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Amnesia: The Dark Descent
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Amnesia: The Dark Descent
Developer(s)
Frictional Games
Publisher(s)
Frictional Games
Designer(s)
Thomas Grip
Jens Nilsson
Programmer(s)
Thomas Grip
Luis Rodero Morales
Artist(s)
Marcus Johansson
Marc Nicander
Writer(s)
Mikael Hedberg
Composer(s)
Mikko Tarmia
Engine
HPL Engine 2
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
Mac OS X
Linux
PlayStation 4
Release
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
WW: 8 September 2010
PlayStation 4
WW: 22 November 2016
Genre(s)
Survival horror[1]
Mode(s)
Single-player
Amnesia: The Dark Descent is a survival horror video game by Frictional Games,[2] released for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and PlayStation 4 platforms. The game features a protagonist named Daniel exploring a dark and foreboding castle, while trying to maintain his sanity by avoiding monsters and other terrifying obstructions.[3] The game was critically well received, earning two awards from the Independent Games Festival and numerous positive reviews.[4]
Originally released independently via online distribution, the game has since been published in retail by 1C Company in Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as THQ in North America.[5][6][7] A collection of five short stories set in the world of Amnesia, written by Mikael Hedberg and illustrated by the game's concept artists, was also made available.[8] In addition, the game's soundtrack is available for purchase and a free content expansion Justine has been released, as well as many fan-made expansions and stories for its unique "Custom Story" gamemode.[9] The Amnesia Collection – which contains The Dark Descent, its Amnesia: Justine expansion and the sequel, A Machine for Pigs – was released for PlayStation 4 on 22 November 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Plot
2.1 Amnesia: Justine downloadable content
3 Development
3.1 Audio
4 Downloadable content
4.1 Custom stories
5 Reception
6 Sequel
7 References
8 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Daniel encounters one of the monsters in the castle.
In a similar vein to the developer Frictional Games' previous games, Amnesia is an adventure game played from a first-person perspective. The game retains the physical object interaction used in the Penumbra series, allowing for physics-based puzzles and interactions such as opening doors and fixing machinery.[3] Few in-game objects are operated by toggle; to open a door, for instance, the player must hold down a mouse button and then push (or pull) the mouse. This gives the player stealth, allowing them to peek out a barely-opened door or open it slowly to sneak away, but also adds to the player's sense of helplessness, as it is now entirely possible to attempt to push open a "pull" door whilst danger approaches from behind.
In addition to a health indicator, Daniel's sanity must be managed. Being in darkness too long, witnessing unsettling events, or staring at monsters will reduce Daniel's sanity, causing visual and auditory hallucinations and drawing the attention of monsters. Light sources help restore sanity, and if none are available Daniel may use tinderboxes to ignite candles in wall sconces and candelabra, or deploy an oil-burning lantern found near the beginning of the game. However, the number of tinderboxes and the amount of oil available are both limited, and standing in a light source also makes the player more noticeable to monsters. The player must balance the amount of time Daniel spends in light and shadow. Sanity is fully restored once Daniel completes an objective or progresses the game's story. It may also be restored by staying in the shadows until Daniel passes out, but this leaves him extremely vulnerable to any nearby monsters.
If a monster spots Daniel, it will chase him until he's out of sight. If spotted, Daniel must flee, as Amnesia does not give the player access to weapons. Daniel must find hiding places or barricade doors with rocks, chairs and other obstacles; however, monsters are capable of tearing down doors in their path and kicking obstacles out of the way, and move extremely fast once they have spotted their prey. Players can also choose to hide Daniel in the shadows, at cost to sanity. Monsters who lose sight of Daniel will search for him for a time, but will eventually leave and vanish. They can also choose, preferably while being chased, to pick up an object and throw it to the monster, temporarily stunning the monster for about two seconds and giving Daniel some extra distance.
Plot[edit]
In late August 1839, Daniel, a young man from London, awakens in the dark and empty halls of the Prussian Brennenburg Castle with little to no memory about himself or his past.[2] All he can remember is his name, that he lives in Mayfair and that something is hunting him.[10][11] He has a note written to himself, which informs him that he has deliberately erased his own memory and is being hunted by a "shadow", and instructs him to descend into the Inner Sanctum of the castle in order to find and kill its baron, Alexander. As he makes his way through the castle, Daniel gradually learns both about its mysteries and about his own past, through notes and diaries he finds as well as through sudden flashbacks and visions. He also finds himself followed by an unearthly presence – the Shadow – manifesting itself through fleshy, acidic growths spreading through the castle, and encounters terrifying humans-turned-monsters known as "gatherers" from whom he must hide or flee.
Throughout the game, Daniel collects his own diaries which reveal that in May, he had gone on an archaeological expedition with a professor Herbert, who sought to excavate the tomb of Tin Hinan, buried in the Algerian desert. Separated from his men in the tomb, Daniel discovered a mystical orb and felt it calling to him, entering into a trance when he held it. Afterwards, Herbert sent him back to London to recover and he brought the orb with him. Engrossed in its other-worldly quality, he consulted books and educated men about the orb's nature, finding that others have been known to exist, and wrote letters to people from Herbert's address book. He began to be plagued by nightmares, and found that Herbert's expedition has disappeared and the men he had recently consulted have suffered horrible deaths. Feeling desperate and hunted, he decided to accept the invitation of Alexander, who had replied to his letter by offering him protection at Brennenburg. After his arrival, the baron told him that he is being followed by the orb's "shadow" or "guardian", which will kill anything in its path to reclaim the orb, and that he should use the orb's power to fight back. Deep in the castle, he instructed Daniel in rituals supposedly serving to at least temporarily banish the Shadow, which included the killing and torture of imprisoned people, supposedly criminals. When they kidnapped the children of a farmer for what Alexander said would be the final banishment ritual, and Daniel killed one of the girls as she attempted to flee, he lost faith in Alexander, who left him for dead and descended into the Inner Sanctum alone with the orb. Broken, he decided to kill Alexander in revenge for making him a monster. He wiped his memory with an "amnesia" potion, thus setting up the events of the start of the game.
It is revealed that Alexander is not human, but rather a being from another dimension who arrived on Earth several centuries ago, establishing himself in Brennenburg under the guise of a baron and constantly prolonging his life with "vitae", a substance harvested from tortured humans, whom he has been hunting for this purpose. He has been seeking a way to use an orb to return to his dimension, and now needs to do this as soon as possible since he fears that other nobles no longer trust him. As Daniel nears the Inner Sanctum, he encounters Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, a man who had once studied the orbs with his student Johann Weyer and has since been kept alive and imprisoned by Alexander. He tells Daniel that Weyer has been able to harness the power of the orbs to travel between dimensions, which Alexander is preparing to do right now, and instructs him in finding the pieces of what used to be his own orb, which is needed to breach the Inner Sanctum. Agrippa also asks Daniel to take with him his head, which can be severed alive using a tonic invented by Weyer, and throw it into the inter-dimensional portal after Alexander opens it. Once Daniel enters the Inner Sanctum, there are three possible endings: he can let Alexander succeed, then be killed by the Shadow and descend into darkness, while Alexander tells him his sacrifice will be forever celebrated; he can prevent the portal from opening, then leave the castle content with his redemption after the Shadow kills only Alexander; or he can throw Agrippa's head into the portal, which leaves the Shadow to kill both Alexander and Daniel, though Agrippa promises to save Daniel from descending into darkness, calling upon Weyer to help him.
