final recap at the end of the episode.
For example, in one episode Josie Jump has been asked to look after a neighbour's rabbit, but does not know what it needs. She is advised to visit PC Plum, who advises her to feed it vegetables. She then goes to the shop run by Pocket and Sweet to buy rabbit food, and finally brings the rabbit to Miss Hoolie's nursery for the children to feed and pat it.
Each episode of Balamory contains at least five songs:
"What's the Story in Balamory?", the theme song
Miss Hoolie's opening song, either "Everybody, Everyone" if the nursery school is open, or one of the two "day off" songs otherwise
"Which Coloured House Are We Going To?", sung by the main character after presenting his or her problem
Character-specific songs, sung by the characters visited by the main character
Episode guide[edit]
Series One
Series Two
Series Three
Series Four
Audience[edit]
The programme was aimed at pre schoolers. The programme's creator had intended it as a "soap opera for children".[1] The show can also be seen in a humorous light. The characters in Balamory are somewhat naive and light hearted, often appearing to be children trapped in adult bodies with adult roles. The storyline revolves around simple problems designed to challenge pre schoolers' minds.
Songs[edit]
There are many songs in Balamory, mainly sung by the actors. These songs are used consistently throughout the series, when corresponding characters or circumstances are introduced. In the run starting from September 2004, new songs were introduced. These songs are longer and take up more time in the episode, so the old versions were still often used.
In addition to the character specific songs mentioned in the "Characters" section, there are two general songs:
"What's the Story in Balamory?" is the show's theme song, sung over the opening titles and played as an instrumental over the closing credits.
"Which Coloured House Are We Going To?" is sung by the main character of each episode after introducing that episode's problem.
Production[edit]
Very few episodes feature actors other than the main characters and the nursery children. Terry Wogan made a guest appearance in one episode (The Game Show) as a television director. This episode also featured Greg Hemphill (Julie Wilson Nimmo's husband in real life) and John Altman, who plays Nick Cotton in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. Celebrity chef Keith Floyd appeared in Suzie Sweet's song "Suzie's Cookin'".
Occasionally, the shots of children entering the nursery are cut down for repeats for time reasons.
Retirement[edit]
On 30 April 2005, the BBC announced that it would not order another season of the series, citing they wanted to experiment and create more new programme ideas. In that year, all the cast (except for two of them) performed a farewell touring show called "Balamory Live: Strike up the Band", a follow up to the "Balamory Live: What's The Story" tour from 2004.
By the time the programme was retired, many of the cast were also keen to move on. Miles Jupp, who played Archie, stated that his role caused some problems when he was performing stand up on the Edinburgh Fringe, due to parents assuming his show was child friendly, and bringing their children to see it. Julie Wilson Nimmo, who played Miss Hoolie, complained that she could not take her children to the local play area without being mobbed.[2]
Awards[edit]
Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2003 BAFTA Children's Awards.[3]
Awarded Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2004 BAFTA Children's Awards.[4]
Nominated for Best Pre-school Live Action Series at the 2005 BAFTA Children's Awards.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Sunday Herald talks to the Balamory cast and production team
Jump up ^ Ross, Peter (8 December 2004). "What's the story?". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners and Nominees - Children's — Awards - 2003". BAFTA. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners and Nominees - Children's - Awards - 2004". BAFTA. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Past Winners and Nominees - Children's - Awards - 2005". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
External links[edit]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/shows/balamory Press release at the launch of Balamory] at bbc.co.uk
http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/08_august/30/balamory.shtml CBeebies - Balamory] at bbc.co.uk
Balamory on IMDb
Balamory at TV.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balamory&oldid=807129679"
Categories:
Balamory
BBC children's television programmes
Fictional populated places in Scotland
2002 British television programme debuts
2005 British television programme endings
2000s Scottish television series
Musical television series
Preschool education television series
Television shows set in Scotland
Isle of Mull
2002 establishments in Scotland
BBC Scotland television programmes
2000s British children's television series
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from March 2014
Articles needing additional references from December 2010
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 02:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Isle_of_Mull
mw-redirect
Isle of Mull

values:
/wiki/TLC_(TV_channel)
mw-redirect
TLC (TV channel)

values:
/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe
mw-redirect
Edinburgh Fringe

values:
/wiki/BAFTA_Children%27s_Awards
mw-redirect
BAFTA Children's Awards

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sundayherald.com/print46733

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0372047/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.tv.com/shows/balamory/
external text

