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The Mask of Zorro
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Not to be confused with The Mark of Zorro.
The Mask of Zorro
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Martin Campbell
Produced by
Doug Claybourne
David Foster
Screenplay by
John Eskow
Ted Elliott
Terry Rossio
Story by
Ted Elliott
Terry Rossio
Randall Jahnson
Based on
Zorro
by Johnston McCulley
Starring
Antonio Banderas
Anthony Hopkins
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Stuart Wilson
Matt Letscher
Music by
James Horner
Cinematography
Phil Méheux
Edited by
Thom Noble
Production
company
Amblin Entertainment
Distributed by
TriStar Pictures
Release date
July 17, 1998 (1998-07-17)
Running time
137 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$95 million
Box office
$250.3 million
The Mask of Zorro is a 1998 American swashbuckler film based on the character of the masked vigilante Zorro created by Johnston McCulley. It was directed by Martin Campbell and stars Antonio Banderas, Anthony Hopkins, Catherine Zeta-Jones, and Stuart Wilson. The film features the original Zorro, Don Diego de la Vega (Hopkins), escaping from prison to find his long-lost daughter (Zeta-Jones) and avenge the death of his wife at the hands of the corrupt governor Rafael Montero (Wilson). He is aided by his successor (Banderas), who is pursuing his own vendetta against the governor's right-hand man while falling in love with de la Vega's daughter.
Producer Steven Spielberg had initially developed the film for TriStar Pictures with directors Mikael Salomon and Robert Rodriguez, before Campbell signed on in 1996. Salomon cast Sean Connery as Don Diego de la Vega, while Rodriguez brought Banderas in the lead role. Connery dropped out and was replaced with Hopkins, and The Mask of Zorro began filming in January 1997 at Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City, Mexico. The film was released in the United States on July 17, 1998 to critical and commercial success. The Legend of Zorro, a sequel also starring Banderas and Zeta-Jones and directed by Campbell, was released in 2005, but did not fare as well as its predecessor.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Lawsuit
3.4 Music
4 Historical references
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Box office
6.3 Accolades
7 Comic book adaptation
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1821, Don Diego de la Vega (Anthony Hopkins), a Californio nobleman, fights against the Spanish in the Mexican War of Independence as Zorro, a mysterious swordsman who defends the Mexican peasants and commoners of Las Californias. Don Rafael Montero (Stuart Wilson), the corrupt governor of the region, learns of De La Vega's alter ego, and attempts to arrest him. De la Vega's wife Esperanza is killed during the scuffle. Montero imprisons de La Vega and takes his infant daughter, Elena, as his own before returning to Spain. Twenty years later Montero returns to California as a civilian, alongside Elena (Catherine Zeta-Jones) who has grown into a beautiful woman and resembles her late mother. Montero's reappearance motivates de La Vega to escape from prison. He encounters a thief, Alejandro Murietta (Antonio Banderas) who, as a child, once did Zorro a favor. De la Vega decides that fate has brought them together, and agrees to make Alejandro his protégé, grooming him to be the new Zorro. Alejandro agrees to undergo de La Vega's training regimen in Zorro's lair underneath the ruins of his family estate in order to be able to take revenge on Captain Harrison Love (Matt Letscher) Montero's right-hand man, who was responsible for killing Alejandro's brother, Joaquin.
While still being trained, Alejandro steals a black stallion resembling Tornado from the local garrison. De La Vega scolds Alejandro, claiming that Zorro was a servant of the people, not a thief and adventurer. He challenges Alejandro to gain Montero's trust instead. Alejandro poses as a visiting nobleman named Don Alejandro del Castillo y García, with de la Vega as his servant, and attends a party at Montero's hacienda. At the party he gains Elena's admiration and enough of Montero's trust to be invited to a secret meeting where several other noblemen are present. Montero hints at a plan to retake California for the Dons by buying it from General Santa Anna, who needs money to fund his upcoming war with the United States.
Montero takes Alejandro and the noblemen to a secret gold mine known as "El Dorado", where peasants and prisoners are used for slave labor. Montero plans to buy California from Santa Anna using gold mined from Santa Anna's own land. De la Vega uses this opportunity to become closer to Elena, though he identifies himself as "Bernardo" the servant, learning that Montero told Elena that her mother died in childbirth. While walking in a market, Elena meets the woman who was her nanny who tells Elena her parents' real identity. De la Vega sends Alejandro, dressed as Zorro, to steal Montero's map leading to the gold mine. Zorro duels Montero, Love, and their guards at the hacienda. When Zorro escapes, Elena attempts to retrieve Montero's map from the swordsman, but he seduces her, leading to a passionate kiss before he flees.
