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Sukiyaki (song)
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"Sukiyaki"
Single by Kyu Sakamoto
from the album Sukiyaki and Other Japanese Hits (US)
B-side
"Anoko No Namaewa Nantenkana"
Released
1961 (Japan)
1963 (US, UK)
Format
7" vinyl
Genre
Pop, Kayōkyoku, Japanese pop
Length
3:05
Label
Toshiba-EMI (Japan)
Capitol/EMI Records (US and Canada)
HMV/EMI Records (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Rokusuke Ei (lyrics)
Hachidai Nakamura (music)
Audio sample
"Kyu Sakamoto – Sukiyaki"
file
help
"Ue o Muite Arukō" (上を向いて歩こう, "I Look Up As I Walk") is a Japanese-language song that was performed by Japanese crooner Kyu Sakamoto, and written by lyricist Rokusuke Ei and composer Hachidai Nakamura. Ei wrote the lyrics while walking home from a Japanese student demonstration protesting against a continued US Army presence, expressing his frustration at the failed efforts.[1][2]
In Anglophone countries, it is best known under the alternative title "Sukiyaki", a term with no relevance to the song's lyrics, as sukiyaki is a Japanese dish of cooked beef.
The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 charts in the United States in 1963, one of the few non-Indo-European languages' songs to have done so.
It is one of the best-selling singles of all time, having sold over 13 million copies worldwide.[3][4] The original Kyu Sakamoto recording also went to number eighteen on the R&B chart.[5] In addition, the single spent five weeks at number one on the Middle of the Road charts.[6] The recording was originally released in Japan by Toshiba in 1961. It topped the Popular Music Selling Record chart in the Japanese magazine Music Life (Japanese link) for three months, and was ranked as the number one song of 1961 in Japan.[citation needed]
Well-known English-language cover versions with altogether different lyrics include "My First Lonely Night" by Jewel Akens in 1966 and "Sukiyaki" by A Taste of Honey in 1980. The song has also been recorded in other languages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Weekly charts
2 Lyrics
3 Covers and variations (as "Sukiyaki")
3.1 A Taste of Honey version
3.1.1 Chart performance
3.1.1.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
3.3 4 P.M. version
3.3.1 Charts
3.4 Selena version
3.5 Other versions
4 Soundtrack appearances
5 Legacy
6 References
7 External links
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1961–63)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 1
Canada (RPM) 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[8] 2
Japan (Music Life)[citation needed] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[9] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[10] 6
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[12] 1
Lyrics[edit]
The lyrics tell the story of a man who looks up and whistles while he is walking so that his tears will not fall. The verses of the song describe his memories and feelings. Rokusuke Ei wrote this song while coming back from a protest against the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and feeling dejected about the failure of the protest movement, but the lyrics were rendered purposefully generic so that they might refer to any lost love.[13] The English-language lyrics of the version recorded by A Taste of Honey are not a translation of the original Japanese lyrics, but instead a completely different set of lyrics arranged to the same basic melody.
The title "Sukiyaki", a Japanese hot pot dish, does not appear in the song's lyrics, nor does it have any connection to them; it was used only because it was short, catchy, recognizably Japanese, and more familiar to English speakers. A Newsweek Magazine columnist noted that the re-titling was like issuing "Moon River" in Japan under the title "Beef Stew".[14]
Covers and variations (as "Sukiyaki")[edit]
A Taste of Honey version[edit]
"Sukiyaki"
Single by A Taste of Honey
from the album Twice As Sweet
B-side
"Don't You Lead Me On"
Released
March 1981
Recorded
1980
Genre
R&B • Quiet Storm
Length
3:41
Label
Capitol B-4953
Songwriter(s)
Hachidai Nakamura
Janice–Marie Johnson (English lyrics)
Producer(s)
George Duke
A Taste of Honey singles chronology
"Rescue Me"
(1980) "Sukiyaki"
(1981) "I'll Try Something New"
(1982)
"Rescue Me"
(1980) "Sukiyaki"
(1981) "I'll Try Something New"
(1982)
The cover version by A Taste of Honey reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.[15] It also went to number one on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart and Soul chart.[16]
While driving around Los Angeles, Janice–Marie Johnson of A Taste of Honey had heard Linda Ronstadt's hit remake of Smokey Robinson and the Miracles' "Ooo Baby Baby" play on the car radio with Johnson concluding that A Taste of Honey should remake a classic hit.[17] Johnson focused on Kyu Sakamoto's "Sukiyaki" which she first learned in the original Japanese. According to The Billboard Book of Number One R&B Hits by Fred Bronson, Johnson learned that the Japanese lyrics when translated to English had three possible interpretations — as the mindset of a man facing execution; as someone trying to be optimistic despite life's trials; or as the story of an ended love affair, with Johnson quoted as saying: "Me being the hopeless romantic that I am, I decided to write about a love gone bad."[citation needed] Johnson was given permission by the original song's copyright holders to write the English-language lyrics on the understanding that she receive neither official credit nor remuneration.[citation needed] This version used a koto played by Hazel Payne.[18]
