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The Day the Music Died
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This article is about the plane crash. For other uses, see The Day the Music Died (disambiguation).
The Day the Music Died
The memorial marking the crash site, 2003
Accident summary
Date
February 3, 1959 (1959-02-03)
Summary
Spatial disorientation, loss of control in near-IMC conditions
Site
Near Clear Lake, Iowa, United States
43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W / 43.220361°N 93.381417°W / 43.220361; -93.381417Coordinates: 43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W / 43.220361°N 93.381417°W / 43.220361; -93.381417
Passengers
3
Crew
1
Fatalities
4 (all)
Survivors
0
Aircraft type
Beechcraft Bonanza
Operator
Dwyer Flying Service, Mason City, Iowa
Registration
N3794N
Flight origin
Mason City Municipal Airport, Iowa
Destination
Hector Airport, North Dakota
On February 3, 1959, rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died", after singer-songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 song "American Pie".
At the time, Holly and his band, consisting of Waylon Jennings, Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch, were playing on the "Winter Dance Party" tour across the United States Midwest. Rising artists Valens and Richardson had joined the tour, as well. The long journeys between venues on board the cold, uncomfortable tour buses adversely affected the performers, with cases of flu and even frostbite. After stopping at Clear Lake to perform, and frustrated by such conditions, Holly chose to charter a plane to reach their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota. Richardson, who had the flu, swapped places with Jennings, taking his seat on the plane, while Allsup lost his seat to Valens on a coin toss. Soon after takeoff, late at night and in poor, wintry weather conditions, the pilot lost control of the light aircraft, a Beechcraft Bonanza, which subsequently crashed into a cornfield. Everyone on board was killed. The event has since been mentioned in various songs and films. A number of monuments have been erected at the crash site and in Clear Lake, where an annual memorial concert is also held at the Surf Ballroom, the venue that hosted the artists' last performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Flight arrangements
3 Take-off and crash
4 Aftermath
5 Official investigation
6 Subsequent investigations
7 Legacy
7.1 Notification of victims' families
7.2 Memorials
7.2.1 Films
7.2.2 Memorial concerts
7.2.3 Monuments
7.2.4 Roads
7.2.5 Songs
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Books
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
Buddy Holly terminated his association with the Crickets in November 1958. For the start of the "Winter Dance Party" tour, he assembled a band consisting of Waylon Jennings (bass), Tommy Allsup (guitar), and Carl Bunch (drums), with the opening vocals of Frankie Sardo. The tour was set to cover 24 Midwestern cities in as many days. New hit artist Ritchie Valens, J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson and Dion DiMucci and his band The Belmonts joined the tour to promote their recordings and make an extra profit.[1][2]
Winter Dance Party Tour schedule, 1959
The tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23, 1959. The amount of travel soon became a logistical problem. The distances between venues had not been properly considered when the performances were scheduled; instead of "circling" around the Midwest to each town, the tour zig-zagged with distances between cities over 400 miles. General Artists Corporation, the organization that booked the tour, later received considerable criticism for their seemingly total disregard for the conditions they forced the touring musicians to endure:
“ They didn't care. It was like they threw darts at a map ... The tour from hell -- that's what they named it -- and it's not a bad name."
Buddy Holly historian Bill Griggs[3] ”
The entire company of musicians traveled together in one bus, although the buses used for the tour were wholly inadequate, breaking down and being replaced with astounding frequency. Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first 11 days of the tour -- "reconditioned school buses, not good enough for school kids."[3] The artists themselves were responsible for loading and unloading equipment at each stop, as no road crew assisted them. Adding to the disarray, the buses were not equipped for the weather which consisted of waist-deep snow in several areas and varying temperatures from the 20s to as low as -36 °F. One bus had a heating system that broke down shortly after the tour began, in Appleton, Wisconsin. Later, Richardson and Valens began experiencing flu-like symptoms and drummer Bunch was hospitalized for severely frostbitten feet, after the tour bus simply broke down in the middle of the highway in subzero temperatures near Ironwood, Michigan. The musicians replaced that bus with another school bus and kept traveling.[4] After Bunch was hospitalized, Carlo Mastrangelo of The Belmonts took over the drumming duties. When Dion and The Belmonts were performing, the drum seat was taken by either Valens or Holly. As Holly's group had been the backing band for all of the acts, Holly, Valens, and DiMucci took turns playing drums for each other at the performances in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Clear Lake, Iowa.[5]
On Monday, February 2, the tour arrived in Clear Lake, Iowa, having driven 350 miles from the previous day's concert in Green Bay. The town had not been a scheduled stop, but the tour promoters, hoping to fill an open date, called the manager of the local Surf Ballroom, Carroll Anderson (1920-2006), and offered him the show. He accepted, and they set the show for that night. By the time Holly arrived at the venue that evening, he was frustrated with the ongoing problems with the bus. The next scheduled destination after Clear Lake was Moorhead, Minnesota, a 365-mile drive north and northwest (and, emphasizing the poor planning, a journey that would take them directly back through two towns they had already played within the last week.) No let up after that was in sight, as the following day, they were scheduled to travel back almost directly south to Sioux City, Iowa, a 325-mile trip.
Holly decided to charter a plane to take his band and him to Fargo, North Dakota, which is adjacent to Moorhead. The rest of the party would have picked him up in Moorhead, saving him the journey in the bus and leaving him time to get some rest.[4]
Flight arrangements[edit]
A V-tailed Bonanza similar to N3794N, the accident aircraft
Surf Ballroom manager Anderson called Hubert Jerry Dwyer (1930-2016), owner of the Dwyer Flying Service, a company in Mason City, Iowa, to charter the plane to fly to Hector Airport in Fargo, the closest one to Moorhead.[6] Flight arrangements were made with Roger Peterson, a 21-year-old local pilot described as a "young married man who built his life around flying".[7]
The flying service charged a fee of $36 per passenger for the flight on the 1947 single-engined, V-tailed Beechcraft 35 Bonanza (registration N3794N[8]), which could seat three passengers plus the pilot.[9] A popular misconception, originating from Don McLean's eponymous song about the crash, was that the plane was called American Pie. In fact, no record exists of any name ever having been given to N3794N.[10]
The most widely accepted version of events was that Richardson had contracted flu during the tour and asked Waylon Jennings for his seat on the plane. When Holly learned that Jennings was not going to fly, he said in jest: "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up." Jennings responded: "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes", a humorous but ill-fated response that haunted him for the rest of his life.[11]
Ritchie Valens, who once had a fear of flying, asked Tommy Allsup for his seat on the plane. The two agreed to toss a coin to decide.[6] Bob Hale, a DJ with KRIB-AM, was working the concert that night and flipped the coin in the ballroom's side-stage room shortly before the musicians departed for the airport. Valens won the coin toss for the seat on the flight.
