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Community health
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Community health is a major field of study within the medical and clinical sciences which focuses on the maintenance, protection, and improvement of the health status of population groups and communities. It is a distinct field of study that may be taught within a separate school of public health or environmental health. The WHO defines community health as:
environmental, social, and economic resources to sustain emotional and physical well being among people in ways that advance their aspirations and satisfy their needs in their unique environment.[1]
Community health, unlike public health, tends to focus more on a defined geographical community. The health characteristics of a community are often examined using geographic information system (GIS) software and public health datasets. Some projects, such as InfoShare or GEOPROJ combine GIS with existing datasets, allowing the general public to examine the characteristics of any given community in participating countries.
Medical interventions that occur in communities can be classified as three categories: primary healthcare, secondary healthcare, and tertiary healthcare. Each category focuses on a different level and approach towards the community or population group. In the United States, community health is rooted within primary healthcare achievements.[2] Primary healthcare programs aim to reduce risk factors and increase health promotion and prevention. Secondary healthcare is related to "hospital care" where acute care is administered in a hospital department setting. Tertiary healthcare refers to highly specialized care usually involving disease or disability management.
The success of community health programmes relies upon the transfer of information from health professionals to the general public using one-to-one or one to many communication (mass communication). The latest shift is towards health marketing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Measuring community health
2 Categories of community health
2.1 Primary healthcare and primary prevention
2.2 Secondary healthcare and secondary prevention
2.2.1 Chronic Disease Self Management Programs
2.3 Tertiary healthcare
3 Challenges and difficulties with community health
4 Academic resources
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Measuring community health[edit]
Community health is generally measured by geographical information systems and demographic data. Geographic information systems can be used to define sub-communities when neighborhood location data is not enough.[3] Traditionally community health has been measured using sampling data which was then compared to well-known data sets, like the National Health Interview Survey or National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.[4] With technological development, information systems could store more data for small scale communities, cities, and towns; as opposed to census data that only generalizes information about small populations based on the overall population. Geographical information systems (GIS) can give more precise information of community resources, even at neighborhood levels.[5] The ease of use of geographic information systems (GIS), advances in multilevel statistics, and spatial analysis methods makes it easier for researchers to procure and generate data related to the built environment.[6]
Social media can also play a big role in health information analytics.[7] Studies have found social media being capable of influencing people to change their unhealthy behaviors and encourage interventions capable of improving health status.[7] Social media statistics combined with geographical information systems (GIS) may provide researchers with a more complete image of community standards for health and well being.[8][9]
Categories of community health[edit]
Primary healthcare and primary prevention[edit]
Community based health promotion emphasizes primary prevention and population based perspective.[10] It is the goal of community health to have individuals in a certain community improve their lifestyle or seek medical attention. Primary healthcare is provided by health professionals, specifically the ones a patient sees first that may refer them to secondary or tertiary care.
Primary prevention refers to the early avoidance and identification of risk factors that may lead to certain diseases and disabilities. Community focused efforts including immunizations, classroom teaching, and awareness campaigns are all good examples of how primary prevention techniques are utilized by communities to change certain health behaviors. Prevention programs, if carefully designed and drafted, can effectively prevent problems that children and adolescents face as they grow up.[11] This finding also applies to all groups and classes of people. Prevention programs are one of the most effective tools health professionals can use to greatly impact individual, population, and community health.[11]
Secondary healthcare and secondary prevention[edit]
Community health can also be improved with improvements in individuals' environments. Community health status is determined by the environmental characteristics, behavioral characteristics, social cohesion in the environment of that community.[12] Appropriate modifications in the environment can help to prevent unhealthy behaviors and negative health outcomes.
Secondary prevention refers to improvements made in a patient's lifestyle or environment after the onset of disease or disability. This sort of prevention works to make life easier for the patient, since it's too late to prevent them from their current disease or disability. An example of secondary prevention is when those with occupational low back pain are provided with strategies to stop their health status from worsening; the prospects of secondary prevention may even hold more promise than primary prevention in this case.[13]
Chronic Disease Self Management Programs[edit]
Chronic diseases has been a growing phenomena within recent decades, affecting nearly 50% of adults within the US in 2012.[14] Such diseases include asthma, arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension. While they are not directly life-threatening, they place a significant burden on daily lives, affecting quality of life for the individual, their families, and the communities they live in, both socially and financially. Chronic diseases are responsible for an estimated 70% of healthcare expenditures within the US, spending nearly $650 billion dollars per year.
With steadily growing numbers, many community healthcare providers have developed self-management programs to assist patients in properly managing their own behavior as well as making adequate decisions about their lifestyle.[15] Separate from clinical patient care, these programs are facilitated to further educate patients about their health conditions as a means to adopt health-promoting behaviors into their own lifestyle.[16] Characteristics of these programs include:
grouping patients with similar chronic diseases to discuss disease-related tasks and behaviors to improve overall health
improving patient responsibility through daily disease-monitoring
inexpensive and widely-known
Chronic Disease self-management programs are structured to help improve overall patient health and quality of life as well as utilize less healthcare resources, such as physician visits and emergency care.[17] Furthermore, better self-monitoring skills can help patients effectively and efficiently make better use of healthcare professionals' time, which can result in better care.[18] Many self-management programs either are conducted through a health professional or a peer diagnosed with a certain chronic disease trained by health professionals to conduct the program. No significant differences have been reported comparing the effectiveness of both peer-led versus professional led self-management programs.[17]
The distribution of rural CDSME program participantsvaried across the US. Analysis across rurality indicated that approximately 22.1% (using county-level rurality) to24.4% (using ZCTA/ZIP Code-level rurality) of CDSME programparticipants resided in rural areas.