A Taste of Honey's version of "Sukiyaki" first appeared on their 1980 album, Twice As Sweet. It was released as a single in 1981.[citation needed] It is the group's single of greatest U.S. chart longevity at 24 weeks, surpassing their earlier hit, "Boogie Oogie Oogie" by one week.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
Australia KMR [7] 24
Canada RPM Top Singles [19] 4
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary [20] 1
New Zealand [21] 3
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [22] 3
US Billboard Adult Contemporary [23] 1
US Cash Box Top 100 [24] 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Rank
Canada [25] 46
New Zealand [26] 31
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [27] 22
U.S. Cash Box [28] 43
4 P.M. version[edit]
"Sukiyaki"
Single by 4 P.M.
from the album Now's the Time
Released
September 6, 1994
Format
CD and cassette single
Recorded
1994
Length
2:42
Label
London Records (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Hachidai Nakamura
Janice Marie Johnson (English lyrics)
4 P.M. singles chronology
"Sukiyaki"
(1994) "Lay Down Your Love"
(1995)
"Sukiyaki"
(1995) "Lay Down Your Love"
(1995)
4 P.M.'s 1994 version reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100. The 4 P.M. version also uses the same English-language lyrics written by Janice Marie Johnson. The 4 P.M. version was a chart success in Australia, reaching number 3, and in New Zealand, reaching number 5.[citation needed]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (1994–1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[29] 3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[30] 5
US Billboard Hot 100[31] 8
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[31] 17
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[31] 5
Year-end charts
Chart (1995)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[32] 55
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[33] 43
Selena version[edit]
"Sukiyaki"
Single by Selena
from the album Selena
Released
September 13, 1989
Format
CD, 7" single
Recorded
1988
Genre
Latin
Length
3:01
Label
EMI
Songwriter(s)
Hachidai Nakamura
Producer(s)
A.B. Quintanilla III
Selena singles chronology
"Contigo Quiero Estar"
(1989) "Sukiyaki"
(1989) "Mentiras"
(1989)
"Contigo Quiero Estar"
(1989) "Sukiyaki"
(1989) "Mentiras"
(1989)
Audio sample
file
help
"Sukiyaki" (English: I Shall Walk Looking Up, Spanish: Caminaré Mirando Arriba), was a single released by Selena in 1990, which was released as the fourth single from the 1989 self-titled album Selena. The song received much airplay at the time of release. It was a Spanish-language version of the song, featuring the lyrics written by Janice Marie Johnson translated into Spanish.[citation needed]
It was released as a single in the United States and Japan. It was included in several of Selena's greatest hits packages before and after her death.[citation needed]
Other versions[edit]
In 1963, the British record label Pye Records released an instrumental cover version of the song by Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen. They were concerned that English-speaking audiences might find the original title too difficult to remember/pronounce, so they gave it the new title of "Sukiyaki". This title was retained when Capitol Records in the United States, and His Master's Voice (HMV) in the UK, released Kyu Sakamoto's original version a few months later. Sakamoto's follow-up to "Sukiyaki", "China Nights (Shina no Yoru)", charted in 1963 at number 58. That was the last song by an artist from Japan to reach the U.S. pop charts for 16 years, until the female duo Pink Lady had a top-40 hit in 1979 with its English-language song "Kiss in the Dark".[citation needed]
Several other artists have recorded cover versions of the song, while others have written and/or performed songs based on the melody:
Koko Montana, a famous Peruvian singer from the sixties, recorded the song in Spanish and sang one verse in Japanese.
In 1963, Brazilian vocal music Trio Esperança, then child singers, released a cover of the song in Portuguese, called "Olhando para o céu" ("Looking at the sky"), on their debut album "Nós somos sucesso" ("We are successful"). The lyrics in Portuguese were written by Romeo Nunes.
In 1963, the Dutch-based Indonesian duo Blue Diamonds recorded the first evident English-language rendering of "Ue O Muite Aruko", featuring lyrics written by Decca Records executive Martin Stellman of Belgium: in the Netherlands the Blue Diamonds' English-language version of "Sukiyaki" charted in tandem with the Kyu Sakomoto original and two versions of the Dutch rendering subtitled "In Yokohama" (see below) with a #13 peak. Blue Diamonds' English rendering of "Sukiyaki" was overlooked in release in both the UK and the US.