Terrified of Santa Anna's retribution if he discovers that he is being paid with his own gold, Montero, at Love's urging, decides to destroy the mine and kill the workers. De la Vega tells Alejandro to release the workers on his own so that de La Vega can reclaim Elena. Alejandro sets off, feeling betrayed by Diego's vendetta. De la Vega corners Montero at the hacienda and reveals his identity, but Montero captures him by threatening Elena. As he is taken away, de la Vega tells Elena the name of the flowers, romneya, she recognized upon her arrival in California, convincing her that he is her father. She releases de la Vega from his cell and they proceed to the mine, where Alejandro and de la Vega respectively defeat and slay Love and Montero. Elena and Alejandro free the workers before the explosives go off, and then find the mortally wounded de la Vega. He makes peace with Alejandro before dying, passing the mantle of Zorro to him, and gives his blessings for his marriage to Elena. In a closing sequence they are shown to be living together after rebuilding the de la Vega family señorío with a son named Joaquín, in honor of Alejandro's brother.
Cast[edit]
Antonio Banderas portrayed Zorro.
Antonio Banderas as Alejandro Murrieta / Zorro: Despite claims made by several media outlets and Antonio Banderas,[2] Banderas was not the first Spanish actor to portray Zorro. Spanish actor José Suárez was cast as Zorro in the 1953 film Lawless Mountain, and Spanish actor Carlos Quiney (aka Charles Quiney) portrayed Zorro in three films: Zorro's Latest Adventure (1969), Zorro, Rider of Vengeance (1971) and Zorro the Invincible (1971) (though Banderas was still the first Spanish actor to portray Zorro in a Hollywood production).[3][4][5] Banderas was paid $5 million for the role. The character of Alejandro Murrieta was conceived as the fictional brother of the real-life Joaquin Murrieta, making the character either Mexican or Chilean.[6] To prepare for his role, Banderas practiced with the Olympic fencing team in Spain for four months, before studying additional fencing and swordsmanship with Anthony Hopkins and Catherine Zeta-Jones.[7] The three were trained by Bob Anderson during pre-production in Mexico, spending 10 hours a day for two months specifically on fight scenes from the film.[8] "We used to call him Grumpy Bob on the set, he was such a perfectionist," director Martin Campbell reflected. "He was incredibly inventive, and also refused to treat any of the actors as stars. They would complain about the intensity of the training, but having worked with him there's nobody I'd rather use."[9] During interviews for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Anderson rated Banderas the best natural talent he had worked with.
José María de Tavira portrays a young Alejandro Murrieta.
Anthony Hopkins as Don Diego de la Vega / Zorro: Hopkins was cast in December 1996, one month before filming began.[10] Hopkins, known for his dramatic acting, took up the role over his enthusiasm to be in an action film.[11]
Catherine Zeta-Jones as Elena Montero: The actress signed on in November 1996, when Spielberg saw her performance in the Titanic miniseries and recommended her to Campbell.[12] Despite being a Welsh actress portraying a Latina character, Zeta-Jones discovered similarities between her "volatile" Celtic temper and the Latin temperament of Eléna.[13] Izabella Scorupco, who worked with Campbell on GoldenEye, and Judith Godrèche both screen tested for the part.[12] Zeta-Jones credits The Mask of Zorro as her breakthrough in entering A-list recognition.[13][14]
María and Mónica Fernández Cruz portray Elena de la Vega (infant).
Stuart Wilson as Don Rafael Montero: Armand Assante had initially been cast in the role, but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts with The Odyssey.[15] Stuart Wilson, who Campbell previously directed in No Escape, was cast in Assante's place four months after.[16]
Matt Letscher as Captain Harrison Love
Tony Amendola as Don Luiz
Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as Don Pedro
Victor Rivers as Joaquín Murrieta
Diego Sieres as Young Joaquín Murrieta
L. Q. Jones as Three-fingered Jack
Julieta Rosen as Esperanza De La Vega, Don Diego's beloved wife and Elena's mother
Maury Chaykin as Prison Warden
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Robert Rodriguez (pictured) cast Antonio Banderas as Zorro before dropping out as director. He was replaced by Martin Campbell one month later.