There has been a lot of debate regarding the effectiveness of these programs and how well they influence patient behavior and understanding their own health conditions. Some studies argue that self-management programs are effective in improving patient quality of life and decreasing healthcare expenditures and hospital visits. A 2001 study assessed health statuses through healthcare resource utilizations and self-management outcomes after 1 and 2 years to determine the effectiveness of chronic disease self-management programs. After analyzing 800 patients diagnosed with various types of chronic conditions, including heart disease, stroke, and arthritis, the study found that after the 2 years, there was a significant improvement in health status and fewer emergency room and physician visits (also significant after 1 year). They concluded that these low-cost self-management programs allowed for less healthcare utilization as well as an improvement in overall patient health.[19] Another study in 2003 by the National Institute for Health Research analyzed a 7-week chronic disease self-management program in its cost-effectiveness and health efficacy within a population over 18 years of age experiencing one or more chronic diseases. They observed similar patterns, such as an improvement in health status, reduced number of visits to the emergency room and to physicians, shorter hospital visits. They also noticed that after measuring unit costs for both hospital stays ($1000) and emergency department visits ($100), the study found the overall savings after the self-management program resulted in nearly $489 per person.[20] Lastly, a meta-analysis study in 2005 analyzed multiple chronic disease self-management programs focusing specifically on hypertension, osteoarthritis, and diabetes mellitus, comparing and contrasting different intervention groups. They concluded that self-management programs for both diabetes and hypertension produced clinically significant benefits to overall health.[15]
On the other hand, there are a few studies measuring little significance of the effectiveness of chronic disease self-management programs. In the previous 2005 study in Australia, there was no clinical significance in the health benefits of osteoarthritis self-management programs and cost-effectiveness of all of these programs.[15] Furthermore, in a 2004 literature review analyzing the variability of chronic disease self-management education programs by disease and their overlapping similarities, researchers found "small to moderate effects for selected chronic diseases," recommending further research being conducted.[16]
Some programs are looking to integrate self-management programs into the traditional healthcare system, specifically primary care, as a way to incorporate behavioral improvements and decrease the increased patient visits with chronic diseases.[21] However, they have argued that severe limitations hinder these programs from acting its full potential. Possible limitations of chronic disease self-management education programs include the following:
underrepresentation of minority cultures within programs
lack of medical/health professional (particularly primary care) involvement in self-management programs
low profile of programs within community
lack of adequate funding from federal/state government
low participation of patients with chronic diseases in programs
uncertainty of effectiveness/reliability of programs[18]
Tertiary healthcare[edit]
In tertiary healthcare, community health can only be affected with professional medical care involving the entire population. Patients need to be referred to specialists and undergo advanced medical treatment. In some countries, there are more sub-specialties of medical professions than there are primary care specialists.[12] Health inequalities are directly related to social advantage and social resources.[12]
Aspects of care that distinguish conventional health care from people-centred primary care[22]
Conventional ambulatory medical care in clinics or outpatient departments
Disease control programmes
People-centred primary care
Focus on illness and cure Focus on priority diseases Focus on health needs
Relationship limited to the moment of consultation Relationship limited to programme implementation Enduring personal relationship
Episodic curative care Programme-defined disease control interventions Comprehensive, continuous and personcentred care
Responsibility limited to effective and safe advice to the patient at the moment of consultation Responsibility for disease-control targets among the target population Responsibility for the health of all in the community along the life cycle; responsibility for tackling determinants of ill-health
Users are consumers of the care they purchase Population groups are targets of disease-control interventions People are partners in managing their own health and that of their community
Challenges and difficulties with community health[edit]
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE ISSUES, STRATEGIES, AND NEW/LINGERING PROBLEMS[23]
The complexity of community health and its various problems can make it difficult for researchers to assess and identify solutions. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a unique alternative that combines community participation, inquiry, and action.[24] Community-based participatory research (CBPR) helps researchers address community issues with a broader lens and also works with the people in the community to find culturally sensitive, valid, and reliable methods and approaches.[24]
Other issues involve access and cost of medical care. A great majority of the world does not have adequate health insurance.[25] In low-income countries, less than 40% of total health expenditures are paid for by the public/government.[25] Community health, even population health, is not encouraged as health sectors in developing countries are not able to link the national authorities with the local government and community action.[25]
In the United States, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) changed the way community health centers operate and the policies that were in place, greatly influencing community health.[26] The ACA directly affected community health centers by increasing funding, expanding insurance coverage for Medicaid, reforming the Medicaid payment system, appropriating $1.5 billion to increase the workforce and promote training.[26] The impact, importance, and success of the Affordable Care Act is still being studied and will have a large impact on how ensuring health can affect community standards on health and also individual health.
Academic resources[edit]
Journal of Urban Health, Springer. ISSN 1468-2869 (electronic) ISSN 1099-3460 (paper).
International Quarterly of Community Health Education, Sage Publications. ISSN 1541-3519 (electronic) ISSN 0272-684X (paper).
Global Public Health, Informa Healthcare. ISSN 1744-1706 (electronic) ISSN 1744-1692 (paper).