In 1963 a Dutch rendering subtitled "In Yokohama" was recorded by Wanda de Fretes the title was also used for an instrumental version by Tony Vos (nl). Charting in tandem with the Blue Diamonds English-language remake (see above) and the Kyu Sakomoto original version, these versions reached #13 in the Netherlands.
In 1963, the Danish artist, Otto Brandenburg recorded both a Danish and Swedish version, of Sukiyaki.
In 1963, Blue Diamonds (see above) reached #2 in Germany with a German-language cover of "Sukiyaki".
In 1963, The Ventures did a gentle instrumental cover of the song on its album release "Let's Go!"
In 1963, Johnny and his Cellar Rockers, the first band of the Dutch guitar-player Jan Akkerman covered the song. 1
In 1963, Canadian singers Claude Valade and Margot Lefebvre each recorded a French version, "Sous une pluie d'étoiles" ("Under a shower of stars").
In 1964 Lucille Starr introduced the English rendering of "Sukiyaki" by lyricist Buzz Cason on her album The French Song: this version would be a 1966 single release by Jewel Akens as "My First Lonely Night" (see below).
In 1965, the Hong Kong-based band The Fabulous Echoes (later known as Society of Seven) recorded the song.
In 1965, Czech singer Josef Zíma recorded Czech version of the song named "Bílá vrána" ("White crow")[34]
In 1965, the Disneyland Boys Choir sang it on the album "It's a Small World: 18 Favorite Folk Songs", under the name "Sukiyaka".
In 1966, US soul singer Jewel Akens released the song as "My First Lonely Night" as part of his double A-side single "Mama, Take Your Daughter Back"/"My First Lonely Night" on ERA records. The track had debuted on Akens' 1964 album The Birds and the Bees with its earliest recording being by Lucille Starr in 1964 (see above). This is probably the nearest translation to the original; although not a literal translation, it tells a similar story of a lonely man walking through the night, after losing his love.
In 1967, the Ginny Tiu Revue recorded this on their self-titled first album.
In 1975, the Hawaii-based duet Cecilio & Kapono recorded a markedly different English-language version in their album Elua released on Columbia Records.
In 1981, Hong Kong singer Teresa Carpio covered this song in Cantonese.
In 1982, a Brazilian humour-punk group Joelho De Porco recorded a cover version for the double album Saqueando A Cidade.
In 1983, a collaborative album by Peter Metro & Captain Sinbad with Little John, called Sinbad & The Metric System included "Water Jelly" on the Taxi Riddim by Peter Metro. The melody was adapted to reggae and it featured new lyrics in Spanish and English.[35]
In 1983, Finnish singer Riki Sorsa recorded the song with original Japanese lyrics as "Sukiyaki (Ue O Muite Aruko)".
In 1986, Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø recorded the song with Norwegian lyrics.
In 1989, Selena recorded a Latin-influenced cover.
In 1989, Hong Kong singer Anita Mui covered this song in Cantonese.
In 1993, rapper Snoop Dogg used the theme from the song for his song "Lodi Dodi" on the album Doggystyle.
In 1995, a reggae version by Sayoko both in English and Japanese featuring Beanie Man.
In 1995, Jackie and the Cedrics recorded a surf version, "Sukiyaki Stomp", as the B-side of "Scalpin' Party", with "Justine" as the third song on the 7" vinyl EP. They also performed the song as part of their live set, including when they appeared in NYC in 1999.
In 1996, Brazilian axé singer Daniela Mercury recorded "Sukiyaki" with its original Japanese-language lyrics. The song was released outside Brazil only, as an international bonus track on her 1996 studio album Feijão com Arroz.
In 1996, freestyle trio The Cover Girls recorded a version for their album Satisfy.
The Haitian band Boukman Eksperyans used the melody in the track "Sevelan/Sukiyaki" on their 1998 album Revolution.
In 1999, Utada Hikaru covered as live recorded from the album, First Love
In 2000, solo violinist Diana Yukawa recorded "Sukiyaki" on her best-selling debut album (known as Elegy in the UK and La Campanella in Japan). Yukawa also performed "Sukiyaki" various times on the mountainside where her father, Akihisa Yukawa, died in the Japan Airlines Flight 123 crash with Sakamoto.
In 2000, Big Daddy released a smooth retro version which appeared in their compilation album, The Best of Big Daddy (the song had originally appeared on the Japanese release of their 1991 album Cutting Their Own Groove).
In 2002, on her album "The Best of Trish 2", Trish Thuy Trang released her upbeat remixed version of the song with a combination of the original Japanese and English rendition lyrics. Some verses are sung in Japanese midway through while the majority are sung in English.
In 2003, Spanish vocal grupo Charm released a double languaje version in their debut album, Konnichiwa (sung in Spanish on CD-1 and in Japanese on CD-2).
In the Philippines, Tirso Cruz III was covered his own version from the movie of "Winter Holiday" (1972). Filmed during the 1972 Winter Olympics in Japan. In the late 2000s, Aiza Seguerra was covered this song and later Sir Johannes Mines covered the song in 2013 for the album Eastwood.
In 2008, interpreted by Hiromi Uehara and her group Sonic Bloom in the album Beyond Standard