In contradiction to the testimony of Allsup and Jennings, Dion has since said that Holly approached him along with Valens and The Bopper to join the flight, not Holly's bandmates. In a 2009 interview called "The Winter Dance Party", Dion claimed that Holly called him, Valens, and Richardson into a vacant dressing room during Frankie Sardo's performance and said "I've chartered a plane, we're the guys making the money [we should be the ones flying ahead]...the only problem is there are only two available seats." According to Dion, it was Valens, not Richardson who had fallen ill, so Valens and Dion flipped a coin for the seat. In his interview, no mention is made of Jennings or Allsup being invited on the plane. Dion claims that he won the toss, but ultimately decided that since the $36 fare (equivalent to US$300 in today's money)[12] equaled the monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment, he could not justify the indulgence.[13]
Take-off and crash[edit]
After the show ended, Anderson drove Holly, Valens, and Richardson to the Mason City Municipal Airport.[14] The weather at the time of departure was reported as light snow, a ceiling of 3,000 feet (910 m) AMSL with sky obscured, visibility 6 miles (9,700 m), and winds from 20 to 30 mph (32 to 48 km/h). Although deteriorating weather was reported along the planned route, the weather briefings pilot Peterson received failed to relay the information.[15]
Mason City and Clear Lake, Iowa
The plane took off normally from runway 17 (today's runway 18) at 12:55 am Central Time on Tuesday, February 3.[16] Dwyer, the owner of the flight service company, witnessed the take-off from a platform outside the control tower. He was able to see clearly the aircraft's tail light for most of the brief flight, which started with an initial left turn onto a northwesterly heading and a climb to 800 ft. The tail light was then observed gradually descending until it disappeared out of view. Around 1:00 am, when Peterson failed to make the expected radio contact, repeated attempts to establish communication were made, at Dwyer's request, by the radio operator, but they were all unsuccessful.[7]
Later that morning, Dwyer, having heard no word from Peterson since his departure, took off in another airplane to retrace his planned route. Within minutes, at around 9:35 am, he spotted the wreckage less than 6 mi (9.7 km) northwest of the airport.[7][17] The sheriff's office, alerted by Dwyer, dispatched Deputy Bill McGill, who drove to the crash site, a cornfield belonging to Albert Juhl.[18]
The Bonanza had impacted terrain at high speed, estimated to have been around 170 mph (270 km/h), banked steeply to the right and in a nose-down attitude. The right wing tip had struck the ground first, sending the aircraft cartwheeling across the frozen field for 540 feet (160 m), before coming to rest against a wire fence at the edge of Juhl's property.[7]
The bodies of Holly and Valens had been ejected from the torn fuselage and lay near the wreckage. Richardson's body had been thrown over the fence and into the cornfield of Juhl's neighbor Oscar Moffett, while pilot Peterson's body was entangled in the plane's wreckage.[7] With the rest of the entourage en route to Minnesota, ballroom manager Carroll Anderson, who had driven the party to the airport and witnessed the plane's takeoff, had to identify the bodies of the musicians.[19] County coroner Ralph Smiley certified that all four victims died instantly, citing the cause of death as "gross trauma to brain" for the three artists and "brain damage" for the pilot.[20][21]
Aftermath[edit]
Holly's pregnant wife, María Elena, learned of his death from the reports on television. A widow after only six months of marriage, she suffered a miscarriage shortly after, reportedly due to "psychological trauma". Holly's mother, on hearing the news on the radio at home in Lubbock, Texas, screamed and collapsed.[1] María Elena Holly did not attend the funeral and has never visited the gravesite. She later said in an interview: "In a way, I blame myself. I was not feeling well when he left. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. It was the only time I wasn't with him. And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane."[22]
The "Winter Dance Party" tour did not stop; Waylon Jennings and Tommy Allsup continued performing for two more weeks, with Jennings taking Holly's place as lead singer.[23] Meanwhile, the funerals of the victims were being held individually; Holly and Richardson were buried in Texas, Valens in California, and pilot Peterson in Iowa.
Official investigation[edit]
The wreckage of N3794N as found by the authorities on the morning of the accident
The official investigation was carried out by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB, precursor to the NTSB). It emerged that pilot Roger Peterson had over four years of flying experience, of which one with Dwyer Flying Service, and had accumulated 711 flying hours, of which 128 on Bonanzas. He had also logged 52 hours of instrument flying training, although had passed only his written examination, and was not yet qualified to operate in weather that required flying solely by reference to instruments. He and Dwyer Flying Service itself were certified to operate only under visual flight rules, which essentially require that the pilot must be able to see where he is going. However, on the night of the accident, visual flight would have been virtually impossible due to the low clouds, the lack of a visible horizon, and the absence of ground lights over the sparsely populated area.[7]
Furthermore, Peterson, who had failed an instrument checkride nine months before the accident, had received his instrument training on airplanes equipped with a conventional artificial horizon as source of aircraft attitude information, while N3794N was equipped with an older-type Sperry F3 attitude gyroscope. Crucially, the two types of instruments display the same aircraft pitch attitude information in graphically opposite ways.
The CAB concluded that the accident was due to "the pilot's unwise decision to embark on a flight" that required instrument flying skills he had not proved to have. A contributing factor was the pilot's unfamiliarity with the old-style attitude gyroscope fitted on board the aircraft, which may have caused him to believe that he was climbing when he was in fact descending (an example of spatial disorientation). Another contributing factor was the "seriously inadequate" weather briefing provided to the pilot, which "failed to even mention adverse flying condition which should have been highlighted".[7][24]
Subsequent investigations[edit]
On March 6, 2007, in Beaumont, Texas, Richardson's body was exhumed for reburial in a more fitting part of the local Forest Lawn cemetery. The musician's son, Jay Perry, took the opportunity to have his father's body re-examined to verify the original findings, and asked forensic anthropologist William Bass to carry out the procedure. Among the rumors surrounding the accident that this second examination sought to verify was that an accidental firearm discharge took place on board the aircraft and caused the crash, since two months after the event, a farmer had found at the crash site a .22 (5.6 mm) pistol known to have belonged to Buddy Holly. Another rumor had Richardson surviving the initial impact and crawling out of the aircraft in search for help, prompted by the fact that his body was found farther from the wreckage than the other three. Bass and his team took several X-rays of Richardson's body and eventually concluded that the musician had indeed died instantly from extensive, nonsurvivable fractures to almost all of his bones; no traces of lead were found from any bullet. Coroner Smiley's original report was, therefore, confirmed.[25][26]
In March 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) received a request to reopen the investigation into the accident.[27] The request was made by L. J. Coon, a retired pilot from New England who felt that the conclusion of the 1959 investigation was inaccurate. Coon suspected a possible failure of the right rudder, or a problem with the fuel system, as well as a possible improper weight distribution. Coon also argued that Peterson may have tried to land the plane and that his efforts should be recognized.[28][29] In April 2015, the NTSB declined the request, citing that the evidence presented by Coon was insufficient to merit the reconsideration of the original findings.[30]
Legacy[edit]
Notification of victims' families[edit]
Following the miscarriage suffered by Holly's wife and the circumstances in which she was informed of his death, a policy was later adopted by authorities not to disclose victims' names until after their families have been informed.[1]
Memorials[edit]
A memorial service for Roger Peterson was held at Redeemer Lutheran Church, Ventura, Iowa, on February 5. A funeral was held the next day at St. Paul Lutheran Church in his hometown of Alta; Peterson was buried in Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery in nearby Storm Lake. His grave site is located at coordinates N 42 39.189 W 095 13.996. Peterson's parents later received condolence letters from the families of Holly and Valens.