Amnesia: Justine downloadable content[edit]
The player takes control of an unnamed female character, who awakens with amnesia in a dungeon cell, accompanied only by a phonograph. This phonograph contains a recording by a woman named Justine, who tells the player character that she is the subject of a psychological test. The player character is then allowed to escape, or die trying.
The player character is presented with several puzzles to solve. In each, she has the option of simply abandoning the puzzle and walking away, but doing so will cause an innocent victim contained within (a doctor, a priest and a policeman) to die. She is also stalked by the Suitors, three monstrous characters whom Justine (through additional phonographs) reveals to be her own former paramours, now twisted by physical and psychological torture. The player character may also collect notes scattered throughout the testing environs, which give additional background information on the Suitors and Justine herself.
The game's exact ending depends on how many puzzles the player has chosen to solve, and thus how many victims survived. However, all of them proceed along roughly the same lines: after surviving the puzzle sections, the nameless female discovers a phonograph dangling from the ceiling, which causes the walls of the chamber to begin moving inward as though to squash the protagonist. She passes out, but awakens unharmed and begins to congratulate herself. The protagonist is Justine, who staged the entire experiment to see if she still had any compassion for humanity within herself. Armed with her new-found knowledge, she moves forward into the ending sequence, in which any surviving victims thank her (not realizing she does not intend to free them now that her memory is restored) and, if none were saved, the Suitors, trapped, shout threats upon her; it is also possible to change Justine's final lines if a hidden document is found in the Library. Then she goes upstairs back to her house to prepare herself to attend her guests for an imminent party.
Development[edit]
Work began on the game while Penumbra: Requiem was still being developed, with the company working on both projects at the same time.[12] The game was first known under two working titles: Unknown and Lux Tenebras. It was not until 13 November 2009 that it was announced as its current title, Amnesia, with the release of the game's website and a game trailer.[13][14] Initial designs of the game varied considerably from the final game, with the developers interested in reintroducing more combat elements similar to those utilized in their first commercial title Penumbra: Overture. The developers soon discovered that they encountered many of the same problems and difficulties that plagued the combat in that game however, and the design was further changed to be more similar to the style set out by Overture's sequel Penumbra: Black Plague.[15]
On 5 February 2010 it was announced that the game had reached the alpha stage of development on all platforms.[16][17][18] Two weeks later the developers released a new teaser trailer that showed actual game-play footage, and the developers began accepting pre-orders for the game through their website. Also revealed was that the game was at that point being tested on all three intended platforms. It was also announced that the game would be released simultaneously for all of them in August 2010.[19][20] This was later rescheduled, and the game was then expected to have a 8 September 2010 release.[21] It was then later announced on 27 August 2010 that the game had officially gone Gold and would soon be ready to sold.[22] On 3 September, the games demo was released containing selected parts of the gameplay and story. It was then successfully released on 8 September 2010.[23]
If the game reached 2000 pre-orders by 31 May 2010, Frictional promised it would release extra content for the game. The goal was finally met in early May, after the pre-orders were offered at a discount made available until 31 May. This was done due to the success of Penumbra: Overture as a part of the first Humble Indie Bundle.[24] The extra content was revealed to be commentary,[25] and they explained in the comments section of the same page that its intended function was similar to that of Valve Corporation's commentary system that began in the Half-Life 2 series.[26] The authors cite "Soul Made Flesh" by Carl Zimmer and older horror movies such as The Haunting as being inspirations for the mood and style of the game.[27]
Thomas Grip, one of the games main developers, would later write up a post-mortem of the game titled "The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia" for The Escapist, where he outlined in detail the process of the game's development, mostly focusing on its ever-changing design and the financial problems that plagued the developers for most of the game's development.[28]
A PlayStation 4 version – Amnesia Collection – was released on 22 November 2016 via PlayStation Network; this title includes The Dark Descent, its expansion Amnesia: Justine, and the sequel Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs.[29]
Just two days after its release on PS4 Frictional Games posted a tweet stating that the port managed to recoup all costs and "more".[30]
Audio[edit]
Amnesia: The Dark Descent (Original Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by Mikko Tarmia
Released
17 May 2011 (2011-05-17)
Genre
Video game soundtrack
Length
34:41
Label
The Sound of Fiction
The game's music was composed by Mikko Tarmia and released for download on 17 May 2011.
[show]Amnesia The Dark Descent Soundtrack track list
No.
Title
Length
1. "Menu Theme" 1:16
2. "Darkness" 1:16
3. "Lux Tenebras" 3:22
4. "Grand Hall" 1:27
5. "Ending: Alexander" 1:53
6. "Next To The Guardian" 1:49
7. "Theme For Unknown" 3:04
8. "Dark Water" 1:17
9. "Daniel's Room" 1:08
10. "Grunt's Appearance" 1:14
11. "Back Hall" 1:22
12. "Ending: Agrippa" 1:56
13. "Suitor Attacks" 1:15
14. "Basement Storage" 2:12
15. "Brennenburg Theme" 3:13
16. "Hub" 1:33
17. "Ending: Alexander" (alternative version) 2:13
18. "Bridges" 1:06
19. "The End" 2:05
Total length: 34:41
Downloadable content[edit]
On 12 April 2011 Frictional Games released an extra free level for owners of the Steam version of Amnesia. This additional campaign is set apart from Brennenburg Castle. Justine was released on Steam as a way to promote the upcoming release of Portal 2, as getting 100% on the campaign (all of the collectables, all of the analysis and making correct choices) unlocks a message from fictional company Aperture Science. The content was made available for all of the games supported platforms and versions as part of the Amnesia v1.2 update on 17 May 2011.[8]
Custom stories[edit]
It is possible to create custom stories for Amnesia that can then be loaded in the game.[31] Various tools for the HPL2 Engine have been released that allow the creation of own levels, models, particle effects and materials, using an interface similar to Valve's Hammer Editing Software.[32] Game logic can be implemented using the AngelScript scripting language.[33][34][35] A prominent example of a custom story is Penumbra: Necrologue, a fan-made sequel to Frictional's earlier Penumbra series.
