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Capital punishment in Canada
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Capital punishment in Canada dates back to Canada's earliest history, including its period as a French colony and, after 1763, its time as a British colony. From 1867 to the elimination of the death penalty for murder on July 14, 1976, 1,481 people had been sentenced to death, and 710 had been executed. Of those executed, 697 were men and 13 were women. The only method used in Canada for capital punishment of civilians after the end of the French regime was hanging. The last execution in Canada was the double hanging of Arthur Lucas and Ronald Turpin on December 11, 1962, at Toronto's Don Jail.
The death penalty was de facto abolished in Canada in 1963, and Bill C-84 was enacted in 1976 resulting in the de jure abolition of the death penalty, except for certain military offences committed by members of the Canadian Armed Forces (cowardice, desertion, unlawful surrender, and spying for the enemy) which are prosecuted under the National Defence Act. In 1998, Canada eliminated the death penalty for these military offences as well.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Last executions in Canada
1.2 Military executions
1.3 Executioners
2 Methods
3 Public opinion
4 Policy regarding foreign capital punishment
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The execution of Stanislaus Lacroix, March 21, 1902, Hull, Quebec. At top right, onlookers watch from telephone poles.
In 1749, Peter Cartcel, a sailor aboard a ship in the Halifax harbour, stabbed Abraham Goodsides to death and wounded two other men. He was brought before a Captain's Court where he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Two days later he was hanged from the yardarm of the vessel as a deterrent to others.[2] This is one of the earliest records of capital punishment in English-speaking Canada. It is difficult to accurately state numbers of capital punishment since there were no systematic efforts to accurately record names, dates, and locations of executions until after 1867, and many records have been lost because of fires, floods, or decay.[3]
After Confederation, a revision of the statutes reduced the number of offences punishable by death to three: murder, rape, and treason. In 1868, Parliament also stated that the location of the execution was to be within the confines of the prison instead of public hangings.[4] By the 1870s, the jails had begun to build the gallows 5 feet (1.5 m) from the ground with a pit underneath instead of the previous high scaffold, the platform of which was level with the prison wall.[5]
In 1950, an attempt was made to abolish capital punishment. Ross Thatcher, at that time a Cooperative Commonwealth Federation Member of Parliament, moved Bill No. 2 in order to amend the Criminal Code to abolish the death penalty. Thatcher later withdrew it for fear of Bill No. 2 not generating positive discussion and further harming the chances of abolition. In 1956, the Joint Committee of the House and Senate recommended the retention of capital punishment as the mandatory punishment for murder, which opened the door to the possibility of abolition.[6]
In 1961, legislation was introduced to reclassify murder into capital or non-capital offences. A capital murder involved a planned or deliberate murder, murder during violent crimes, or the murder of a police officer or prison guard. Only capital murder carried the death sentence.[7]
Following the success of Lester Pearson and the Liberal Party in the 1963 federal election, and through the successive governments of Pierre Trudeau, the federal cabinet commuted all death sentences as a matter of policy. Hence, the de facto abolition of the death penalty in Canada occurred in 1963. On November 30, 1967, Bill C-168 was passed creating a five-year moratorium on the use of the death penalty, except for murders of police and corrections officers. On January 26, 1973, after the expiration of the five-year experiment, the Solicitor General of Canada continued the partial ban on capital punishment, which would eventually lead to the abolition of capital punishment.[8] On July 14, 1976, Bill C-84 was passed by a narrow margin of 130:124 in a free vote, resulting in the de jure abolition of the death penalty, except for certain offences under the National Defence Act. These were removed in 1998.[9]
On June 30, 1987, a bill to restore the death penalty was defeated by the House of Commons in a 148–127 vote, in which Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Minister of Justice Ray Hnatyshyn, and Minister of External Affairs Joe Clark opposed the bill, whereas Deputy Prime Minister Donald Mazankowski and a majority of Progressive Conservative MPs supported it.[10][11][12][13]
First-degree murder, which before abolition was the offence of capital murder, now carries a mandatory life sentence without eligibility for parole until the person has served 25 years of the sentence.
Last executions in Canada[edit]
The last two people executed in Canada were Ronald Turpin, 29, and Arthur Lucas, 54, convicted for separate murders, at 12:02 am on December 11, 1962 at the Don Jail in Toronto.
The last woman to be hanged in Canada was Marguerite Pitre on January 9, 1953, for her part in the Albert Guay affair.
The last person sentenced to death was Mario Gauthier on May 14, 1976, for the murder of a prison guard in Quebec. He was reprieved as capital punishment was abolished for all common crimes on July 14 the same year.[14]
Military executions[edit]
During the First World War, 25 Canadian soldiers were executed. Most were shot for service offences such as desertion and cowardice, but two executions were for murder. For details of these see List of Canadian soldiers executed during World War I.
One Canadian soldier, Pte. Harold Pringle, was executed during the Second World War for murder.
Executioners[edit]
John Radclive
John Radclive was Canada's first professional executioner, placed on the federal payroll as a hangman by a Dominion order-in-council in 1892, on the recommendation of the justice minister Sir John Thompson:[15] Radclive is often described as having trained under British hangman William Marwood although there is no documentary proof for this. He can be shown to have hanged at least 69 people in Canada, although his life total was probably much higher. At his death, the Toronto Telegram said he had 150 executions. He died of alcohol-related illness in Toronto on February 26, 1911, at the age of 55.[16]
Arthur Ellis
Arthur Ellis was the pseudonym of Arthur B. English, a British man who became Canada's official hangman in 1913, after Radclive's death. Ellis worked as a hangman in Canada until the botched execution of Thomasina Sarao in Montreal in 1935, in which she was decapitated. He died in poverty in Montreal in July, 1938, and lies buried in the Mount Royal Cemetery.