Journal of Community Health, Springer. ISSN 1573-3610 (electronic) ISSN 0094-5145 (paper).
Family and Community Health, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISSN 0160-6379 (electronic).
Health Promotion Practice, Sage Publications. ISSN 1552-6372 (electronic) ISSN 1524-8399 (paper).
Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, Sage Publications. ISSN 1758-1060 (electronic) ISSN 1355-8196 (paper).
BMC Health Sciences Research, Biomed Central. ISSN 1472-6963 (electronic).
Health Services Research, Wiley-Blackwell. ISSN 1475-6773 (electronic).
Health Communication and Literacy: An Annotated Bibliography, Centre for Literacy of Quebec. ISBN 0968103456 (paper).
See also[edit]
Population health
Community mental health service
Online health communities
Prison reform
University of Community Health, Magway
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "A discussion document on the concept and principles of health promotion". Health Promotion. 1 (1): 73–6. May 1986. PMID 10286854.
Jump up ^ Goodman RA, Bunnell R, Posner SF (October 2014). "What is "community health"? Examining the meaning of an evolving field in public health". Preventive Medicine. 67 Suppl 1: S58–61. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.07.028. PMID 25069043.
Jump up ^ Community-oriented health services : practices across disciplines. Mpofu, Elias,. New York, NY. ISBN 9780826198181. OCLC 897378689.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 36. Introduction to Evaluation | Community Tool Box". ctb.ku.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
Jump up ^ Pearce J, Witten K, Bartie P (May 2006). "Neighbourhoods and health: a GIS approach to measuring community resource accessibility". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 60 (5): 389–95. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043281. PMID 16614327.
Jump up ^ Thornton LE, Pearce JR, Kavanagh AM (July 2011). "Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity: a glossary". The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 8: 71. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-71. PMID 21722367.
^ Jump up to: a b Korda H, Itani Z (January 2013). "Harnessing social media for health promotion and behavior change". Health Promotion Practice. 14 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1177/1524839911405850. PMID 21558472.
Jump up ^ Stefanidis A, Crooks A, Radzikowski J (2013-04-01). "Harvesting ambient geospatial information from social media feeds". GeoJournal. 78 (2): 319–338. doi:10.1007/s10708-011-9438-2. ISSN 0343-2521.
Jump up ^ Ghosh DD, Guha R (2013). "What are we 'tweeting' about obesity? Mapping tweets with Topic Modeling and Geographic Information System". Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 40 (2): 90–102. doi:10.1080/15230406.2013.776210. PMC 4128420  . PMID 25126022.
Jump up ^ Merzel C, D'Afflitti J (April 2003). "Reconsidering community-based health promotion: promise, performance, and potential". American Journal of Public Health. 93 (4): 557–74. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.4.557. PMC 1447790  . PMID 12660197.
^ Jump up to: a b Nation M, Crusto C, Wandersman A, Kumpfer KL, Seybolt D, Morrissey-Kane E, Davino K (2003). "What works in prevention. Principles of effective prevention programs". The American Psychologist. 58 (6-7): 449–56. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.6-7.449. PMID 12971191.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barbara S (1998). Primary care : balancing health needs, services, and technology (Rev. ed ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195125436. OCLC 38216563. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ Frank JW, Brooker AS, DeMaio SE, Kerr MS, Maetzel A, Shannon HS, Sullivan TJ, Norman RW, Wells RP (December 1996). "Disability resulting from occupational low back pain. Part II: What do we know about secondary prevention? A review of the scientific evidence on prevention after disability begins". Spine. 21 (24): 2918–29. PMID 9112717.
Jump up ^ "Chronic Disease Overview | Publications | Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-10-02. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chodosh, Joshua; Morton, Sally C.; Mojica, Walter; Maglione, Margaret; Suttorp, Marika J.; Hilton, Lara; Rhodes, Shannon; Shekelle, Paul (2005-09-20). "Meta-Analysis: Chronic Disease Self-Management Programs for Older Adults". Annals of Internal Medicine. 143 (6). doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-6-200509200-00007. ISSN 0003-4819.
^ Jump up to: a b Warsi, Asra; Wang, Philip S.; LaValley, Michael P.; Avorn, Jerry; Solomon, Daniel H. (2004-08-09). "Self-management Education Programs in Chronic Disease". Archives of Internal Medicine. 164 (15). doi:10.1001/archinte.164.15.1641. ISSN 0003-9926.
^ Jump up to: a b Lorig, Kate R.; Sobel, David S.; Stewart, Anita L.; Brown, Byron William; Bandura, Albert; Ritter, Philip; Gonzalez, Virginia M.; Laurent, Diana D.; Holman, Halsted R. (1999). "Evidence Suggesting That a Chronic Disease Self-Management Program Can Improve Health Status While Reducing Hospitalization: A Randomized Trial". Medical Care. 37 (1): 5–14.
^ Jump up to: a b Jordan, Joanne (November 15 2006). "Chronic disease self-management education programs: challenges ahead" (PDF). Medical Journal of Australia. 186: 84–87. line feed character in |title= at position 52 (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Lorig, Kate R.; Ritter, Philip; Stewart, Anita L.; Sobel, David S.; Brown, Byron William; Bandura, Albert; Gonzalez, Virginia M.; Laurent, Diana D.; Holman, Halsted R. (2001). "Chronic Disease Self-Management Program: 2-Year Health Status and Health Care Utilization Outcomes". Medical Care. 39 (11): 1217–1223.
