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Pulmonary circulation
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Pulmonary circulation
Human pulmonary circulation. Oxygen-rich blood is shown in red; oxygen-depleted blood in blue
Pulmonary circulation in the heart
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.[1] The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins.
A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung.
Contents
[hide]
1 Route
1.1 Arteries
1.2 Lungs
1.3 Veins
1.4 Arteries
2 History
3 Embryonic
4 See also
5 External links
6 References
Route[edit]
3D rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax. The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation.
Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea, and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta, while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta.
Deoxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, and then re-enters the heart; Deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. From the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle. Blood is then pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the main pulmonary artery.
Arteries[edit]
Main article: Pulmonary artery
From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries (one for each lung), which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs.
Lungs[edit]
The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is picked up during respiration. Arteries are further divided into very fine capillaries which are extremely thin-walled. The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart.
Veins[edit]
Main article: Pulmonary vein
The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. This blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta. The blood is then distributed to the body through the systemic circulation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation.
Arteries[edit]
Main article: Pulmonary artery
From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the semilunar pulmonary valve into the left and right main pulmonary arteries (one for each lung), which branch into smaller pulmonary arteries that spread throughout the lungs.
History[edit]
Pulmonary circulation was first described by the Arab physician Ibn al-Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon (1242). Ibn al-Nafis described pulmonary circulation as:[2][3]
"the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit..."
It was later described by Michael Servetus in the "Manuscript of Paris"[4] (near 1546, never published) and later published in his Christianismi Restitutio (1553). Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time, the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of William Harvey in 1616.
In 1559, Realdo Colombo explained the Pulmonary function. Prior to Colombo’s work, anatomists such as Galen and Vesalius examined blood vessels separately from the organs of the body. Colombo instead considered these vessels together with the organs they support, and from this was able to conceptualize the flow of blood to and from each organ, supporting his discovery of pulmonary transition of the blood. Colombo also viewed the lungs separately from the heart, and assigned it as having a special role in respiration.[5]
Embryonic[edit]
The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood passes from the right atrium directly into the left atrium through the foramen ovale: an open conduit between the paired atria, or through the ductus arteriosus: a shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. When the lungs expand at birth, the pulmonary pressure drops and blood is drawn from the right atrium into the right ventricle and through the pulmonary circuit. Over the course of several months, the foramen ovale closes, leaving a shallow depression known as the fossa ovalis.
See also[edit]
Underwater diving portal
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary embolus
Pulmonary shunt
Cardiac shunt
Vascular resistance
External links[edit]
Official Journal of the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute
Michael Servetus Research Study on the Manuscript of Paris with the description of the Pulmonary Circulation, and more works by Servetus.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonary circulation.
Jump up ^ Hine, Robert (2008). A dictionary of biology (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-19-920462-5.
Jump up ^ The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World, 610-2003 By Hunt Janin, Pg99
Jump up ^ Saints and saviours of Islam, By Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi, Pg295
Jump up ^ 2011 “The love for truth. Life and work of Michael Servetus”, (El amor a la verdad. Vida y obra de Miguel Servet.), printed by Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra, 607 pp, 64 of them illustrations, p 215-228 & 62nd illustration (XLVII)
Jump up ^ Cunningham, Andrew (1997). The Anatomical Renaissance: The Resurrection of the Anatomical Projects of the Ancients. Scholar Press. p. 143. ISBN 1-85928-338-1.
[hide]
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Pitch Perfect 3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pitch Perfect 3
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Trish Sie
Produced by
Elizabeth Banks
Paul Brooks
Max Handelman
Screenplay by
Kay Cannon
Mike White
Story by
Kay Cannon
Starring
Anna Kendrick
Rebel Wilson
Hailee Steinfeld
Brittany Snow
Anna Camp
Hana Mae Lee
Alexis Knapp
John Michael Higgins
Elizabeth Banks
Music by
Christopher Lennertz
Cinematography
Matthew Clark
Edited by
Craig Alpert
Colin Patton
Production
company
Gold Circle Films
Brownstone Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30) (Sydney)
December 22, 2017 (2017-12-22) (United States)
Running time
93 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$45 million[2]
Box office
$183.9 million[2]
Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White. A sequel to Pitch Perfect 2 (2015), and the third and final installment in the Pitch Perfect series, the film stars Anna Kendrick, Anna Camp, Rebel Wilson, Brittany Snow, Hailee Steinfeld, Hana Mae Lee, Ester Dean, Chrissie Fit, Alexis Knapp, John Lithgow, Matt Lanter, Ruby Rose, Kelley Jakle, Shelley Regner, Elizabeth Banks, and John Michael Higgins. The film follows the Bellas, now graduated from college, reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour.