values: Category:BBC children's television programmes

values: Category:Fictional populated places in Scotland

values: Category:2002 British television programme debuts

values: Category:2005 British television programme endings

values: Category:2000s Scottish television series

values: Category:Preschool education television series

values: Category:Television shows set in Scotland

values: Category:2002 establishments in Scotland

values: Category:BBC Scotland television programmes

values: Category:2000s British children's television series

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2010

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Balamory
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Balamory&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balamory
Balamory – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balamory
Balamory – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Balamory rootpage-Balamory vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
hosts (file)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Host (disambiguation).
The computer file hosts is an operating system file that maps hostnames to IP addresses. It is a plain text file. Originally a file named HOSTS.TXT was manually maintained and made available via file sharing by Stanford Research Institute for the ARPANET membership, containing the hostnames and address of hosts as contributed for inclusion by member organizations. The Domain Name System, first described in 1983 and implemented in 1984,[1] automated the publication process and provided instantaneous and dynamic hostname resolution in the rapidly growing network. In modern operating systems, the hosts file remains an alternative name resolution mechanism, configurable often as part of facilities such as the Name Service Switch as either the primary method or as a fallback method.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 File content
3 Location in the file system
4 History
5 Extended applications
6 Security issues
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Purpose[edit]
The hosts file is one of several system facilities that assists in addressing network nodes in a computer network. It is a common part of an operating system's Internet Protocol (IP) implementation, and serves the function of translating human-friendly hostnames into numeric protocol addresses, called IP addresses, that identify and locate a host in an IP network.
In some operating systems, the contents of the hosts file is used preferentially to other name resolution methods, such as the Domain Name System (DNS), but many systems implement name service switches, e.g., nsswitch.conf for Linux and Unix, to provide customization. Unlike remote DNS resolvers, the hosts file is under the direct control of the local computer's administrator.[2]
File content[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The hosts file contains lines of text consisting of an IP address in the first text field followed by one or more host names. Each field is separated by white space – tabs are often preferred for historical reasons, but spaces are also used. Comment lines may be included; they are indicated by an octothorpe (#) in the first position of such lines. Entirely blank lines in the file are ignored. For example, a typical hosts file may contain the following:
127.0.0.1  localhost loopback
::1        localhost

