text:
Trade winds
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This article is about the weather phenomenon. For other uses, see Tradewind.
The westerlies (blue arrows) and trade winds (yellow and brown arrows)
The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics, within the lower portion of the Earth's atmosphere, in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth's equator. The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere, strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase. Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world's oceans for centuries, and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
In meteorology, the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic, Pacific, and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America, Southeast Asia, and Madagascar and eastern Africa, respectively. Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea, as well as portions of southeastern North America. Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes, and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion, which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge. The weaker the trade winds become, the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Cause
3 Weather effects
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
A Spanish galleon
See also: Age of Discovery, Volta do Mar, and Age of sail
The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word 'trade,' meaning "path" or "track."[1] The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds (then the Volta do mar, meaning in Portuguese "turn of the sea" but also "return from the sea") in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century.[2] From West Africa, the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal, that is, to west and northwest. They could then turn northeast, to the area around the Azores islands, and finally east to mainland Europe. They also learned that to reach South Africa, they needed to go far out in the ocean, head for Brazil, and around 30°S go east again. Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere. In the Pacific ocean, the full wind circulation, which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher-latitude Westerlies, was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta's voyage in 1565.[3]
The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel.[4] During the Age of Sail, the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access, and therefore had a direct effect on European empire-building and thus on modern political geography. For example, Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all.[3]
By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of 'trade', "(foreign) commerce".[5] Between 1847 and 1849, Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world's oceans.[6]
Cause[edit]
3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface.
See also: Air mass, Hadley cell, Humidity, Intertropical Convergence Zone, Monsoon, Monsoon trough, Near-equatorial trough, and Prevailing winds
As part of the Hadley cell circulation, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles. A low-pressure area of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums,[7] near-equatorial trough,[8] intertropical front, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[9] When located within a monsoon region, this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough.[10] Around 30° in both hemispheres, air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high-pressure belts known as subtropical ridges. The subsident (sinking) air is relatively dry because as it descends, the temperature increases, but the absolute humidity remains constant, which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass. This warm, dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical (warm and moist) air mass. An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion. When it occurs within a trade wind regime, it is known as a trade wind inversion.[11]
The surface air that flows from these subtropical high-pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect.[12] These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.[13] Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing,[14] these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums.[7]
As they blow across tropical regions, air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight. Those that develop over land (continental) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans (maritime), and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge.[15] Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses.[16] The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean.[17]
Weather effects[edit]
Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres (13,000 ft) in height, and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion.[18] Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles (northeast in the Northern Hemisphere, southeast in the Southern Hemisphere) during the cold season, and are stronger in the winter than the summer.[19] As an example, the windy season in the Guianas, which lie at low latitudes in South America, occurs between January and April.[20] When the phase of the Arctic oscillation (AO) is warm, trade winds are stronger within the tropics. The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds.[21] When the trade winds are weaker, more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics, such as Central America.[22]
During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere (July), the westward-moving trade winds south of the northward-moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America (Florida and Gulf Coast). When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land, rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets. Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates.[23] Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America, much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida.[24] Since 1970, dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa. There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year.[25] Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida, primarily since the 1970s.[26]
See also[edit]
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Winds in the Age of Sail
Westerly wind burst
Volta do mar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham; Enid Pearsons; Deborah M. Posner; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman (2001). Random House Webster's College Dictionary (second ed.). Random House. p. 1385. ISBN 0-375-42560-8.
Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder (2007). Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States. Read Books. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4067-7740-6. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Derek Hayes (2001). Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500-2000. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-55054-865-5. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams (1904). A text-book of commercial geography. D. Appleton and company. p. 19. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). p. 225.
Jump up ^ Derek Hayes (2001). Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500-2000. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-55054-865-5. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Sverre Petterssen (1941). Introduction to Meteorology. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4437-2300-8. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Doldrums". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Intertropical Convergence Zone". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Monsoon Trough". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Superior air". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "trade winds". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry (1909).Advanced geography. W.W. Shannon, State Printing, pp. 246. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ JetStream (2008). "How to read weather maps". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Tropical air". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Trade air". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ John E. Oliver (2005). Encyclopedia of world climatology. Springer. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ Bob Rauber (2009-05-22). "Research-The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign". Retrieved 2009-11-08.