Principal photography on the film began in January 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia and ended in April 2017. The film was released in the United States on December 22, 2017, received mixed reviews from critics, and has grossed $183 million worldwide.[3][4] It became the second highest-grossing musical comedy film of all time, behind only its predecessor.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 The Bellas
2.2 Additional characters
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Music
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Three years after the events of the second movie, the Bellas have graduated college, but have jobs which they all hate. Desperate to see each other again to sing once more, Beca (Anna Kendrick), Fat Amy (Rebel Wilson), Chloe (Brittany Snow), Aubrey (Anna Camp), Lilly (Hana Mae Lee), Stacie (Alexis Knapp), Cynthia-Rose (Ester Dean), Florencia (Chrissie Fit), Jessica (Kelley Jakle), and Ashley (Shelley Regner) are all thrilled to learn that Emily (Hailee Steinfeld), now a senior at Barden and leader of the Barden Bellas, has seemingly asked for the Bellas to reunite at an event in New York Aquarium to sing with each other once more. Upon arriving at the reunion they are told that the reunion was not for the Bellas to sing together, but to watch Emily sing with the new Bellas.
They later gather at a bar in disappointment and Emily apologizes as she thought it would be the only way for them to see each other again. They all express how much they miss each other. Suddenly, Aubrey convinces them to join a USO performance accessed by her Army officer father. If they win the competition, they get to open for DJ Khaled. The Bellas gladly accept, all except for Stacie who is eight months pregnant at the moment and is unable to go with them. The Bellas later arrive at a hangar where two soldiers, Chicago (Matt Lanter) and Zeke (Troy Ian Hall) introduce them to their competition, revealed to be three other groups who use instruments, unlike the Bellas. When the band Evermoist, led by their leader Calamity (Ruby Rose) begin to mock and belittle the Bellas, the competitors are challenged to a riff-off by the Bellas, who leave defeated when the other groups compete using their musical instruments.
The Bellas are taken to a fancy hotel in Spain, where Chloe begins to catch an eye for Chicago. Fat Amy finds an old stuffed bunny sitting in her bed, which she recognizes as an old toy she used to hold when she was very little as her father Fergus (John Lithgow) sang her to sleep every night. Amy then realizes that her father is staying in the same hotel she is in and is shocked upon the discovery, seeing as how Fergus is an international criminal. Later that night, the Bellas are invited to a party at DJ Khaled's suite at the hotel, where Fat Amy splits with the group when she is called to be at a poker tournament. The tournament was set up by Fergus, who promptly begs for Amy to be back in his life. A hesitant Amy finally agrees to do so after seeing how much he has changed. Beca, after having her breasts grabbed by Chloe, who develops a friendship with DJ Khaled's music producer Theo (Guy Burnet), is taken to DJ Khaled's music editing room. Beca produces a mix which impresses Theo who is prompted to send the mix to DJ Khaled. Moments later, the party is thrown into chaos when Aubrey accidentally sets the suite on fire.
The Bellas are left in disgrace after the incident with no hopes of winning the competition until Stacie calls the girls to inform she has given birth to a baby girl and named her Bella. This motivates the Bellas to just perform their hearts out without trying to win. Back at the USO competition, the Bellas perform tremendously to adoring crowds through different performances, repairing their reputation and chances to win in the process. Fergus is accepted by Amy, who believes he came to one of their performances to see her. He accidentally reveals that he has not seen her perform at all, while confessing that he is only trying to acquire an offshore account Amy's mother set up which contains US$180 million. After Amy shuts out Fergus again, Chicago and Zeke escort her away from her father, who swears revenge on her. Meanwhile, only Beca is asked personally by DJ Khaled to open for him, disregarding the other Bellas. Beca politely declines the offer and leaves to her room. Later, the Bellas are taken away by a Frenchman in a dark grey van out onto a yacht in a nearby harbor. The yacht belongs to Fergus, who is using the Bellas as a means to get Amy to come for him. Amy and Beca hear of the kidnapping and decide to rescue the Bellas. Beca distracts Fergus by having the Bellas perform "Toxic" for him and two of his men, just as Amy sets the yacht to explode. The Bellas escape the yacht just before it blows. Fergus survives the explosion and is arrested for his crimes.
After the Bellas are rescued by the military, Fat Amy reveals DJ Khaled's proposition to Beca to the others. They encourage her to take the chance, and they all agree that now it's time to move on with their lives, with Amy using her bank account for multiple tributes to singers named Amy, Aubrey trying to be a birthing coach, Flo's juice cart becoming part of an international brand, Chloe getting accepted into vet school, Cynthia-Rose staying at the base to get into flight school, Emily going back to Barden to prepare for her upcoming abnormal psychology test while continuing her songwriting, and Lilly revealing that the reason she was quiet was because she was possessed by Satan and the yacht incident snapped her out of it, and that her real name is Ester. They know very well they'll be separated, but still be connected to each other as a family. Later at the USO's final performance, Beca opens for DJ Khaled and sings on stage, and afterwards brings up the Bellas onstage for the girls to sing their final performance with the other competitors gladly watching the Bellas sing "Freedom! '90" to their hearts content.