Jump up ^ Lorig, K. R.; Sobel, D. S.; Ritter, P. L.; Laurent, D.; Hobbs, M. (November 2001). "Effect of a self-management program on patients with chronic disease". Effective clinical practice: ECP. 4 (6): 256–262. ISSN 1099-8128. PMID 11769298.
Jump up ^ Leppin, Aaron (2018). "Integrating community-based health promotion programs and primary care: a mixed methods analysis of feasibility". BMC Health Services Research. 18. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-2866-7. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 3: Primary care: putting people first". www.who.int. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
Jump up ^ Weiner, B. J.; Alexander, J. A. (1998). "The challenges of governing public-private community health partnerships". Health Care Management Review. 23 (2): 39–55. ISSN 0361-6274. PMID 9595309.
^ Jump up to: a b Minkler, Meredith (2005-06-01). "Community-based research partnerships: Challenges and opportunities". Journal of Urban Health. 82 (2): ii3–ii12. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti034. ISSN 1099-3460.
^ Jump up to: a b c World health statistics. 2016, Monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. World Health Organization,. Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 9241565268. OCLC 968482612.
^ Jump up to: a b J., Rosenbaum, Sara; Peter, Shin,; Emily, Jones,; Jennifer, Tolbert, (2010). "Community Health Centers: Opportunities and Challenges of Health Reform". Health Sciences Research Commons.
John Sanbourne Bockoven. Moral Treatment in American Psychiatry, New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1963
External links[edit]
Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action
InfoShare
GEOPROJ
Health Action by People India (HAP)
Health marketing- CDC
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Letter and spirit of the law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Letter of the law (disambiguation) and The Spirit of the Laws.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The letter of the law versus the spirit of the law is an idiomatic antithesis. When one obeys the letter of the law but not the spirit, one is obeying the literal interpretation of the words (the "letter") of the law, but not necessarily the intent of those who wrote the law. Conversely, when one obeys the spirit of the law but not the letter, one is doing what the authors of the law intended, though not necessarily adhering to the literal wording.
"Law" originally referred to legislative statute, but in the idiom may refer to any kind of rule. Intentionally following the letter of the law but not the spirit may be accomplished through exploiting technicalities, loopholes, and ambiguous language.
Contents
[hide]
1 Shakespeare
2 U.S. Constitutional law
3 The Bible
4 Gaming the system
5 See also
6 References
Shakespeare[edit]
Shylock and Portia (1835) by Thomas Sully
William Shakespeare wrote numerous plays dealing with the letter versus spirit antithesis, almost always coming down on the side of "spirit", often forcing villains (who always sided with the letter) to make concessions and remedy. In one of the best known examples, The Merchant of Venice, he introduces the quibble as a plot device to save both the spirit and the letter of the law. The moneylender Shylock has made an agreement with Antonio that if he cannot repay a loan, he will have a pound of flesh from him. When the debt is not repaid in time Portia at first pleads for mercy in a famous speech: "The quality of mercy is not strain'd, It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes." (IV,i,185). When Shylock refuses, she finally saves Antonio by pointing out that Shylock's agreement with him mentioned no blood, and therefore Shylock can have his pound of flesh only if he sheds no blood.
U.S. Constitutional law[edit]
Interpretations of the U.S. Constitution have historically divided on the "Letter versus Spirit" debate. For example, at the founding, the Federalist Party argued for a looser interpretation of the Constitution, granting Congress broad powers in keeping with the spirit of the broader purpose of some founders (notably including the Federalist founders' purposes). The Federalists would have represented the "spirit" aspect. In contrast, the Democratic-Republicans, who favored a limited federal government, argued for the strict interpretation of the Constitution, arguing that the federal government was granted only those powers enumerated in the Constitution, and nothing not explicitly stated; they represented the "letter" interpretation.
Modern Constitutional interpretation also divides on these lines. Currently, Living Constitution scholars advocate a "spirit"-esque interpretative strategy, although one grounded in a spirit that reflects broad powers. Originalist or Textualist scholars advocate a more "letter"-based approach, arguing that the Amendment process of the Constitution necessarily forecloses broader interpretations that can be accomplished simply by passing an amendment.
The Bible[edit]
See also: Law and Gospel
The Christian Bible references the letter and the spirit of the law in 2 Cor 3:6 NASB. Though it is not quoted directly, the principle is applied using the words "spirit" and "letter" in context with the legalistic view of the Hebrew Bible. This is the first recorded use of the phrase.
In the New Testament, Pharisees are seen as people who place the letter of the law above the spirit (Mark 2:3–28, 3:1–6). Thus, "Pharisee" has entered the language as a pejorative for one who does so; the Oxford English Dictionary defines Pharisee with one of the meanings as A person of the spirit or character commonly attributed to the Pharisees in the New Testament; a legalist or formalist. Pharisees are also depicted as being lawless or corrupt (Matthew 23:38); the Greek word used in the verse means lawlessness, and the corresponding Hebrew word means fraud or injustice. However, the Hebrew word "Perushim" from which "Pharisee" is derived, actually means "separatists", referencing their focus on spiritual needs versus worldly pleasures.