In October 1992, TriStar Pictures and Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment were planning to start production on Zorro the following year, and hired Joel Gross to rewrite the script after they were impressed with his adaptation of The Three Musketeers.[17][18] At the time, Spielberg was producing Zorro with the potential to direct.[19] Gross completed his rewrite in March 1993, and TriStar entered pre-production, creating early promotion for the film that same month at the ShoWest trade show.[20][21] By December 1993, Branko Lustig was producing the film with Spielberg, and Mikael Salomon was attached as director.[22] In August 1994, Sean Connery was cast as Don Diego de la Vega, while Salomon stated that the rest of the major cast would be Hispanic or Latino. Pre-production proceeded even further in August when Salomon compiled test footage for a planned April 1995 start date.[23]
Connery and Salomon eventually dropped out, and in September 1995, Robert Rodriguez, fresh from the success of Desperado, signed to direct with Antonio Banderas, who had also starred in Desperado, playing the title role.[24] TriStar and Amblin had been surprised by Rodriguez's low-budget filming techniques for his action films, El Mariachi and Desperado, and shifted away from their initial plans with Salomon to make a big-budget version of Zorro.[25] Spielberg had hoped Rodriguez would start filming in January 1996 for a Christmas release date, but the start date was pushed back to July.[26][27][28] The release date was later moved to Easter 1997.[29] Rodriguez pulled out of the film' in June 1996 over difficulties coming to terms with TriStar on the budget. The studio projected a range of $35 million, while Rodriguez wanted $45 million. They both attempted to compromise when Rodriguez lowered it to $42 million, but the studio refused and set $41 million as their highest mark.[29] Banderas remained with the production, and Martin Campbell signed on later that month, turning down the chance to direct Tomorrow Never Dies.[30] The finished screenplay would be written by John Eskow, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, based on a story by Elliott, Rossio, and Randall Jahnson.[31]
Filming[edit]
The principal photography for the film began in Mexico on January 27, 1997 on a $60 million budget.[8][16] The Mask of Zorro was mostly shot at Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City.[32] Production stalled for four days in February when the director, Martin Campbell, was hospitalized for bronchitis. Filming resumed in Tlaxcala, three hours east of Mexico City, where the production crew constructed the Montero hacienda and town set pieces.[33] Sony sent David Foster to join the project as a producer to help fill the void left by Steven Spielberg, Walter F. Parkes, and Laurie MacDonald, who were busy running DreamWorks. Foster and David S. Ward, who went uncredited, re-wrote some scenes;[34] the troubled production caused The Mask of Zorro to go $10 million over its budget.[34][35] In December, the producers were frustrated by customs agents when some props and other items, including Zorro's plastic sword, were held for nine days.[32] During the post-production phase, Spielberg and Campbell decided that Diego de la Vega's death in the arms of his daughter was too depressing.[36] The ending, where Alejandro and Eléna are happily married with their infant son, was added three months after filming had ended.[37]
Lawsuit[edit]
On January 24, 2001, Sony Pictures Entertainment filed a lawsuit in United States District Court, Central District of California, Western Division, against Fireworks Entertainment Group, the producers of the syndicated television series Queen of Swords. Sony alleged copyright infringement and other claims, saying the series "copied protectable elements from [the] 'Zorro' character and 'Zorro' related works". On April 5, 2001, U.S. District Judge Collins denied Sony's motion for a preliminary injunction, noting "that since the copyrights in [Johnson McCulley's 1919 short story] The Curse of Capistrano and [the 1920 movie] The Mark of Zorro lapsed in 1995 or before, the character Zorro has been in the public domain." As to specific elements of The Mask of Zorro, the judge found that any similarities between the film and the TV series' secondary characters and plot elements were insufficient to warrant an injunction.[38]
Music[edit]
The Mask of Zorro: Music from the Motion Picture
Soundtrack album by James Horner
Released
July 7, 1998
Recorded
1997–1998
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
74:47
Label
Sony Classical Records
Epic Soundtrax
Producer
Jim Steinman
Simon Rhodes
Tony Hinnigan
James Horner
James Horner soundtracks chronology
Deep ImpactString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found The Mask of Zorro Back to TitanicString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found
Singles from The Mask of Zorro: Music from the Motion Picture
"I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You"
Released: October 9, 1998
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic
Empire
Filmtracks
SoundtrackNet
James Horner was hired to compose the film score in September 1997.[39] Horner's work on The Mask of Zorro was influenced by Miklós Rózsa's score from El Cid.[40] The soundtrack, released by Sony Classical Records and Epic Soundtrax, was commercially successful and propelled by the rising profile of the Latin heartthrobs of Marc Anthony and Australian singer Tina Arena. Their duet, "I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You", plays in the closing credits of the film and was released as a single in Europe.[41] The song went #3 on the French singles and #4 on the Dutch singles charts.[42][43]
Historical references[edit]