Films[edit]
The accident is mentioned in the biographical film The Buddy Holly Story (1978).[31]
The accident is also depicted in the Ritchie Valens biopic La Bamba (1987).[31]
Memorial concerts[edit]
Fans of Holly, Valens, and Richardson have been gathering for annual memorial concerts at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake since 1979.[32] The 50th-anniversary concert took place on February 2, 2009, with Delbert McClinton, Joe Ely, Wanda Jackson, Los Lobos, Los Lonely Boys, Chris Montez, Bobby Vee, Graham Nash, Peter and Gordon, Tommy Allsup, and a house band featuring Chuck Leavell, James "Hutch" Hutchinson, Bobby Keys, and Kenny Aronoff. Jay P. Richardson, the son of the Big Bopper, was among the participating artists, and Bob Hale was the master of ceremonies, as he was at the 1959 concert.[33][34]
Monuments[edit]
Signpost near the Clear Lake crash site
In June 1988, a four-foot-tall granite memorial bearing the names of Peterson and the three entertainers was dedicated outside the Surf Ballroom with Peterson's widow, parents, and sister in attendance; the event marked the first time that the families of Holly, Richardson, Valens, and Peterson had gathered together.
In 1989, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, made a stainless-steel monument that depicts a guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of the three performers killed in the accident.[citation needed] The monument is on private farmland, about 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km) west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, 5 mi (8.0 km) north of Clear Lake.
Paquette also created a similar stainless-steel monument to the three musicians located outside the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay, Wisconsin, where Holly, the Big Bopper, and Valens played their second-to-last show on the night of February 1, 1959. This second memorial was unveiled on July 17, 2003.[35]
In February 2009, a further memorial made by Paquette for pilot Roger Peterson was unveiled at the crash site.[36]
A large plasma-cut steel set of Wayfarer-style glasses, constructed by Michael Connor of Clear Lake, similar to those Holly wore, sits at the access point to the crash site.[citation needed]
Roads[edit]
A road originating near the Surf Ballroom, extending north and passing to the west of the crash site, is now known as Buddy Holly Place.[37]
Songs[edit]
"American Pie"
The song "American Pie" dubbed the accident "The Day The Music Died"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Eddie Cochran's "Three Stars" (1959) is the first song to commemorate the musicians.[citation needed]
Don McLean later addressed the accident in his song "American Pie" (1971), dubbing it "the Day the Music Died",[38] which for McLean symbolized the "loss of innocence" of the early rock-and-roll generation.[1][39]
See also[edit]
Aviation portal
Iowa portal
Rock and Roll portal
Patsy Cline plane crash
Stevie Ray Vaughan helicopter crash
Bill Graham helicopter crash
Randy Rhoads plane crash
1969 Newton Cessna 172 crash
Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Suddath, Claire (February 3, 2009). "The Day the Music Died". Time. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.startribune.com/buddy-holly-the-tour-from-hell/38282249/
^ Jump up to: a b Everitt 2004, p. 13.
Jump up ^ "Connection to Buddy Holly Death". WeGoNews.com. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Everitt 2004, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Civil Aeronautics Board (September 23, 1959). "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2009. ()
Jump up ^ "FAA Registry (N3794N)". Federal Aviation Administration.
Jump up ^ Schuck, Raymond 2012, p. 16.
Jump up ^ "American Pie". Snopes.com. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ DiMucci, Dion (1988). The Wanderer. Beech Tree Books. p. 89.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Civil Aeronautics Board (September 23, 1959). "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 21.
Jump up ^ "Death certificates" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coroner's investigation" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kerns, William (August 15, 2008). "Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carr & Munde 1997, p. 155.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft Accident Report: File No. 2-0001" (PDF). Civil Aeronautics Board. September 15, 1959. p. 3, "The Aircraft" section.
Jump up ^ Griggs, Bill. "Big Bopper Exhumation". Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Autopsy of 'Big Bopper' to Address Rumors About 1959 Plane Crash". The Washington Post. January 18, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Board considers reopening investigation into plane crash that caused the death of Buddy Holly". KITV. March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kilen, Mike (March 4, 2015). "NTSB considers reopening Buddy Holly crash case". Des Moines Register. Gannett Company. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pilkington, Ed (March 5, 2015). "Buddy Holly plane crash : officials consider reopening 1959 probe". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Buddy Holly crash investigation will not be reopened". The Des Moines Register. Associated Press. April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald 2010, p. 33.
Jump up ^ "Winter Dance Party History". Surf Ballroom. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bream, Jon (February 3, 2009). "Fans Pack Surf Ballroom for Tribute to Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper". CMT News. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Coffey, Joe (February 5, 2009). "Holly, Valens, Richardson Remembered: 50 Winters Later". Premier Guitar. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Jennifer (April 11, 2007). "The Day the Music Died". Articles Tree. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Jennifer (February 2, 2009). "Memorial to Buddy Holly pilot dedicated at crash site". Des Moines Register. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Clear Lake, Iowa: Buddy Holly Crash Site". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crouse 2012, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Thimou, Theodore (December 28, 2006). "Preview: The Twice-Famous Don McLean Plays Rams Head". Bay Weekly. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
"Buddy Holly's Coroner's Report". February 4, 1959.
"Coroner's investigation—Air crash, Feb. 3, 1959—SW1/4 Section 18, Lincoln Twp.—Cerro Gordo County, Iowa".
"The Day the Music Died: February 3, 1959".
Books[edit]
Carr, Joseph; Munde, Alan (1997). Prairie Nights to Neon Lights: The Story of Country Music in West Texas. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-365-8.
Crouse, Richard (2012). Who Wrote The Book of Love?. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-0-385-67442-3.
Everitt, Rich (2004). Falling Stars: Air Crashes That Filled Rock and Roll Heaven. Harbor House. ISBN 978-1-891799-04-4.
McDonald, Les (2010). The Day the Music Died. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4691-1356-2. [self-published source]
Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon :An Autobiography. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9.
Schuck, Raymond (2012). Do You Believe in Rock and Roll? Essays on Don Mclean's American Pie. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-0036-9.
Further reading[edit]
Lehmer, Larry (2004). The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens (illustrated ed.). Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-8256-7287-2.
Rabin, Staton (2009). Oh Boy! The Life and Music of Rock 'n' Roll Pioneer Buddy Holly (illustrated ed.). Van Winkle Publishing (Kindle). ASIN B001OQBLLG.