Jump up ^ James P. Terry (2007). Tropical cyclones: climatology and impacts in the South Pacific. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-387-71542-1. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
Jump up ^ G. E. Pieter & F. Augustinus. "The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels: a synthesis". Marine Geology. 208 (2-4): 145–151. Bibcode:2004MGeol.208..145A. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.04.007.
Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward (2005). "The Ocean's Influence on North American Drought". Texas A&M University. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
Jump up ^ John E. Oliver (2005). Encyclopedia of world climatology. Springer. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
Jump up ^ Science Daily (1999-07-14). African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality. Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
Jump up ^ Science Daily (2001-06-15). Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks. Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov (2003). Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S., Caribbean. Archived 2007-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
Jump up ^ U. S. Geological Survey (2006). Coral Mortality and African Dust. Retrieved on 2007-06-10.
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text:
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
2 Laureates
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Notes
4.2 Citations
4.3 Sources
5 External links
Statistics[edit]
The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. Maria Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25.[5] Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963).[6] As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942).
Laureates[edit]
Year
Laureate[A]
Country[B]
Rationale[C]
1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Germany "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"[7]
1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands "in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[8]
Pieter Zeeman Netherlands
1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France "for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"[9]
Pierre Curie France "for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"[9]
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Poland
France
1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom "for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[10]
1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Austria-Hungary
Germany "for his work on cathode rays"[11]
1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom "for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[12]
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States
Poland "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[13]
1908 Gabriel Lippmann France "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[14]
1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[15]
Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany
1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands "for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"[16]
1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany "for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"[17]
1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén Sweden "for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"[18]
1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes Netherlands "for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"[19]
1914 Max von Laue Germany "For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[20] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.
1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[21] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
William Lawrence Bragg Australia
United Kingdom
1916 Not awarded World War I
1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom "For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[22] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
1918 Max Planck Germany "for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[23]
1919 Johannes Stark Germany "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[24]
1920 Charles Édouard Guillaume Switzerland "for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"[25]
1921 Albert Einstein Germany
Switzerland "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[26]
1922 Niels Bohr Denmark "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[27]
1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[28]
1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"[29]
1925 James Franck Germany "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[30]
Gustav Hertz Germany
1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France "for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"[31]
1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States "for his discovery of the effect named after him"[32]
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"[32]
1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"[33]
1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie France "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"[34]
1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"[35]
1931 Not awarded
1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany "for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[36]
1933 Erwin Schrödinger Austria "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"[37]
Paul Dirac United Kingdom
1934 Not awarded
1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom "for the discovery of the neutron"[38]
1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria "for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[39]
Carl David Anderson United States "for his discovery of the positron"[39]
1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson United States "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[40]
George Paget Thomson United Kingdom
1938 Enrico Fermi Italy "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"[41]
1939 Ernest Lawrence United States "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"[42]
1940 Not awarded World War II
1941 Not awarded World War II
1942 Not awarded World War II
1943 Otto Stern United States "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[43]
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States
Poland "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[44]
1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[45]
1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"[46]
1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom "for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"[47]
1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom "for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"[48]
1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan "for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"[49]
1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"[50]
1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[51]
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland
1952 Felix Bloch Switzerland
United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[52]
Edward Mills Purcell United States
1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[53]
1954 Max Born West Germany
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[54]
Walther Bothe West Germany "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[54]
1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[55]
Polykarp Kusch United States
Germany "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"[55]
1956 John Bardeen United States "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"[56]
Walter Houser Brattain United States
William Bradford Shockley United States
1957 Tsung-Dao Lee Republic of China "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"[57]
Chen Ning Yang Republic of China
1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[58]
Ilya Frank Soviet Union
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union
1959 Emilio Gino Segrè Italy
United States "for their discovery of the antiproton"[59]
Owen Chamberlain United States
1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States "for the invention of the bubble chamber"[60]
1961 Robert Hofstadter United States "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[61]
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer West Germany "for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"[61]
1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[62]