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate scores
Aggregator
Score
GameRankings 86.10%[36]
Metacritic 85/100[37]
Review scores
Publication
Score
Adventure Gamers [38]
Eurogamer 8/10[39]
Game Informer 9.25/10[40]
IGN 8.5/10[41]
PC Gamer (UK) 88%[42]
Igromania 8/10[43]
Amnesia: The Dark Descent has received critical acclaim with consistent praise given for the ominous atmosphere and horror elements. John Walker of Rock, Paper, Shotgun even went as far as to say that "I think it is safe to say that Amnesia is the most successfully frightening game to have been made."[44] X-Play added Amnesia to its top ten PC games saying "There are a lot of so-called "horror" games out there, this one is no joke. You'll be rocking back and forth and crying in no time".
Frictional Games did show some trepidation over the game's initial sales after the first week,[45] but were encouraged by continued sales throughout the first month after the game's release, with Frictional recouping all the expenses from creating Amnesia by early October 2010.[46] By the beginning of January 2011 the developer reported that nearly 200,000 units had been sold, declaring in response that "With these figures at hand, we must confess that it gives us new confidence for the PC."[47] The game kept gaining sales and in July 2011 it had sold almost 350,000 units.[48] At the 2011 Independent Games Festival Amnesia won awards for both "Excellence in Audio" and "Technical Excellence" along with the "Direct2Drive Vision Award" which included a $10,000 prize.[4]
A year after the original release of Amnesia, the developers revealed that they had sold around 391,102 units and were continuing to sell about 6000 units per month. They also released details about how much money each platform generated for them by analyzing the sales from their online store, with 70% of sales coming from Windows users and 15% coming from users of Linux and another 15% coming from users of Mac OS X. Frictional did however note that their store was the only place anyone could purchase the Linux version of the game, whereas the Mac OS X and Windows versions could be purchased from other sources, meaning that the total percentage of Linux sales is actually considerably smaller compared to other platforms taken collectively. Observing that their own Mac OS X sales did not go down from their own store even as services like Steam picked up the game for that platform, meaning that it did not steal customers from their store but instead opened up a new market, they decided this makes a good incentive for other stores to support Linux as well.[49] As of September 2012, the game sits at an estimated 1.4 million sales.[50]
As of 2018, GamesRadar ranks Amnesia: The Dark Descent as the 13th best horror game of all time out of 20.[51]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs
An indirect sequel called Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs was released on 10 September 2013,[52] developed by The Chinese Room and published by Frictional Games. The Chinese Room is known for its Source mod Dear Esther, which was later released as a standalone game to mostly positive reviews. Dan Pinchbeck, writer for The Chinese Room, has stated of the new Amnesia game: "It's not a direct sequel, in terms of it doesn't follow on from the story of Amnesia. It doesn't involve the same characters. The game will be set in an alternate history in the same universe."[53]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Amnesia: The Dark Descent for PC". GameRankings. Retrieved 5 February 2012. Age rating = Pegi 16, M for mature
^ Jump up to: a b Amnesia: The Dark Descent – Game Information Frictional Games
^ Jump up to: a b Amnesia: The Dark Descent – PC Hands On Eurogamer, 25 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b . Indie Rock: 2011 IGF Winners Announced Rock, Paper, Shotgun, 3 March 2011
Jump up ^ 1C-SoftClub/Snowball to publish Amnesia: The Dark Descent in Russia & Eastern Europe Frictional Games, 3 May 2010 (Article by Jens Nilsson)
Jump up ^ Chalk, Andy (16 February 2011). "Amnesia: The Dark Descent Coming to Retail". The Escapist. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Richard (16 February 2011). "THQ places Amnesia: The Dark Descent in a retail box". Joystiq. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Bardin, Maxim (17 November 2010). "Amnesia: Justine – Now Available To Everyone". Linux Gaming News. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Amnesia: The Dark Descent gets a free expansion! Frictional Games Blog, 12 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Interview With Frictional Games – Penumbra/Amnesia (Tgdb.nl) Archived 20 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Tgdb Entertainment, 15 May 2010
Jump up ^ E3 2010: We talk with Frictional Games about Amnesia: The Dark Descent Big Download, 19 June 2010
Jump up ^ Frictional Games On Penumbra And The Future Rock, Paper Shotgun, 17 February 2009
Jump up ^ "Amnesia: The Dark Descent Revealed". Blue's News. 14 November 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Amnesia: The Dark Descent Trailer". GamersHell. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Interview With Frictional Games – Amnesia Linux Gaming News, 25 November 2009
Jump up ^ Amnesia: The Dark Descent goes alpha Archived 11 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. LinuxGames, 7 February 2010
Jump up ^ Alpha – the beginning of the end! Frictional Games Blog
Jump up ^ Amnesia: The Dark Descent Reaches Alpha Inside Mac Games, 9 February 2010
Jump up ^ Amnesia: The Dark Descent – Teaser, Web Site & Pre-order Linux Gaming News, 19 February 2010
Jump up ^ Amnesia: The Dark Descent – Teaser, Web Site and Pre-Order CHARGED, 19 February 2010
Jump up ^ Disturbing details regarding the release of "Amnesia: The Dark Descent" revealed! Frictional Games, 22 June 2010
Jump up ^ Amnesia: The Dark Descent Gone Gold Linux Gaming News, 29 August 2010 (Article by Maxim Bardin)
Jump up ^ Scary New Horror Adventure Available for Linux Linux Journal, 13 September 2010 (Article by Susan Linton)
Jump up ^ Insane Amnesia Discount! Frictional Games, 5 May 2010
Jump up ^ "some commentary for the release" Frictional Games, 11 May 2010
Jump up ^ "similar to the way HL2ep2 does it" Frictional Games, 11 May 2010
Jump up ^ Thomas Grip of Frictional Games Speaks on Amnesia: The Dark Descent With GaeaTimes.com Gadgetophilia; 15 September 2010
Jump up ^ The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia The Escapist; 12 July 2011 (Article by Thomas Grip)
Jump up ^ Nunneley, Stephany (19 October 2016). "Amnesia Collection heads to PS4 in November". VG247. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Treese, Tyler (24 November 2016). "Amnesia Collection Already Turning a Profit For Frictional Games". Retrieved 26 November 2016.
Jump up ^ In The Games Of Madness: Editors are out! Frictional Games
Jump up ^ Tools – HPL2 Documentation Archived 18 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Frictional Games
Jump up ^ "Addons - Amnesia: The Dark Descent". Mod DB.
Jump up ^ "Mods - Amnesia: The Dark Descent". Mod DB.