The Mask of Zorro and its sequel The Legend of Zorro incorporate certain historical events and people into their narrative. Antonio Banderas' character, Alejandro Murrieta, is a fictional brother of Joaquin Murrieta, a real Mexican outlaw who was killed by the California State Rangers led by Harry Love (portrayed in the film as Texas Army Captain "Harrison Love") in 1853. The confrontation in the film takes place more than a decade earlier, in 1841. The capture of Murrieta's right-hand man Three-Fingered Jack by Love was also historical; however, the real person was a Mexican named Manuel Garcia rather than an Anglo-American.[44] As he did in the movie, the actual Harry Love preserved both Murrieta's head and Jack's hand in large, alcohol-filled glass jars.[45] The opening sequence is set during the aftermath of the Mexican War of Independence, and an original ending on the DVD includes an appearance by Antonio López de Santa Anna, who is only mentioned in the finished film.[citation needed]
Release[edit]
The Mask of Zorro was initially set for release on December 19, 1997 before the release date was changed to March 1998.[46] There was speculation within the media about whether TriStar changed the date in an attempt to avoid competition with Titanic. In reality Zorro had encountered production problems that extended its shooting schedule. In addition, Sony Pictures Entertainment, TriStar's parent company, wanted an action film for its first quarter releases of 1998.[35] The release date was once again pushed back, this time to July 1998, when pick-ups were commissioned.[47] The delay from March to July added $3 million in interest costs.[48]
To market Zorro, TriStar purchased a 30-second advertising spot at Super Bowl XXXII for $1.3 million.[48] Sony, who had been known for their low-key presence at the ShoWest trade show, showed clips from the film, while actors Antonio Banderas and Anthony Hopkins presented a panel at the conference on May 10, 1998.[49] The studio also attached Zorro's trailer to prints of Godzilla.[50] Sony launched an official website in June 1998. Internet marketing was an emerging concept in the late-1990s, and Zorro was Sony's first film to use VRML.[51]
The Mask of Zorro caught the attention of European Royalty with the film's foreign premieres. Spain's King Juan Carlos I, Queen Sophia, and Princess Elena attended the first Royal premiere in Madrid in seven years. On December 10, 1998, a Royal Command Performance for Zorro was toplined by Prince Charles and his sons.[52]
Home media[edit]
The Mask of Zorro was released on VHS and DVD on December 1, 1998 by Columbia TriStar Home Video. The film was released on Blu-ray on December 1, 2009 by Sony Pictures.[citation needed]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Based on 69 reviews aggregated by Rotten Tomatoes, 81% of the critics enjoyed The Mask of Zorro, giving it an average score of 7.1/10.[53] Metacritic gave the film an average score of 63/100, based on 22 reviews.[54] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[55]
Richard Schickel of Time magazine praised Zorro as a summer blockbuster which paid tribute to the classical Hollywood swashbuckler films. "The action in this movie, most of which takes the form of spectacular stunt work performed by real, as opposed to digitized, people," Schickel stated, "is motivated by simple, powerful emotions of an old-fashioned and rather melodramatic nature."[56] Zorro exceeded Roger Ebert's expectations, who was surprised by the screenplay's display of traditional film craftsmanship. "It's a reminder of the time when stunts and special effects were integrated into stories, rather than the other way around."[57] Ebert later called The Mask of Zorro "probably the best Zorro movie ever made."[58] Despite giving credit to Anthony Hopkins for his masculine portrayal of an older Zorro, Mick LaSalle, writing in the San Francisco Chronicle, found that the actor's "performance presents a slight problem: The film asks us to believe that no one has figured out that Zorro and his real-life persona are the same person, even though they are the only guys in Mexico who talk with a British accent."[59]
Todd McCarthy of Variety found the film's length to be "somewhat overlong" and lacking "the snap and concision that would have put it over the top as a bang-up entertainment, but it's closer in spirit to a vintage Errol Flynn or Tyrone Power swashbuckler than anything that's come out of Hollywood in quite some time."[40] In his review for Rolling Stone magazine, Peter Travers criticized the casting choices for the Mexican roles, which included Banderas, a Spaniard, as well as Hopkins and Zeta-Jones, who are both Welsh. Disappointed with the film's entertainment value, Travers also expected the film to be a failure with audiences.[60] Internet reviewer James Berardinelli compared the tone and style of The Mask of Zorro to producer Steven Spielberg's Raiders of the Lost Ark. "While The Mask of Zorro isn't on the same level, it's not an altogether ridiculous comparison. Even though Zorro doesn't feature the non-stop cliffhanger adventure of Raiders," Berardinelli continued, "there's still plenty of action, tumult, and derring-do." He was undecided whether the film would be a box office success, and that it would depend on the on-screen chemistry between Banderas and Zeta-Jones.[61] In one of the film's most popular scenes, Alejandro renders Eléna topless with a flurry of sword slashes. One critic placed it on his list of "Erotic [Film] Scenes in the 90s".[62]
Box office[edit]
The Mask of Zorro was released in the United States on July 17, 1998 in 2,515 theaters, earning $22,525,855 in its opening weekend.[63] The film dropped from its number one position in the second week with the releases of Saving Private Ryan and There's Something About Mary.[64] The Mask of Zorro eventually earned $94,095,523 within the US, and $156,193,000 internationally, coming to a worldwide total of $250,288,523.[63] With the commercial success of the film, Sony sold the TV rights of Zorro for $30 million in a joint deal to CBS and Turner Broadcasting System (TBS).[65]
Accolades[edit]
Awarding Body
Award
Nominee
Result
Academy Awards[66][67] Best Sound Effects Editing Dave McMoyler Nominated
Best Sound Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell, and Pud Cusack Nominated
British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs)[68] Best Costume Design Graciela Mazón Nominated
Golden Globe Awards[69] Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Nominated
Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Antonio Banderas Nominated
MTV Movie Awards[70] Best Breakthrough Female Performance Catherine Zeta-Jones Nominated
Best Fight Antonio Banderas, Catherine Zeta-Jones Nominated
Saturn Awards[71] Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Nominated
Best Actress Catherine Zeta-Jones Nominated
Best Costumes Graciela Mazón Nominated
Comic book adaptation[edit]
Image Comics: The Mask of Zorro (August 1998)[72]
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Jump up ^ Image Comics: The Mask of Zorro at the Comic Book DB
External links[edit]
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[show]
v
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Johnston McCulley's Zorro
Books
The Curse of Capistrano (1919)
Zorro (2005)
Tales of Zorro (2008)
Films
The Mark of Zorro (1920)
Don Q, Son of Zorro (1925)
The Bold Caballero (1936)
Zorro Rides Again (1937)
Zorro's Fighting Legion (1939)
The Mark of Zorro (1940)
Zorro's Black Whip (1944)
Son of Zorro (1947)
Ghost of Zorro (1949)
The Dream of Zorro (1952)
Zorro and the Three Musketeers (1963)
Behind the Mask of Zorro (1965)
The Nephews of Zorro (1968)
The Avenger, Zorro (1969)
Man with the Golden Winchester (1973)
The Mark of Zorro (1974)
Mark of Zorro (1975)
Zorro (1975)
La gran aventura del Zorro (1976)
Zorro, The Gay Blade (1981)
The Mask of Zorro (1998)
The Legend of Zorro (2005)
Television Live-action
Zorro (1957, episodes)
Zorro and Son (1983)
Zorro (1990, episodes)
El Zorro, la espada y la rosa (2007)
Zorro (2009)
Op zoek naar Zorro (2010)
Television Animation
The New Adventures of Zorro (1981)
Kaiketsu Zorro (1996)
The New Adventures of Zorro (1997)
Zorro: Generation Z (2006)
Plays
Zorro in Hell (2006)
Zorro (2008)
Video games
Zorro (1985)
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Other
Tornado (horse)
Zorro bibliography (original author)
[show]
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The Sex Thief (1973)
Eskimo Nell (1975)
Three for All (1975)
Criminal Law (1988)
Defenseless (1991)
Cast a Deadly Spell (1991)
No Escape (1994)
GoldenEye (1995)
The Mask of Zorro (1998)
Vertical Limit (2000)
Beyond Borders (2003)
The Legend of Zorro (2005)
Casino Royale (2006)
Edge of Darkness (2010)
Green Lantern (2011)
Reckless (2013)
Warriors (2014)
The Foreigner (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 207944351
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Category:Snakes of South America
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Pages in category "Snakes of South America"
The following 43 pages are in this category, out of 43 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
A
Amazon Basin emerald tree boa
Andean forest-pitviper
Andean milk snake
Apostolepis assimilis
Argentinian coral snake
B
Banded cat-eyed snake
Boa constrictor
Bothriopsis
Bothriopsis pulchra
Bothrops
Bothrops ammodytoides
Bothrops atrox
Bothrops insularis
Bothrops itapetiningae
C
Chironius laurenti
Clelia plumbea
Clelia scytalina
Corallus annulatus
Corallus ruschenbergerii
Crowned false boa
D
Dipsas variegata
E
Eaten Alive (TV special)
Emerald tree boa
G
Green anaconda
Guyana blind snake
I
Imantodes gemmistratus
L
Lachesis (genus)
Lachesis acrochorda
Leptophis ahaetulla
M
Mastigodryas boddaerti
Milk snake
Mussurana
Mussurana (species)
Mussurana bicolor
O
Oxyrhopus formosus
Oxyrhopus melanogenys
Oxyrhopus occipitalis
P
Philodryas baroni
Pseudoeryx
S
Shaw's dark ground snake
Siphlophis leucocephalus
T
Taeniophallus occipitalis
Y
Yellow anaconda
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Snakes_of_South_America&oldid=630089721"
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Snakes by continent
Reptiles of South America
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List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Emblem of the Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India, in New Delhi
This is a list of judges of the Supreme Court of India, the highest court in the Republic of India. The list is ordered according to seniority. There are currently 24 judges, against a maximum possible strength of 31. As per the Constitution of India, judges of the Supreme Court judges retire at age 65.[1]
Justice Dipak Misra is the current and 45th Chief Justice of India.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of Judges ordered by seniority
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
List of Judges ordered by seniority[edit]
S. No.
Name[2]
Gender
Date of appointment
Date of retirement
State/Union Territory
Notes
1 Dipak Misra
(Chief Justice) Male 10 October 2011 2 October 2018 Odisha 28 August 2017[a]
2 Jasti Chelameswar Male 10 October 2011 22 June 2018 Andhra Pradesh
3 Ranjan Gogoi Male 23 April 2012 17 November 2019 Assam
4 Madan Lokur Male 4 June 2012 30 December 2018 Delhi
5 Kurian Joseph Male 8 March 2013 29 November 2018 Kerala
6 Arjan Kumar Sikri Male 12 April 2013 6 March 2019 Delhi
7 Sharad Arvind Bobde Male 12 April 2013 23 April 2021 Maharashtra
8 Rajesh Kumar Agrawal Male 17 February 2014 4 May 2018 Uttar Pradesh
9 N. V. Ramana Male 17 February 2014 26 August 2022 Andhra Pradesh
10 Arun Kumar Mishra Male 7 July 2014 2 September 2020 Madhya Pradesh
11 Adarsh Kumar Goel Male 7 July 2014 6 July 2018 Punjab
12 Rohinton Fali Nariman Male 7 July 2014 12 August 2021 Maharashtra
13 Abhay Manohar Sapre Male 13 August 2014 27 August 2019 Madhya Pradesh
14 R. Banumathi Female 13 August 2014 19 July 2020 Tamil Nadu
15 Uday U. Lalit Male 13 August 2014 8 November 2022 Maharashtra
16 Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar Male 13 May 2016 29 July 2022 Maharashtra
17 Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud Male 13 May 2016 10 November 2024 Maharashtra
18 Ashok Bhushan Male 13 May 2016 4 July 2021 Uttar Pradesh
19 L. Nageswara Rao Male 13 May 2016 7 June 2022 Andhra Pradesh
20 Sanjay Kishan Kaul Male 17 February 2017 25 December 2023 Delhi
21 Mohan Shantanagoudar Male 17 February 2017 4 May 2023 Karnataka
22 S. Abdul Nazeer Male 17 February 2017 4 January 2023 Karnataka
23 Navin Sinha Male 17 February 2017 18 August 2021 Bihar
24 Deepak Gupta Male 17 February 2017 6 May 2020 Himachal Pradesh