Gail (Elizabeth Banks) and John (John Michael Higgins) (who were the Bellas' public announcers in the previous installments) finish filming the Bellas as part of a documentary they have been making about the girls throughout the whole film, only to be appalled when John realizes they didn't record the Bellas' final performance, which was supposed to be the documentary's big ending. A series of mid credit scenes reveal the Bellas' separate story arcs closed out to their mostly happy endings, with Lilly hanging around with DJ Dragon Nutz, whom she flirted with earlier, Aubrey reconnects with her father and Chloe and Chicago share a passionate kiss, much to the amusement of Beca, who is now the boss of Theo.
Cast[edit]
The Bellas[edit]
Anna Kendrick as Beca Mitchell, an alumna and the former leader of The Barden Bellas, who works as a producer but quits due to creative differences, before joining the tour. She has been sharing an apartment in New York City with her best friends Chloe and Fat Amy for the last three years.
Rebel Wilson as Patricia "Fat Amy" Hobart, a comedic alumna of The Barden Bellas, from Australia. She held a one-woman show, "Fat Amy Winehouse", before joining the tour.
Brittany Snow as Chloe Beale, a Barden Bellas alumna and former co-leader, who longs for glory days with the Bellas. She applied to attend a vet school before joining the tour.
Anna Camp as Aubrey Posen, a Barden Bellas alumna and former leader, before Beca, who worked at the Lodge of Fallen Leaves. Through her father, The Bellas were invited to the USO tour.
Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Junk, a senior student at Barden University and the current leader of the new Barden Bellas, who joins her former seniors for the tour.
Ester Dean as Cynthia Rose Adams, a lesbian Barden Bellas alumna, who failed the Flight School simulation before joining the tour.
Hana Mae Lee as Lilly Onakuramara / Esther, a Barden Bellas alumna known for her quiet speaking voice and odd remarks. She worked as a tailor before joining the tour.
Kelley Jakle as Jessica Smith, a Barden Bellas alumna.
Shelley Regner as Ashley Jones, a Barden Bellas alumna.
Chrissie Fit as Florencia "Flo" Fuentes, a Barden Bellas alumna, from Guatemala. She worked at a juice truck before joining the tour.
Alexis Knapp as Stacie Conrad, a Barden Bellas alumna, known for being overly sexual. She works as a pilates instructor and despite wanting to, could not join the tour due to her pregnancy
Additional characters[edit]
Elizabeth Banks as Gail Abernathy-McKadden-Feinberger, an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas
John Michael Higgins as John Smith, an a cappella commentator making an insulting documentary about The Bellas
John Lithgow as Fergus Hobart, Fat Amy's estranged criminal father
Matt Lanter as Chicago Walp, a U.S. soldier guiding the Bellas during the tour, and Chloe's love interest.
Guy Burnet as Theo, DJ Khaled's music producer, who takes a liking to Beca
DJ Khaled as himself
Troy Ian Hall as Zeke, a U.S. soldier, partners with Chicago
Michael Rose as Aubrey's father
Jessica Chaffin as Evan
Moises Arias as Pimp-Lo
Ruby Rose, Andy Allo, Venzella Joy Williams, and Hannah Fairlight as Calamity, Serenity, Charity, and Veracity, respectively, members of the band Evermoist
Whiskey Shivers as Saddle Up, a country-bluegrass-based band competing against the Bellas
Trinidad James and D.J. Looney as Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz, respectively
Production[edit]
On April 11, 2015, a month before the release of the second film, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film, although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles. She added that she would be "up for a Fat Amy spin-off."[6] Director, star, and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of Pitch Perfect 2, saying, "I will say, it would be disingenuous to say that no one’s talking about a Pitch Perfect 3; the possibility of it."[7]
On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, and Kay Cannon was set to return to write the script.[8] On June 15, 2015, it was announced that Kendrick and Wilson would both reprise their roles,[9] and on July 28, 2015, Brittany Snow signed on to return. Paul Brooks again produced for Gold Circle Films, along with Max Handelman and Banks for Brownstone Productions.[10] On October 27, 2015, Banks was officially announced to return as director for the film, though she exited in that capacity on June 3, 2016.[11][12] On September 1, 2016, Trish Sie was confirmed to direct the film.[13] On December 13, 2016, it was reported that Ruby Rose was in talks to join the film, while Anna Camp also signed on to return for the sequel.[14][15] Cannon wrote the script with later drafts by Mike White and Dana Fox; White would eventually receive screenwriting credits alongside Cannon.[14] On January 5, 2017, a table read occurred, with Ester Dean, Hana Mae Lee, Chrissie Fit, Kelley Jakle, and Shelley Regner also being confirmed to reprise their roles,[16] and singer Andy Allo joining as Charity, a rival in a group opposing the Bellas.[17] While it was revealed by vocal director Deke Sharon that Alexis Knapp is returning, she wasn't spotted during the first month of filming, leading fans to show concerns that she might not be returning at all. However, on February 6, she posted a photo on Instagram, confirming her return, and was on set the following day.[18][19]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on January 5, 2017, and took place in Atlanta, Georgia, and Cádiz, Spain and wrapped on April 3, 2017.[20][21][22]
Release[edit]
Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21, and August 4, 2017. It had its world premiere in Sydney, Australia, on November 29, 2017,[23] and was released in the United States on December 22, 2017.[24]
Box office[edit]
Pitch Perfect 3 has grossed $104.9 million in the United States and Canada and $79 million in other territories, for a total of $183.9 million, against a production budget of $45 million.[2]
In the United States and Canada, Pitch Perfect 3 was released alongside the openings of Downsizing and Father Figures, and the wide expansions of The Shape of Water and Darkest Hour, and was projected to gross $27–35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend.[25][26] The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews, about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor. Over the three-day weekend, which included Christmas Eve, it grossed $19.9 million (down nearly 70% from the second film's $69.2 million debut), finishing third at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi and Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day, for a four-day total of $26.4 million.[27] It dropped 15% the following weekend, grossing $16.8 million, and a total of $21.7 million over the four-day New Year's frame.[28]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 31% based on 118 reviews and an average rating of 4.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Pitch Perfect 3 strains to recapture the magic that helped the original spawn a franchise, but ends up sending this increasingly unnecessary trilogy out on a low note."[29] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[30] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its predecessor.[27]
Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the cast and said, "The new film doesn't add anything revolutionary to the Pitch Perfect formula. It still sounds like we're in middle-period Glee written by someone who finds Ryan Murphy too solemn. But as directed by Trish Sie, the movie is bubbly, it's fast, it's hella synthetic-clever, and it's an avid showcase for the personalities of its stars."[31]
In a review for The Hollywood Reporter, Frank Scheck wrote "...what started out as a charmingly offbeat comic premise has inevitably degenerated into the sort of crass commercialism that probably would make the Bellas themselves turn up their noses."[32]
Music[edit]
The official soundtrack was released on December 15, 2017.[33]
No.
Title
Music
Length
1. "Universal Fanfare"
The Bellas
0:38
2. "Toxic" The Bellas 3:21
3. "Sit Still, Look Pretty" The New Bellas 3:06
4. "Riff Off (Get the Party Started/Shut Up and Dance/Ignition/Let Me Ride/Fly Away/One More Night/Call Me/Love Me Harder/If I Were a Boy/Zombie/Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)/Human/Wake Me Up/Grenade)" The Bellas, Evermoist, Saddle Up, Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz & Soldiers 4:48
5. "You Got It" Young Sparrow and DJ Dragon Nutz 3:16
6. "Ex's & Oh's" Saddle Up 2:49
7. "How a Heart Unbreaks" Evermoist 3:44
8. "Cheap Thrills" The Bellas 3:40
9. "I Don't Like It, I Love It" The Bellas 3:59
10. "Cake by the Ocean" The Bellas 3:14
11. "Freedom! '90" The Bellas 5:16
12. "Soy Yo" Bomba Estéreo 2:41
13. "Boom Boom (feat. Zedd)" Iggy Azalea 3:08
14. "Tribe" Kim Viera 3:09
15. "Score Suite From Pitch Perfect 3" Christopher Lennertz 3:46
16. "Silent Night (feat. 80fitz)" Hana Mae Lee 1:50
17. "Baby, It's Cold Outside" Kelley Jakle & Shelley Regner 2:52
18. "Feliz Navidad" Chrissie Fit 2:37
19. "Freedom! '90 x Cups" The Bellas & The Voice Season 13 Top 12 Contestants 2:27
Total length: 60:30[34][35]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pitch Perfect 3". AMC Theatres. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pitch Perfect 3 (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pitch Perfect 3' is...fine, and you can't have expected more than that". Mashable. December 19, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jeff Giles (December 21, 2017). "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh". Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "List of Top Grossing Music Comedy Films, 1984-Present". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Pitch Perfect 3' in the Works; Rebel Wilson to Return". Collider.com. Complex Media. April 11, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth Banks Talks PITCH PERFECT 2 (and 3), WET HOT AMERICAN SUMMER and THE LEGO MOVIE Sequel". Collider.com. May 16, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (June 10, 2015). "'Pitch Perfect 3' Moving Forward at Universal With Writer Kay Cannon (Exclusive)". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (June 15, 2015). "'Pitch Perfect 3′ Chimes In With Summer 2017 Date; Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson Back". deadline.com. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (July 28, 2015). "Brittany Snow Set to Return for 'Pitch Perfect 3' (EXCLUSIVE)". variety.com. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (October 27, 2015). "Elizabeth Banks to Direct 'Pitch Perfect 3' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.com. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 3, 2016). "Elizabeth Banks Exits as Director of 'Pitch Perfect 3' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (September 1, 2016). "'Pitch Perfect 3' Finds New Director in Trish Sie". Variety. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Kroll, Justin (December 14, 2016). "Ruby Rose in Talks to Join 'Pitch Perfect 3' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (December 18, 2016). "Anna Camp Returning for 'Pitch Perfect 3' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Instagram photo by @kelleyjakle • Jan 5, 2017". Instagram.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prince Protege Andy Allo Joins 'Pitch Perfect 3'". Ew.com. January 5, 2017. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deke Sharon - Music rehearsal, day one! #PitchPerfect3". Facebook.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Instagram photo by @alexisknapp • Feb 6, 2017". Instagram.com. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Rebel. "And that's a wrap on @PitchPerfect 3! All day today I'm sleeping and eating chocolate xpic.twitter.com/KhW9nkvKCB". Twitter. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (January 5, 2017). "Pitch Perfect 3 Filming Begins!". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Pitch Perfect 3' is now casting extras in Atlanta". On Location Vacations. December 9, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pitch Perfect 3 Australian Premiere". Facebook.com. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (May 9, 2016). "'Pitch Perfect 3' Moves Up To Middle Of Summer 2017". Deadline. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 28, 2017). "Does 2017's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year's All-Time $11.4B Record?". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dave McNary (December 19, 2017). "'Jumanji,' 'Greatest Showman,' 'Pitch Perfect' to Challenge the 'Star Wars' Box Office Force". Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro (December 24, 2017). "Last Jedi' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100M+ As 'Jumanji' Roars $65M+ & 'Pitch Perfect 3' Sings $27M". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (December 31, 2017). "'Last Jedi' Has Upper Hand Over 'Jumanji' In New Year's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1B – Monday Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pitch Perfect 3 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pitch Perfect 3 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (December 19, 2017). "Film Review: 'Pitch Perfect 3'". Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Pitch Perfect 3': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media, LLC. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Last Call Pitches -- Pitch Perfect 3 Soundtrack Available Today
Jump up ^ "Spotify". spotify.com.