Jump up ^ Finished Custom Stories for Download Frictional Games Forum
Jump up ^ "Amnesia: The Dark Descent Reviews". GameRankings. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Amnesia: The Dark Descent Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Berens, Nathaniel (8 September 2010). "review: Amnesia: The Dark Descent". Adventure Gamers. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Smith, Quintin (7 September 2010). "Amnesia: The Dark Descent PC Review". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Biessener, Adam (8 September 2010). "Horror Done Right". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Onyett, Charles (3 September 2010). "Amnesia: The Dark Descent Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Bickham, Al (6 September 2010). "Amnesia: The Dark Descent review". PC Gamer Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Smith, Quintin (7 September 2010). "Amnesia: The Dark Descent PC Review". Igromania. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Wot I Think: Amnesia – The Dark Descent Rock, Paper, Shotgun, 7 September 2010 (Article by John Walker)
Jump up ^ One week after the release of Amnesia Frictional Games Blog, 15 September 2010
Jump up ^ One Month after Amnesia's release Frictional Games Blog, 8 October 2010
Jump up ^ Four months after Amnesia's release Frictional Games Blog, 7 January 2011
Jump up ^ The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia The Escapist, 12 July 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011
Jump up ^ Amnesia – One year later Frictional Games Blog, 9 September 2011
Jump up ^ "Amnesia, two years later".
Jump up ^ "The 20 best horror games of all time". Social Blade. GamesRadar Staff. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Hilliard, Kyle (16 August 2013). "Amnesia: A Machine For Pigs Coming Next Month". Game Informer. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
Jump up ^ de Matos, Xav. "Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs is the next title from Frictional Games and Dear Esther dev". Joystiq. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
External links[edit]
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Amnesia: The Dark Descent at MobyGames
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text:
September 16
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 April 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
<<
September
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Su
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Fr
Sa
01
02 03 04 05 06 07 08
09 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
2018
September 16 in recent years
2017 (Saturday)
2016 (Friday)
2015 (Wednesday)
2014 (Tuesday)
2013 (Monday)
2012 (Sunday)
2011 (Friday)
2010 (Thursday)
2009 (Wednesday)
2008 (Tuesday)
Date
September 16 is the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 106 days remaining until the end of the year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Events
2 Births
3 Deaths
4 Holidays and observances
5 References
6 External links
Events[edit]
307 – Emperor Severus II is captured and imprisoned at Tres Tabernae. He is later executed (or forced to commit suicide) after Galerius unsuccessfully invades Italy.
1400 – Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers.
1620 – Pilgrims set sail from England on the Mayflower.
1701 – James Francis Edward Stuart, sometimes called the "Old Pretender", becomes the Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England and Scotland.
1732 – In Campo Maior, Portugal, a storm hits the Armory and a violent explosion ensues, killing two thirds of its inhabitants.
1776 – American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Harlem Heights is fought.
1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah begins.
1810 – With the Grito de Dolores, Father Miguel Hidalgo begins Mexico's fight for independence from Spain.
1863 – Robert College, in Istanbul, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.
1880 – The Cornell Daily Sun prints its first issue in Ithaca, New York. The Sun is the nation's oldest, continuously-independent college daily.
1893 – Settlers make a land run for prime land in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma.
1908 – The General Motors Corporation is founded.
1914 – World War I: The Siege of Przemyśl (present-day Poland) begins.
1920 – The Wall Street bombing: A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the J. P. Morgan building in New York City killing 38 and injuring 400.
1940 – World War II: Italian troops conquer Sidi Barrani.
1943 – World War II: The German Tenth Army reports that it can no longer contain the Allied bridgehead around Salerno.
1945 – World War II: The surrender of the Japanese troops in Hong Kong is accepted by Royal Navy Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt.
1947 – Typhoon Kathleen hits Saitama, Tokyo and Tone River area, at least 1,930 killed.
1955 – The military coup to unseat President Juan Perón of Argentina is launched at midnight.
1955 – A Soviet Navy Zulu-class submarine becomes the first to launch a ballistic missile.
1956 – TCN-9 Sydney is the first Australian television station to commence regular broadcasts.
1959 – The first successful photocopier, the Xerox 914, is introduced in a demonstration on live television from New York City.
1961 – The United States National Hurricane Research Project drops eight cylinders of silver iodide into the eyewall of Hurricane Esther. Wind speed reduces by 10%, giving rise to Project Stormfury.
1961 – Typhoon Nancy, with possibly the strongest winds ever measured in a tropical cyclone, makes landfall in Osaka, Japan, killing 173 people.
1961 – Pakistan establishes its Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission with Abdus Salam as its head.
1963 – Malaysia is formed from the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. However, Singapore soon leaves this new country.
1966 – The Metropolitan Opera House opens at Lincoln Center in New York City with the world premiere of Samuel Barber's opera Antony and Cleopatra.
1970 – King Hussein of Jordan declares military rule following the hijacking of four civilian airliners by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). This results in the formation of the Black September Palestinian paramilitary unit.
1975 – Papua New Guinea gains independence from Australia.
1975 – Cape Verde, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe join the United Nations.
1975 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-31 interceptor makes its maiden flight.
1976 – Armenian champion swimmer Shavarsh Karapetyan saves 20 people from a trolleybus that had fallen into a Yerevan reservoir.
1978 – The 7.4 Mw Tabas earthquake affects the city of Tabas, Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 15,000 people were killed.
1979 – East German balloon escape: Eight people escaped from East Germany to the west in a homemade hot air balloon.
1982 – Lebanon War: The Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon takes place.
1987 – The Montreal Protocol is signed to protect the ozone layer from depletion.
1990 – The railroad between the People's Republic of China and Kazakhstan is completed at Dostyk, adding a sizable link to the concept of the Eurasian Land Bridge.
1992 – The trial of the deposed Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega ends in the United States with a 40-year sentence for drug trafficking and money laundering.
1992 – Black Wednesday: The pound is forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism by currency speculators and is forced to devalue against the German mark.
1994 – The British government lifts the broadcasting ban imposed against members of Sinn Féin and Irish paramilitary groups in 1988.
2004 – Hurricane Ivan makes landfall in Gulf Shores, Alabama as a Category 3 hurricane.
2005 – The Camorra organized crime boss Paolo Di Lauro is arrested in Naples, Italy.
2007 – One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 carrying 128 crew and passengers crashes in Thailand killing 89 people.
2007 – Mercenaries working for Blackwater Worldwide shoot and kill 17 Iraqis in Nisour Square, Baghdad
2013 – A gunman kills twelve people at the Navy Yard in Washington, D.C.
2014 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launches its Kobani offensive against Syrian–Kurdish forces.