This example only contains entries for the loopback addresses of the system and their host names, a typical default content of the hosts file. The example illustrates that an IP address may have multiple host names (localhost and loopback), and that a host name may be mapped to both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses, as shown on the first and second lines respectively.
Location in the file system[edit]
The location of the hosts file in the file system hierarchy varies by operating system. It is usually named hosts, without an extension.
Operating System
Version(s)
Location
Unix, Unix-like, POSIX /etc/hosts[3]
Microsoft Windows 3.1 %WinDir%\HOSTS
95, 98, ME %WinDir%\hosts[4]
NT, 2000, XP,[5] 2003, Vista,
2008, 7, 2012, 8, 10 %SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts[6]
Windows Mobile, Windows Phone Registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Comm\Tcpip\Hosts
Apple Macintosh 9 and earlier Preferences or System folder
Mac OS X 10.0–10.1.5[7] (Added through NetInfo or niload)
Mac OS X 10.2 and newer /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)[7]
Novell NetWare SYS:etc\hosts
OS/2 & eComStation "bootdrive":\mptn\etc\
Symbian Symbian OS 6.1–9.0 C:\system\data\hosts
Symbian OS 9.1+ C:\private\10000882\hosts
MorphOS NetStack ENVARC:sys/net/hosts
AmigaOS < 4 AmiTCP:db/hosts
4 DEVS:Internet/hosts
AROS ENVARC:AROSTCP/db/hosts
Android /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /system/etc/hosts)
iOS iOS 2.0 and newer /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)
TOPS-20 <SYSTEM>HOSTS.TXT
Plan 9 /lib/ndb/hosts
BeOS /boot/beos/etc/hosts[8]
Haiku /boot/common/settings/network/hosts[8]
OpenVMS UCX UCX$HOST
TCPware TCPIP$HOST
RISC OS 3.7, 5 !Boot.Resources.!Internet.files.Hosts
later boot sequence !Boot.Choices.Hardware.Disabled.Internet.Files.Hosts[9]
History[edit]
The ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, had no distributed host name database. Each network node maintained its own map of the network nodes as needed and assigned them names that were memorable to the users of the system. There was no method for ensuring that all references to a given node in a network were using the same name, nor was there a way to read the hosts file of another computer to automatically obtain a copy.
The small size of the ARPANET kept the administrative overhead small to maintain an accurate hosts file. Network nodes typically had one address and could have many names. As local area TCP/IP computer networks gained popularity, however, the maintenance of hosts files became a larger burden on system administrators as networks and network nodes were being added to the system with increasing frequency.
Standardization efforts, such as the format specification of the file HOSTS.TXT in RFC 952, and distribution protocols, e.g., the hostname server described in RFC 953, helped with these problems, but the centralized and monolithic nature of hosts files eventually necessitated the creation of the distributed Domain Name System (DNS).
On some old systems a file named networks is present that has similar to hosts file functions containing names of networks.
Extended applications[edit]
In its function of resolving host names, the hosts file may be used to define any hostname or domain name for use in the local system.
Redirecting local domains
Some web service and intranet developers and administrators define locally defined domains in a LAN for various purposes, such as accessing the company's internal resources or to test local websites in development.
Internet resource blocking
Entries in the hosts file may be used to block online advertising, or the domains of known malicious resources and servers that contain spyware, adware, and other malware. This may be achieved by adding entries for those sites to redirect requests to another address that does not exist or to a harmless destination. Commercial software applications may be used to populate the hosts file with entries of known undesirable Internet resources automatically.
Security issues[edit]
The hosts file may present an attack vector for malicious software. The file may be modified, for example, by adware, computer viruses, or trojan horse software to redirect traffic from the intended destination to sites hosting malicious or unwanted content.[10] The widespread computer worm Mydoom.B blocked users from visiting sites about computer security and antivirus software and also affected access from the compromised computer to the Microsoft Windows Update website.
See also[edit]
DNSBL, a DNS-based blackhole list
Content-control software
Ad filtering
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Internet Systems Consortium. "The Most Widely Used Name Server Software: BIND". History of BIND. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Cisco Networking Academy Program: First-Year Companion Guide", Cisco Systems, Inc., 2002 (2nd Edition), page 676, ISBN 1-58713-025-4
Jump up ^ "Linux Network Administrators Guide: Writing hosts and networks files". Retrieved May 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hosts File". Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft KB Q314053: TCP/IP and NBT configuration parameters for Windows XP". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft KB 972034 Revision 2.0: default hosts files". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mac OS X: How to Add Hosts to Local Hosts File". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Haiku/BeOS Tip Server". Retrieved November 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ RISC OS 6.14
Jump up ^ "Remove Trojan.Qhosts – Symantec". Retrieved May 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
Windows
TCP/IP in Windows 2000 Professional
Microsoft TCP/IP Host Name Resolution Order
Blocking Unwanted Connections with a Hosts File (Creative Commons License)
Solution if Windows stops you from modifying the Hosts file or the Lmhosts file in Windows Vista / 7 / 8
Beginners Guide on Editing Hosts File
List of Microsoft related domains that Windows won't redirect
Mac
How to block unwanted domains with a HOSTS file on Mac OS X 10.2 or later
"Gas Mask" - Hosts file manager for Mac OS X
Linux
Block unwanted advertisements with /etc/hosts file on Linux
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hosts_(file)&oldid=833616207"
Categories:
Domain name system
Configuration files
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from April 2017
All articles needing additional references
Pages using RFC magic links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
עברית
Lumbaart
Magyar
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
吴语
中文
12 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 April 2018, at 16:33.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Host_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Host (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href title

value: b

values:
/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute
mw-redirect
Stanford Research Institute

value: sup

value: p

values:
/wiki/Name_service
mw-redirect
Name service

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Edit section: Location in the file system

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc952

values:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc953

values:
/wiki/Ad_filtering
mw-redirect
Ad filtering

values:
nofollow
http://www.isc.org/downloads/bind/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/972034

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/172218

values:
nofollow
external text
http://winhelp2002.mvps.org/hosts.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://support2.microsoft.com/kb/923947

values:
nofollow
external text
http://clockwise.ee

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hosts_(file)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: ملف مضيف – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts
Hosts – Persian
fa
fa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts
Hosts – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts
Hosts – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts
Hosts – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts
Hosts – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts
Hosts – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts
Hosts – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ஹொஸ்ட் கோப்பு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosts
Hosts – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hosts_file rootpage-Hosts_file skin-vector action-view