The Crime Writers of Canada present annual literary awards – the Arthur Ellis Awards – named after this pseudonym. Ellis is prominently featured in the 2009 documentary Hangman's Graveyard.
Camille Branchaud
The executioner who worked as Camille Branchaud, a pseudonym, succeeded Ellis. Branchaud was on the Quebec government payroll as a hangman, and executed people elsewhere in the country on a piecework basis. The hangman was traditionally based in Montreal where between 1912 and 1960 the gallows at Bordeaux Prison saw more executions (85) take place than any other correctional facility in Canada.[17]
Branchaud carried out many executions (for which he was not paid) in the postwar period in Canada, such as the double hanging of Leonard Jackson and Steven Suchan of the Boyd Gang at the Don Jail in 1952, and Robert Raymond Cook's execution in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, in 1960.[18]
Methods[edit]
The first method of hanging was "hoisting" in which a rope would be thrown over a beam and the convicted person would then be hoisted into the air by others pulling on the rope.[citation needed] The slip knot would then tightly close around the neck until strangulation. A variation of this included the person with a rope around the neck to stand on a cart and then it would be pushed from under him. This led to the development of suspension in which "the drop" caused by jerking something from underneath the offender became the main component of the execution.[19] Executioners experimented with the length of the rope for the drop. They discovered new ways of causing instant unconsciousness and quick death upon hanging. In 1872, the length of a drop extended to nearly five feet which dislocated the neck perfectly. Almost one year later, the length of the drop was extended to seven feet.[20]
The majority of offenders put to death by Canadian civilian authorities were executed by the "long drop" technique of hanging developed in the United Kingdom by William Marwood. This method ensured that the prisoner's neck was broken instantly at the end of the drop, resulting in the prisoner dying of asphyxia while unconscious, which was considered more humane than the slow death by strangulation which often resulted from the previous "short drop" method. The short drop sometimes gave a period of suffering before death finally took place.
Early in his career, John Radclive persuaded several sheriffs in Ontario and Quebec to let him use an alternative method in which the condemned person was jerked into the air. A gallows of this type was used for the execution of Robert Neil at Toronto's Don Jail on February 29, 1888:
The old plan of a "drop" was discarded for a more merciful machine, by which the prisoner is jerked up from a platform on the ground level by a weight of 280 lbs, which is suspended by an independent rope pending the execution … At the words "Forgive us our trespasses," the executioner drove his chisel against the light rope that held the ponderous iron at the other end of the noose, and in an instant the heavy weight fell with a thud, and the pinioned body was jerked into the air and hung dangling between the rough posts of the scaffold.[21]
The hanging of Reginald Birchall in Woodstock, Ont. in November 1890 seems to be the last time a device of this kind was used.[citation needed] Radclive had first been exposed to executions as a Royal Navy seaman helping with shipboard hangings of pirates in the South China Sea, and it is possible he was trying to approximate something similar to hanging a man on a ship's yardarm. After Birchall's hanging, Radclive used the traditional long drop method, as did his successors.
While hanging was a relatively humane method of execution under ideal conditions with an expert executioner, mistakes could happen. Condemned prisoners were decapitated by accident at Headingley Jail in Manitoba and Bordeaux Jail in Montreal, and a prisoner at the Don Jail in Toronto hit the floor of the room below and was strangled by the hangman.[22]
Some Canadian jails—such as those in Toronto and Ottawa, Ontario; Headingley, Manitoba; and Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta—had permanent indoor execution facilities, but more typically offenders were hanged on a scaffold built for the occasion in the jail yard.
Military prisoners sentenced to death under Canadian Military Law were shot by a firing squad[citation needed].
Public opinion[edit]
Although reintroduction of the death penalty in Canada is extremely unlikely, support for capital punishment is similar to its support in the United States, where it is carried out regularly in some states and is on the books in most states and on the federal level. While opposition to the death penalty increased in the 1990s and early 2000s, in recent years Canadians have merged closer to America's position; in 2004 only 48 percent of Canadians favored death for murderers compared to 62 percent in 2010.[23] According to one poll, support for the death penalty in Canada is approximately the same as its support in the United States, at 63 percent in both countries as of 2013.[24] A 2011 poll by the Toronto Sun found that 66 percent of Canadians favored capital punishment, but only 41 percent would actually support its re-introduction in Canada.[25]
Since abolition only two parties are known to have advocated to bringing it back: the Reform Party of Canada (1988-2000) and the National Advancement Party of Canada (2014-since).[citation needed]
Among the reasons cited for banning capital punishment in Canada were fears about wrongful convictions, concerns about the state taking people's lives, and uncertainty about the death penalty's role as a deterrent for crime.[26] The 1959 conviction of 14-year-old Steven Truscott was a significant impetus (although certainly not the only one) toward the abolition of capital punishment.[citation needed] Truscott was sentenced to death for the murder of a classmate. His sentence was later commuted to a life sentence and in 2007 he was acquitted of the charges (although the appeal court did not state that he was in fact innocent).
Policy regarding foreign capital punishment[edit]
In the 1990s, Canada deported a criminal, Charles Ng to the United States, even though he appealed to the authorities, as he did not want to potentially face execution.
The Supreme Court of Canada, in the case United States v. Burns, (2001), determined that Canada should not extradite persons to face trial in other countries for crimes punishable by death unless Canada has received an assurance that the foreign state will not apply the death penalty, essentially overruling Kindler v. Canada (Minister of Justice), (1991). This is similar to the extradition policies of other nations such as Germany, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Israel, Mexico, Colombia and Australia, which also refuse to extradite prisoners who may be condemned to death. Extradition where the death penalty is possible was ruled a violation of the European Convention of Human Rights in the case of Soering v United Kingdom outlawing the practice in member states of the Council of Europe, of which all of the European Union member states are part.