25 Indu Malhotra Female 27 April 2018 14 March 2022 Delhi
See also[edit]
List of Chief Justices of India
List of current Indian chief justices
List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Date of elevation as Chief Justice of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hon'ble The Chief Justice of India & Hon'ble Judges". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chief Justice of India and Sitting Hon'ble Judges arranged according to date of appointment as on 10 March 2014". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India
Dipak Misra
CJI
Jasti Chelameswar
Ranjan Gogoi
Madan Lokur
Kurian Joseph
Arjan Kumar Sikri
Sharad Arvind Bobde
Rajesh Kumar Agrawal
N. V. Ramana
Arun Kumar Mishra
Adarsh Kumar Goel
Rohinton Fali Nariman
Abhay Manohar Sapre
R. Banumathi
Uday U. Lalit
Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar
Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud
Ashok Bhushan
L. Nageswara Rao
Sanjay Kishan Kaul
Mohan Shantanagoudar
S. Abdul Nazeer
Navin Sinha
Deepak Gupta
Chief Justices of India
[show]
v
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Judiciary of India
Supreme Court
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
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High Courts
High Courts of India
Chief Justices of High Courts of India
District Courts
District Courts of India
List of district courts of India
Judicial Magistrate of First Class
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Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
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Constitution
Constitution of India
Law of India
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Appointment of Judges
National Judicial Appointments Commission
Collegium System
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India&oldid=838488306"
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Gynaecology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gynaecology
A dilating vaginal speculum, a tool for examining the vagina, in a model of the female reproductive system
System
Female reproductive system
Subdivisions
Oncology, Maternal medicine, Maternal-fetal medicine
Significant diseases
Gynaecological cancers, infertility, dysmenorrhea
Significant tests
Laparoscopy
Specialist
Gynaecologist
Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems (vagina, uterus, and ovaries) and the breasts. Outside medicine, the term means "the science of women". Its counterpart is andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system.
Almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians (see obstetrics and gynaecology). In many areas, the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Examination
4 Diseases
5 Therapies
6 Specialist training
7 Gender of physicians
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word "gynaecology" comes from the oblique stem (γυναικ-) of Greek γυνή (gyne), "woman", and -logia, "study".
History[edit]
The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus, dated to about 1800 BC, deals with women's complaints—gynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, contraception, etc. The text is divided into thirty-four sections, each section dealing with a specific problem and containing diagnosis and treatment; no prognosis is suggested. Treatments are non surgical, comprising applying medicines to the affected body part or swallowing them. The womb is at times seen as the source of complaints manifesting themselves in other body parts.[1]
The Hippocratic Corpus contains several gynaecological treatises dating to the 5th/4th centuries BC. Aristotle is another strong source for medical texts from the 4th century BC with his descriptions of biology primarily found in History of Animals, Parts of Animals, Generation of Animals. [2] The gynaecological treatise Gynaikeia by Soranus of Ephesus (1st/2nd century AD) is extant (together with a 6th-century Latin paraphrase by Muscio, a physician of the same school). He was the chief representative of the school of physicians known as the "Methodists".
J. Marion Sims is widely considered the father of modern gynaecology.[3] Now criticized for the short comings.[clarification needed][4] He developed some of his techniques by operating on slaves, many of whom were not given anaesthesia.[5] Sims performed surgeries on 12 enslaved women in his homemade backyard hospital for four years. While performing the surgeries he invited men physicians and students to come watch the invasive and painful surgeries while the women were exposed. On one of the women, named Anarcha, he performed 13 surgeries and without anesthesia. Due to having so many enslaved women he would rotate from one to another continuous trying to perfect the repairment of fistulas. In the four years he performed these surgeries the physicians and students lost interest in assisting him. Due to this he got the other enslaved women, who were healing from their surgeries, to assist him in the operations, which required them to help in the performance of these painful surgeries on the other women. In 1855 Sims went on to found the Woman's Hospital in New York, this was the first hospital specifically for female disorders.[6]
Examination[edit]
The historic taboo associated with the examination of female genitalia has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. This 1822 drawing by Jacques-Pierre Maygrier shows a "compromise" procedure, in which the physician is kneeling before the woman but cannot see her genitalia. Modern gynaecology no longer uses such a position.
In some countries, women must first see a general practitioner (GP; also known as a family practitioner (FP)) prior to seeing a gynaecologist. If their condition requires training, knowledge, surgical procedure, or equipment unavailable to the GP, the patient is then referred to a gynaecologist. In the United States, however, law and many health insurance plans allow gynaecologists to provide primary care in addition to aspects of their own specialty. With this option available, some women opt to see a gynaecological surgeon for non-gynaecological problems without another physician's referral.