In the Gospels Jesus is often shown as being critical of Pharisees. He is more like the Essenes than the other Jewish groups of the time (Sadducees, Pharisees, Zealots)[citation needed]; however, the Pharisees, like Jesus, believed in the resurrection of the dead, and in divine judgment. They advocated prayer, almsgiving and fasting as spiritual practices. The Pharisees were those who were trying to be faithful to the law given to them by God. Not all Pharisees, nor all Jews of that time, were legalistic. Though modern language has used the word Pharisee in the pejorative to describe someone who is legalistic and rigid, it is not an accurate description of all Pharisees. The argument over the "Spirit of the Law" vs. the "Letter of the Law" was part of early Jewish dialogue as well .[1]
The Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) is one of the New Testament texts to address this theme. The passage concerns a dialogue between Jesus and an "expert in the law" or "lawyer". As described in verse 25 ("a certain lawyer stood up and tested Him saying, Teacher what must I do to inherit eternal life?," NKJV), the intent of the dialogue was to trap Jesus into making statements contrary to the law. Jesus responds by posing the question back to the lawyer, as already having knowledge of the law, ("What is written in the law?" verse 26) The lawyer quotes Deuteronomy 6:5 "You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind and your neighbor as yourself.", NKJV) and Leviticus 19:18. The question "Who is my neighbor?", that follows in verse 29, is described as being asked with the goal of self-justification.
It is then that Jesus responds with the story of a man beaten by robbers who is ignored by a Priest and a Levite, but then rescued and compassionately cared for by a Samaritan. Priests and Levites were Israelites whose qualifications and duties were very meticulously set forth in Mosaic law, (Leviticus 10, and Numbers 5-8) while Samaritans were descended from Israelites who had intermarried with their Babylonian captives and had been forced to establish a sect with an alternative interpretation of the Law. In the story, both the Priest and Levite follow their prescribed regulations dutifully, yet do not help the injured traveller, even crossing to the other side of the road to avoid possible rule violations. The Samaritan, whose very existence is based on a refutation of Jewish law, (specifically Deuteronomy 12 which speaks to the proper place of worship which Samaritans had replaced the Temple in Jerusalem with Mount Mariah) goes above and beyond simply tending to the injured man. He takes him to an inn and gives money for the man's care, promises and then actually does return to inquire about the man, and pay any overage incurred. Jesus concludes by asking the lawyer which of the men was a "neighbor" to the beaten traveller, to which the reply was "the one who showed compassion".[2] Then Jesus says to him "go and do likewise".
According to Jeremiah, "the qualities of the new covenant expounded upon the old are : a) It will not be broken; b) Its law will be written in the heart, not merely on tablets of stone; c) The knowledge of God will deem it no longer necessary to put it into written words of instruction."[3] According to Luke (Lk 22, 20), and Paul, in the first epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor 11, 25), this prophecy was fulfilled only through the work of Jesus Christ,[3] who said "This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which will be shed for you." Christ did not come to abolish the law but to fulfill it. His purpose was to encourage people to look beyond the "letter of the law" to the "spirit of the law"...the principles behind the commandments and the law's intention. Jesus quotes the book of Deuteronomy and Leviticus: "All the Law can be summed up in this: to love God with all your heart, all your mind and all your soul, and to love your neighbor as yourself" (paraphrased).
Gaming the system[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Gaming the system, also called "rules lawyering", is the following of the letter (sometimes referred to as RaW or Rules as Written) over, or contrary to, the spirit (sometimes referred to as RaI or Rules as Intended) of the law. It is used negatively to describe the act of manipulating the rules to achieve a personal advantage. It may also mean acting in an antisocial, irritating manner while technically staying within the bounds of the rules.
See also[edit]
Law
Judicial activism § Debate
Expounding of the Law
Golden rule (law) • Literal rule • Mischief rule • Purposive approach
Legal abuse
Legal fiction
Legal opportunism
Legal technicality
Original intent • Original meaning • Textualism
Statutory interpretation § Meaning
The Spirit of the Laws, the 1748 political theory treatise by Montesquieu
Language
Sense and reference
Others
Gaming the system
Loophole
Malicious compliance • Work-to-rule
Positive law • Natural law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Babalonian Talmud Tractate Baba Metzia 115a, Sanhedrin 21a.
Jump up ^ The Holy Bible, New King James Version, 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.
^ Jump up to: a b "The New American Bible" Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, Nashville, Tennessee, 37202, 1976 (1970) p.949 (Jeremiah 31: 31-34). Note: This bible has interpretations and references as footnotes.
[hide]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice
Characters
Shylock
Antonio
Portia
Jessica
Sources
The Jew of Malta
On screen
1914
1916
1923
Shylock (1941)
1961
1969
1980 (TV)
2004
One Man Band (unfinished)
Adaptations
Le marchand de Venise (1935, opera)
Shylock (1987, musical)
The Merchant of Venice (1982, opera)
Derivative works
Serenade to Music (1938)
Shylock (1996)
Yasser (2001)
The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002)
Related
"All that glitters is not gold"
"All the world's a stage"
"Between you and I"
Quibble
Letter and spirit of the law
"Ding Dong Bell"
"The quality of mercy"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letter_and_spirit_of_the_law&oldid=795439256"
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List of U.S. states and territories by area
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
States by area. Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset.