In November 2007, Canada's minority Conservative government reversed a longstanding policy of automatically requesting clemency for Canadian citizens sentenced to capital punishment. The ongoing case of Alberta-born Ronald Allen Smith, who has been on death row in the United States since 1982 after being convicted of murdering two people and who continues to seek calls for clemency from the Canadian government, prompted Canadian Public Safety Minister Stockwell Day to announce the change in policy. Day has stated that each situation should be handled on a case-by-case basis. Smith's case resulted in a sharp divide between the Liberals and the Conservatives, with the Liberals passing a motion declaring that the government "should stand consistently against the death penalty, as a matter of principle, both in Canada and around the world". However, an overwhelming majority of Conservatives supported the change in policy.[27]
In a 2011 interview given to Canadian media, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper affirmed his private support for capital punishment by saying, "I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate." According to some polls, as of 2012, 63% of surveyed Canadians believe the death penalty is sometimes appropriate, while 61% said capital punishment is warranted for murder.[28]
See also[edit]
Albert Guay
Canadian Coalition Against the Death Penalty
List of revoked death sentences in Canada
Madame le Corbeau
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Capital Punishment". Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Allyson N. May and Jim Phillips, "Homicides in Nova Scotia, 1749–1815", in Crime and Deviance in Canada: Historical Perspectives, ed. Chris McCormick and Len Green. (Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2005), 87.
Jump up ^ Frank W. Anderson, A Concise History of Capital Punishment in Canada. (Calgary: Frontier Publishing, 1973), 5.
Jump up ^ Carolyn Strange, "Capital Punishment" in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History, Vol. 1, ed. Gerald Hallowell (Toronto: University of Oxford Press Canada, 2004), 115.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Concise History, 27–29.
Jump up ^ C.H.S. Jayewardene, The Penalty of Death (Toronto: D.C. Heath, 1977, 2).
Jump up ^ David B. Chandler, Capital Punishment in Canada (Ottawa: McCelland and Stewart Limited, 1976), 13.
Jump up ^ Chandler, Capital Punishment, 14.
Jump up ^ Abolition of the Death Penalty-text "Bill C-25 1998" Check |url= value (help). Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "CBC Archives". cbc.ca. 10 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-19. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Majority of Canadians support return of death penalty, poll finds". thestar.com. 8 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Canada Considers Restoring Death Penalty". tribunedigital-sunsentinel.
Jump up ^ http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/canada.html
Jump up ^ Martin L. Friedland. The Case of Valentine Shortis: A True Story of Crime and Politics in Canada, University of Toronto Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8020-6728-X, p.136
Jump up ^ Patrick Cain, "The agony of the executioner", Toronto Star, May 20, 2007
Jump up ^ Joint Committee on Capital and Corporal Punishment and Lotteries (Ottawa, Queen's Printer, 1955)
Jump up ^ Hustak, Alan, 1944–, They were hanged (Toronto, J. Lorimer, 1987)
Jump up ^ Anderson, Concise History, 12.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Concise History, 30–31.
Jump up ^ The Globe, Wednesday, February 29, 1888, p. 8
Jump up ^ Minutes of proceedings and evidence – Special Committee on the Criminal Code (Death Penalty) (Ottawa, Printer to the King, 1937)
Jump up ^ "Canadians' views on crime are hardening, poll finds". The Globe and Mail.
Jump up ^ "Majority of Canadians support the death penalty: poll". Yahoo News Canada. 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Most Canadians say death penalty OK". Toronto Sun.
Jump up ^ http://canada.justice.gc.ca
Jump up ^ Day favours case-by-case approach to Canadians facing death penalty, the Canadian Press (reprinted by CBC News), March 14, 2008.(retrieved on December 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Tasha Kheiriddin: Tori Stafford case shows why Canada needs the death penalty Accessed March 2012: "Prior to the 2011 election, when asked about the subject in an interview by the CBC’s Peter Mansbridge, Prime Minister Stephen Harper said, 'I personally think there are times where capital punishment is appropriate.'" "So how do Canadians feel about the death penalty? Shortly after the Prime Minister’s interview, Abacus Data published a study finding that 66% of Canadians support the death penalty “in certain circumstances.”
External links[edit]
Canada and the Death Penalty (Department of Justice Canada)
CBC Digital Archives—Death Penalty Debate
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.338 Lapua Magnum
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.338 Lapua Magnum
.338 Lapua Magnum cartridge next to a .338 Norma Magnum
Type
Rifle
Place of origin
Finland
Service history
Used by
Multiple official and civil users
Wars
Afghanistan War
Iraq War
Production history
Designer
Nammo Lapua Oy
Designed
1989
Produced
1989–present
Specifications
Parent case
.416 Rigby, .338/416
Case type
Rimless, bottleneck
Bullet diameter
8.58 mm (0.338 in)
Neck diameter
9.46 mm (0.372 in)
Shoulder diameter
13.82 mm (0.544 in)
Base diameter
14.91 mm (0.587 in)
Rim diameter
14.93 mm (0.588 in)
Rim thickness
1.52 mm (0.060 in)
Case length
69.20 mm (2.724 in)
Overall length
93.50 mm (3.681 in)
Case capacity
7.40 cm3 (114.2 gr H2O)
Rifling twist
254 mm (1-10")
Primer type
Large rifle magnum
Maximum pressure
420.00 MPa (60,916 psi)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type
Velocity
Energy
12.96 g (200 gr) SP 1,005 m/s (3,300 ft/s) 6,734 J (4,967 ft⋅lbf)
16.20 g (250 gr) Partition 897 m/s (2,940 ft/s) 6,516 J (4,806 ft⋅lbf)
16.20 g (250 gr) Lapua Scenar GB488 VLD 910 m/s (3,000 ft/s) 6,634 J (4,893 ft⋅lbf)
19.44 g (300 gr) Sierra HPBT MatchKing 826 m/s (2,710 ft/s) 6,632 J (4,892 ft⋅lbf)
19.44 g (300 gr) Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD 837 m/s (2,750 ft/s) 6,810 J (5,020 ft⋅lbf)
Test barrel length: 700 mm (27.5 inches)
Source(s): Vihta Vuori Powder Lapua (700 mm; 27.5 inches) barrel[1][2][3]
The .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70mm or 8.58×70mm) is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire rifle cartridge. It was developed during the 1980s as a high-powered, long-range cartridge for military snipers. It was used in the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War. As a result of this, it became more widely available. The loaded cartridge is 14.93 mm (0.588 in) in diameter (rim) and 93.5 mm (3.68 in) long. It can penetrate better-than-standard military body armour at ranges up to 1,000 metres (1,090 yd) and has a maximum effective range of about 1,750 metres (1,910 yd). Muzzle velocity is dependent on barrel length, seating depth and powder charge, and varies from 880 to 915 m/s (2,890 to 3,000 ft/s) for commercial loads with 16.2-gram (250 gr) bullets, which corresponds to about 6,525 J (4,813 ft⋅lbf) of muzzle energy.