As in all of medicine, the main tools of diagnosis are clinical history and examination. Gynaecological examination is quite intimate, more so than a routine physical exam. It also requires unique instrumentation such as the speculum. The speculum consists of two hinged blades of concave metal or plastic which are used to retract the tissues of the vagina and permit examination of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus located within the upper portion of the vagina. Gynaecologists typically do a bimanual examination (one hand on the abdomen and one or two fingers in the vagina) to palpate the cervix, uterus, ovaries and bony pelvis. It is not uncommon to do a rectovaginal examination for complete evaluation of the pelvis, particularly if any suspicious masses are appreciated. Male gynaecologists may have a female chaperone for their examination. An abdominal or vaginal ultrasound can be used to confirm any abnormalities appreciated with the bimanual examination or when indicated by the patient's history.
Diseases[edit]
Examples of conditions dealt with by a gynaecologist are:
Cancer and pre-cancerous diseases of the reproductive organs including ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva
Incontinence of urine
Amenorrhoea (absent menstrual periods)
Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstrual periods)
Infertility
Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods); a common indication for hysterectomy
Prolapse of pelvic organs
Infections of the vagina (vaginitis), cervix and uterus (including fungal, bacterial, viral, and protozoal)
UTI and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Premenstrual Syndrome
Other vaginal diseases
There is some crossover in these areas. For example, a woman with urinary incontinence may be referred to a urologist.
Therapies[edit]
As with all surgical specialties, gynaecologists may employ medical or surgical therapies (or many times, both), depending on the exact nature of the problem that they are treating. Pre- and post-operative medical management will often employ many standard drug therapies, such as antibiotics, diuretics, antihypertensives, and antiemetics. Additionally, gynaecologists make frequent use of specialized hormone-modulating therapies (such as Clomifene citrate and hormonal contraception) to treat disorders of the female genital tract that are responsive to pituitary or gonadal signals.
For lists of gynaecological drugs (by the ATC classification system), see ATC code G01 and ATC code G02.
Surgery, however, is the mainstay of gynaecological therapy. For historical and political reasons, gynaecologists were previously not considered "surgeons", although this point has always been the source of some controversy. Modern advancements in both general surgery and gynaecology, however, have blurred many of the once rigid lines of distinction. The rise of sub-specialties within gynaecology which are primarily surgical in nature (for example urogynaecology and gynaecological oncology) have strengthened the reputations of gynaecologists as surgical practitioners, and many surgeons and surgical societies have come to view gynaecologists as comrades of sorts. As proof of this changing attitude, gynaecologists are now eligible for fellowship in both the American College of Surgeons and Royal Colleges of Surgeons, and many newer surgical textbooks include chapters on (at least basic) gynaecological surgery.
Some of the more common operations that gynaecologists perform include:
Dilation and curettage (removal of the uterine contents for various reasons, including completing a partial miscarriage and diagnostic sampling for dysfunctional uterine bleeding refractive to medical therapy)
Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
Oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries)
Tubal ligation (a type of permanent sterilization)
Hysteroscopy (inspection of the uterine cavity)
Diagnostic laparoscopy – used to diagnose and treat sources of pelvic and abdominal pain; perhaps most famously used to provide a definitive diagnosis of endometriosis.
Exploratory laparotomy – may be used to investigate the level of progression of benign or malignant disease, or to assess and repair damage to the pelvic organs.
Various surgical treatments for urinary incontinence, including cystoscopy and sub-urethral slings.
Surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse, including correction of cystocele and rectocele.
Appendectomy – often performed to remove site of painful endometriosis implantation or prophylactically (against future acute appendicitis) at the time of hysterectomy or Caesarean section. May also be performed as part of a staging operation for ovarian cancer.
Cervical Excision Procedures (including cryosurgery) – removal of the surface of the cervix containing pre-cancerous cells which have been previously identified on Pap smear.
Specialist training[edit]
Gynaecologist
Occupation
Names
Doctor, Medical Specialist
Specialty
Activity sectors
Medicine
Description
Education required
Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MBBS)
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.)
Fields of
employment
Hospitals, Clinics
In the UK the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, based in London, encourages the study and advancement of both the science and practice of obstetrics and gynaecology. This is done through postgraduate medical education and training development, and the publication of clinical guidelines and reports on aspects of the specialty and service provision. The RCOG International Office works with other international organisations to help lower maternal morbidity and mortality in under-resourced countries.
Gynaecologic oncology is a subspecialty of gynaecology, dealing with gynaecology-related cancer.
Gender of physicians[edit]
Despite the patients being predominantly female, like all specialist areas of health, historically gynaecology has been dominated by male doctors. However, in recent times as many of the barriers to access the education and training required to successfully practice gynaecology were removed, women have started to outnumber men in the field.[7] There are a number of reasons for this, ranging from women being motivated to become gynaecologists after having bad experiences with male doctors[citation needed] to men choosing to specialize in different fields[citation needed].