This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area, land area, and water area. The water area numbers include inland waters, coastal waters, the Great Lakes, and territorial waters. Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Area by state/territory
2 Area by division
3 Area by region
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Area by state/territory[edit]
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]
State/territory
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water
Alaska 7000100000000000000♠1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000♠1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000♠85.76% 7000100000000000000♠1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000♠14.24%
Texas 7000200000000000000♠2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000♠2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000♠97.26% 7000800000000000000♠8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000♠2.74%
California 7000300000000000000♠3 163,694.74 423,967 7000300000000000000♠3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000♠95.16% 7000600000000000000♠6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000♠4.84%
Montana 7000400000000000000♠4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000♠4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000♠98.98% 7001260000000000000♠26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000♠1.02%
New Mexico 7000500000000000000♠5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000♠5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000♠99.76% 7001490000000000000♠49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000♠0.24%
Arizona 7000600000000000000♠6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000♠6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000♠99.65% 7001480000000000000♠48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000♠0.35%
Nevada 7000700000000000000♠7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000♠7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000♠99.28% 7001360000000000000♠36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000♠0.72%
Colorado 7000800000000000000♠8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000♠8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999♠99.57% 7001440000000000000♠44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000♠0.43%
Oregon 7000900000000000000♠9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000♠10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999♠97.57% 7001200000000000000♠20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000♠2.43%
Wyoming 7001100000000000000♠10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000♠9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000♠99.26% 7001370000000000000♠37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000♠0.74%
Michigan 7001110000000000000♠11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000♠22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000♠58.46% 7000200000000000000♠2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000♠41.54%
Minnesota 7001120000000000000♠12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000♠14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000♠91.59% 7000900000000000000♠9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000♠8.41%
Utah 7001130000000000000♠13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000♠12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000♠96.79% 7001170000000000000♠17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000♠3.21%
Idaho 7001140000000000000♠14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000♠11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000♠98.89% 7001330000000000000♠33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000♠1.11%
Kansas 7001150000000000000♠15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000♠13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000♠99.37% 7001420000000000000♠42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000♠0.63%
Nebraska 7001160000000000000♠16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000♠15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999♠99.32% 7001410000000000000♠41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000♠0.68%
South Dakota 7001170000000000000♠17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000♠16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000♠98.31% 7001290000000000000♠29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000♠1.69%
Washington 7001180000000000000♠18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000♠20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999♠93.21% 7001110000000000000♠11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000♠6.79%
North Dakota 7001190000000000000♠19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000♠17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000♠97.60% 7001240000000000000♠24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000♠2.40%
Oklahoma 7001200000000000000♠20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000♠19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000♠98.13% 7001300000000000000♠30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000♠1.87%
Missouri 7001210000000000000♠21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000♠18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000♠98.61% 7001320000000000000♠32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999♠1.39%
Florida 7001220000000000000♠22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000♠26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000♠81.55% 7000300000000000000♠3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000♠18.45%
Wisconsin 7001230000000000000♠23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000♠25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000♠82.69% 7000400000000000000♠4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000♠17.31%
Georgia 7001240000000000000♠24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000♠21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000♠96.78% 7001220000000000000♠22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000♠3.22%
Illinois 7001250000000000000♠25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000♠24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000♠95.87% 7001190000000000000♠19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000♠4.13%
Iowa 7001260000000000000♠26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000♠23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000♠99.26% 7001450000000000000♠45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000♠0.74%
New York 7001270000000000000♠27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000♠30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000♠86.38% 7000700000000000000♠7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999♠13.62%
North Carolina 7001280000000000000♠28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000♠29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000♠90.34% 7001100000000000000♠10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000♠9.66%
Arkansas 7001290000000000000♠29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000♠27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000♠97.85% 7001310000000000000♠31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000♠2.15%
Alabama 7001300000000000000♠30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000♠28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000♠96.61% 7001230000000000000♠23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000♠3.39%
Louisiana 7001310000000000000♠31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000♠33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000♠82.48% 7000500000000000000♠5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000♠17.52%
Mississippi 7001320000000000000♠32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000♠31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000♠96.89% 7001250000000000000♠25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000♠3.11%
Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000♠33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000♠32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000♠97.15% 7001280000000000000♠28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000♠2.85%
Ohio 7001340000000000000♠34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000♠35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000♠91.15% 7001140000000000000♠14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000♠8.85%
Virginia 7001350000000000000♠35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000♠36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999♠92.32% 7001150000000000000♠15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000♠7.68%
Tennessee 7001360000000000000♠36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000♠34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000♠97.84% 7001350000000000000♠35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000♠2.16%
Kentucky 7001370000000000000♠37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000♠37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000♠97.72% 7001340000000000000♠34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999♠2.28%
Indiana 7001380000000000000♠38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000♠38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000♠98.37% 7001390000000000000♠39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000♠1.63%
Maine 7001390000000000000♠39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000♠39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000♠87.18% 7001120000000000000♠12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000♠12.82%
South Carolina 7001400000000000000♠40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000♠40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000♠93.88% 7001210000000000000♠21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000♠6.12%