In the wake of the March 11, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the Suntory beverage company released several versions of a television commercial featuring many famous Japanese singers and Tommy Lee Jones each doing part of the song, followed by the title caption "ue wo muite arukou," or, roughly, "let's walk with our heads up."[36]
In 2011, Seiko Matsuda performed it with her daughter Sayaka Kanda as part of the 62nd NHK Kohaku Uta Gassen. It was the first time the pair sang together.
In 2012, Sweet Sister Pain released a cover featuring Japanese lyrics on their album The Seven Seas of Blood and Honey.
In 2013, Missy Elliott protégée Sharaya J sampled a portion of the original tune, alongside A Taste of Honey's version, for her single "BANJI".[37]
In 2013, an Oxford duo SweetnSour Swing recorded and released a special single "Sukiyaki", dedicated to British jazz musician Kenny Ball.
In 2014, during his Japanese tour, Olly Murs performed the song in English named "Look at the Sky", featuring lyrics written by Yoko Ono.[38]
In 2005, 2012 and 2015, Japanese singer Kiyoshi Hikawa covered the song live in many concerts (the most recent was NHK Omoide no melody).
Soundtrack appearances[edit]
The song was prominently featured in the Studio Ghibli film From Up on Poppy Hill.
In the 12th episode of the anime Hyouka, the song was sung by the A cappella club during their school's Cultural Festival.
The song is heard in a sushi bar during the title character's first date in the 1999 film Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo.[39]
The song is featured in both the movie and TV Show M*A*S*H even though the movie and series are set almost 10 years before the release of the song.
A parody of this song, titled "Nyanyian Kode", appeared in the 1980 movie Pintar-Pintar Bodoh, starring the Indonesian comedy group, Warkop DKI. [40]
The song was featured in a 2000 episode of Malcolm in the Middle, "Stock Car Races."
The song is played during a party scene in the 2000 film Charlie's Angels, directed by McG.
The song appears in the television series Mad Men in the second-season episode "Flight 1." Although the episode is set in March 1962, before the song's official release in the United States, it is heard in a scene set in a Japanese restaurant.
Wii Music included the song in the handbell harmony section and it can also be unlocked for jam sessions.[41]
The song appears on the soundtrack to the 2013 film The Double, directed by Richard Ayoade.
An instrumental version of the song is played during a baton twirling scene in the 2014 movie Tamako Love Story, a spinoff of the anime series Tamako Market.
The song appears on the soundtrack of the 2014 film Inherent Vice, directed by Paul Thomas Anderson.
The song appears twice in the 2008 documentary film Japan: A Story of Love and Hate, directed by Sean McAllister .
The song appears in episode 2 of The Man in the High Castle, in a world where the American west coast is occupied by Imperial Japan.[42]
Legacy[edit]
An instrumental version of the song was played by NASA over the radio for the Gemini VII astronauts as mood music and became one of the first pieces of music sent to humans in space [43]
On March 16, 1999, Japan Post issued a stamp that commemorated the song.[44] The stamp is listed in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Japan number 2666 with a face value of 50 yen.
Sakamoto died on August 12, 1985, in the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123, the deadliest single-aircraft accident in history.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ 笹本恒子 「恒子の昭和: 日本初の女性報道写真家が撮影した人と出来事」 ISBN 4096820660
Jump up ^ Fred Bronson (2003). "Sukiyaki". The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7677-6.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 - June 20, 1981". Billboard.com. 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
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External links[edit]
Song lyrics (in rōmaji and English)
An account of the song (Made in Japan ONLY) (in English)
Preceded by
"It's My Party" by Lesley Gore Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
(Kyu Sakamoto version)
June 15, 1963 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Easier Said Than Done" by The Essex
Preceded by
"I Love Because" by Al Martino Billboard Middle-Road number-one single
(Kyu Sakamoto version)
June 8, 1963 (5 weeks) Succeeded by
"Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport" by Rolf Harris
Preceded by
"Being with You" by Smokey Robinson Billboard Hot Soul Singles number-one single
(A Taste of Honey version)
May 9, 1981 Succeeded by
"A Woman Needs Love (Just Like You Do)" by Ray Parker, Jr. & Raydio
Preceded by
"9 to 5" by Sheena Easton Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one single
(A Taste of Honey version)
May 16, 1981 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"How 'Bout Us" by Champaign
[show]
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e
A Taste of Honey
Studio albums
A Taste of Honey
Another Taste
Twice As Sweet
Ladies of the Eighties
One Taste of Honey (Janice-Marie Johnson)
Singles
"Boogie Oogie Oogie"
"Sukiyaki"
"I'll Try Something New"
Related articles
Divas of Disco
Get Down Tonight: The Disco Explosion
Book:A Taste of Honey
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Warsaw, Missouri
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Warsaw, Missouri
City