text:
History of laptops
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
hideThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs attention from an expert in History of Science. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject History of Science may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2008)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Alan Kay with his 1972 "Dynabook" prototype (photo: 5 November 2008 in Mountain View, California)
History of computing
Hardware
Hardware before 1960
Hardware 1960s to present
Software
Software
Unix
Free software and open-source software
Computer science
Artificial intelligence
Compiler construction
Computer science
Operating systems
Programming languages
Prominent pioneers
Software engineering
Modern concepts
General-purpose CPUs
Graphical user interface
Internet
Laptops
Personal computers
Video games
World Wide Web
By country
Bulgaria
Poland
Romania
Soviet Bloc
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Timeline of computing
before 1950
1950–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
more timelines ...
Category
v
t
e
The history of laptops describes the efforts in the 1970 s and 1980 s to build small, portable personal computers that combine the components, inputs, outputs and capabilities of a desktop computer in a small chassis. Before laptop/notebook computers were technically feasible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1970 s. One of the first reasonably portable computers was the Xerox NoteTaker, again developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976. However, only 10 prototypes were built.
Contents
[hide]
1 Portal R2E CCMC
2 Osborne 1
3 Bondwell 2
4 Compaq Portable
5 Epson HX-20
6 Grid Compass
7 Dulmont Magnum/Kookaburra
8 Ampere
9 Tandy Model 100
10 Sharp and Gavilan
11 Kyotronic 85
12 Commodore SX-64
13 Kaypro 2000
14 IBM PC Convertible
15 Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200
16 US Air Force
17 Hewlett-Packard Vectra Portable CS
18 Cambridge Z88
19 Compaq SLT/286
20 NEC UltraLite
21 Apple
21.1 Macintosh Portable
21.2 Powerbook
22 IBM RS/6000 N40
23 Windows 95 operating system
24 Intel Pentium processor
25 Improved technology
26 Netbooks
27 Smartbooks
28 See also
29 References
30 External links
31 Further reading
Portal R2E CCMC[edit]
R2E CCMC Portal laptop
The portable micro computer the “Portal" of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris. The Portal was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of the French firm R2E Micral in 1980 at the request of the company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting. It was based on an Intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHz. It was equipped with a central 64K byte Ram, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys (separate blocks), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk: capacity = 140 000 characters, of a thermal printer: speed = 28 characters / second, an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, a 220V power supply. Designed for an operating temperature of 15 ° C to 35 ° C, it weighed 12 kg and its dimensions were 45cm x 45cm x 15cm. It provided total mobility. Its operating system was Prologue.
Osborne 1[edit]
An opened Osborne 1 computer, ready for use. The keyboard sits on the inside of the lid.
The Osborne 1 is considered the first true mobile computer by most historians. Adam Osborne founded Osborne Computer and formed the Osborne 1 in 1981. The Osborne 1 had a five-inch screen, incorporating a modem port, two 5 1/4 floppy drives, a big collection of bundled software applications, and a battery pack. The computer company was a failure and did not last for very long. Although it was large and heavy compared to today's laptops, with a tiny 5" CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their computer and data with them for the first time. This and other "luggables" were inspired by what was probably the first portable computer, the Xerox NoteTaker. The Osborne was about the size of a portable sewing machine, and could be carried on commercial aircraft. The Osborne 1 weighed close to 11 kg and was priced at $1795.
Bondwell 2[edit]
Although it wasn't released until 1985, well after the decline of CP/M as a major operating system, the Bondwell 2 is one of only a handful of CP/M laptops. It used a Z-80 CPU running at 4 MHz, had 64 KBs of RAM, and a 3.5" floppy disk drive built in, which was unusual for CP/M laptops. The flip-up LCD display's resolution was 640x200 pixels. Bondwell 2 also included MicroPro's complete line of CP/M software, including WordStar. The Bondwell 2 was capable of displaying bitmapped graphics. The price of the Bondwell 2 was listed at $995.
Compaq Portable[edit]
The Compaq Portable was the first portable computer created in 1982 which one of the first 100% IBM PC compatible systems. The first shipment was in March 1983 and was priced at $2,995. The Compaq Portable folded up into a luggable case the size of a portable sewing machine. The third model of this development, Compaq Portable II, featured high resolution graphics on its tube display. It was the first portable computer ready to be used on the shop floor, and for CAD and diagram display. It established Compaq as a major brand on the market.
Epson HX-20[edit]
Epson HX-20 (1981)
Epson L3s (~1990?)
Another significant machine announced in 1981, although first sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. A simple handheld computer, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, a small (120×32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD with 4 lines of text, 20 characters per line text mode, a 24 column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and 16 KB of RAM (expandable to 32 KB). Through at least the late 1980s Epson continued to release laptops such as the L3s.
Grid Compass[edit]
Main article: Grid Compass
The first laptop in the modern form was the Grid Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979–80, and released in 1983. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar clamshell design, in which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. The computer could be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel electroluminescent display and 384 kilobyte bubble memory. It was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$8,000–10,000) limited it to specialized applications. However, it was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the Space Shuttle during the 1980s. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned significant returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by the Tandy (now RadioShack) Corporation.