Schinder, Scott; Huxley, Martin; Skinner, Quinton (2000). The Day the Music Died (illustrated ed.). Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-03962-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Day the Music Died.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Aircraft Accident Report for Buddy Holly's crash
February 3, 1959 front page of the Mason City Globe-Gazette, via Newspapers.com
fiftiesweb.com The Day the Music Died
Bakotopia Magazine's 50th Anniversary memorial article
1959: Buddy Holly killed in air crash
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Tommy Allsup. First person interview conducted with Tommy Allsup on September 8, 2011. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
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Blood type distribution by country
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[hide]
1 ABO and distribution by country
2 Maps of allele ABO among native populations
3 References
4 See also
ABO and distribution by country[edit]
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Blood type distribution by country. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
ABO and Rh blood type distribution by country (population averages)
Country
Population[1]
O+
A+
B+
AB+
O−
A−
B−
AB−
Argentina
44,270,440 45.4% 34.26% 8.59% 2.64% 8.4% 0.44% 0.21% 0.06%
Armenia[2]
2,931,568 29.0% 46.3% 12.0% 5.6% 2.0% 3.7% 1.0% 0.4%
Australia[3]
24,642,693 40.0% 31.0% 8.0% 2.0% 9.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Austria[4]
8,592,470 30.0% 33.0% 12.0% 6.0% 7.0% 8.0% 3.0% 1.0%
Bahrain
1,418,695 48.48% 19.35% 22.61% 3.67% 3.27% 1.33% 1.04% 0.25%
Bangladesh
164,833,667 31.18% 21.44% 34.58% 8.85% 1.39% 0.96% 0.96% 0.64%
Belgium[5]
11,444,053 38.0% 34.0% 8.6% 4.1% 7.0% 6.0% 1.5% 0.8%
Bolivia
11,053,376 51.53% 29.45% 10.11% 1.15% 4.39% 2.73% 0.54% 0.1%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,792,730 31.0% 36.0% 12.0% 6.0% 5.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Brazil[6]
211,248,418 36.0% 34.0% 8.0% 2.5% 9.0% 8.0% 2.0% 0.5%
Bulgaria
7,045,097 28.0% 37.0% 13.0% 7.0% 5.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Cambodia
16,077,172 46.7% 27.2% 18.5% 4.9% 1.3% 0.8% 0.5% 0.1%
Cameroon
24,515,533 42.8% 38.8% 12.0% 3.3% 1.4% 1.2% 0.4% 0.1%
Canada[7]
36,627,140 39.0% 36.0% 7.6% 2.5% 7.0% 6.0% 1.4% 0.5%
Chile
18,314,060 85.5% 8.7% 3.35% 1.0% 1.2% 0.1% 0.05% 0.1%
China
1,388,251,023 47.7% 27.8% 18.9% 5.0% 0.28% 0.19% 0.1% 0.03%
Colombia
49,069,267 61.3% 26.11% 2.28% 1.47% 5.13% 2.7% 0.7% 0.31%
Côte d'Ivoire
23,869,656 46.5% 22.5% 22.5% 4.3% 2.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.2%
Croatia
4,207,355 29.0% 36.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%
Cuba
11,486,750 45.8% 33.5% 10.2% 2.9% 3.6% 2.8% 1.0% 0.2%
Cyprus[8]
1,189,395 35.22% 40.35% 11.11% 4.72% 3.85% 3.48% 0.87% 0.40%
Czech Republic[9]
10,555,152 27.0% 36.0% 15.0% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%
Denmark[10]
5,711,902 35.0% 37.0% 8.0% 4.0% 6.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Dominican Republic
10,766,932 46.2% 26.4% 16.9% 3.1% 3.7% 2.1% 1.4% 0.2%
Ecuador
16,665,756 75.0% 14.0% 7.1% 0.5% 2.38% 0.7% 0.3% 0.02%
Egypt
95,220,838 52.0% 24.0% 12.4% 3.8% 5.0% 2.0% 0.6% 0.2%
El Salvador[11]
6,171,483 62.0% 23.0% 11.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.7% 0.3%
Estonia[12]
1,305,745 29.5% 30.8% 20.7% 6.3% 4.3% 4.5% 3.0% 0.9%
Ethiopia
104,352,727 39.0% 28.0% 21.0% 5.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 1.0%
Finland[13]
5,541,328 27.0% 38.0% 15.0% 7.0% 4.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
France[14]
64,939,560 36.0% 37.0% 9.0% 3.0% 6.0% 7.0% 1.0% 1.0%
Germany
80,635,980 35.0% 37.0% 9.0% 4.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Greece
10,892,849 37.4% 32.9% 11.0% 3.7% 7.0% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Guinea
13,291,741 46.88% 21.64% 22.86% 4.52% 2.0% 0.9% 1.0% 0.2%
Honduras
9,348,898 57.5% 27.0% 7.8% 2.5% 2.7% 1.7% 0.6% 0.2%
Hong Kong
7,402,115 41.5% 26.13% 25.34% 6.35% 0.32% 0.17% 0.14% 0.05%
Hungary
9,787,801 27.0% 33.0% 16.0% 8.0% 5.0% 7.0% 3.0% 1.0%
Iceland[15]
334,311 47.6% 26.4% 9.3% 1.6% 8.4% 4.6% 1.7% 0.4%
India[16]
1,342,561,902 27.85% 20.8% 38.14% 8.93% 1.43% 0.57% 1.79% 0.49%
Indonesia
263,519,317 36.82% 25.87% 28.85% 7.96% 0.18% 0.13% 0.15% 0.04%
Iran
80,982,137 33.5% 27.0% 22.2% 7.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.5% 0.8%
Iraq
38,657,787 32.1% 25.0% 25.6% 7.4% 3.6% 2.7% 2.7% 0.9%
Ireland[17]
4,749,263 47.0% 26.0% 9.0% 2.0% 8.0% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Israel[18]
8,323,659 32.0% 34.0% 17.0% 7.0% 3.0% 4.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Italy
59,797,969 39.0% 36.0% 7.5% 2.5% 7.0% 6.0% 1.5% 0.5%
Jamaica[19]
2,813,316 47.0% 23.0% 20.0% 3.0% 3.5% 2.0% 1.0% 0.5%
Japan[20]
126,044,340 29.9% 39.8% 19.9% 9.9% 0.15% 0.2% 0.1% 0.05%
Kenya
48,470,780 45.6% 25.2% 21.28% 4.2% 1.8% 1.0% 0.9% 0.02%
Latvia
1,944,122 30.6% 31.0% 17.0% 6.0% 5.4% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%
Lebanon
6,039,438 38.4% 32.3% 9.5% 3.2% 7.7% 6.5% 1.7% 0.7%
Libya
6,408,990 42.64% 28.86% 11.19% 4.5% 6.26% 4.24% 1.64% 0.67%
Lithuania
2,827,573 36.0% 33.0% 11.0% 4.0% 7.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Luxemburg[21]
587,297 35.0% 37.0% 9.0% 4.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Macao
606,413 41.5% 26.1% 25.4% 6.3% 0.33% 0.17% 0.15% 0.05%
Macedonia
2,083,690 30.0% 34.0% 15.0% 6.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.0%
Malaysia
31,165,480 34.32% 30.35% 27.37% 7.46% 0.17% 0.15% 0.14% 0.04%
Mauritania
4,266,765 46.3% 26.68% 17.47% 3.85% 2.8% 1.6% 1.1% 0.2%
Mauritius
1,267,303 38.3% 26.0% 25.0% 6.7% 1.7% 1.0% 1.0% 0.3%
Mexico
130,227,836 55.79% 29.9% 8.0% 1.63% 2.7% 1.5% 0.4% 0.08%
Mongolia
3,052,044 55.4% 27.7% 10.9% 4.96% 0.6% 0.3% 0.1% 0.04%
Myanmar
53,507,932 35.7% 23.8% 32.7% 6.95% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.05%
Nepal
29,188,100 35.2% 28.3% 27.1% 8.6% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%