Location of Warsaw, Missouri
Coordinates: 38°14′43″N 93°22′38″W / 38.24528°N 93.37722°W / 38.24528; -93.37722Coordinates: 38°14′43″N 93°22′38″W / 38.24528°N 93.37722°W / 38.24528; -93.37722
Country
United States
State
Missouri
County
Benton
Area[1]
• Total
2.62 sq mi (6.79 km2)
• Land
2.41 sq mi (6.24 km2)
• Water
0.21 sq mi (0.54 km2)
Elevation
715 ft (218 m)
Population (2010)[2]
• Total
2,127
• Estimate (2016)[3]
2,120
• Density
810/sq mi (310/km2)
Time zone
Central (CST) (UTC-6)
• Summer (DST)
CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP code
65355
Area code(s)
660
FIPS code
29-77146[4]
GNIS feature ID
0728365[5]
Website
www.welcometowarsaw.com
Warsaw is a city located in Benton County, Missouri. The population was 2,127 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Benton County.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 2010 census
4.2 2000 census
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The original inhabitants of the area were the Delaware, Shawnee, Sac, Kickapoo, and Osage (namesake of the Osage River which passed by the city). French settlers visited the area as early as 1719.
Warsaw was platted in 1837.[7] The city was incorporated in 1843 and designated as the county seat of Benton County. The city was named after Warsaw, the capital city of Poland, in honor of the Revolutionary War hero Tadeusz Kościuszko, who was Polish and had also fought for independence in his homeland. Warsaw was a steamboat port, the furthest point up the Osage River they could navigate.[8]
Permanent immigrants to the area were Germans, Scotch-Irish, and English, as well as transplant farmers from Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Carolinas, first arriving around 1820.
The Upper Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.[9]
Geography[edit]
Warsaw is located at 38°14'43" North, 93°22'38" West (38.245195, -93.377227).[10] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.62 square miles (6.79 km2), of which, 2.41 square miles (6.24 km2) is land and 0.21 square miles (0.54 km2) is water.[1] The total area is 7.6% water, due in part to the construction of the Harry S Truman Reservoir and Dam.
Climate[edit]
On July 14, 1954, the temperature in Warsaw rose to 118 °F (48 °C).[11] This remains the hottest temperature ever recorded in the state of Missouri. On February 13, 1905, the temperature at Warsaw fell to -40 °F (-40 °C),[11] the coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri.
[hide]Climate data for Warsaw, Missouri
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
74
(23) 81
(27) 88
(31) 92
(33) 96
(36) 104
(40) 118
(48) 109
(43) 105
(41) 94
(34) 86
(30) 78
(26) 118
(48)
Average high °F (°C)
41
(5) 46
(8) 56
(13) 66
(19) 75
(24) 84
(29) 89
(32) 89
(32) 80
(27) 69
(21) 57
(14) 45
(7) 66.4
(19.3)
Average low °F (°C)
20
(−7) 23
(−5) 33
(1) 42
(6) 54
(12) 64
(18) 69
(21) 67
(19) 57
(14) 45
(7) 35
(2) 24
(−4) 44.4
(7)
Record low °F (°C)
−32
(−36) −40
(−40) −3
(−19) 10
(−12) 25
(−4) 38
(3) 53
(12) 44
(7) 29
(−2) 21
(−6) 5
(−15) −20
(−29) −40
(−40)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.8
(45.72) 2.24
(56.9) 2.95
(74.9) 4.37
(111) 5.41
(137.4) 4.99
(126.7) 4.25
(108) 3.84
(97.5) 4.06
(103.1) 3.56
(90.4) 3.51
(89.2) 2.16
(54.9) 43.14
(1,095.72)
[citation needed]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1880 515 —
1890 700 35.9%
1900 743 6.1%
1910 824 10.9%
1920 925 12.3%
1930 1,102 19.1%
1940 957 −13.2%
1950 936 −2.2%
1960 1,054 12.6%
1970 1,423 35.0%
1980 1,494 5.0%
1990 1,696 13.5%
2000 2,070 22.1%
2010 2,127 2.8%
Est. 2016 2,120 [3] −0.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[12]
2010 census[edit]
As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 2,127 people, 914 households, and 523 families residing in the city. The population density was 882.6 inhabitants per square mile (340.8/km2). There were 1,085 housing units at an average density of 450.2 per square mile (173.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.3% White, 1.0% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.
There were 914 households of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.8% were non-families. 37.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 21% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.88.
The median age in the city was 45 years. 22.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 25% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female.
2000 census[edit]
As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 2,070 people, 923 households, and 539 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,045.5 people per square mile (403.7/km²). There were 1,027 housing units at an average density of 518.7 per square mile (200.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.36% White, 0.14% African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. 1.26% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 923 households out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 38.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.78.
In the city, the population was spread out with 21.7% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 27.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 79.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $23,583, and the median income for a family was $33,068. Males had a median income of $24,464 versus $19,301 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,262. 18.5% of the population and 9.5% of families were below the poverty line. 24.7% of those under the age of 18 and 14.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
See also[edit]
Warsaw High School
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
Jump up ^ Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named. The State Historical Society of Missouri. p. 209.
Jump up ^ "Warsaw, Missouri History". Warsaw City Government. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/mo_geography.htm
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
External links[edit]
Historic maps of Warsaw in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri
[show]
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Benton County, Missouri, United States
County seat: Warsaw
Cities
Cole Camp
Lincoln
Warsaw
Village
Ionia‡
Townships
Alexander
Cole
Fristoe
North Lindsey
South Lindsey
Tom
Union
White
Williams
Unincorporated
communities
Avery‡
Bentonville
Blue Branch
Brandon
Cold Springs
Cole Camp Junction
Crest
Crockerville
Dell
Dell Junction
Edmonson
Edwards
Fristoe
Gabriels Mills
Hastain
Hilda
Knobby
Lake Creek
Lakeview Heights
Lively
Macks Camp
Majorville
Mora
Mount Hulda
Opportunity Farms
Palo Pinto
Pom-o-sa Heights
Racket
Santiago
Tackner
Teal Bend
Valley View
Walkers Corner
Whitakerville
White Branch
Windsor Junction
Wisdom
Zora
Former settlements
Fairfield
Lakeside Estate
Passo
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
[show]
v
t
e
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warsaw,_Missouri&oldid=819953599"
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Governor-General of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the position of Governor-General of India. For individual Governor-Generals, see List of governors-general of India.
Viceroy and Governor-General of India
Standard of the Governor-General
Louis Mountbatten, the
last Viceroy of India & the first Governor-General during the dominion period
Style
His Excellency
Residence
Viceroy's House
Appointer
East India Company (to 1858)
Monarch of India (from 1858)
Formation
20 October 1774
First holder
Warren Hastings
Final holder
Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari
Abolished
26 January 1950