Dulmont Magnum/Kookaburra[edit]
Main article: Dulmont Magnum
Another contender for the first true laptop was the Dulmont Magnum, designed Barry Wilkinson and Terry Crews Engineering Manager at Dulmison in 1982 and released in Australia in 1983 It included an 80×8 display in a lid that closed against the keyboard. It was based on the MS-DOS operating system and applications stored in ROM (A:) and also supported removable modules in expansion slots (B: and C:) that could be custom programmed EPROM or standard word processing and spreadsheet applications. However, the Magnum had no nonvolatile memory, but could suspend and retain memory in RAM, including a RAM Disk (D:). A separate expansion box provided dual 5.25-inch floppy or 10 MB hard disk storage. Dulmont was eventually taken over by Time Office Computers, who marketed the Magnum internationally in 16 and 25 line LCD versions, and also introduced the brandname Kookaburra to emphasize its Australian origins.
Ampere[edit]
The Ampere,[1] a laptop with a sleek clamshell design by Ryu Oosake, was made in 1983. It offered a MC68008 microprocessor dedicated to running an APL interpreter residing in ROM. It was released as the Ampere WS-1.[2]
Tandy Model 100[edit]
The TRS-80 Model 100 was an early portable computer introduced in 1983. It was one of the first notebook-style computers, featuring a keyboard and LCD, battery-powered, in a package roughly the size and shape of a notepad or a large book.
It was made by Kyocera, and originally sold in Japan as the Kyotronic 85. Although a slow seller for Kyocera, the rights to the machine were purchased by Tandy Corporation, and the computer was sold through Radio Shack stores in the United States and Canada as well as affiliated dealers in other countries, becoming one of the company's most popular models, with over 6,000,000 units sold worldwide. The Olivetti M-10 and the NEC PC-8201 and PC-8300 were also built on the same Kyocera platform.
Sharp and Gavilan[edit]
Two other noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a "laptop". It was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel above the keyboard. Like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. Both had LCDs, and could connect to optional external printers. The Dulmont Magnum, launched internationally in 1984, was an Australian portable similar in layout to the Gavilan, which used the Intel 80186 processor.[3]
Kyotronic 85[edit]
The year 1983 also saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. Owing much to the design of the previous Epson HX-20, and although at first a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, who recognised its potential and marketed it respectively as the TRS-80 Model 100 line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, and NEC PC-8201.[4] The machines ran on standard AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, including a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by Microsoft, and was written in part by Bill Gates himself. The computer was not a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8 line × 40-character LCD screen above a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it was a highly portable communications terminal. Due to its portability, good battery life (and ease of replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as little as US$300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed less than 2 kg with dimensions of 30×21.5×4.5 centimeters (12×8½×1¾ in). Initial specifications included 8 kilobytes of RAM (expandable to 24 KB) and a 3 MHz processor. The machine was in fact about the size of a paper notebook, but the term had yet to come into use and it was generally described as a "portable" computer.
Commodore SX-64[edit]
The Commodore SX-64, also known as the Executive 64, or VIC-64 in Europe, was a portable, briefcase or suitcase-size "luggable" version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer, and was the first full-color portable computer.[5]
The SX-64 featured a built-in five-inch composite monitor and a built-in 1541 floppy drive. It weighed 20 pounds. The machine was carried by its sturdy handle, which doubled as an adjustable stand. It was announced in January 1983 and released a year later, at $995 USD.[6]
Kaypro 2000[edit]
Possibly the first commercial IBM-compatible laptop was the Kaypro 2000, introduced in 1985. With its brushed aluminum clamshell case, it was remarkably similar in design to modern laptops. It featured a 25 line by 80 character LCD, a detachable keyboard, and a pop-up 90 mm (3.5-inch) floppy drive.
IBM PC Convertible[edit]
Also among the first commercial IBM-compatible laptops was the IBM PC Convertible, introduced in 1986. It had a CGA-compatible LCD and 2 floppy drives. It weighed 13 pounds (5.9 kg).
Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200[edit]
Toshiba launched the Toshiba T1100 in 1985, and has subsequently described it as "the world's first mass-market laptop computer".[7] It did not have a hard drive, and ran entirely from floppy disks. The CPU was a 4.77 MHz Intel 80C88, a variation of the popular Intel 8088, and the display was a monochrome, text-only 640x200 LCD. It was followed in 1987 by the T1000 and T1200. Although limited floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in ROM, the Toshiba models were small and light enough to be carried in a backpack, and could be run from lead-acid batteries. They also introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines: the computer could be paused between sessions without having to be restarted each time.
US Air Force[edit]
The first laptops successful on a large scale came in large part due to a Request For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually lead to the purchase of over 200,000 laptops. Competition to supply this contract was fiercely contested and the major PC companies of the time; IBM Corporation, To shins, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in an attempt to win this deal. ZDS, which had earlier won a landmark deal with the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCd battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20 MB hard disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988. ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo in the design and manufacturing of these laptops. This relationship is notable because it was the first deal between a major brand and an Asian original equipment manufacturer.
Hewlett-Packard Vectra Portable CS[edit]