Jump up ^ Pitch Perfect 3 [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack - Original Soundtrack _ Songs, Reviews, Credits _ AllMusic]
External links[edit]
Official website
Pitch Perfect 3 on IMDb
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Decimalisation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about decimalisation of currency. For decimalisation of other measurements, see decimalisation (disambiguation). For the system of library classification, see Dewey Decimal Classification.
Decimalisation is the process of converting a currency from its previous non-decimal denominations to a decimal system (i.e., a system based on one basic unit of currency and one or more sub-units, such that the number of sub-units in one basic unit is a power of 10, most commonly 100).
The only[citation needed] current non-decimal currencies are the Malagasy ariary (equal to five iraimbilanja) and the Mauritanian ouguiya (equal to five khoums), though in practice both just have one currency unit and no sub-unit because khoums and iraimbilanja are no longer minted.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Decimal currency
2 Europe
2.1 £sd conversion
3 Americas
3.1 North America
3.1.1 United States
3.1.2 Canada
3.1.3 Mexico and Bermuda
3.2 Caribbean
3.3 Central America
3.4 South America
4 Africa
4.1 South Africa
5 Oceania
5.1 Australia and New Zealand
5.2 Rest of Oceania
6 Asia
6.1 Rupee-anna-paisa-pie conversion
6.2 Non-currency cases (security market)
7 Mauritania and Madagascar
8 Influence on the introduction of the euro
9 See also
10 References
Decimal currency[edit]
Decimal currencies have sub-units based on a factor of 10. There are most commonly 100 sub-units to the base currency unit, but currencies based on 1,000 sub-units also exist, especially in Arab countries.
For example:
100 cents make one dollar in various countries.
1,000 Tunisian millimes make one dinar.
Historically, non-decimal currencies were much more common: such as the British pound sterling before decimalisation in 1971. Until 1971, the pound sterling had sub-units of account of shillings (20 to a pound) and pence (12 to a shilling). Like other currencies, it also had coins with other names (ha'pence, guineas, and crowns); and in addition, until 1960 the penny was divided into 4 farthings. There were nineteen different fractions of a pound of a whole number of pence. For example, a third, quarter, fifth and sixth of a pound were respectively 80, 60, 48, and 40 pence, normally written as shillings and pence: 6/8, 5/-, 4/-, and 3/4. There were eight additional fractions which were a whole number of farthings (for example, one sixty-fourth of a pound was three pence three farthings, written 3 3⁄4d).
Europe[edit]
Russia converted to a decimal currency under Tsar Peter the Great in 1704, with the ruble being equal to 100 kopeks, thus making the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency.[1]
France introduced the franc in 1795 to replace the livre tournois,[2] abolished during the French Revolution. France introduced decimalisation in a number of countries that it occupied during the Napoleonic period.
Dutch guilder decimalised in 1817 (became equal to 100 centen instead of 20 stuivers = 160 duits = 320 penningen), with last pre-decimal coins withdrawn from circulation in 1848.
Sweden introduced decimal currency in 1855. The currency riksdaler was divided into 100 öre. The riksdaler was renamed krona in 1873.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire decimalised the Austro-Hungarian gulden in 1857, concurrent with its transition from the Conventionsthaler to the Vereinsthaler standard.
Spain introduced its decimal currency unit, the peseta, in 1868, replacing all previous currencies.
Cyprus decimalised the Cypriot pound in 1955, which comprised 1,000 mils, later replaced by 100 cents.
On Decimal Day, 15 February 1971, the United Kingdom decimalised the pound sterling and the Republic of Ireland decimalised the Irish pound (see below).
Malta decimalised the lira in 1972.