Births[edit]
AD 16 – Julia Drusilla, Roman daughter of Germanicus (d. 38)
508 – Yuan Di, emperor of the Liang dynasty (d. 555)
1295 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (d. 1360)
1462 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (d. 1525)
1507 – Jiajing Emperor of China (d. 1567)
1541 – Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, English nobleman (died 1576)
1557 – Jacques Mauduit, French composer (d. 1627)
1615 – Heinrich Bach, German organist and composer (d. 1692)
1625 – Gregorio Barbarigo, Roman Catholic saint (d. 1697)
1651 – Engelbert Kaempfer, German physician and botanist (d. 1716)
1666 – Antoine Parent, French mathematician and theorist (d. 1716)
1678 – Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, English philosopher and politician, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (d. 1751)
1716 – Angelo Maria Amorevoli, Italian tenor and actor (d. 1798)
1722 – Gabriel Christie, Scottish-Canadian general (d. 1799)
1725 – Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist, zoologist, and author (d. 1815)
1745 – Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian field marshal (d. 1813)
1777 – Nathan Mayer Rothschild, German-English banker and financier (d. 1836)
1782 – Daoguang Emperor of China (d. 1850)
1823 – Francis Parkman, American historian and author (d. 1893)
1827 – Jean Albert Gaudry, French geologist and paleontologist (d. 1908)
1828 – Per Pålsson, Swedish murderer (d. 1914)
1830 – Patrick Francis Moran, Irish-Australian cardinal (d. 1911)
1837 – Pedro V of Portugal (d. 1861)
1838 – James J. Hill, Canadian-American railroad executive (d. 1916)
1844 – Paul Taffanel, French flute player and conductor (d. 1908)
1846 – Anna Kingsford, English author, poet, and activist (d. 1888)
1853 – Albrecht Kossel, German physician and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1927)
1858 – Edward Marshall Hall, English lawyer and politician (d. 1927)
1858 – Bonar Law, Canadian-Scottish banker and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1923)
1859 – Yuan Shikai, Chinese general and politician, President of the Republic of China (d. 1916)
1861 – Miriam Benjamin, African-American educator and inventor (d. 1947)
1866 – Georg Voigt, German lawyer and politician, Mayor of Marburg (d. 1927)
1870 – John Pius Boland, Irish tennis player and politician (d. 1958)
1875 – James Cash Penney, American businessman and philanthropist, founded J. C. Penney (d. 1971)
1876 – Marvin Hart, American boxer (d. 1931)
1877 – Jacob Schick, American-Canadian inventor and businessman, founded Schick Razors (d. 1937)
1878 – Karl Albiker, German sculptor, lithographer, and educator (d. 1961)
1880 – Clara Ayres, American nurse (d. 1917)
1880 – Alfred Noyes, English author, poet, and playwright (d. 1958)
1881 – Clive Bell, English philosopher and critic (d. 1964)
1883 – T. E. Hulme, English poet and critic (d. 1917)
1886 – Jean Arp, Alsatian sculptor and painter (d. 1966)
1887 – Nadia Boulanger, French composer and educator (d. 1979)
1888 – W. O. Bentley, English race car driver and engineer, founded Bentley Motors Limited (d. 1971)
1888 – Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Finnish author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
1890 – Avigdor Hameiri, Israeli author (d. 1970)
1891 – Karl Dönitz, German admiral and politician, President of Germany (d. 1980)
1891 – Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-German spy (d. 1972)
1893 – Alexander Korda, Hungarian-English director, producer, and screenwiter (d. 1956)
1893 – Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungarian-American physiologist and biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
1895 – Zainal Abidin Ahmad, Malaysian author and scholar (d. 1973)
1897 – Milt Franklyn, American composer (d. 1962)
1898 – H. A. Rey, American author and illustrator, co-created Curious George (d. 1977)
1899 – Hans Swarowsky, Hungarian-Austrian conductor and educator (d. 1975)
1901 – Josef Schächter, Austrian rabbi and philosopher from the Vienna Circle (d. 1994)
1905 – Vladimír Holan, Czech poet and author (d. 1980)
1906 – Jack Churchill, Sri Lankan-English colonel (d. 1996)
1910 – Erich Kempka, German colonel and chauffeur (d. 1975)
1910 – Karl Kling, German race car driver and manager (d. 2003)
1911 – Wilfred Burchett, Australian journalist and author (d. 1983)
1911 – Paul Henning, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2005)
1914 – Allen Funt, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1999)
1915 – Cy Walter, American pianist (d. 1968)
1916 – Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw, Caribbean politician, 1st Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (d. 1978)
1916 – Frank Farrell, Australian rugby league player and policeman (d. 1985)
1916 – M. S. Subbulakshmi, an Indian Carnatic Vocalist (d. 2004)
1916 – Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian cricketer, umpire, and politician (d. 1999)
1918 – Władysław Kędra, Polish pianist (d. 1968)
1919 – Bill Daley, American football player and sportscaster (d. 2015)
1919 – Laurence J. Peter, Canadian-American hierarchiologist and educator (d. 1990)
1919 – Andy Russell, American singer and actor (d. 1992)
1920 – Staryl C. Austin, American air force general (d. 2015)
1920 – Sheila Quinn, English nurse and educator (d. 2016)
1920 – Art Sansom, American cartoonist (d. 1991)
1921 – Ursula Franklin, German-Canadian metallurgist (d. 2016)
1921 – Jon Hendricks, American singer-songwriter (d. 2017)
1921 – Korla Pandit, American pianist and composer (d. 1998)
1922 – Guy Hamilton, French-English director and screenwriter (d. 2016)
1922 – Janis Paige, American actress and singer
1923 – Lee Kuan Yew, Singaporean lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2015)
1924 – Lauren Bacall, American actress (d. 2014)
1925 – Charlie Byrd, American singer and guitarist (d. 1999)
1925 – Charles Haughey, Irish accountant, lawyer, and politician, 7th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 2006)
1925 – B.B. King, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (d. 2015)
1926 – Eric Gross, Austrian-Australian pianist and composer (d. 2011)
1926 – John Knowles, American novelist (d. 2001)
1926 – Rogers McKee, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1926 – Robert H. Schuller, American pastor and author (d. 2015)
1927 – Peter Falk, American actor (d. 2011)
1927 – Jack Kelly, American actor and politician (d. 1992)
1927 – Sadako Ogata, Japanese academic and diplomat, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
1928 – Rex Trailer, American television host, actor, and singer (d. 2013)
1928 – Lady Gwen Thompson, English author and educator (d. 1986)
1929 – Stan Stephens, American politician, 20th Governor of Montana
1930 – Anne Francis, American actress (d. 2011)
1931 – K. D. Arulpragasam, Sri Lankan zoologist and academic (d. 2003)
1931 – Little Willie Littlefield, American-Dutch singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2013)
1932 – Micky Stewart, English cricketer and coach
1933 – Steve Shirley, German-English businesswoman and philanthropist, founded Xansa
1934 – Elgin Baylor, American basketball player and coach
1934 – George Chakiris, American actor, singer, and dancer