British military issue overpressure .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges with a 91.4 mm (3.60 in) overall length, loaded with 16.2-gram (250 gr) LockBase B408 very-low-drag bullets fired at 936 m/s (3,071 ft/s) muzzle velocity from a L115A3 Long Range Rifle were used in November 2009 by British sniper Corporal of Horse (CoH) Craig Harrison to establish a new record for the longest confirmed sniper kill in combat, at a range of 2,475 m (2,707 yd).[4][5]
In addition to its military role, it is increasingly used by hunters and civilian long-range shooting enthusiasts. The .338 Lapua Magnum is capable of taking down any game animal, though its suitability for some dangerous game (Cape buffalo, hippopotamus, white rhinoceros, and elephant) is arguable, unless accompanied by a larger "backup" calibre: "There is a huge difference between calibres that will kill an elephant and those that can be relied upon to stop one."[6] In Namibia the .338 Lapua Magnum is legal for hunting Africa's Big five game if the loads have ≥ 5,400 J (3,983 ft⋅lbf) muzzle energy.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Initial development
1.2 Final development
1.3 Law enforcement and military users
2 Cartridge dimensions
3 Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum
3.1 Performance with C.I.P. conform cartridges
3.2 Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges
4 .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case
4.1 The .300 Lapua Magnum
4.2 The 7.62 UKM
4.3 Wildcats
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Initial development[edit]
In 1983, Research Armament Industries (RAI) in the United States began development of a new, long-range sniper cartridge capable of firing a 16.2-gram (250 gr), 0.338-inch (8.6 mm) diameter bullet at 914 metres per second (3,000 ft/s) that could lethally penetrate five layers of military body armour at 1,000 m (1,094 yd). After preliminary experiments, a .416 Rigby case necked down to take a 0.338-inch (8.6 mm) bullet was selected, since this diameter presents an optimum of sectional density and penetrating capability for practical spin stabilized rifle bullets (bullets up to about 5 to 5.5 calibers in length).[8]
The .416 Rigby is an English big game cartridge that was designed to accommodate 325 MPa (47,137 psi) pressures. One of the disadvantages of these old cartridge cases, which were intended for firing cordite charges instead of modern smokeless powder, is the thickness of the sidewall just forward of the web. During ignition, the cartridge's base, forward to the bolt face, is not supported.
During the process RAI employed Brass Extrusion Labs Ltd. (BELL) of Bensenville, Illinois, to make the .338/416 or 8.58×71mm cartridge cases, Hornady produced bullets, and RAI built a sniper rifle under contract for the U.S. Navy. RAI found that the BELL cases did not fulfill the requirements. Pressed by military deadlines RAI looked for another case producer and contacted Lapua of Finland in 1984.[9] RAI was forced to drop out of the program due to financial difficulties. Subsequently, Lapua of Finland put this cartridge into limited production.[10] The .338/416 rifle program was later canceled when the contractors were unable to make the cartridge meet the project's velocity target of 914 m/s (3,000 ft/s) for a 16.2 g (250 gr) bullet, due to excessive pressures rupturing cartridge cases.
Final development[edit]
The current .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge was developed as a joint venture between the Finnish rifle manufacturer SAKO and the British rifle manufacturer Accuracy International along with the Finnish ammunition manufacturer Lapua, or more officially Nammo Lapua Oy, which since 1998 is part of the Nordic Ammunition Group (Nammo).[11][12]
Lapua opted to redesign the .338/416 cartridge. In the new case design, particular attention was directed toward thickening and metallurgically strengthening the case's web and sidewall immediately forward of the web. In modern solid head cases, the hardness of the brass is the major factor that determines a case's pressure limit before undergoing plastic deformation. Lapua tackled this problem by creating a hardness distribution ranging from the head and web (hard) to the mouth (soft) as well as a strengthened (thicker) case web and sidewall immediately forward of the web. This resulted in a very pressure resistant case, allowing it to operate at high pressure and come within 15 m/s (50 ft/s) of the original velocity goal. Lapua also designed a 16.2-gram (250 gr) .338 calibre Lock Base B408 full metal jacket bullet, modeled after its .30 calibre Lock Base bullet configuration. The result was the .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge which was registered with C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) in 1989. With the procurement by the Dutch Army, the cartridge became NATO codified.