The euro, which comprises 100 cents, was introduced in the eurozone, and as of 2015, it replaced 19 national currencies in Europe.
£sd conversion[edit]
See also: Decimal Day
In places where £sd was used, the decimalisation process either defined one new penny = 1⁄100 pound, where the main unit (the pound) was unchanged, or introduced a new main unit (such as the dollar), equivalent to half a pound, with one cent = 1⁄100 dollar.
The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins of the £sd system.
Common name
Amount
New £p
New $¢
Halfpenny 1⁄2d. 5⁄24p ≈ 0.2083p 5⁄12¢ ≈ 0.4167¢
Penny 1d. 5⁄12p ≈ 0.4167p 5⁄6¢ ≈ 0.833¢
Threepence 3d. 1 1⁄4p 2 1⁄2¢
Sixpence 6d. 2 1⁄2p 5¢
Shilling 1/- 5p 10¢
Florin 2/- 10p 20¢
Half crown 2/6 12 1⁄2p 25¢
Crown 5/- 25p 50¢
Half sovereign 10/- 50p $1
Sovereign £1 £1 $2
Two pound coin £2 £2 $4
The farthing, at 1⁄4 penny, was never converted, as it ceased to be legal tender a decade prior to decimalisation. In 1971, a new penny would have been worth 9.6 farthings (making a farthing slightly more than 0.104 new pence).
Americas[edit]
North America[edit]
United States[edit]
In 1784, Thomas Jefferson proposed a decimal currency system based on the Spanish dollar, with coins for 10 dollars, 1 dollar, 1⁄10 dollar, and 1⁄100 dollar; possibly supplemented by a half-dollar, "double tenth", and "five copper piece". One argument he advanced in favour of this system was that the 1⁄100-dollar coin would be similar in value to existing copper coins:[3]
States
Denomination
Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania penny = 1⁄90 dollar
North Carolina, New York penny = 1⁄96 dollar
Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island penny = 1⁄108 dollar
The initial currency of the United States was of decimal denomination from the outset of home minted currency in 1792 with the dollar being equal to 100 cents, but other currencies were also accepted for some time afterwards. For example, the Spanish dollar, a non-decimalized currency, was accepted as official currency in the United States alongside the U.S. dollar until 1857.[4]
Canada[edit]
Decimalisation in Canada was complicated by the different jurisdictions before Confederation in 1867. In 1841, the united Province of Canada's Governor General, Lord Sydenham, argued for establishment of a bank that would issue dollar currency (the Canadian dollar). Francis Hincks, who would become the Province of Canada's Prime Minister in 1851, favoured the plan. Ultimately the provincial assembly rejected the proposal.[5] In June 1851, the Canadian legislature passed a law requiring provincial accounts to be kept decimalised as dollars and cents. The establishment of a central bank was not touched upon in the 1851 legislation. The British government delayed the implementation of the currency change on a technicality, wishing to distinguish the Canadian currency from the United States' currency by referencing the units as "Royals" rather than "Dollars".[6] The British delay was overcome by the Currency Act of 1 August 1854. In 1858, coins denominated in cents and imprinted with "Canada" were issued for the first time.
Decimalisation occurred in:[7]
Date
Notes
Province of Canada 1 August 1854
Nova Scotia 1 July 1860 Ordered its first coinage in 1860, but the coins were not shipped by the Royal Mint until 1862
New Brunswick 1 November 1860 Like Nova Scotia, the coins were received in 1862
Newfoundland 1866 Took effect in early 1865 and had different coinage from 1865 to 1947
Vancouver Island 1863
British Columbia 1865
Manitoba 1870
Prince Edward Island 1871
The colonial elite, the main advocates of decimalisation, based their case on two main arguments:[8] The first was for facilitation of trade and economic ties with the United States, the colonies' largest trading partner; the second was to simplify calculations and reduce accounting errors.[9]
Mexico and Bermuda[edit]
The Mexican peso was formally decimalised in the 1860s with the introduction of coins denominated in centavos; however, the currency did not fully decimalise in practice immediately and pre-decimal reales were issued until 1897.
Bermuda decimalised in 1970, by introducing the Bermudian dollar equal to 8 shillings 4 pence (100 pence, effectively equal to the US dollar under the Bretton Woods system).
Caribbean[edit]
The Cuban peso decimalised in 1869 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
The Dominican peso decimalised in 1877 (became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales).
The Haitian gourde decimalised in 1881 by peg to French franc (became equal to 100 centimes/santim).
The Netherlands Antillean guilder decimalised in 1892 by peg to Dutch guilder (became equal to 100 centen).
The British West Indies dollar decimalised in 1955.
The Jamaican dollar decimalised in 1969.
Central America[edit]
Costa Rican peso decimalised in 1864 ( became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales ).
Honduran peso decimalised in 1871 ( became equal to 100 centavos instead of 8 reales ).