In 1987, HP released a portable version of their Vectra CS computer.[8] It had the classic laptop configuration (keyboard and monitor closes up clam-shell style in order to carry), however, it was very heavy and fairly large. It had a full-size keyboard (with separate numeric keypad) and a large amber LCD screen. While it was offered with dual 3.5-inch floppy disk drives, the most common configuration was a 20 MB hard drive and a single floppy drive. It was one of the first machines with a 1.44 MB density 3.5-inch disk drive.
Cambridge Z88[edit]
Another notable computer was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. About the size of an A4 sheet of paper as well, it ran on standard batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer, and as a ROM-based machine with a small display, can – like the TRS-80 Model 100 – also be seen as a forerunner of the personal digital assistant.
Compaq SLT/286[edit]
By the end of the 1980s, laptop computers were becoming popular among business people. The COMPAQ SLT/286 debuted in October 1988, being the first battery-powered laptop to support an internal hard disk drive and a VGA compatible LCD screen. It weighed 14 lbs.[9]
NEC UltraLite[edit]
Main article: NEC UltraLite
The NEC UltraLite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the first "notebook" computer, weighing just 2 kg (4.4 lbs). In lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a 2 megabyte RAM drive, but this reduced its utility as well as its size. Although portable computers with clamshell LCD screens already existed before it, the Ultralite was the first computer in a notebook form-factor. It was significantly smaller than all portable computers that came before it. People can actually carry-it like a notebook and fold its clamshell LCD like a book cover over the rest of its body.
Apple[edit]
Macintosh Portable[edit]
The Macintosh Portable, Apple's first attempt at a battery-powered computer
The first Apple Computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh Portable (although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). Unlike the Compaq LTE laptop released earlier in the year the Macintosh Portable was actually a "luggable" not a laptop, but the Mac Portable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, but was a poor seller due to its bulk. In the absence of a true Apple laptop, several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a set of Mac ROMs, which usually meant having to buy a new or used Macintosh as well.
Powerbook[edit]
The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are now de facto standards on laptops, such as room for a palm rest, and the inclusion of a pointing device (a trackball). The following year, IBM released its ThinkPad 700C, featuring a similar design (though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device).
Later PowerBooks featured optional color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and first true touchpad (PowerBook 500 series, 1994), first 16-bit stereo audio, and first built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook 500, 1994).
IBM RS/6000 N40[edit]
In 1994, IBM released the RS/6000 N40 laptop based on a PowerPC microprocessor running the AIX operating system, a variant of UNIX. It was manufactured by Tadpole Technology (now Tadpole Computer), who also manufactured laptops based on SPARC and Alpha microprocessors, the SPARCbook and ALPHAbook lines, respectively.
Windows 95 operating system[edit]
The summer of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows 95. It was the first time that Microsoft had implemented the advanced power management specification with control in the operating system. Prior to this point each brand used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery life of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial in the eyes of notebook designers because it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; however, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing certain aspects of notebook design.
Intel Pentium processor[edit]
Windows 95 also ushered in the importance of the CD-ROM drive in mobile computing, and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor as the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the first notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. Also featuring a removable hard disk drive and floppy drive, the Solo was the first three-spindle (optical, floppy, and hard disk drive) notebook computer, and was extremely successful within the consumer segment of the market. In roughly the same time period the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM ThinkPad were reaching great success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the corporate market.
Improved technology[edit]
A 1997 Micron laptop
Early laptop displays were so primitive that PC Magazine in 1986 published an article discussing them with the headline "Is It On Yet?". It said of the accompanying montage of nine portable computers, "Pictured at the right are two screens and seven elongated smudges". The article stated that "LCD screens still look to many observers like Etch-a-Sketch toys, or gray chalk on a dirty blackboard", and predicted that until displays improved, "laptops will continue to be a niche rather than a mainstream direction".[10] As technology improved during the 1990s, the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased. Correspondingly prices went down. Several developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:
Improved battery technology. The heavy lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and more efficient technologies, first nickel cadmium or NiCd, then nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then Lithium-ion battery and lithium polymer.