The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, officially the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was originally the head of the British administration in India and, later, after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Indian head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the "Governor-General of India".
In 1858, the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government; see British Raj. The governor-general (now also the viceroy) headed the central government of India, which administered the provinces of British India, including the Punjab, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces, and others.[1] However, much of India was not ruled directly by the British government; outside the provinces of British India, there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or "native states", whose relationship was not with the British government, but directly with the monarch. To reflect the governor-general's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states, from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor-General of India (known in short as the Viceroy of India) was applied to him.
The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan, but the office of governor-general continued to exist in each country separately—until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956, respectively.
Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government; the Secretary of State for India, a member of the UK Cabinet, was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers. After 1947, the sovereign continued to appoint the governor-general, but did so on the advice of the Indian government.
Governors-General served at the pleasure of the sovereign, though the practice was to have them serve five-year terms. Governors-General could have their commission rescinded; and if one was removed, or left, a provisional governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. The first Governor-General of British India was Warren Hastings, and the first Governor-General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Functions
3 Council
4 Style and title
5 Flag
6 Residence
7 Insignia
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
History[edit]
Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785.
Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company, which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor. In 1773, motivated by corruption in the Company, the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773. A Governor-General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The first Governor-General and Council were named in the Act.
The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor-General and Council of Fort William with the Governor-General and Council of India. The power to elect the Governor-General was retained by the Court of Directors, but the choice became subject to the Sovereign's approval.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the East India Company's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign. The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor-General in the Sovereign. The Governor-General, in turn, had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India, subject to the Sovereign's approval.
India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but Governors-General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor-General of India for some time after independence, but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors-General. India became a secular republic in 1950; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956.
Functions[edit]
Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India, a post he held from 1899 to 1905.
Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s
The Governor-General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The Regulating Act, however, granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence. The other Presidencies of the East India Company (Madras, Bombay and Bencoolen) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor-General and Council of Fort William.[citation needed]
The powers of the Governor-General, in respect of foreign affairs, were increased by the India Act 1784. The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor-General or by the Company's Court of Directors.
While the Governor-General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India, he was not the explicit head of British India. That status came only with the Charter Act 1833, which granted him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole civil and military Government" of all of British India. The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor-General and Council.
After 1858, the Governor-General (now usually known as the Viceroy) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign's representative. India was divided into numerous provinces, each under the head of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator. Governors were appointed by the British Government, to whom they were directly responsible; Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners, and Administrators, however, were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy. The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers: the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of Mysore, the Maharaja (Scindia) of Gwalior, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad (Gaekwar) Maharaja of Baroda. The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency, which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy, or by provincial authorities.
The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King-Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government. The chamber usually met only once a year, with the Viceroy presiding, but it appointed a Standing Committee, which met more often.
Upon independence in August 1947, the title of Viceroy was abolished. The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor-General. C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor-General. However, once India acquired independence, the Governor-General's role became almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day-to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a republic in 1950, the President of India continued to perform the same functions.
Council[edit]
Main articles: Council of India and Viceroy's Executive Council
The Viceregal Lodge in Simla, built in 1888, was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India
Viceregal Lodge, Delhi, where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed (1912–31), now the main building of the University of Delhi[2]
The Governor-General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers. The Governor-General, while exercising many functions, was referred to as the "Governor-General in Council."
The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor-General.
In 1784, the Council was reduced to three members; the Governor-General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the Governor-General was increased even further, as Council decisions ceased to be binding.
The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council. The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor-General. As provided under the Act, there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated.
In 1858, the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign, and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India.
The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council's composition. Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign. (The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869). The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members (changed to ten to sixteen in 1892, and to sixty in 1909). The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation.