Possible reasons reported for the decrease in male gynaecologists range from there being a perception of a lack of respect from other doctors towards them, distrust about their motivations for wanting to work exclusively with female sexual organs[8] and questions about their overall character,[9] as well as a concern about being associated with other male gynaecologists who have been arrested for sex offences[citation needed] and limited future employment opportunities[citation needed].
Surveys have also shown a large and consistent majority of women are uncomfortable being forced to have intimate exams done by a male doctor. They are also less likely to be embarrassed, so as a result talk more openly and in greater details, when discussing their sexual history with another woman rather than a man, leading to questions about the ability of male gynaecologists to offer quality care to patients.[10] This, when coupled with more women choosing female physicians[11] has decreased the employment opportunities for men choosing to become gynaecologists.[12]
In the United States, it has been reported that 4 in 5 students choosing a residency in gynaecology are now female.[13] In Sweden, to comply with discrimination laws, patients may not choose a doctor—irregardless of specialty—based on factors such as ethnicity or gender and declining to see a doctor solely because of preference regarding e.g. the practitioner's skin color or gender may legally be viewed as refusing care.[14][15] In Turkey, due to patient preference to be seen by another female, there are now few male gynaecologists working in the field.[16]
There have been a number of legal challenges in the US against healthcare providers who have started hiring based on gender of physicians. Dr Mircea Veleanu argued, in part, that his former employers discriminated against him by accommodating the wishes of female patients who had requested female doctors for intimate exams.[17] A male nurse complained about an advert for an all-female obstetrics and gynaecology practice in Columbia, Maryland claiming this was a form of sexual discrimination.[18] Dr David Garfinkel, a New Jersey-based ob-gyn sued his former employer after being fired due to, as he claimed, "because I was male, I wasn't drawing as many patients as they'd expected".[17]
So far, all legal challenges by male gynaecologists to remove patient choice have failed due to there being protection in law for 'bona fide occupational qualification' which in previous cases involving wash-room attendants and male nurses have recognized a justification for gender-based requirements for certain jobs.
See also[edit]
Howard Atwood Kelly
Childbirth and obstetrics in antiquity
Genital schistosomiasis
Hydatidiform mole
Gynography
List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Laurinda S. Dixon. Perilous Chastity: Women and Illness in Pre-Enlightenment Art and Medicine, Cornell University Press 1995, pp.15f.
Jump up ^ Lesley Dean-Jones, "The Cultural Construct of the Female Body" In Women’s History and Ancient History, ed. Susan B. Pomeroy (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 113.
Jump up ^ Semple, Henry Churchill (1923). J. Marion Sims, the Father of Modern Gynecology. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Daly, Mary (1990). Gyn/ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Beacon Press. pp. 225–. ISBN 9780807014134. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Adekunle, Julius O.; Williams, Hettie V. (2010-02-24). Color Struck: Essays on Race and Ethnicity in Global Perspective. University Press of America. pp. 397–. ISBN 9780761850922. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly (2002). Skin Deep, Spirit Strong (PDF). Mastering the Female Pelvis.
Jump up ^ "From Past to Present: The Changing Demographics of Women in Medicine". 2008-02-01. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Why Are Men Gynaecologists?". 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2014-06-24. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Are Male Gynecologists Creepy?". 2013-12-09. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ Hall Judith A, Roter Debra L (2002-12-02). "Do patients talk differently to male and female physicians?: A meta-analytic review". Patient Education and Counseling. 48: 217–224. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00174-X. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Patient choice: comparing criteria for selecting an obstetrician-gynaecologist based on image, gender, and professional attributes". 2007-03-15. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Career Trends for OB/GYN Physician Jobs". Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Enhancing the Representation of Women as Senior Leaders in Obstetrics and Gynaecology" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-24. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Discrimination against male gynaecologists? Swedish clinics ban women from choosing female doctors". 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ Trysell, Katrin (11 April 2018). "Byta doktor ingen rättighet" [Switching Doctor Not a Right]. Läkartidningen (in Swedish). Retrieved 25 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Male Gynaecologist in Turkey: Dying profession?". 2014-05-22. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Women's Health Is No Longer a Man's World". 2001-02-07. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Nurse questions all female OB-GYN practice". 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gynaecology.
Ingenious: archive of historical images related to obstetrics, gynaecology, and contraception.
U.S. Federal Government Website for Women's Health Information.
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interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Гінекалогія – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Гінэкалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Гинекология – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: མོ་ནད་ཚན་ཁག་གི་མཁས་པ། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecoleg
Gynecoleg – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Γυναικολογία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پزشکی زنان – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: Գինեկոլոգիա – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: स्त्री-रोग विज्ञान – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values: স্ত্রীরোগবিদ্যা – Bishnupriya

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: גינקולוגיה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: გინეკოლოგია – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Гинекология – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Гинекология – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: ഗൈനക്കോളജി – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: स्त्रीरोगशास्त्र – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: မီးယပ်ပညာ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: महिलारोग शास्त्र – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values: गाइनेकोलोजी – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: महिलारोग शास्त्र – Pali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Гинекология – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Гинекологија – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: గైనకాలజీ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: นรีเวชศาสตร์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Гінекологія – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: نسوانیات – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gynaecology rootpage-Gynaecology skin-vector action-view