1934 – Ronnie Drew, Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2008)
1934 – Dick Heckstall-Smith, English saxophonist (d. 2004)
1935 – Carl Andre, American sculptor
1935 – Billy Boy Arnold, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1935 – Jules Bass, American director, producer, composer, and author
1935 – Bob Kiley, American-English businessman (d. 2016)
1935 – Esther Vilar, Argentinian-German author and playwright
1937 – Aleksandr Medved, Russian wrestler
1937 – Vince Naimoli, American businessman and philanthropist
1939 – Breyten Breytenbach, South African-French poet and painter
1939 – Bill McGill, American basketball player (d. 2014)
1940 – Hamiet Bluiett, American saxophonist and composer
1940 – Butch Buchholz, American tennis player
1941 – Joe Butler, American singer, autoharp player, and drummer
1941 – Richard Perle, American political scientist and politician
1942 – Bernie Calvert, English bass player and keyboard player
1942 – Susan L. Graham, American computer scientist and academic
1943 – Wang Houjun, Chinese footballer and manager (d. 2012)
1943 – James Alan McPherson, American short story writer and essayist (d. 2016)
1944 – Linda Kaye Henning, American actress
1944 – Betty Kelly, American soul/R&B singer (Martha and the Vandellas)
1946 – Sonny LeMaire, American country music singer-songwriter and bass player (Exile)
1946 – Mike Reynolds, Australian lawyer and politician
1946 – Camilo Sesto, Spanish singer-songwriter and producer
1947 – Dusty Hughes, English director and playwright
1948 – Ron Blair, American bass player
1948 – Rosemary Casals, American tennis player and sportscaster
1948 – Julia Donaldson, English author and playwright
1948 – Kenney Jones, English drummer
1948 – Susan Ruttan, American actress
1949 – Ed Begley Jr., American actor and environmental activist
1950 – David Bellamy, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1950 – Henry Louis Gates Jr., American historian, scholar, and journalist
1950 – Loyd Grossman, American-English singer, guitarist, and television host
1951 – Vince Bell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1951 – Andy Irvine, Scottish rugby player and coach
1952 – Tony Cunningham, English educator and politician
1952 – Česlovas Laurinavičius, Lithuanian historian
1952 – Karen Muir, South African swimmer and physician (d. 2013)
1952 – Mickey Rourke, American boxer and actor
1953 – Kurt Fuller, American character actor
1953 – Alan Barton, English singer and guitarist (d. 1995)
1953 – Nancy Huston, Canadian-American author and translator
1953 – Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown, English journalist and politician, 2nd Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations
1953 – Jerry Pate, American golfer and sportscaster
1953 – Manuel Pellegrini, Chilean footballer and manager
1953 – Eric Vail, Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster
1954 – Sanjoy Bandopadhyay, Indian sitar player and composer
1954 – Earl Klugh, American guitarist and composer
1954 – William McKeen, American author and academic
1954 – Colin Newman, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1954 – Frank Reed, American singer-songwriter (d. 2014)
1954 – Roger Woolley, Australian cricketer
1955 – Ron Brewer, American basketball player
1955 – Robin Yount, American baseball player and coach
1956 – Maggie Atkinson, English educator and civil servant
1956 – David Copperfield, American magician and actor
1956 – Ross Greenberg, American journalist and antivirus pioneer (d. 2017)
1956 – Dave Schulthise, American bass player (d. 2004)
1956 – Kazuharu Sonoda, Japanese wrestler (d. 1987)
1957 – DC Drake, American wrestler
1957 – Clara Furse, English businesswoman
1957 – Norman Lamb, English lawyer and politician
1957 – David McCreery, Northern Irish footballer and manager
1957 – Anca Parghel, Romanian singer and pianist (d. 2008)
1958 – Orel Hershiser, American baseball player and coach
1958 – Neville Southall, Welsh footballer and manager
1958 – Jennifer Tilly, American actress and poker player
1959 – Peter Keleghan, Canadian actor and screenwriter
1959 – Tim Raines, American baseball player, coach, and manager
1959 – Dave Richardson, South African cricketer, manager, and lawyer
1959 – Victory Tischler-Blue, American bass player, director, and producer
1960 – Graham Haynes, American trumpet player and composer
1960 – Mike Mignola, American author and illustrator
1961 – Bilinda Butcher, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1961 – Philip Lafon, Canadian wrestler
1961 – Annamária Szalai, Hungarian journalist, economist, and politician (d. 2013)
1962 – Seth, Canadian author and illustrator
1963 – Richard Marx, American singer-songwriter and producer
1964 – Mary Coustas, Australian actress and screenwriter
1964 – Rossy de Palma, Spanish-French model and actress
1964 – Dave Sabo, American guitarist and songwriter
1964 – Molly Shannon, American actress, comedian and producer
1965 – Katy Kurtzman, American actress and producer
1965 – Karl-Heinz Riedle, German footballer and manager
1966 – John Bel Edwards, American attorney and politician
1966 – Wil McCarthy, American author and playwright
1966 – Scott Workman, American stuntman and actor (d. 2013)
1966 – Kevin Young, American hurdler
1967 – Hiroya Oku, Japanese author and illustrator
1968 – Marc Anthony, American singer-songwriter, actor, and producer
1968 – Walt Becker, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1968 – Tommy Keane, Irish footballer (d. 2012)
1969 – Justine Frischmann, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1969 – Janno Gibbs, Filipino singer-songwriter and actor
1970 – Mark Schultz, American singer-songwriter
1971 – Joel Heyman, American actor, producer, and screenwriter
1971 – Amy Poehler, American actress, comedian, and producer
1971 – Richard Slinger, American wrestler
1972 – Mark Bruener, American football player
1972 – Mike Doyle, American actor and producer
1972 – Alessandro Nunziati, Italian singer-songwriter and producer
1973 – George Corrie, English footballer
1973 – Camiel Eurlings, Dutch businessman and member of the International Olympic Committee
1973 – Justin Haythe, American author and screenwriter
1973 – Alexander Vinokourov, Kazakh cyclist and manager
1974 – Loona, Dutch singer-songwriter and dancer
1974 – Monique Brumby, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1974 – Joaquín Castro, American lawyer and politician
1974 – Julian Castro, American lawyer and politician, 16th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1975 – Jason Leffler, American race car driver (d. 2013)
1975 – Shannon Noll, Australian singer-songwriter
1976 – Elīna Garanča, Latvian soprano
1976 – Tina Barrett, English singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
1976 – Greg Buckner, American basketball player and coach
1977 – Gregory Ball, American captain and politician
1977 – Musiq Soulchild, American singer-songwriter
1978 – Dan Dickau, American basketball player and coach
1978 – Claudia Marx, German runner
1978 – Sensei, Mexican wrestler
1978 – Brian Sims, American lawyer, politician, and LGBT activist
1979 – Fanny, French singer
1979 – Bobby Korecky, American baseball player