The .338 Lapua Magnum fills the gap between weapons chambered for standard military rounds such as the 7.62×51mm NATO and large, weighty rifles firing the .50 BMG cartridge.[13] It also offers a tolerable amount of barrel wear, which is important to military snipers who tend to fire thousands of rounds a year in practice.[notes 1] Like every other comparable big magnum rifle cartridge the .338 Lapua Magnum presents a stout recoil.[14] An appropriate fitting stock and an effective muzzle brake will help to reduce recoil induced problems, enabling the operator to fire more rounds before getting too uncomfortable to shoot accurately. Good factory loads, multiple projectile weights and factory special application ammunition are all available.[notes 2][15]
Due to its growing civilian popularity, several high quality tactical and match (semi) custom bolt actions designed for the .338 Lapua Magnum are becoming available. These (semi) custom bolt actions are used with other high grade rifle and sighting components to build custom sporting and target rifles.
Law enforcement and military users[edit]
A Royal Dutch Marine ejects a shell casing from his Accuracy International .338 Lapua Magnum sniper rifle
IDF Barak 338 - a militarized H-S Precision Pro Series 2000 HTR in .338 Lapua Magnum caliber
The .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge is in law enforcement or military[16][17] use with:
Albania: RENEA—Sako TRG-42[18]
Australia: Blaser Tactical 2[19][20][21]
Canada: Canadian Forces—C14 Timberwolf Medium Range Sniper Weapon System (MRSWS)[22]
Chile: Chilean Army—PGM 338[23]
Colombia: TAP.[24]
Denmark: Military of Denmark—Sako TRG-42[25][26][27]
Estonia: Military of Estonia reconnaissance units and special forces—Sako TRG-42.[25][28]
Finland: Finnish Defence Forces—Sako TRG-42
France: French Army, GIGN and Commandement des Opérations Spéciales—PGM 338[citation needed], Sako TRG-42, AWSM
Georgia: Police and military - Accuracy International AWM and Sako TRG series, as well as Satevari MSWP. Domestic analogue .338 GBM produced by STC DELTA[29]
Germany: Bundeswehr—Haenel RS9 designated as G29,[30][31] Erma SR-100,[32] AMP Technical Services DSR-1, GOL Sniper Magnum
Greece: Anti-Terrorist Unit EKAM—Sako TRG-41[25]
Hungary: Hungarian Police Security Service (Rendészeti Biztonsági Szolgálat) - Unique-Alpine TPG-1 (Taktische Prazisions Gewehr-1)
Indonesia: Kopassus—Accuracy International AWSM[33]
Ireland: Irish Army—Accuracy International AWM[citation needed]
Israel: Infantry - H-S Precision Pro Series 2000 HTR [34] Special forces—McMillan Tac-338 and PGM 338,[35] YAMAM—Barrett MRAD[36]
Italy: Sako TRG-42[37]
Lithuania: Lithuanian Armed Forces—Accuracy International AXMC[38]
Malaysia: Pasukan Gerakan Khas—Accuracy International AWSM—Accuracy International AX338[39]
Netherlands: Dutch military—Accuracy International AWSM, Sako TRG-41[25][40][41]
Poland: GROM—Accuracy International AWM,[42] 1 Pułk Specjalny Komandosów[43]
Russia: Alpha Group and SOBR—Accuracy International AWSM[44][45] and Sako TRG-42[46]
Serbia: Special Brigade—Sako TRG-42.[47]
Singapore: PGM 338[48]
Slovenia: Military of Slovenia—PGM 338[49]
Spain: GOE—Sako TRG-41[50]
Switzerland: Sako TRG-42[51][52]
Turkey: Sako TRG-42,[53]
United Kingdom: British military—Accuracy International AWSM[54]
United States: US Navy Special Warfare—McMillan Tac-338[55][56][57][58][59]
The .338 Lapua Magnum has been designated a "cartridge of interest" by the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA). It is being groomed to replace the .300 Winchester Magnum and the .50 BMG for anti-personnel long-range service in the U.S. military. On June 17, 2008, the U.S. government issued a market survey to support a requirement for a Precision Sniper Rifle (PRS) to possibly replace the currently fielded Bolt Action SOF Sniper Systems MK 13 (.300 Winchester Magnum) and the M40 and M24 (7.62×51mm NATO) chambered to safely fire factory produced "non-wildcat" .338 caliber ammunition.[60][61] On 7 March 2013, the Remington MSR was declared the winner of the Precision Sniper Rifle competition. Remington announced that the MSR had won on March 8, and it was publicly confirmed on March 9. This was followed by a $79.7 million contract for 5,150 rifles with suppressors, along with 4,696,800 rounds of ammunition to be supplied over the next ten years.[62][63] The contract was awarded on 12 September 2013. Remington Defense produces the sniper rifles and utilizes two other companies for other system components, with Barnes Bullets for ammunition and Advanced Armament Corporation for muzzle brakes and suppressors; all three companies are subsidiaries of Remington Outdoor Company.
Cartridge dimensions[edit]
Extremely thick-walled brass results in a 7.40 ml (114 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity for the .338 Lapua Magnum. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable feeding and extraction in bolt action, semi-automatic, and automatic firearms alike, under extreme conditions.
.338 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm (1 in 10 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = 8.38 mm, Ø grooves = 8.58 mm, land width = 2.79 mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) decisions and tables edition 2007 the .338 Lapua Magnum case can handle up to 420.00 MPa (60,916 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. This now prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2003, that rated the .338 Lapua Magnum at 470.00 MPa (68,168 psi) Pmax maximum piezo pressure.[64] The 470.00 MPa (68,168 psi) Pmax maximum piezo pressure C.I.P. ruling for the .300 Lapua Magnum cartridge, which is based on the same case, was not accordingly changed. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of the prevailing maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .338 Lapua Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 525.00 MPa (76,145 psi) PE piezo pressure.