West Virginia 7001410000000000000♠41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000♠41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999♠99.21% 7001500000000000000♠50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000♠0.79%
Maryland 7001420000000000000♠42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000♠42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000♠78.25% 7001180000000000000♠18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000♠21.75%
Hawaii 7001430000000000000♠43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000♠47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000♠58.75% 7001130000000000000♠13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000♠41.25%
Massachusetts 7001440000000000000♠44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000♠45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000♠73.90% 7001160000000000000♠16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000♠26.10%
Vermont 7001450000000000000♠45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000♠43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000♠95.84% 7001460000000000000♠46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000♠4.16%
New Hampshire 7001460000000000000♠46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000♠44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000♠95.76% 7001470000000000000♠47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000♠4.24%
New Jersey 7001470000000000000♠47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000♠46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000♠84.31% 7001270000000000000♠27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000♠15.69%
Connecticut 7001480000000000000♠48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000♠48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000♠87.35% 7001380000000000000♠38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000♠12.65%
Delaware 7001490000000000000♠49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000♠49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000♠78.29% 7001400000000000000♠40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000♠21.71%
Rhode Island 7001500000000000000♠50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000♠50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000♠66.92% 7001430000000000000♠43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000♠33.08%
District of Columbia 7002100000000000000♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000♠89.33% 7002100000000000000♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000♠10.67%
Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000♠64.30% 7002100000000000000♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000♠35.70%
Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000♠9.23% 7002100000000000000♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000♠90.77%
United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999♠18.33% 7002100000000000000♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000♠81.67%
American Samoa 7002100000000000000♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000♠13.16% 7002100000000000000♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000♠86.84%
Guam 7002100000000000000♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000♠36.77% 7002100000000000000♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000♠63.23%
Minor Outlying Islands[3][a] 7002100000000000000♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000♠ 16.00 41 — 7002100000000000000♠ — — —
Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000♠94.69% 7002100000000000000♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999♠5.31%
50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000♠93.02% 7002100000000000000♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000♠6.98%
All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000♠92.91% 7002100000000000000♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000♠7.09%
Area by division[edit]
All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]
Division
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water
East North Central
7000500000000000000♠5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000♠6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000♠2 58,466.13 151,427
East South Central
7000700000000000000♠7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000♠7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000♠9 5,114.60 13,247
Middle Atlantic
7000800000000000000♠8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000♠8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000♠6 10,108.57 26,181
Mountain
7000200000000000000♠2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000♠2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000♠8 7,797.65 20,196
New England
7000900000000000000♠9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000♠9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000♠7 9,299.50 24,086
Pacific
7000100000000000000♠1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000♠1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000♠1 114,400.67 296,296
South Atlantic
7000600000000000000♠6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000♠5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000♠3 27,928.49 72,334
West North Central
7000300000000000000♠3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000♠3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000♠5 12,735.72 32,985
West South Central
7000400000000000000♠4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000♠4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000♠4 18,986.00 49,174
Area by region[edit]
All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]
Region
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
% land
Rank
sq mi
km²
% water
Midwest
7000300000000000000♠3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000♠3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000♠2 71,201.86 184,412
Northeast
7000400000000000000♠4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000♠4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000♠4 19,408.07 50,267
South
7000200000000000000♠2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000♠2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000♠3 52,028.55 134,753
West
7000100000000000000♠1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000♠1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000♠1 122,198.32 316,492
U.S. states by total area
U.S. states by land area
U.S. states by water area
U.S. states by water percentage
Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world.[citation needed]
The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000♠18% of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000♠21% of the area of the contiguous United States
The second largest state, Texas, is only 7001400000000000000♠40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska
Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area
San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states; it is larger than the four smallest states combined.
Michigan is second (after Alaska) in water area, and first in water percentage
Florida is mostly a peninsula, and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage
See also[edit]
United States portal
List of the largest country subdivisions by area
List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area
List of U.S. cities by area
List of U.S. states and territories by population
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census, unlike previous years, as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts, Census 2000 Geography Glossary, U.S. Census Bureau. Accessed 2007-07-10
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. September 2012. pp. V–2, 1 & 41 (Tables 1 & 18). Retrieved February 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "United States Summary: 2010, Population and Housing Unit Counts, 2000 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2004. p. 1 (Table 1). Retrieved February 10, 2014.
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Joe's Garage (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Joe's Garage"
Single by Frank Zappa
from the album Joe's Garage Act I
Released
March 3, 1979
Format
7-inch record
Recorded
1979
Length
6:10 (album version)
4:08 (single version)
Label
CBS Records
Songwriter(s)
Frank Zappa
Producer(s)
Frank Zappa
Frank Zappa singles chronology
"Bobby Brown (Goes Down)"
(1979) "Joe's Garage"
(1979) "Stick It Out"
(1979)
"Bobby Brown (Goes Down)"
(1979) "Joe's Garage"
(1979) "Stick It Out"
(1979)
"Joe's Garage" is a single on Frank Zappa's 1979 album Joe's Garage Act I. After the introductory track, "The Central Scrutinizer", this song begins the story of Joe's Garage. Although it only charted in Norway and Sweden (where it was a top 20 hit in both countries), it was one of Zappa's songs which had the most airplay on American FM radio, at the time still album-centered. The song was played in concert from 1980 to 1988 along with the song "Why Does it Hurt When I Pee?" in all tours of Zappa's after the single's release. The single version of the song lacks many of the special effects that the album version contains. The single version of "Joe's Garage" was put onto Zappa's best-of Strictly Commercial.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 The story
2 Overture
3 Themes
4 Differences live
5 Track list
6 Charts
7 References
The story[edit]
The song introduces the main character Joe and another band member, Larry Fanoga. It explains that Joe, Larry, and their friends were in a band together in Joe's garage and would play the same simple, repetitive three-chord song. This was a mocking commentary on many garage and punk bands of the era. They started to play this one song in a go go bar and eventually their repetitive music became well enough known where they were offered a record deal, but when the promised "good times" never materialized, the band abruptly broke up. The song then flashes back to the band playing a distorted parody of their song in the garage at a loud and annoying volume, much to the chagrin of Joe's parents and a complaining neighbor.