Netherlands[22]
17,033,012 39.5% 35.0% 6.7% 2.5% 7.5% 7.0% 1.3% 0.5%
New Zealand[23]
4,604,996 38.0% 32.0% 9.0% 3.0% 9.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Nigeria
191,851,411 51.3% 22.4% 20.7% 2.6% 1.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.1%
Norway[24]
5,330,986 33.0% 41.5% 6.8% 3.4% 6.0% 7.5% 1.2% 0.6%
North Korea
25,432,033 27.15% 31.08% 30.15% 11.32% 0.08% 0.1% 0.1% 0.03%
Pakistan
180,440,005 24.63% 20.6% 34.40% 9.52% 4.17% 2.66% 3.57% 0.45%
Papua New Guinea
7,952,511 48.0% 37.2% 9.6% 2.8% 1.0% 0.8% 0.4% 0.2%
Peru
32,167,717 70.0% 18.4% 7.8% 1.6% 1.4% 0.5% 0.28% 0.02%
Philippines[25]
103,801,747 36.9% 28.9% 26.9% 6.97% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.03%
Poland[26]
38,563,480 31.0% 32.0% 15.0% 7.0% 6.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Portugal[27]
10,264,672 36.3% 40.0% 6.6% 2.9% 6.0% 6.6% 1.1% 0.5%
Republic of Moldova[28]
4,043,722 28.5% 31.8% 17.6% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 3.0% 1.1%
Romania
19,237,087 28.0% 37.0% 14.0% 7.0% 5.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Russia
143,374,801 28.0% 30.0% 20.0% 7.0% 4.9% 5.8% 3.2% 1.1%
Saudi Arabia[29]
32,744,532 47.8% 23.9% 17.0% 4.0% 4.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.3%
Serbia
8,776,827 31.92% 35.28% 12.6% 4.2% 6.08% 6.72% 2.4% 0.8%
Singapore
5,784,819 43.6% 23.9% 24.4% 6.0% 0.9% 0.7% 0.4% 0.1%
Slovakia[30]
5,432,265 27.2% 35.7% 15.3% 6.8% 4.8% 6.3% 2.7% 1.2%
Slovenia
2,071,258 31.0% 33.0% 12.0% 6.0% 7.0% 7.0% 3.0% 1.0%
South Africa[31]
55,437,815 39.0% 32.0% 12.0% 3.0% 6.0% 5.0% 2.0% 1.0%
South Korea
50,748,307 27.9% 33.87% 26.92% 10.98% 0.1% 0.13% 0.08% 0.02%
Spain[32]
46,070,163 36.0% 34.0% 8.0% 2.5% 9.0% 8.0% 2.0% 0.5%
Sudan
40,827,975 48.0% 27.7% 15.2% 2.8% 3.5% 1.8% 0.8% 0.2%
Sweden[33]
9,920,843 32.0% 37.0% 10.0% 5.0% 6.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
Switzerland[34]
8,454,321 35.0% 40.0% 7.0% 3.0% 6.0% 7.0% 1.0% 1.0%
Syria
18,920,698 43.0% 30.0% 14.0% 3.7% 5.0% 3.0% 1.0% 0.3%
Taiwan
23,234,936 43.9% 25.9% 23.9% 6.0% 0.17% 0.1% 0.01% 0.02%
Thailand
68,298,027 40.8% 16.9% 36.8% 4.97% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.03%
Turkey[35]
80,420,065 29.8% 37.8% 14.2% 7.2% 3.9% 4.7% 1.6% 0.8%
Uganda
43,276,492 43.7% 39.0% 10.7% 3.9% 1.3% 1.0% 0.3% 0.1%
Ukraine
44,404,078 32.0% 34.0% 15.0% 5.0% 5.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0%
United Arab Emirates
3,398,017 44.1% 21.9% 20.9% 4.3% 4.3% 2.1% 2.0% 0.4%
United Kingdom[36]
65,512,375 37.0% 35.0% 8.0% 3.0% 7.0% 7.0% 2.0% 1.0%
United States[37]
326,481,533 37.4% 35.7% 8.5% 3.4% 6.6% 6.3% 1.5% 0.6%
Venezuela[38]
32,011,082 58.5% 28.3% 5.3% 1.8% 3.5% 1.7% 0.7% 0.2%
Vietnam
95,414,640 41.7% 21.9% 30.8% 4.98% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.02%
Zimbabwe
16,642,880 63.3% 18.5% 14.6% 0.99% 1.7% 0.5% 0.4% 0.01%
World
6,635,281,257 38.67% 27.42% 22.02% 5.88% 2.55% 1.99% 1.11% 0.36%
50.0% and above 40.0–49.9% 30.0–39.9% 20.0–29.9% 10.0–19.9% 5.0–9.9%
[show]Ethnic distribution of ABO (without Rh) blood types[39]
(This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types.)
People group
O (%)
A (%)
B (%)
AB (%)
Aboriginal people 61 39 0 0
Abyssinians 43 27 25 5
Ainu (Japan) 17 32 32 18
Albanians 38 43 13 6
Grand Andamanese 9 60 23 9
Arabs 34 31 29 6
Armenians 31 50 13 6
Asian Americans 40 28 27 5
Austrians 36 44 13 6
Bantus 46 30 19 5
Basques 51 44 4 1
Belgians 47 42 8 3
Bororo (Brazil) 100 0 0 0
Brazilians 47 41 9 3
Bulgarians 32 44 15 8
Burmese 36 24 33 7
Buryats (Siberia) 33 21 38 8
Bushmen 56 34 9 2
Chinese-Canton 46 23 25 6
Chinese-Peking 29 27 32 13
Chuvash 30 29 33 7
Croats 42 34 17 7
Czechs 30 44 18 9
Danes 41 44 11 4
Dutch 45 43 9 3
Egyptians 33 36 24 8
English 47 42 9 3
Inuit (Alaska) 38 44 13 5
Inuit (Greenland) 54 36 23 8
Estonians 34 36 23 8
Fijians 44 34 17 6
Finns 34 41 18 7
French 43 47 7 3
Georgians 46 37 12 4
Germans 41 43 11 5
Greeks 40 42 14 5
Romani people (Hungary) 29 27 35 10
Hawaiians 37 61 2 1
Hindus (Bombay) 29 25 35 11
Hungarians 36 43 16 5
Icelanders 56 32 10 3
Indians (India) 29 21 40 9
Native Americans 79 16 4 1
Irish 52 35 10 3
Italians (Milan) 46 41 11 3
Japanese 30 38 22 10
Jews (Germany) 42 41 12 5
Jews (Poland) 33 41 18 8
Kalmuks 26 23 41 11
Kikuyu (Kenya) 60 19 20 1
Koreans 28 32 31 10
Sami people 29 63 4 4
Latvians 32 37 24 7
Lithuanians 40 34 20 6
Malays 62 18 20 0
Māori 46 54 1 0
Mayans 98 1 1 1
Moros 64 16 20 0
Navajo Indians 73 27 0 0
Nicobarese 74 9 15 1
Norwegians 39 50 8 4
Papuans (New Guinea) 41 27 23 9
Persians 38 33 22 7
Peruvian Indians 100 0 0 0
Filipinos 45 22 27 6
Poles 33 39 20 9
Portuguese 35 53 8 4
Romanians 33 43 16 8
Russians 33 36 23 8
Sardinians 50 26 19 5
Scots 51 34 12 3
Serbians 38 42 16 5
Shompen Nicobarese 100 0 0 0
Slovaks 42 37 16 5
South Africans 45 40 11 4
Spanish 38 47 10 5
Sudanese 62 16 21 0
Swedish 38 47 10 5
Swiss 40 50 7 3
Tatars 28 30 29 13
Thais 37 22 33 8
Turks 43 34 18 6
Ukrainians 37 40 18 6
Black Americans 49 27 20 4
White Americans 45 40 11 4
Vietnamese 42 22 30 5
Mean 43.91 34.80 16.55 5.14
Standard deviation 16.87 13.80 9.97 3.41
Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth's population. In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high, especially in Thailand and Indonesia, then in East Asia, Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia, and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west, falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Switzerland.[40][41] It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas.[41][42]
Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe, although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana, the US.[43][44]
Maps of allele ABO among native populations[edit]
Map of allele A
among native populations
Map of allele B
among native populations
Map of allele O
among native populations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook
Jump up ^ "Study of Blood Immunogenetical Markers in Armenian Population" (PDF). 1989.