Lapua has been ambivalent on the maximum piezo pressure of this cartridge. In the article 'From an American dream to a Finnish success story'[65] by Janne Pohjoispää Lapua propagates the C.I.P. 2007 ruling of 420.00 MPa (60,916 psi) maximum piezo pressure. To further complicate matters the mentioned 56,000 CUP C.I.P. copper crusher pressure in this article would translate in ≈ 447.50 MPa (64,904 psi) C.I.P. piezo pressure according to a study on the conversion from CUP to PSI for rifle cartridges by Denton Bramwell.[66] The C.I.P. 2003 ruling of 470.00 MPa (68,168 psi) piezo pressure is corroborated by Lapua Australia in the 'History and development of the .338 Lapua Magnum' article by Alan C. Paulson.[67] A reverse engineering simulation with QuickLOAD internal ballistic software predicted that Lapua load their factory .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition at ≈ 420.00 MPa (60,916 psi) piezo pressure as Alan C. Paulson asserts in his article.
The large boltface combined with the maximum pressure means that the .338 Lapua Magnum should only be chambered in rifles that are capable of handling such large high pressure cartridges and thus high bolt thrust safely. Chambering such powerful super magnum cartridges in rifles intended for normal magnum rifle cartridges and using high pressure loads can cause serious or fatal injury to the shooter and bystanders.
The American .338-378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge introduced in 1998 and the American .338 Remington Ultra Magnum (.338 RUM) cartridge introduced in 2000 are probably the closest currently (2007) commercially available ballistic twins of the .338 Lapua Magnum. The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum is however a belted cartridge and the .338 Remington Ultra Magnum is a rebated rim cartridge.
Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum[edit]
Performance with C.I.P. conform cartridges[edit]
For a typical .338 Lapua Magnum high end factory military sniper rifle like the Sako TRG-42 with a 690 mm (27.2 in) long 305 mm (1 in 12 inch) rifling twist rate barrel at sea level, 1,500 m (1,640 yd) is considered to be the maximum shooting distance for man sized targets. When using standard Lapua military 16.2 g (250 gr) loads it has a supersonic range of 1,500 m (1,640 yd) under warm summer conditions at a muzzle velocity of 915 m/s (3,000 ft/s). However, to be able to maintain 80 to 90% hit probability on non-moving 45 cm × 90 cm (17.7 in × 35.4 in) reactive army targets, this maximum shooting distance has to be reduced to 1,300 metres (1,422 yd) at freezing point conditions or 1,100 m (1,203 yd) in Arctic winter conditions, when the muzzle velocity may drop to 880 m/s (2,887 ft/s)—i.e. only during optimal warm summer conditions the 1,500 m (1,640 yd) maximum shooting distance is realistically achievable.[68][69]
Loaded with more aerodynamic very-low-drag bullets such as the traditionally lead cored 19.44 g (300.0 gr) Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD bullet (G1 BC = 0.736) or the Lost River Ballistics J40 .338 17.5 gram (270 gr) CNC manufactured mono-metal bullet (G1 BC = 0.871) the long-range performance and supersonic range of .338 Lapua Magnum rifles can be improved. These longer very-low-drag bullets require a 254 mm (1 in 10 inch) twist rate to stabilize them. Due to the lower practically possible muzzle velocities for a relative heavy bullet like the 19.44 g (300 gr) Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD bullet it gains about 104 m (114 yd) extra supersonic range under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m3) at a muzzle velocity of 837 m/s (2750 ft/s) when compared to the standard 16.2 g (250 gr) Lapua Scenar GB488 VLD at a muzzle velocity of 915 m/s (3002 ft/s). For significant supersonic range improvement the aerodynamic efficiency of the employed bullets has to be significantly improved without sacrificing a lot of practically achievable muzzle velocity - meaning that besides the coefficient of drag of the projectile weight is also an important parameter for its actual downrange flight behavior. The .338 17.5 gram (270 gr) Lost River Ballistic Technologies J40 match bullet made out of a copper-nickel alloy is one of the most aerodynamic .338 calibre bullets available. It has an 1,800 m (1,970 yd) supersonic range under optimal warm summer conditions at a muzzle velocity of 869 m/s (2,850 ft/s). This makes engaging static targets up to 1,800 m (1,970 yd) feasible.
Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges[edit]
Improvement beyond this standard while still using standard .338 Lapua Magnum brass is possible, but the bullets have to be very long (over 5.5 calibers in length) and the normal cartridge overall length of 93.5 mm has to be exceeded making such cartridges wildcats. The common 254 mm (1:10 inch) rifling twist rate also has to be tightened to stabilize very long projectiles. Such commercially non-existent cartridges are termed "wildcats". The use of a wildcat .338 Lapua Magnum based cartridge demands the use of a custom or customized rifle with an appropriately cut chamber and fast-twist bore. The firearm action and if a repeating arm is required the magazine(s) must also be able to cope with dimensional increases.