1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary
United States "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[63]
Maria Goeppert-Mayer United States "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[63]
J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany
1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[64]
Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union
Charles Hard Townes United States
1965 Richard Phillips Feynman United States "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[65]
Julian Schwinger United States
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Japan
1966 Alfred Kastler France "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"[66]
1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[67]
1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"[68]
1969 Murray Gell-Mann United States "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[69]
1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén Sweden "for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"[70]
Louis Néel France "for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"[70]
1971 Dennis Gabor Hungary
United Kingdom "for his invention and development of the holographic method"[71]
1972 John Bardeen United States "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[72]
Leon Neil Cooper United States
John Robert Schrieffer United States
1973 Leo Esaki Japan "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"[73]
Ivar Giaever United States
Norway
Brian David Josephson United Kingdom "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[73]
1974 Martin Ryle United Kingdom "for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[74]
Antony Hewish United Kingdom
1975 Aage Bohr Denmark "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[75]
Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark
Leo James Rainwater United States
1976 Burton Richter United States "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[76]
Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States
1977 Philip Warren Anderson United States "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"[77]
Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States
1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"[78]
Arno Allan Penzias United States "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[78]
Robert Woodrow Wilson United States
1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[79]
Abdus Salam Pakistan
Steven Weinberg United States
1980 James Watson Cronin United States "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[80]
Val Logsdon Fitch United States
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Netherlands
United States "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[81]
Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Sweden "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"[81]
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"[82]
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India
United States "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"[83]
William Alfred Fowler United States "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"[83]
1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[84]
Simon van der Meer Netherlands
1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[85]
1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"[86]
Gerd Binnig West Germany "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"[86]
Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland
1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[87]
Karl Alexander Müller Switzerland
1988 Leon Max Lederman United States "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[88]
Melvin Schwartz United States
Jack Steinberger United States
1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"[89]
Hans Georg Dehmelt United States
Germany "for the development of the ion trap technique"[89]
Wolfgang Paul West Germany
1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[90]
Henry Way Kendall United States
Richard E. Taylor Canada
1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes France "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"[91]
1992 Georges Charpak France
Poland "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[92]
1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[93]
Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. United States
1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[94]
Clifford Glenwood Shull United States "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[94]
1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States "for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[95]
Frederick Reines United States "for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[95]
1996 David Morris Lee United States "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[96]
Douglas D. Osheroff United States
Robert Coleman Richardson United States
1997 Steven Chu United States "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[97]
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji France
William Daniel Phillips United States
1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[98]
Horst Ludwig Störmer Germany
Daniel Chee Tsui Republic of China
United States
1999 Gerard 't Hooft Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"[99]
Martinus J. G. Veltman Netherlands
2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[100]
Herbert Kroemer Germany
Jack St. Clair Kilby United States "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"[100]
2001 Eric Allin Cornell United States "for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"[101]
Carl Edwin Wieman United States
Wolfgang Ketterle Germany
2002 Raymond Davis, Jr. United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"[102]
Masatoshi Koshiba Japan
Riccardo Giacconi Italy
United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"[102]
2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia
United States "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[103]
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia
Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom
United States
2004 David J. Gross United States "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[104]
Hugh David Politzer United States
Frank Wilczek United States
2005 Roy J. Glauber United States "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[105]
John L. Hall United States "for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"[105]
Theodor W. Hänsch Germany
2006 John C. Mather United States "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"[106]
George F. Smoot United States
2007 Albert Fert France "for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[107]
Peter Grünberg Germany
2008 Makoto Kobayashi Japan "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"[108]
Toshihide Maskawa Japan
Yoichiro Nambu Japan
United States "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"[108]
2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong
United Kingdom
United States "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"[109]
Willard S. Boyle Canada
United States "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"[109]
George E. Smith United States
2010 Andre Geim Russia
United Kingdom
Netherlands "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"[110]
Konstantin Novoselov Russia
United Kingdom
2011 Saul Perlmutter United States "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[111]
Brian P. Schmidt Australia
United States
Adam G. Riess United States
2012 Serge Haroche France "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."[112]
David J. Wineland United States
2013 François Englert Belgium "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[113]
Peter Higgs United Kingdom
2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"[114]
Hiroshi Amano Japan
Shuji Nakamura Japan
United States
2015 Takaaki Kajita Japan "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"[115]
Arthur B. McDonald Canada
2016 David J. Thouless United Kingdom
United States "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"[116]
F. Duncan M. Haldane United Kingdom
United States
John M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom
United States
2017 Rainer Weiss Germany
United States "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"[117]
Kip Thorne United States
Barry Barish United States
See also[edit]
List of Nobel laureates
List of Nobel laureates by country
List of physicists
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.