Belize dollar decimalised in 1885
South America[edit]
Africa[edit]
South Africa[edit]
The rand was introduced on 14 February 1961. A Decimal Coinage Commission had been set up in 1956 to consider a move away from the denominations of pounds, shillings and pence, submitting its recommendation on 8 August 1958.[10] It replaced the South African pound as legal tender, at the rate of 2 rand = 1 pound or 10 shillings to the rand. Australia, New Zealand and Rhodesia also chose ten shillings as the base unit of their new currency.
Oceania[edit]
Australia and New Zealand[edit]
Play media
1964 ABC report describing the design of the soon to be introduced Australian decimal coins.
Australia decimalised on 14 February 1966, with the new Australian dollar equivalent to ten shillings or half an Australian pound in the previous currency. Since a shilling became equal to ten cents, the Australian cent was equal to 1.2 Australian pence, although they were usually exchanged on a 1:1 basis during the brief period when both were circulating.[citation needed] The television campaign containing a memorable jingle, sung to the tune of Click Go the Shears, was used to help the public to understand the changes.[11]
New Zealand decimalised on 10 July 1967, with the New Zealand dollar replacing the New Zealand pound. The conversion rates were the same as Australia's—10c to one shilling, one dollar to 10 shillings, and two dollars to one pound. Confusion was expected with twelve pence becoming ten cents, such as people expecting four cents' change from paying ten cents/one shilling for an item costing eight cents. To help avoid this, the Decimal Currency Board recommended on inter-currency transactions (e.g., paying 4c with £sd coins, or paying 4d with decimal coins) to pay to the next highest five cents or sixpence to get the correct change.
Rest of Oceania[edit]
Tongan pa'anga decimalised on 3 April 1967
Samoan tala decimalised on 10 July 1967
Fijian dollar decimalised on 15 January 1969
Asia[edit]
Sri Lanka (known as Ceylon at the time) decimalised in 1869.
India changed from the rupee, anna, pie system to decimal currency on 1 April 1957.
Yemen Arab Republic introduced coinage system of 1 North Yemeni rial=100 fils in 1974, to replace former system of 1 rial = 40 buqsha = 80 halala = 160 zalat. The country was one of the last to convert its coinage.
Japan historically had two decimalisations of the yen, the sen (1/100) and the rin (1/1,000). However, they were taken out of circulation as of December 31, 1953, and all transactions are now conducted in round amounts of 1 yen or greater.[12]
Rupee-anna-paisa-pie conversion[edit]
In India, Pakistan, and other places where a system of 1 rupee = 16 annas = 64 paise = 192 pies was used, the decimalisation process defines 1 new paisa = 1⁄100 rupee. The following table shows the conversion of common denominations of coins issued in modern India and Pakistan. Bold denotes the actual denomination written on the coins
Rupee
Anna
Paisa
Pie
New paisa
1⁄192 1⁄12 1⁄3 1 25⁄48 ≈ 0.5208
1⁄128 1⁄8 1⁄2 1 1⁄2 25⁄32 = 0.78125
1⁄64 1⁄4 1 3 1 9⁄16 = 1.5625
1⁄32 1⁄2 2 6 3 1⁄8 = 3.125
1⁄16 1 4 12 6 1⁄4 = 6.25
1⁄8 2 8 24 12 1⁄2 = 12.5
1⁄4 4 16 48 25
1⁄2 8 32 96 50
1 16 64 192 100
Non-currency cases (security market)[edit]
In the special context of quoting the prices of stocks, traded almost always in blocks of 100 or more shares and usually in blocks of many thousands, stock exchanges in the United States used eighths or sixteenths of dollars, until converting to decimals between September 2000 and April 2001.[13]
Similarly, in the UK, the prices of government securities continued to be quoted in multiples of 1⁄32 of a pound (7 1⁄2 d or 3 1⁄8 p) long after the currency was decimalised.
Mauritania and Madagascar[edit]
Mauritania and Madagascar theoretically retain currencies with units whose values are in the ratio five to one: the Mauritanian ouguiya (MRO) is equivalent to five khoums, and the Malagasy ariary (MGA) to five iraimbilanja.
In practice, however, the value of each of these two larger units is very small: as of 2010, the MRO is traded against the euro at about 370 to one, and the MGA at about 2,900 to one. In each of these countries, the smaller denomination is no longer used, and coins denominated in khoums and iraimbilanja are no longer minted. Therefore, in practice, they are neither decimal nor non-decimal currencies as there is no sub-unit.
Influence on the introduction of the euro[edit]
Before introducing physical euro notes and coins on 1 January 2002, previous decimalisation efforts, particularly that of the UK in 1971, were studied by the European Central Bank.[14] Questions included how to most effectively educate the public (particularly the elderly), the duration of the transition, the likely speed of uptake, the likely effects on inflation for currencies where one euro cent, the smallest circulating denomination, was greater in value than the smallest coin in circulation before the transition, and the likely criminal activities which might be attempted during the transition period.