An example of such a special .338 calibre extreme range bullet is the German CNC manufactured mono-metal 18.92 gram (292 gr) LM-105 (Cd = 0.2487 at Mach 2.216 – this drag coefficient and the corresponding G1, G7 and G8 ballistic coefficients are established by Doppler radar measurements).[70] The LM-105 has a supersonic range of ≈ 1,860 metres (2,030 yd) at a muzzle velocity of 915 metres per second (3,002 ft/s) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m3). The 2010 version of the LM-105 bullet has an overall length of 54.3 millimetres (2.14 in) or 6.33 calibers and derives its exceptional low drag from a radical LD Haack or Sears-Haack profile in the bullet's nose area. Rifles chambered for this wildcat cartridge, with a cartridge overall length of 105 millimetres (4.1 in), and equipped with custom made 178 mm (1:7 inch) progressive twist rate[71] 900 millimetres (35.4 in) long barrels with a 2° cone-angle (the standard C.I.P. cone-angle for the .338 Lapua Magnum is 6°) cone area finished first and second at several long range competitions. Its most recent win (2007) was in an international Special Forces and police sniper competition in Switzerland against rifles chambered for 7.62×51mm NATO up to .50 BMG at ranges from 100 m – 1,500 m (109 yd – 1,640 yd). The LM-105 bullet exhibited its very low wind drift susceptibility notably at ranges beyond 800 metres (870 yd).[70] A real world average G1 BC of ≈ 0.83 or a G7 BC of ≈ 0.42 is commonly adopted by the users of this bullet, for making long range trajectory predictions using ballistics calculators.[70] In contrast the LM-105 designer Lutz Möller originally calculated an optimistic G1 BC of ≈ 0.93 and a supersonic range of ≈ 2,000 metres (2,190 yd) at a muzzle velocity of 915 metres per second (3,002 ft/s) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m3).
The .343 Lapua Magnum LM-107 was a wildcat cartridge under development based on the standard .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge case.[72] The LM-107 was hoped to boost the ballistic performance of the LM-105 by achieving an increase in supersonic range. The 19.3 g (298 gr) LM-107 projectile design is 59 millimetres (2.3 in) long and has a Haack profiled nose and an Adams profiled tail. The rifling twist rate for the .343 Lapua Magnum LM-107 wildcat cartridge was chosen at 180 mm (1:7 inch), Ø lands = 8.72 mm, Ø grooves = 8.45 mm and loaded with the LM-107 projectile has a cartridge overall length of 107 millimetres (4.2 in). The length of the neck is increased from 8,31 to 8,50 mm to support the bigger LM-107 bullet. Several other dimensions of the .338 Lapua Magnum parental cartridge are also changed. The shoulder angle gets steepened from 40° to 60° and the body taper is set at 1°. The throat area is set at a 2° cone-angle. All this modifications make the .343 Lapua Magnum a fairly comprehensively revised wildcat cartridge. Out of a 900 millimetres (35.4 in) long progressive twist barrel Mr. Möller expected to achieve 909 metres per second (2,982 ft/s) muzzle velocity. If Möller's design assumptions are correct the LM-107 projectile with a calculated G1 BC of 1.02 will offer a supersonic range of ≈ 2,170 metres (2,370 yd) at a muzzle velocity of 909 metres per second (2,982 ft/s) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m3).
.338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case[edit]
The .300 Lapua Magnum[edit]
The commercially successful .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge has functioned as the parent case for the .300 Lapua Magnum, which is essentially a necked-down version of the .338 Lapua Magnum. The .338 cartridge case was used for this since it has the capability to operate with high chamber pressures which, combined with smaller and hence lighter bullets result in very high muzzle velocities.
The Finnish ammunition manufacturer Lapua got the .300 Lapua Magnum C.I.P. certified, so it became an officially registered and sanctioned member of the Finnish "family" of super magnum rifle cartridges. The .300 Lapua Magnum is not commercially available and currently exists only as a C.I.P. datasheet. It is however still used by a few shooters who produce the cases from .338 Lapua Magnum brass by reshaping the shoulder and neck, and handloading it with .30 calibre bullets.
The .300 Lapua Magnum has a 7.33 ml (113 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.
.300 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 25 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm, Ø grooves = 7.82 mm, land width = 4.47 mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the .300 Lapua Magnum can handle up to 440.00 MPa (63,817 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. This now prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2007, that rated the .300 Lapua Magnum at 470.00 MPa (68,168 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.[73] This means that .300 Lapua Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 550.00 MPa (79,771 psi) PE piezo pressure.
This for rifles very high maximum allowed chamber pressure level indicates that the cases of the .300 and .338 Lapua Magnum are built extremely sturdy to cope with this for rifles very high operating pressure. The large boltface combined with the high 470 MPa (68,000 PSI) maximum pressure makes that the .300 Lapua Magnum should only be chambered in rifles that are capable of handling such large and fierce cartridges and thus high bolt thrust safely. Chambering such powerful super magnum cartridges in rifles intended for normal magnum rifle cartridges and using 470 MPa (68,000 PSI) loads can cause serious or fatal injury to the shooter and bystanders.
The 7.62 UKM[edit]
The .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge is also used as the parent case for the German designed 7.62 UKM, which is essentially a necked-down shortened version of the .338 Lapua Magnum.[74] The use of the .338 cartridge case with its capability to operate at high chamber pressures resulted in magnum case capable of producing high muzzle velocities.
The 7.62 UKM was developed by Michael Uekötter and was C.I.P.-certified in 2002, making it an officially registered and sanctioned member of the Finnish "family" of super magnum rifle cartridges. The 7.62 UKM is not commercially available and currently exists only as a C.I.P. datasheet. It is however still used by a few shooters who produce the cases from .338 Lapua Magnum brass by reshaping the shoulder and neck, and handloading it with .30 calibre bullets.
The 7.62 UKM has a 5.84 ml (90 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.
7.62 UKM maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm (1 in 10 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm, Ø grooves = 7.82 mm, land width = 2.79 mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 7.62 UKM Magnum can handle up to 440.00 MPa (63,817 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. This now prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2007, that rated the 7.62 UKM at 470.00 MPa (68,168 psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.[75] This means that 7.62 UKM chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 550.00 MPa (79,771 psi) PE piezo pressure.
Wildcats[edit]
From left to right: cross sectioned and normal .338 Yogi cartridge cases compared to a factory .338 Lapua Magnum case.