^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.
^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
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Jump up ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-06-27. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-08-10. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-04.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 Press Release" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
Sources[edit]
"All Nobel Laureates in Physics". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel laureates in Physics.
Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Official website of the Nobel Foundation
[show]
v
t
e
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901–1925
1901 Röntgen
1902 Lorentz / Zeeman
1903 Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie
1904 Rayleigh
1905 Lenard
1906 J. J. Thomson
1907 Michelson
1908 Lippmann
1909 Marconi / Braun
1910 Van der Waals
1911 Wien
1912 Dalén
1913 Kamerlingh Onnes
1914 Laue
1915 W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg
1916
1917 Barkla
1918 Planck
1919 Stark
1920 Guillaume
1921 Einstein
1922 N. Bohr
1923 Millikan
1924 M. Siegbahn
1925 Franck / Hertz
1926–1950
1926 Perrin
1927 Compton / C. Wilson
1928 O. Richardson
1929 De Broglie
1930 Raman
1931
1932 Heisenberg
1933 Schrödinger / Dirac
1934
1935 Chadwick
1936 Hess / C. D. Anderson
1937 Davisson / G. P. Thomson
1938 Fermi
1939 Lawrence
1940
1941
1942
1943 Stern
1944 Rabi
1945 Pauli
1946 Bridgman
1947 Appleton
1948 Blackett
1949 Yukawa
1950 Powell
1951–1975
1951 Cockcroft / Walton
1952 Bloch / Purcell
1953 Zernike
1954 Born / Bothe
1955 Lamb / Kusch
1956 Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain
1957 C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee
1958 Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm
1959 Segrè / Chamberlain
1960 Glaser
1961 Hofstadter / Mössbauer
1962 Landau
1963 Wigner / Goeppert-Mayer / Jensen
1964 Townes / Basov / Prokhorov
1965 Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman
1966 Kastler
1967 Bethe
1968 Alvarez
1969 Gell-Mann
1970 Alfvén / Néel
1971 Gabor
1972 Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer
1973 Esaki / Giaever / Josephson
1974 Ryle / Hewish
1975 A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater
1976–2000
1976 Richter / Ting
1977 P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck
1978 Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson
1979 Glashow / Salam / Weinberg
1980 Cronin / Fitch
1981 Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn
1982 K. Wilson
1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler
1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer
1985 von Klitzing
1986 Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer
1987 Bednorz / Müller
1988 Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger
1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul
1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor
1991 de Gennes
1992 Charpak
1993 Hulse / J. Taylor
1994 Brockhouse / Shull
1995 Perl / Reines
1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson
1997 Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips
1998 Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui
1999 't Hooft / Veltman
2000 Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby
2001–
present
2001 Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman
2002 Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi
2003 Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett
2004 Gross / Politzer / Wilczek
2005 Glauber / Hall / Hänsch
2006 Mather / Smoot
2007 Fert / Grünberg
2008 Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa
2009 Kao / Boyle / Smith
2010 Geim / Novoselov
2011 Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt
2012 Wineland / Haroche
2013 Englert / Higgs
2014 Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura
2015 Kajita / McDonald
2016 Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz
2017 Weiss / Barish / Thorne
[show]
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t
e
Nobel Prizes
Lists of Nobel laureates
Prizes
Chemistry
Economics1
Literature
Peace
Physics
Physiology or Medicine
Laureates
by subject
Chemistry
Economics
Literature
Peace
Physics
Physiology or Medicine
by criterion
African
Arab
Asian
Black
Female
Latino and Hispanic
Jewish
by country
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