Jump up ^ Blood Types - What Are They?, Australian Red Cross
Jump up ^ "Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information". Old.roteskreuz.at. 2006-03-21. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material". Rodekruiswielsbeke.be. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ Tipos Sanguíneos Archived 9 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Canadian Blood Services - Société canadienne du sang. "Types & Rh System, Canadian Blood Services". Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ - ΚENTΡΟ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ
Jump up ^ Czech Red Cross. "Podíl krevních skupin v populaci České republiky". Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
Jump up ^ Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population.
Jump up ^ "¿Por qué donar Sangre? ¡Para Salvar Vidas!" [Why donate blood? to save lives!]. Cruz Roja Salvadoreña (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Veregruppidest" [Blood groups]. verekeskus.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 2017-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Suomalaisten veriryhmäjakauma" (in Finnish). 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2010-11-19. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Les groupes sanguins (système ABO)". Centre Hospitalier Princesse GRACE - Monaco (in French). C.H.P.G. MONACO. 2005. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Blóðflokkar" (in Icelandic). .landspitali.is. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor".
Jump up ^ "Irish Blood Transfusion Service - Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution". Irish Blood Transfusion Service. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
Jump up ^ "The national rescue service in Israel" (in Hebrew). Mdais.org. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Blood Types in Jamaica". National Blood Transfusion Service. Retrieved 2017-11-23.
Jump up ^ "血液の知識". Japanese Red Cross Society. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Croix Rouge". Retrieved 2017-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Voorraad Erytrocytenconcentraten Bij Sanquin" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
Jump up ^ "What are Blood Groups?". NZ Blood. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Hva er en blodtype?" [What is a blood type?] (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2014-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Philippine Red Cross". Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu" (in Polish). Rckik.wroclaw.pl. 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Portuguese Blood Institute" (in Portuguese). (assuming Rh and AB antigens are independent)
Jump up ^ Sanguina
Jump up ^ BASHAWRI, Layla A.; AL-MULHIMiz, Abdul Az; AHMAD, Malik S. (2001). "Frequency of ABO blood groups in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia". Saudi Medical Journal. 22 (11): 1008–1101. ISSN 0379-5284. PMID 11744976.
Jump up ^ "Najčastejšie otázky" [Frequently Asked Questions] (in Slovak). Národná transfúzna služba SR. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
Jump up ^ "What's Your Type?". South African National Blood Service. Archived from the original on 2010-02-06. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Federación Nacional de Donantes de Sangre/La sangre/Grupos". Donantesdesangre.net. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population". Geblod.nu. 2007-10-02. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ - BLUTSPENDE https://www.blutspende.ch/fr/don_de_sang/sanguin_groupe/groupe_sanguin - BLUTSPENDE Check |url= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Turkey Blood Group Site". Kangrubu.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Blood Group Basics". Blood.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-30.
Jump up ^ "Blood Types in the U.S". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-19. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "preguntas-frecuentes" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2014-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Racial and ethnic distribution of ABO blood types". Bloodbook.com. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ Blood Transfusion Division, United States Army Medical Research Laboratory (1971). Selected contributions to the literature of blood groups and immunology. 1971 v. 4. United States Army Medical Research Laboratory, Fort Knox, Kentucky. ... In northern India, in Southern and Central China and in the neighboring Central Asiatic areas, we find the highest known frequencies of B. If we leave this center, the frequency of the B gene decreases almost everywhere ...
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopædia Britannica (2002). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 0-85229-787-4. ... The maximum frequency of the B gene occurs in Central Asia and northern India. The B gene was probably absent from Native Americans and Australian Aboriginal people before racial admixture occurred with the coming of the white man ...
Jump up ^ Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember (1973). Anthropology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. ... Blood type B is completely absent in most North and South American Indians ...
Jump up ^ Dean 2005, 2.1.4: Blood Type A: Central and Eastern Europe Type A is common in Central and Eastern Europe. In countries such as Austria, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland, about 45–50% of the population have this blood type, whereas about 40% of Poles and Ukrainians do so. The highest frequencies are found in small, unrelated populations. For example, about 80% of the Blackfoot Indians of Montana have blood type A ...
Jump up ^ Technical Monograph No. 2: The ABO Blood Group System and ABO Subgroups (PDF). Biotec. March 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2007. ... The frequency of blood group A is quite high (25–55%) in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and parts of central Europe. High group A frequency is also found in the Aboriginal people of South Australia (up to 45%) and in certain American Indian tribes where the frequency reaches 35% ...
See also[edit]
Blood type
ABO blood group system
[show]
v
t
e
Human genetics
Sub-topics
Evolutionary genetics
Genetic engineering
Genetic variation
Race and genetics
Human genome
Timeline
Genetic genealogy
Genealogical DNA test
Surname DNA project
Blood type distribution by country
Population genetics by region
Americas
Europe
British Isles
African admixture
Iberia
Italy
Near East
North Africa
Egypt
Morocco
South Asia
Population genetics
Albanians
Arabs
Azerbaijanis
Basques
Bosniaks
Bulgarians
Croats
Gujaratis
Hutu and Tutsi
Jews
Romanians
Russians
Sami
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Bad Boys (Inner Circle song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Bad Boys"
Swedish single picture sleeve, 1990
Single by Inner Circle
from the album One Way and Bad Boys/Bad to the Bone
B-side
"Sweat (A La La La La Long)"
Released
1991, 1993
Format
7-inch single
Genre
Reggae
Length
3:52
Label
Island
Songwriter(s)
Ian Lewis
Audio sample
file
help
"Bad Boys" is a 1987 song by the Jamaican reggae band Inner Circle, which obtained high popularity in the United States after its re-release in 1993, peaking at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 7 on the Top 40 Mainstream.[1] It is well known as the opening theme to the U.S. TV show Cops.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The song was originally released in 1987 on the album One Way and obtained minor airplay and poor sales. However, in 1992, it was also included on the Bad to the Bone album, and the song was released as a single in 1993, after the unexpected success of their previous international hit single "Sweat (A La La La La Long)". "Bad Boys" reached number 52 in the United Kingdom[2] and number 8 in the United States;[1] in the latter territory, it was certified Gold and sold 600,000 copies.[3][4] The song was also released as B-side on Inner Circle's 1992 single "Sweat (A La La La La Long)".[5] The song was also released as a single in mid-1991 in Norway; it peaked at number one for three weeks.
This song makes references to "Sheriff John Brown", who was the sheriff killed in Bob Marley's song "I Shot the Sheriff".