Power-saving processors. While laptops in 1991 were limited to the 80286 processor because of the energy demands of the more powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor, designed for the specific power needs of laptops, marked the point at which laptop needs were included in CPU design. The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to create the SL chipset. It was more integrated than any previous solution although its cost was higher. It was heavily adopted by the major notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset which used the same architecture. However, Intel had to abandon this design approach as it introduced its Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium required TAB mounting (also used in LCD manufacturing) and this initially limited the number of companies capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to more standard chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has always been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which is a common attribute of desktops. Intel did try to solve this problem with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing. The MMC was a standard module upon which the CPU and external cache memory could sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date, eased the manufacturing process somewhat, and was also used in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU could be added to the chassis after it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for a few generations but ultimately could not maintain the appropriate speed and data integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector. A more specialized power saving CPU variant for laptops is the PowerPC 603 family.[11] Derived from IBM's 601 series for laptops (while the 604 branch was for desktops), it found itself used on many low end Apple desktops before it was wildly used in laptops, starting with PowerBook models 5300, 2400, 500 upgrades. Ironically, what started out as a laptop processor was eventually used across all platforms in its follow up PPC 750.
Improved Liquid-crystal displays, in particular active-matrix TFT (Thin-film transistor) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs prone to heavy shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some portable computer screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, but these drew too much current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for some time although their viewing quality was poor. By about 1991, two new color LCD technologies hit the mainstream market in a big way; Dual STN and TFT. The Dual STN screens solved many of the viewing problems of STN at a very affordable price and the TFT screens offered excellent viewing quality although initially at a steep price. DSTN continued to offer a significant cost advantage over TFT until the mid-90s before the cost delta dropped to the point that DSTN was no longer used in notebooks. Improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher native resolutions, faster response time and could display color with great accuracy, making them an acceptable substitute for a traditional CRT monitor.
OLPC XO-1 laptop in Ebook-Mode.
Improved storage technology. Early laptops and portables had only floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity hard disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became available, users could store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The 3.5" HDD was created initially as a response to the needs of notebook designers that needed smaller, lower power consumption products. With continuing pressure to shrink the notebook size even further, the 2.5" HDD was introduced. One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) and other new laptops use Flash RAM (non volatile, non mechanical memory device) instead of the mechanical hard disk.
Improved connectivity. Internal modems and standard serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops made it easier to work away from home; the addition of network adapters and, from 1997, USB, as well as, from 1999, Wi-Fi, made laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop computer. Many newer laptops are also available with built-in 3G Broadband wireless modems.
Other peripherals may include:
an integrated video camera for video communication
a fingerprint sensor for implementing a restriction of access to a sensitive data or the computer itself.
Netbooks[edit]
Main article: Netbook
In June 2007, Asus announced the Eee PC 701 to be released in October, a small lightweight x86 Celeron-M ULV 353 powered laptop with 4 GB SDHC disk and a 7-inch screen.[12] Despite previous attempts to launch small lightweight computers such as ultra-portable PC, the Eee was the first success story largely due to its low cost, small size, low weight and versatility. The term 'Netbook' was later dubbed by Intel. Asus then extended the Eee line with models with features such as a 9-inch screen and other brands, including Acer, MSI and Dell followed suit with similar devices, often built on the fledgling low-power Intel Atom processor architecture.
Smartbooks[edit]
Main article: Smartbook
In 2009, Qualcomm introduced a new term "smartbook", which stands for a hybrid device between smartphone and laptop.[13]
See also[edit]
Timeline of portable computers
Portal laptop computer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bob Armstrong, http://cosy.com/language/cosyhard/cosyhard.htm
Jump up ^ Japanese PCs (1984) (13:13), Computer Chronicles
Jump up ^ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ See TRS-80 Model 100 / 102 at old-computers.com
Jump up ^ "Commodore SX-64 Portable". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Commodore SX-64 portable computer". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "World's First Laptop PC". Toshiba Science Museum. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Business Desktops/Calcs". HP Computer Museum. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Peter H. (23 October 1988). "THE EXECUTIVE COMPUTER; Compaq Finally Makes a Laptop". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Somerson, Paul (July 1986). "Is It On Yet?". PC. pp. 122–123. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "IBM Power Systems archived white papers". Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Paul Miller. "Asus' new Eee PC 701 joins the laptop-lite fray with a bang". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Hachman, Mark (1 June 2009). "Qualcomm Shows Off Snapdragon Smartbooks". PC Magazine.
External links[edit]
"Laptops, 360 degree models", Russian Vintage Laptop Museum (museum)
Further reading[edit]
Wilson, James E. (2006). Vintage Laptop Computers: First Decade: 1980–89. Outskirts Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-59800-489-2.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_laptops&oldid=828948006"
Categories:
History of computing hardware
Laptops
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from August 2015
Articles that may contain original research from July 2008
All articles that may contain original research
Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter
Articles needing expert attention from November 2008
All articles needing expert attention
History of Science articles needing expert attention
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Esperanto
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 March 2018, at 18:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