As the years go past, glam rock, disco and new wave each successively become popular, the band's song comes back into style and it is implied they reunite, when the same complaining neighbor calls the police on them. Then it's explained that this is "Joe's first confrontation with the law," implying that later in the story he would have more trouble with the police. The officer lets him off easy and tells him to "stick closer to church oriented social activities", another commentary about how adults of the era felt religion was a good cleanser of the evil sins of rock. This line delivered by The Central Scrutinizer also introduces the next song on the album "Catholic Girls."[1][2][3]
Overture[edit]
The song foreshadows musical styles to be later used in the album such as sleigh bells more prominent in "Why Does it Hurt When I Pee?" an odd-sounding guitar line used in "He Used to Cut the Grass", and the line "It makes its own sauce if you add water" is later stated in the song "Crew Slut." These foreshadowings make the song more of an overture to the album.
Themes[edit]
The underlying themes of the song as well as most of the album was based upon Zappa's hatred for censorship, corporate abuse, and untalented bands becoming famous. The song was more commercial sounding than most of the other tracks on the album because it was intended to be a single as well as the main song on the album.[4][5]
Differences live[edit]
When played live, the song tended to be played at a faster tempo as well as having inside jokes inserted into it.[1]
Track list[edit]
7" single (CBS 7950)[6]
A. "Joe's Garage" – 4:07
B. "Catholic Girls" – 4:00
Charts[edit]
Chart (1979)
Peak
position
Norway (VG-lista)[6] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[7] 14
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Couture, François. "Joe's Garage – Song Review". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Frank Zappa – Joe's Garage Lyrics". MetroLyrics. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Courrier, Kevin (2002). Dangerous Kitchen: The Subversive World of Zappa. ECW Press. p. 333.
Jump up ^ Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2001). All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-8793-0627-4.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Kelly Fisher (2007). The Words and Music of Frank Zappa. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6005-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Norwegiancharts.com – Frank Zappa – Joe's Garage". VG-lista. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Frank Zappa – Joe's Garage". Singles Top 100. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention
Singles
"How Could I Be Such a Fool?"
"Trouble Comin' Every Day"
"Who Are the Brain Police?"
"Big Leg Emma"
"Son of Suzy Creamcheese"
"Lonely Little Girl"
"Motherly Love"
"Deseri"
"Anyway the Wind Blows"
"WPLJ"
"My Guitar"
"Peaches en Regalia"
"Tell Me You Love Me"
"Tears Began to Fall"
"Magic Fingers"
"What Will This Evening Bring Me This Morning"
"Cletus Awreetus-Awrightus"
"I'm the Slime"
"Cosmik Debris"
"Don't Eat the Yellow Snow"
"Du Bist Mein Sofa"
"Find Her Finer"
"Disco Boy"
"Dancin' Fool"
"Bobby Brown"
"Joe's Garage"
"Stick It Out"
"I Don't Wanna Get Drafted"
"Love of My Life"
"Harder Than Your Husband"
"You Are What You Is"
"Goblin Girl"
"Valley Girl"
"The Man From Utopia Meets Mary Lou"
"Cocaine Decisions"
"Baby Take Your Teeth Out"
"In France"
"The Girl in the Magnesium Dress"
"Sexual Harassment in the Workplace"
"Zomby Woof"
"Stairway to Heaven"
Other
compositions
"Absolutely Free"
"Advance Romance"
"The Adventures of Greggery Peccary"
"America Drinks & Goes Home"
"Are You Hung Up?"
"Billy the Mountain"
"The Black Page"
"Brown Shoes Don't Make It"
"Camarillo Brillo"
"Cheepnis"
"Duodenum"
"Father O'Blivion
"Help, I'm a Rock"
"I Have Been in You"
"Inca Roads"
"Jewish Princess"
"Let's Make the Water Turn Black"
"A Little Green Rosetta"
"Memories of El Monte"
"Montana"
"Muffin Man"
"Nanook Rubs It"
"Plastic People"
"The Return of the Son of Monster Magnet"
"Rollo"
"Sleep Dirt"
"St.Alfonzo's Pancake Breakfast"
"Take Your Clothes Off When You Dance"
"A Token of My Extreme"
"The Torture Never Stops"
"What's the Ugliest Part of Your Body?"
"Who Needs the Peace Corps?"
"Willie the Pimp"
"Wind Up Workin' in a Gas Station"
Filmography
200 Motels
Baby Snakes
The Dub Room Special
Video from Hell
Does Humor Belong in Music?
The True Story of Frank Zappa's 200 Motels
The Amazing Mr. Bickford
Uncle Meat
The Torture Never Stops
A Token Of His Extreme
Roxy The Movie
Eat That Question: Frank Zappa in His Own Words
Relatives
Gail Zappa
Moon Zappa
Dweezil Zappa
Ahmet Zappa
Diva Zappa
Influence
In popular culture
Zappa Plays Zappa
Pachygnatha zappa
Phialella zappai
Zappa confluentus
3834 Zappafrank
Frankly a Cappella
King Kong: Jean-Luc Ponty Plays the Music of Frank Zappa
Zappa's Universe
Related articles
Discography
Musicians
Captain Beefheart
Wild Man Fischer
Bobby Jameson
The Real Frank Zappa Book
Zappa Records
Abnuceals Emuukha Electric Symphony Orchestra
Book
Category
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