In 1919, an Indian legislature, consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly, took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy's Council. The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature's consent for "ecclesiastical, political [and] defense" purposes, and for any purpose during "emergencies." He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber cooperated, he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber. The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence. The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy; the Legislative Assembly elected its President, but the election required the Viceroy's approval.
Style and title[edit]
Until 1833, the title of the position was "Governor-General of Bengal". The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into "Governor-General of India." The title "Viceroy and Governor-General" was first used in the queen's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858.[3] It was never conferred by an act of parliament, but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders. In usage, "viceroy" is employed where the governor-general's position as the monarch's representative is in view.[4] The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India. It was meant to indicate new responsibilities, especially ritualistic ones, but it conferred no new statutory authority. The governor-general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council, but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor-General-in-Council (or the Government of India).[5]
The Governor-General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India. He was referred to as 'His Excellency' and addressed as 'Your Excellency'. From 1858 to 1947, the Governor-General was known as the Viceroy of India (from the French roi, meaning 'king'), and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines (from the French reine, meaning 'queen'). The Vicereine was referred to as 'Her Excellency' and was also addressed as 'Your Excellency'. Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India. However, the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V, who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911.[citation needed]
When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861, the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio. The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877.
Most Governors-General and Viceroys were peers. Frequently, a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank, as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman-Thomas. Of those Viceroys who were not peers, Sir John Shore was a baronet, and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke. Only the first and last Governors-General – Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari – as well as some provisional Governors-General, had no honorific titles at all.
Flag[edit]
Flag of the Governor General of India (1947–50)
From around 1885, the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a Crown. This flag was not the Viceroy's personal flag; it was also used by Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India. When at sea, only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast, while other officials flew it from the foremast.
From 1947 to 1950, the Governor-General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest (a lion standing on the Crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors-General. This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor-General only.
Residence[edit]
Government House served as the Governor-General's residence during most of the nineteenth century.
The Governor-General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House, Calcutta, until the early nineteenth century, when Government House was constructed. In 1854, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there. Now, the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India.
Lord Wellesley, who is reputed to have said that 'India should be governed from a palace, not from a country house', constructed a grand mansion, known as Government House, between 1799 and 1803. The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912. Thereafter, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House, was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House. Now, it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal, and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan.
After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy's House, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Though construction began in 1912, it did not conclude until 1929; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931. The final cost exceeded £877,000 (over £35,000,000 in modern terms) – more than twice the figure originally allocated. Today the residence, now known by the Hindi name of 'Rashtrapati Bhavan', is used by the President of India.
Throughout the British administration, Governors-General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge (Rashtrapati Niwas) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat, and the government of India moved with them. The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
Insignia[edit]
See also: Star of India (flag)
Badge of the Governor-General (1885–1947)
Standard of the Governor-General (1885–1947)
Standard of the Governor-General (1947–50)
See also[edit]
India portal
Pakistan portal
United Kingdom portal
Politics portal
List of governors-general of India
Commander-in-Chief, India
British Empire
Emperor of India
Indian independence movement
Council of India
British Raj
Secretary of State for India
India Office
Indian Civil Service
Partition of India
History of Bangladesh
History of India
History of Pakistan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire, which included both the provinces and the Native States.
Jump up ^ "Imperial Impressions". Hindustan Times. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Queen Victoria's Proclamation
Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett, "The Indian Governments, 1858–1918", The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume V: The Indian Empire, 1858–1918 (Cambridge University Press, 1932), p. 226.
Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky, The India Office, 1880–1910 (Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 126.
Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers (1999) "Government Buildings – India"
Forrest, G. W., CIE, (editor) (1910) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India; Warren Hastings (2 vols), Oxford: Blackwell's
Encyclopædia Britannica ("British Empire" and "Viceroy"), London: Cambridge University Press, 1911, 11th edition,
James, Lawrence (1997) Raj: the Making and Unmaking of British India London: Little, Brown & Company ISBN 0-316-64072-7
Keith, A. B. (editor) (1922) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921, London: Oxford University Press
Oldenburg, P. (2004). "India." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. (Archived 2009-10-31)
mountbattenofburma.com – Tribute & Memorial website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors-General of India.
Arnold, Sir Edwin (1865). The Marquis of Dalhousie's Administration of British India: Annexation of Pegu, Nagpor, and Oudh, and a general review of Lord Dalhousie's rule in India.
Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858-1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818-1858 (1932) 660pp online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
Rudhra, A. B. (1940) The Viceroy and Governor-General of India. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press
Spear, Percival (1990) [First published 1965], A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 978-0-14-013836-8 .