value: td

attrs: class role tabindex

value: i

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject History of Science

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: History of computing hardware (1960s–present)

values: History of free and open-source software

values: History of computer hardware in Bulgaria

values: History of computer hardware in Soviet Bloc countries

values: History of computing in the Soviet Union

values: History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia

values: Timeline of computing hardware before 1950

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Random_Access_Memory
mw-redirect
Random Access Memory

values:
/wiki/Flip_(form)
mw-redirect
Flip (form)

values:
/wiki/Read_Only_Memory
mw-redirect
Read Only Memory

values:
/wiki/Kyotronic_85
mw-redirect
Kyotronic 85

values:
/wiki/NEC_Corporation
mw-redirect
NEC Corporation

values:
/wiki/TRS-80_Model_100_line
mw-redirect
TRS-80 Model 100 line

values:
/wiki/Olivetti_M-10
mw-redirect
Olivetti M-10

values:
/wiki/NEC_PC-8201
mw-redirect
NEC PC-8201

values: Edit section: Toshiba T1100, T1000, and T1200

values:
/wiki/Lead-acid_battery
mw-redirect
Lead-acid battery

values:
/wiki/Request_For_Proposal
mw-redirect
Request For Proposal

values:
/wiki/U.S._Air_Force
mw-redirect
U.S. Air Force

values:
/wiki/IBM_Corporation
mw-redirect
IBM Corporation

values:
/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_battery
mw-redirect
Nickel-cadmium battery

values: Edit section: Hewlett-Packard Vectra Portable CS

values:
/wiki/Word_processing
mw-redirect
Word processing

values:
/wiki/Apple_Computer
mw-redirect
Apple Computer

values:
/wiki/Outbound_Laptop
mw-redirect
Outbound Laptop

values:
/wiki/Network_card
mw-redirect
Network card

values: Edit section: Windows 95 operating system

values:
/wiki/Advanced_power_management
mw-redirect
Advanced power management

values: Original Intel Pentium (P5 microarchitecture)

values:
/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad
mw-redirect
IBM ThinkPad

values:
/wiki/Lead-acid_batteries
mw-redirect
Lead-acid batteries

values: MMC (CPU connector) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/PowerBook_2400
mw-redirect
PowerBook 2400

values:
/wiki/PowerBook_500
mw-redirect
PowerBook 500

values:
/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive
mw-redirect
Floppy disk drive

values:
/wiki/One_Laptop_Per_Child
mw-redirect
One Laptop Per Child

values:
/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition
mw-redirect
Fingerprint recognition

values:
/wiki/ASUS_Eee_PC
mw-redirect
ASUS Eee PC

values:
/wiki/Secure_Digital_card#SDHC
mw-redirect
Secure Digital card

values:
/wiki/Ultra-Mobile_PC
mw-redirect
Ultra-Mobile PC

values:
nofollow
external text
http://oldcomputers.net/sx64.html

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from July 2008

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter

values: Category:Articles needing expert attention from November 2008

values: Category:All articles needing expert attention

values: Category:History of Science articles needing expert attention

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_laptops
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: تاريخ الحواسيب المحمولة – Arabic

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_laptops rootpage-History_of_laptops skin-vector action-view