1980 – Patrik Štefan, Czech ice hockey player
1980 – Kenny van Weeghel, Dutch wheelchair racer
1981 – Fan Bingbing, Chinese actress, singer, and producer
1981 – Alexis Bledel, American actress
1981 – LaVerne Jones-Ferrette, Virgin Islander sprinter
1982 – Leon Knight, English footballer
1982 – Michele Rizzo, Italian rugby player
1982 – Fiete Sykora, German footballer
1982 – Ryan Thomson, Scottish footballer
1983 – John Afoa, New Zealand rugby player
1983 – Katerine Avgoustakis, Belgian singer and pianist
1983 – Jennifer Blake, Canadian wrestler
1983 – Kirsty Coventry, Zimbabwean swimmer
1983 – Brandon Moss, American baseball player
1983 – Legedu Naanee, American football player
1984 – Sabrina Bryan, American singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress
1984 – Serginho Catarinense, Brazilian footballer
1984 – Katie Melua, Georgian-English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1985 – Max Minghella, English actor
1986 – Gordon Beckham, American baseball player
1986 – Kyla Pratt, American actress and singer
1987 – Merve Boluğur, Turkish actress
1987 – Kyle Lafferty, Irish footballer
1987 – Louis Ngwat-Mahop, Cameroonian footballer
1987 – Burry Stander, South African cyclist (d. 2013)
1987 – Travis Wall, American dancer and choreographer
1988 – Teddy Geiger, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
1989 – Lancelot Bravado, American wrestler
1989 – Braden Holtby, Canadian ice hockey player
1989 – José Salomón Rondón, Venezuelan footballer
1989 – Dustin Tokarski, Canadian ice hockey player
1991 – Diāna Bukājeva, Latvian tennis player
1991 – Alexandra Paul, Canadian figure skater
1991 – Kyle Smith, English motorcycle racer
1992 – Vytenis Čižauskas, Lithuanian basketball player
1992 – Nick Jonas, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1992 – Jake Roche, English singer-songwriter and actor
1993 – Sam Byram, English footballer
1994 – Mitchell Moses, Australian rugby league player
Deaths[edit]
307 – Flavius Valerius Severus, Roman emperor
655 – Pope Martin I
1087 – Pope Victor III (b. 1026)
1100 – Bernold of Constance, German priest and historian (b. 1054)
1226 – Pandulf Verraccio, Roman ecclesiastical politician
1343 – Philip III of Navarre (b. 1306)
1345 – John IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1295)
1360 – William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (b. 1319)
1380 – Charles V of France (b. 1338)
1394 – Antipope Clement VII (b. 1342)
1406 – Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow (b. 1336)
1498 – Tomás de Torquemada, Spanish friar (b. 1420)
1581 – Peter Niers, notorious German bandit (date of birth unknown)
1583 – Catherine Jagiellon, queen of John II of Sweden (b. 1526)
1589 – Michael Baius, Belgian theologian and academic (b. 1513)
1607 – Mary Stuart, English-Scottish princess (b. 1605)
1672 – Anne Bradstreet, English poet (b. 1612)
1701 – James II of England (b. 1633)
1736 – Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Polish-Dutch physicist and engineer, invented the thermometer (b. 1686)
1792 – Nguyễn Huệ, Vietnamese emperor (b. 1753)
1803 – Nicolas Baudin, French explorer, hydrographer, and cartographer (b. 1754)
1819 – John Jeffries, American physician and surgeon (b. 1744)
1824 – Louis XVIII of France (b. 1755)
1843 – Ezekiel Hart, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1770)
1845 – Thomas Davis, Irish poet and publisher (b. 1814)
1865 – Christian de Meza, Danish general (b. 1792)
1887 – Sakaigawa Namiemon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 14th Yokozuna (b. 1841)
1896 – Antônio Carlos Gomes, Brazilian composer (b. 1836)
1896 – Pavlos Kalligas, Greek jurist and politician, Foreign Minister of Greece (b. 1814)
1898 – Ramón Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican surgeon and politician (b. 1827)
1911 – Edward Whymper, English-French mountaineer, explorer, and author (b. 1840)
1914 – C. X. Larrabee, American businessman (b. 1843)
1925 – Leo Fall, Czech-Austrian composer (b. 1873)
1925 – Alexander Friedmann, Russian physicist and mathematician (b. 1888)
1931 – Omar Mukhtar, Libyan theorist and educator (b. 1862)
1932 – Ronald Ross, Indian-English physician and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
1933 – George Gore, American baseball player and manager (b. 1857)
1936 – Jean-Baptiste Charcot, French physician and explorer (b. 1867)
1940 – Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington, English-Scottish politician, 8th Governor of Queensland (b. 1860)
1944 – Gustav Bauer, German journalist and politician, 11th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1870)
1945 – John McCormack, Irish tenor and actor (b. 1884)
1946 – James Hopwood Jeans, English physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (b. 1877)
1950 – Pedro de Cordoba, American actor (b. 1881)
1955 – Leo Amery, Indian-English journalist and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (b. 1873)
1961 – Hasan Polatkan, Turkish politician, 15th Turkish Minister of Finance (b. 1915)
1961 – Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, Turkish diplomat and politician, 21st Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1910)
1965 – Ahn Eak-tai, North Korean composer and conductor (b. 1906)
1965 – Fred Quimby, American animator and producer (b. 1886)
1973 – Víctor Jara, Chilean singer-songwriter, teacher and theatre director (b. 1932)
1976 – Bertha Lutz, Brazilian feminist and scientist (b. 1894)
1977 – Marc Bolan, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1947)
1977 – Maria Callas, Greek operatic soprano (b. 1923)
1980 – Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist and philosopher (b. 1896)
1984 – Louis Réard, French engineer and fashion designer, created the bikini (b. 1897)
1984 – Richard Brautigan, American novelist, poet, and short story writer (b. 1935)
1987 – Christopher Soames, English soldier and politician, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. 1920)
1991 – Olga Spessivtseva, Russian-American ballerina (b. 1895)
1992 – Millicent Fenwick, American journalist and politician (b. 1910)
1993 – František Jílek, Czech conductor (b. 1913)
1993 – Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian poet and activist (b. 1920)
1996 – McGeorge Bundy, American intelligence officer and diplomat, 6th United States National Security Advisor (b. 1919)
1996 – Gene Nelson, American actor, dancer, and director (b. 1920)
2001 – Samuel Z. Arkoff, American producer (b. 1918)
2002 – James Gregory, American actor (b. 1911)
2003 – Sheb Wooley, American singer-songwriter (b. 1921)
2004 – Michael Donaghy, American-English poet and author (b. 1954)
2005 – Harry Freedman, Canadian horn player, composer, and educator (b. 1922)
2005 – Gordon Gould, American physicist and academic, invented the laser (b. 1920)
2006 – Floyd Curry, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1925)
2007 – Robert Jordan, American engineer and author (b. 1948)
2008 – Norman Whitfield, American songwriter and producer (b. 1940)
2009 – Myles Brand, American philosopher and academic (b. 1942)
2009 – Ernst Märzendorfer, Austrian conductor (b. 1921)
2009 – Mary Travers, American singer-songwriter (b. 1936)
2010 – George N. Parks, American educator and bandleader (b. 1953)