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Year
Chart
Peak
position
1991 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[6] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[7] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[8] 2
1993 Australia (ARIA)[9] 25
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10] 21
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[11] 19
Germany (Official German Charts)[12] 35
Ireland (IRMA)[13] 26
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14] 5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[2] 52
US Billboard Hot 100[1] 8
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales[1] 15
US Billboard Hot R&B Singles[1] 58
US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[1][1] 27
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[1] 7
2006 US Billboard Hot Ringtones[1] 10
2007 US Billboard Hot Ringtones[1] 20
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1993)
Rank
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[15] 15
US Billboard Hot 100[16] 69
In popular culture[edit]
"Bad Boys" was selected as the theme song to Cops because a field producer for the show happened to be a fan of Inner Circle.[17] The song, which was very popular during the 1990s, was also used in the Will Smith and Martin Lawrence action/comedy film Bad Boys[18] and the sequel Bad Boys II (some of the lyrics are sung by Smith and Lawrence in both films).[19]
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 1991 (Finland)
List of number-one songs in Norway
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Inner Circle – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inner Circle: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum – Inner Circle – Bad Boys". RIAA. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Best-Selling Records of 1993". Billboard. Vol. 106 no. 3. 15 January 1994. p. 73. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "cdBBQ: Inner Circle". Cdbbq.com. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ (in Finnish) Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Inner Circle – Bad Boys". VG-lista. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Inner Circle – Bad Boys". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Inner Circle – Bad Boys". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Inner Circle – Bad Boys" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0993." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Inner Circle – Bad Boys". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Inner Circle". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Inner Circle – Bad Boys". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1993". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1993". The Longbored Surfer. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Gil (2 July 1994). "Inner Circle's Sphere of Influence - Big Beat/Atlantic Set Follows 'Bad' Breakthrough". Billboard. Vol. 106 no. 27. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "Inner Circle Biography". Bad Boys of Reggae. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Walker, Klive (2005). Dubwise: reasoning from the reggae underground. Insomniac Press. p. 203. ISBN 1-894663-96-9.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Inner Circle
Ian Lewis
Roger Lewis
Bernard "Touter" Harvey
Michael Sterling
Lancelot Hall
Trevor "Skatta" Bonnick
Michael "Ibo" Cooper
Stephen "Cat" Coore
William Stewart
William "Bunny Rugs" Clarke
Irvin "Carrot" Jarrett
Milton "Prilly" Hamilton
Charles Farquharson
Calvin McKenzie
Funky Brown
Jacob Miller
Lester Adderley
Norman Grant
Rick Hunt
Calton Coffie
Dave Gonzales
Kris Bentley
Jr. Jazz
Albums
Bad to the Bone (1992)
Singles
"Bad Boys"
"Sweat (A La La La La Long)"
"Games People Play"
Related
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_Boys_(Inner_Circle_song)&oldid=838510420"
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1993 singles
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Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 1)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dancing with the Stars (season 1)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
8
Release
Original network
ABC
Original release
June 1 – July 6, 2005
Additional information
Celebrity winner
Kelly Monaco
Professional winner
Alec Mazo
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
The first season of Dancing with the Stars (U.S.) debuted on ABC on June 1, 2005. Six celebrities were paired with six professional ballroom dancers. Tom Bergeron and Lisa Canning were the hosts for this season. The judges were Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli.
The premiere drew over 13 million viewers, the second biggest summer debut ever for an American reality series after Survivor.[1] The second week climbed to 15 million viewers, and the show climbed to No. 1 in the summer 2005 TV season ratings, where it remained for the remainder of the season.[2] The season finale aired July 6, 2005.
Contents
[hide]
1 Couples
2 Scoring chart
2.1 Average chart
2.2 Pro's average chart
3 Highest and lowest scoring performances
4 Couples' highest and lowest scoring performances
5 Weekly scores and songs
5.1 Week 1
5.2 Week 2
5.3 Week 3
5.4 Week 4
5.5 Week 5
5.6 Week 6: Finale
5.7 Dance off
6 Dance chart
7 References
8 External links
Couples[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The six professionals and celebrities that competed were:[3]
Celebrity
Notability (known for)
Professional partner
Status
Trista Sutter Reality television star Louis Van Amstel Eliminated 1st
on June 8, 2005
Evander Holyfield Professional boxer Edyta Sliwinska Eliminated 2nd
on June 15, 2005
Rachel Hunter Supermodel & actress Jonathan Roberts Eliminated 3rd
on June 22, 2005
Joey McIntyre New Kids on the Block singer Ashly DelGrosso Third place
on June 29, 2005
John O'Hurley Actor & game show host Charlotte Jorgensen Runner-up
on July 6, 2005
Kelly Monaco Actress Alec Mazo Winner
on July 6, 2005
†Kelly Monaco returned for the All-Stars season, where this time she was paired with Valentin Chmerkovskiy. They finished third.
Scoring chart[edit]
Couple
Place
1
2
1+2
3
4
5
6
Kelly & Alec 1 13 17 30 21 26 22+25=47 25+30=55
John & Charlotte 2 20 26 46 24 21 27+27=54 27+27=54
Joey & Ashly 3 20 21 41 22 20 20+25=45
Rachel & Jonathan 4 20 24 44 26 25
Evander & Edyta 5 18 14 32 13
Trista & Louis 6 18 19 37
indicates the eliminated couple that week
indicates the returning couple that was last to be called safe
indicates the winning couple
indicates the runner-up couple
indicates the third place couple
Red numbers indicate the couples with the lowest score for each week
Green numbers indicate the couples with the highest score for each week
Average chart[edit]
This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-point scale.
Rank by
average
Place
Couple
Total
Number of
dances
Average
1 2 John & Charlotte 199 8 24.9
2 4 Rachel & Jonathan 95 4 23.8
3 1 Kelly & Alec 179 8 22.4
4 3 Joey & Ashly 128 6 21.3
5 6 Trista & Louis 37 2 18.5
6 5 Evander & Edyta 45 3 15.0
Pro's average chart[edit]
Rank by
average
Place
Couple
Average
1 2 Charlotte Jorgensen 24.9
2 6 Louis van Amstel 21.8
3 1 Alec Mazo 20.6
4 4 Jonathan Roberts 19.4
5 5 Edyta Sliwinska 19.1
6 3 Ashly DelGrosso 16.7
Highest and lowest scoring performances[edit]
Dance
Celebrity
Highest score
Celebrity
Lowest score
Cha-cha-cha John O'Hurley
Joey McIntyre 20 Evander Holyfield 18
Waltz Rachel Hunter 20 Kelly Monaco 13
Rumba Rachel Hunter 24 Kelly Monaco 17
Quickstep John O'Hurley 27 Evander Holyfield 14
Jive Joey McIntyre 22 Evander Holyfield 13
Tango Rachel Hunter 26 John O'Hurley 24
Samba Kelly Monaco 26 Joey McIntyre 20
Paso doble John O'Hurley 27 Kelly Monaco
Joey McIntyre 25
Foxtrot John O'Hurley 27 Joey McIntyre 20
Freestyle Kelly Monaco 30 John O'Hurley 27
Trista Sutter is the only star to not land on this list
Couples' highest and lowest scoring performances[edit]
According to the traditional 30-point scale.