See also[edit]
Decimal Day
British coinage
Non-decimal currencies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The new Encyclopaedia. Britannica. Volume 25.1994
Jump up ^ Gadoury, V. "Monnaies Françaises" p.48 (1999)
Jump up ^ Jefferson, Thomas (1905). "Notes on the Establishment of a Money Unit, and of a Coinage for the United States". In Ford, Paul Leicester. The Works of Thomas Jefferson. 4 (Notes on Virginia II, Correspondence 1782–1786) (Federal ed.). Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". loc.gov.
Jump up ^ McCulloch, A. B. “Currency Conversion in British North America, 1760–1900.” Archivaria 16, (Summer 1983): 83-94.
Jump up ^ Canadian Mint. “Currency Reforms, 1841 – 71.” A History of the Canadian Dollar. Ottawa: Canadian Mint, 2003.
Jump up ^ Canadian Mint. “Currency Reforms, 1841 – 71.” A History of the Canadian Dollar. Ottawa: Canadian Mint, 2003.
Jump up ^ Mushin, Jerry. “Twentieth Century Currency Reforms: A Comment.” Kyklos 50 (1997): 247 – 249.
Jump up ^ W.T. Easterbrook and Hugh G.J. Aitken, Canadian Economic History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 381.
Jump up ^ Mboweni, T.T. 2001. The Reserve Bank and the Rand: some historic reflections. Speech by the Governor of the Reserve Bank 29 Nov 2001. http://www.reservebank.co.za
Jump up ^ "Australian Dollar Bill Currency Decimal Jingle from 1965".
Jump up ^ "通貨の単位及び貨幣の発行等に関する法律". e-gov.go.jp.
Jump up ^ "SEC Testimony: Decimal Pricing in the Securities and Options Markets (A. Levitt)". sec.gov.
Jump up ^ Moore, N. E. A. (June 1995). "The Introduction of Decimal Currency in the UK in 1971. Comparisons with the Introduction of a Single European Currency" (PDF). European Papers. European Commission Director-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (111). Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decimalisation&oldid=834160076"
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Climate of Ghana
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ghana map of Köppen climate classification.
Tropical climatic Lagoons and Vacation Holiday Resorts in Dodi Island on the Volta Lake.
The climate of Ghana is tropical.[1] The eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry, the south-west corner of Ghana is hot and humid, and the north of Ghana is hot and dry.[2] Ghana is located on the Gulf of Guinea, only a few degrees north of the Equator, giving it a warm climate.[3]
Climatology[edit]
The climate of Ghana is tropical and there are two main seasons: the wet and the dry seasons.[4] North Ghana experiences its rainy season from April to mid-October while South Ghana experiences its rainy season from March to mid-November.[4] The tropical climate of Ghana is relatively mild for its latitude.[4] The harmattan, a dry desert wind, blows in north-east Ghana from December to March, lowering the humidity and causing hotter days and cooler nights in northern part of Ghana.[4] Average daily temperatures range from 30°C (86°F) during the day to 24°C (75°F) at night with a relative humidity between 77 percent and 85 percent.[5] In the southern part of Ghana, there is a bi-modal seasonrainy seasons: April through June and September through November.[5] Squalls occur in the northern part of Ghana during March and April, followed by occasional rain until August and September, when the rainfall reaches its peak.[5] Rainfall ranges from 78 to 216 centimeters (31 to 85 inches) a year.[5]
[hide]Climate data for Ghana
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
30.1
(86.2) 31.2
(88.2) 31.6
(88.9) 31.0
(87.8) 30.0
(86) 28.3
(82.9) 27.1
(80.8) 26.8
(80.2) 27.4
(81.3) 28.6
(83.5) 30.0
(86) 29.5
(85.1) 29.2
(84.6)
Average low °C (°F)
24.5
(76.1) 25.8
(78.4) 26.2
(79.2) 26.2
(79.2) 25.4
(77.7) 24.6
(76.3) 23.5
(74.3) 23.2
(73.8) 23.6
(74.5) 24.2
(75.6) 24.3
(75.7) 24.1
(75.4) 24.6
(76.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
13.6
(0.535) 40.3
(1.587) 88.2
(3.472) 115.7
(4.555) 160.7
(6.327) 210.4
(8.283) 121.3
(4.776) 88.9
(3.5) 133.0
(5.236) 128.1
(5.043) 56.5
(2.224) 24.6
(0.969) 1,184.1
(46.618)
Average rainy days
2 2 5 7 11 14 7 6 8 9 4 2 77
Average relative humidity (%)
79 77 77 80 82 85 85 83 82 83 80 79 85
Mean monthly sunshine hours
214 204 223 213 211 144 142 155 171 220 240 235 2,372
Source: weatherbase.com[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Igawa, Momoko; Kato, Makoto (2017-09-20). "A new species of hermit crab, Diogenes heteropsammicola (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae), replaces a mutualistic sipunculan in a walking coral symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 12 (9): e0184311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184311. ISSN 1932-6203.
Jump up ^ "Ghana high plains". photius.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ghana: Geography Physical". photius.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013. , "Ghana: Location and Size". photius.com. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "UNDP Climate Change Country Profile: Ghana". ncsp.undp.org. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Ghana Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Retrieved 1 June 2013.
External links[edit]
Ghana – Weather Averages
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