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values: ভারতের গভর্নর-জেনারেল – Bangla

values: Генерал-губернатор на Индия – Bulgarian

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values: Generalgouverneur und Vizekönig von Indien – German

values: Gobernador general de la India – Spanish

values: نایب‌السلطنه هند – Persian

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values: 인도 부왕 겸 총독 – Korean

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values: भारत के महाराज्यपाल – Hindi

values: Governatore generale dell'India – Italian

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values: מושל הודו – Hebrew

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values: ಭಾರತದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್ – Kannada

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values: ინდოეთის გენერალ-გუბერნატორი – Georgian

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values: भारतक महाराज्यपाल – Maithili

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values: ഇന്ത്യയുടെ ഗവർണർ ജനറൽ – Malayalam

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values: ინდოეთიშ გენერალ-გუბერნატორი – Mingrelian

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values: Gouverneur-generaal van Brits-Indië – Dutch

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values: Generalguvernører og visekonger av India – Norwegian

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values: ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਗਵਰਨਰ ਜਰਨਲ – Punjabi

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values: ہندستان دا گورنر جنرل – Western Punjabi

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values: Генерал-губернатор Индии – Russian

values: Governor-General of India – Simple English

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values: Intian varakuningas ja kenraalikuvernööri – Finnish

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values: இந்தியத் தலைமை ஆளுநர் – Tamil

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values: బ్రిటిష్ ఇండియా గవర్నరు జనరల్ – Telugu

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values: Генерал-губернатор Індії – Ukrainian

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values: گورنر جنرل ہند – Urdu

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