Couples
Highest Scoring Dances
Lowest Scoring Dances
Kelly & Alec Freestyle (30) Waltz (13)
John & Charlotte Foxtrot, Paso doble, Quickstep & Freestyle (27) Cha-cha-cha (20)
Joey & Ashly Paso doble (25) Cha-cha-cha, Samba and Foxtrot (20)
Rachel & Jonathan Tango (26) Waltz (20)
Evander & Edyta Cha-cha-cha (18) Jive (13)
Trista & Louis Rumba (19) Waltz (18)
Weekly scores and songs[edit]
Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores given in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.
Week 1[edit]
Running order[4]
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Joey & Ashly 20 (7, 7, 6) Cha-cha-cha "Crazy in Love"—Beyoncé
Rachel & Jonathan 20 (7, 6, 7) Waltz "Three Times A Lady"—Lionel Richie
Evander & Edyta 18 (5, 7, 6) Cha-cha-cha "Respect"—Aretha Franklin
Kelly & Alec 13 (5, 4, 4) Waltz "I Have Nothing"—Whitney Houston
John & Charlotte 20 (7, 7, 6) Cha-cha-cha "September"—Earth, Wind & Fire
Trista & Louis 18 (6, 6, 6) Waltz "Come Away with Me"—Norah Jones
Week 2[edit]
Running order[5]
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result
Rachel & Jonathan 24 (8, 8, 8) Rumba "I Don't Wanna Miss a Thing"—Aerosmith from Armageddon Bottom two
Joey & Ashly 21 (8, 7, 6) Quickstep "You're The One That I Want"—John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John Safe
Trista & Louis 19 (6, 7, 6) Rumba "Endless Love"—Diana Ross and Lionel Richie Eliminated
John & Charlotte 26 (8, 9, 9) Quickstep "Let's Face The Music and Dance"—Irving Berlin Safe
Kelly & Alec 17 (5, 6, 6) Rumba "Hero"—Enrique Iglesias Safe
Evander & Edyta 14 (5, 4, 5) Quickstep "It Don't Mean a Thing"—Duke Ellington Safe
Week 3[edit]
Running order[6]
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result
Evander & Edyta 13 (5, 4, 4) Jive "Reet Petite"—Jackie Wilson Eliminated
Rachel & Jonathan 26 (8, 9, 9) Tango "Toxic"—Britney Spears Safe
Kelly & Alec 21 (6, 7, 8) Jive "Footloose"—Kenny Loggins Safe
John & Charlotte 24 (9, 8, 7) Tango "Dance with Me"—Debelah Morgan Safe
Joey & Ashly 22 (7, 7, 8) Jive "I'm Still Standing"—Elton John Bottom two
Week 4[edit]
Running order[7]
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result
Joey & Ashly 20 (7, 6, 7) Samba "Tequila"—The Champs Safe
Rachel & Jonathan 25 (7, 9, 9) Samba "Soul Bossa Nova"—Quincy Jones Eliminated
John & Charlotte 21 (7, 8, 6) Samba "Just The Two of Us"—Grover Washington, Jr. and Bill Withers Bottom two
Kelly & Alec 26 (9, 9, 8) Samba "Bailamos"—Enrique Iglesias Safe
John & Charlotte
Rachel & Jonathan
Kelly & Alec
Joey & Ashly N/A Viennese Waltz "I Got You Babe"—Sonny & Cher
Week 5[edit]
Running order[8]
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result
John & Charlotte 27 (9, 9, 9) Foxtrot "Let There Be Love"—Nat King Cole Safe
27 (9, 9, 9) Paso doble "España cañí"—Mexicana Aleque la-Band
Kelly & Alec 22 (8, 7, 7) Foxtrot "Don't Know Why"—Norah Jones Bottom two
25 (9, 8, 8) Paso doble "Bamboleo"—Gipsy Kings
Joey & Ashly 20 (8, 6, 6) Foxtrot "Big Spender"—Shirley Bassey from Sweet Charity Third place
25 (9, 8, 8) Paso doble "Eye of the Tiger"—Survivor
Week 6: Finale[edit]
Running order[9]
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result
John & Charlotte 27 (9, 9, 9) Quickstep "Let's Face The Music and Dance"—Irving Berlin Runner-up
27 (9, 9, 9) Freestyle "I'm So Excited"—The Pointer Sisters
Kelly & Alec 25 (7, 9, 9) Samba "Bailamos"—Enrique Iglesias Winner
30 (10, 10, 10) Freestyle "Let's Get Loud"—Jennifer Lopez
Dance off[edit]
Running order
Couple
Score
Style
Music
Result
Kelly & Alec 25 (7, 9, 9) Cha-cha-cha "Lady Marmalade"—All Saints Runner-up
24 (9, 7, 8) Quickstep "Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend"—Marilyn Monroe
25 (8, 8, 9) Freestyle "Get The Party Started"—Pink
John & Charlotte 22 (7, 8, 7) Rumba "The Look of Love"—Anita Baker Winner
30 (10, 10, 10) Waltz "You Light Up My Life"—Whitney Houston
25 (8, 8, 9) Freestyle "I Am What I Am"—Gloria Gaynor
Dance chart[edit]
Highest scoring dance
Lowest scoring dance
Couple
1
2
3
4
5
6
Kelly and Alec Waltz Rumba Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Samba Freestyle
John and Charlotte Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Tango Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble Quickstep Freestyle
Joey and Ashly Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Jive Samba Viennese Waltz Foxtrot Paso doble
Rachel and Jonathan Waltz Rumba Tango Samba Viennese Waltz
Evander and Edyta Cha-cha-cha Quickstep Jive
Trista and Louis Waltz Rumba
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2005-06-08). "'Dancing With the Stars' Debuts in 2nd Place". FoxNews. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ Maynard, John (2005-07-13). "ABC Cuts In: 'Dancing' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20050521021850/http://abc.go.com/primetime/dancing/bios/cast.html
Jump up ^ "Dancing with the Stars: Episode 101". TV.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Dancing with the Stars: Episode 102". TV.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Dancing with the Stars: Episode 103". TV.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Dancing with the Stars: Episode 104". TV.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Dancing with the Stars: Episode 105". TV.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Dancing with the Stars: Episode 106". TV.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
External links[edit]
Official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Participants
List of competitors
Winners
Celebrity
Kelly Monaco
Drew Lachey
Emmitt Smith
Apolo Anton Ohno
Hélio Castroneves
Kristi Yamaguchi
Brooke Burke
Shawn Johnson
Donny Osmond
Nicole Scherzinger
Jennifer Grey
Hines Ward
J.R. Martinez
Donald Driver
Melissa Rycroft
Kellie Pickler
Amber Riley
Meryl Davis
Alfonso Ribeiro
Rumer Willis
Bindi Irwin
Nyle DiMarco
Laurie Hernandez
Rashad Jennings
Jordan Fisher
Professional
Alec Mazo
Cheryl Burke
Julianne Hough
Mark Ballas
Derek Hough
Kym Johnson
Karina Smirnoff
Peta Murgatroyd
Tony Dovolani
Maksim Chmerkovskiy
Witney Carson
Valentin Chmerkovskiy
Emma Slater
Lindsay Arnold
Spin-off
Dancing with the Stars Junior
Games
Dancing with the Stars
We Dance!
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_1)&oldid=809378398"
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