The .338 Lapua Magnum case is also used as the parent case for a host of modified variants that are not officially registered with or sanctioned by C.I.P. or its American equivalent, SAAMI. Such cartridges which use commercial factory cases are generally known as wildcats. By changing the shape of standard factory cases (decreasing case taper and/or changing the shoulder geometry) the wildcatter generally increases the case capacity of the factory parent cartridge case, allowing more propellant to be used to generate higher velocities. Besides changing the shape and internal volume of the parent cartridge case, wildcatters also can change the original calibre. A reason to change the original calibre can be to comply with a minimal permitted calibre or bullet weight for the legal hunting of certain species of game. Because the .338 Lapua offers a large and exceptionally sturdy, pressure resistant cartridge case that can be relatively easily reloaded and hence be reused several times it has become quite popular amongst wildcatters. With the .338 Lapua Magnum as the parent case wildcatters have created 7 mm (7 mm Allen Magnum, 7 mm Katzmeier, 7 mm Fatso[76]), .30 (.30-338 Lapua (Triebel), .30 Wolf, 300 Allen Express), 8 mm (8 mm-338 Lapua (Triebel), LM-101), .338 (.338 Yogi, LM-105), .343 (.343 Lapua Magnum LM-107[72]), 9.3 mm (9,3-338 Lapua Magnum (Triebel)), .375 (9.5×70 ELR) and .50 calibre (.510 Whisper) variants. The current (2008) benchrest 1,000-yard (914.4 m) 5-shot group world record holder Tom Sarver used a .300 Hulk wildcat cartridge, which is basically a necked-down, blown out, shortened .338 Lapua Magnum variant, to achieve a 1.403-inch (35.64 mm) diameter 5-shot group on 7 July 2007.[77]
See also[edit]
.300 Lapua Magnum
.338 Norma Magnum
12.7×55mm STs-130
6.5×47mm Lapua
7.62 UKM
8 mm caliber
QuickLOAD—internal ballistics predictor computer program for firearms
List of firearms
List of rifle cartridges
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
List of sniper rifles
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Finnish Army found out during a test/trails program and 7 years of service that the barrels of their Sako TRG-42 sniper rifles lasted 7,000 to 8,000 rounds with Lapua Lock Base B408 factory ammunition before showing impermissible accuracy decay. The Finnish Army consistent accuracy requirement for these rifles is ≤ 1 MOA at 1,000 m. If this requirement is not met the TRG-42 gets a new barrel. This is normal practice for active high performance precision rifle operators who regard barrels as expendable items. The continuous use of very powerful handloads (which results in higher muzzle velocities) resulted in much quicker throat erosion reducing the TRG-42 barrel's accuracy life to 1500 to 2000 rounds.
Jump up ^ In 1990, the US military Adjutant General's Office issued a legal opinion holding that the Sierra MatchKing bullet (and similar bullets of other manufacturers), despite being a hollow point design, is not designed specifically to cause greater damage or suffering in a human target, and in fact normally does not create a wound readily distinguishable from wounds caused by conventional full metal jacket bullets, and is therefore in their opinion legal under the Hague Convention for use in war.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lapua product brochure .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ VihtaVuori international reloading guide 2011 Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ .338 Lapua Mag. (8.6x70) Archived 2011-05-02 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Michael (May 3, 2010). British sniper Craig Harrison (The Silent Assassin) breaks record, kills target from 1.5 miles away" Archived October 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Daily News (New York). Accessed May 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Alpert, Lukas I. (May 2, 2010). "Sniper kills Qaeda-from 1½ mi. away". New York Post. Accessed May 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Robertson, K: The Perfect Shot, Safari Press, Inc, Long Beach, 1999:p. 50.
Jump up ^ "NAPHA - Namibia Professional Hunting Assiation: Hunting Laws& Rifle Importation". napha-namibia.com. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
Jump up ^ What is the Maximum Length of a spin stabilized Projectile? by Mr. Beat Kneubühl.
Jump up ^ Lapua Oy company website[dead link].
Jump up ^ Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World 8th Edition, edited by M. L. McPherson, DBI Books, 1997, ISBN 0-87349-178-5.
Jump up ^ "From an American dream to a Finnish success story". Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
Jump up ^ "History of Lapua - About us - Nammo Lapua". lapua.com. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cartridges for Long". quarryhs.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "RECOIL". accuratereloading.com. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Sniper Use of Open-Tip Ammunition.
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Jump up ^ Probabalistic Weapon Employment Zone (WEZ) Analysis A Conceptual Overview by Bryan Litz
^ Jump up to: a b c "LM-105". Archived from the original on February 9, 2014.
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Jump up ^ C.I.P. TDCC sheet 300 Lapua Mag.
Jump up ^ The 7.62 UKM. A German 300 Magnum Wildcat Extraordinary.
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Jump up ^ The 7mm Fatso - The Ultimate Short Magnum! by Greg Duley.
Jump up ^ Sarver Shoots 1.403″ Group at 1000 Yards.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .338 Lapua Magnum.
Lapua official site
Lapua product brochure .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition[dead link]
Modern Firearms List of Sniper Rifles
PGW Defence Technology - Manufacturer (.338 Lapua Magnum and .408 Chey Tac)
PGWDTI Timberwolf Tactical rifle (.338 Lapua Magnum and .408 Chey Tac chamberings)
.338 Lapua Magnum reloading data at Reloader's Nest
Lutz Möller's .338 Lapua Magnum Page
LM-101 Long Range Bullet for an 8 mm - .338 Lapua Magnum High Performance Wildcat Cartridge
Lapua 338 Magnum, Exclusive Caliber for The New Age of Sniping
.338 Lapua Magnum - "Generation II" ordnance development program by Caina Longbranch
Cartridges for Long-Range Sniping Rifles by Anthony G Williams
C.I.P. TDCC sheet 338 Lapua Mag.
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