2010 – Jim Towers, English footballer (b. 1933)
2011 – Willie "Big Eyes" Smith, American singer-songwriter, harmonica player, and drummer (b. 1936)
2012 – Roman Kroitor, Canadian director and producer, co-founded IMAX (b. 1926)
2012 – Julien J. LeBourgeois, American admiral (b. 1923)
2012 – Friedrich Zimmermann, German lawyer and politician, German Federal Minister of the Interior (b. 1925)
2013 – Scott Adams, American football player (b. 1966)
2013 – Ratiba El-Hefny, Egyptian soprano and director (b. 1931)
2013 – Patsy Swayze, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1927)
2014 – H. M. Fowler American sergeant and politician (b. 1918)
2015 – Guy Béart, Egyptian-French singer-songwriter (b. 1930)
2015 – Julio Brady, Virgin Islander lawyer, judge, and politician, 5th Lieutenant Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (b. 1942)
2015 – Kurt Oppelt, Austrian figure skater and coach (b. 1932)
2015 – Allan Wright, English captain and pilot (b. 1920)
2016 – Edward Albee, American director and playwright (b. 1928)
2016 – Gabriele Amorth, Italian priest and exorcist (b. 1925)
2016 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, Italian economist and politician, 10th President of Italy and 49th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1920)
2016 – W. P. Kinsella, American novelist (b. 1935)
2016 – António Mascarenhas Monteiro, Cabo Verdean politician, 2nd President of Cape Verde (b. 1944)
2016 – Gérard Louis-Dreyfus, French-born American businessman (b. 1932)
2017 – Marcelo Rezende, Brazilian journalist (b. 1951)
2017 – Arjan Singh, Marshal of the Indian Air Force (b. 1919)
Holidays and observances[edit]
Christian feast day:
Andrew Kim Taegon (one of The Korean Martyrs)
Curcodomus
Cyprian (Catholic Church)
Edith of Wilton
Euphemia
Ludmila
Ninian
Pope Cornelius
September 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics).
Owain Glyndŵr Day, celebrates the life of Owain Glyndŵr who became Prince of Wales on this day in 1400.
Cry of Dolores, celebrates the declaration of independence of Mexico from Spain in 1810. See Fiestas Patrias
Independence Day (Papua New Guinea), celebrates the independence of Papua New Guinea from Australia in 1975.
International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
Malaysian Armed Forces Day (Malaysia)
Malaysia Day (Malaysia, Singapore)
Martyrs' Day (Libya)
National Heroes Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
National Guacamole Day (United States)
Stay Away from Seattle Day (Chase's Calendar of Events)
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to September 16.
BBC: On This Day
The New York Times: On This Day
Today in Canadian History
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Related: January 0
February 30
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text:
Hasta la vista, baby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the catchphrase. For other uses, see Hasta la vista, baby (disambiguation).
"Hasta la vista, baby"
Character
Terminator
Actor
Arnold Schwarzenegger
First used in
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
Voted #76 in AFI's 100 Movie Quotes poll
Arnold Schwarzenegger's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
"Hasta la vista, baby" is a catchphrase associated with Arnold Schwarzenegger's title character from the 1991 science fiction thriller film Terminator 2: Judgment Day.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origination and uses
2 Terminator 2: Judgment Day
3 Politics
4 Other usage
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Origination and uses[edit]
The term "Hasta la vista" is a Spanish farewell that can be literally translated as "Until the (next) sighting" and means "See you later" and "Goodbye". This term, with the added word "baby" - "=Hasta la vista, baby" - was used in the popular hit song from 1987, "Looking for a New Love" by Grammy Award winner Jody Watley.[1] It was also used in the 1988 Tone Lōc single "Wild Thing".
Terminator 2: Judgment Day[edit]
"Hasta la vista, baby" became a famous catchphrase when it was used in the 1991 film Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was written by James Cameron and William Wisher Jr. The phrase is featured in an exchange between the film's characters John Connor (Edward Furlong) and The Terminator (Arnold Schwarzenegger), where the former teaches the latter the use of slang:
John Connor: No, no, no, no. You gotta listen to the way people talk. You don't say "affirmative" or some shit like that. You say "no problemo". And if someone comes on to you with an attitude, you say "eat me". And if you want to shine them on, it's "hasta la vista, baby".
The Terminator: Hasta la vista, baby.
The Terminator says the phrase again prior to shattering the liquid nitrogen-frozen T-1000 with a gunshot, famously enunciating it with the pause before the word "baby".
In the European Spanish version of the film, the phrase was dubbed as "Sayonara, baby" to preserve its humorous nature among Spanish-speaking audiences.[2] However, in the Hispanic American version of the film, the phrase remains untouched.
Politics[edit]
Schwarzenegger has since used the phrase during public speeches as part of his political career. During the 1992 Republican primaries, Pat Buchanan challenged President George H. W. Bush for the nomination. Schwarzenegger joined Bush in New Hampshire and urged voters to send Pat Buchanan a message: "Hasta la vista, baby."[3]
On October 7, 2003, Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California in a recall election. The Michigan Daily titled its article "Voters bid 'hasta la vista' to Davis".[4]
On November 17, 2008, Schwarzenegger said in an interview on CNN: "There are so many different challenges California has — it's the greatest state in the greatest country in the world. Hasta la vista, baby!"[5]
In 2008, Schwarzenegger met with Chilean president Michelle Bachelet during her state visit to California. Bachelet closed her public speech with the phrase "Hasta la vista" and imitated Schwarzenegger's accent.[6]
Other usage[edit]
Sign at the Fort Bliss U.S. Army post
The phrase was also the title of the Skin album Hasta la Vista, Baby! and part of the title of U2's 1997 live album Hasta la Vista Baby! U2 Live in Mexico City.
See also[edit]
I'll be back - Another Schwarzenegger catchphrase from The Terminator.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hasta la vista". Phrases.org.uk. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)". IMDb. Amazon. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 1992 Campaign - Republicans - SCHWARZENEGGER ASSAILS BUCHANAN". The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company. 16 February 1992. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Voters bid 'hasta la vista' to Davis". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived May 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Michelle Bachelet and Arnold Schwarzenegger". YouTube. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
External links[edit]
"Hasta la vista, baby", at The Phrase Finder
[hide]
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasta_la_vista,_baby&oldid=837767576"
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