text:
The Witch of Blackbird Pond
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The Witch of Blackbird Pond
1958 first edition
Author
Elizabeth George Speare
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's novel, Historical novel, Realistic Fiction
Publisher
Houghton Mifflin
Publication date
December 1, 1958
Media type
Hardcover
Paperback
Audio
Pages
249 pages
ISBN
0-395-07114-3 (reissue)
Preceded by
Calico Captive
Followed by
The Bronze Bow
The Witch of Blackbird Pond[1] is a children's novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare, published in 1958. The story takes place in late-17th century New England. It won the Newbery Medal in 1959.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Characters
3 Allusions to local geography
4 References
Plot summary[edit]
In April 1687, 16 year-old Katherine Tiler (known throughout the story as Kit Tyler) leaves her home in Barbados after her grandfather dies and a 50-year-old man tries to marry her. She goes to Wethersfield, Connecticut to live with her Aunt Rachel and Uncle Matthew in their Puritan community.
In Connecticut, there is a brief stop in Saybrook, a small town just downriver from Wethersfield, where four new passengers board the Dolphin, the ship on which Kit is traveling. As the small rowboat returns to the ship, a small girl named Prudence accidentally drops her doll in the water and begs her mother to get it back for her. Her mother, Goodwife Cruff, harshly strikes Prudence and tells her not to be foolish. Impulsively, Kit jumps into the water and retrieves the doll. She nearly freezes in the frigid water because she was used to the pleasantly warm water in Barbados, her old home. When she returns to the rowboat, she is met with astonished suspicion, as few people in Connecticut could swim so well. Goodwife Cruff is the most cynical of them all, believing Kit is a witch, saying, "No respectable woman could stay afloat like that." But Kit knew how to swim because she lived in the islands. On the slow trip upriver, Kit befriends John Holbrook, another passenger coming to Wethersfield to study with Reverend Gershom Bulkeley. After the Dolphin reaches Wethersfield, Kit admits to the captain of the ship that neither her aunt nor uncle knows she is coming. She says that they would welcome her because she is family.
When she arrives in Wethersfield, Kit finds Wethersfield very different from Barbados. In her previous home, she had servants, but here she is expected to work along with the rest of the family. There is none of the luxury to which she was accustomed, and even the weather is miserably cold. She has two cousins, Mercy (who is crippled) and Judith. She is required to attend church meeting services twice each Sunday, which she finds long and dull. She meets the rich, 25-year-old William Ashby, who begins courting her, though she does not care for him; originally, her cousin Judith had hoped to marry William, but soon sets her sights on John Holbrook, now a divinity student studying with local minister Gershom Bulkeley.
Kit's life improves when she and Mercy begin teaching the dame school for the young children of Wethersfield who are preparing for traditional school. Everything goes well until one day, bored with the normal lessons, Kit decides the children will act out a part from the Bible, the tale of the Good Samaritan. Mr. Eleazer Kimberly, the head of the school, enters the house just as things get out of hand. He is outraged at Kit for having the audacity to act out something from the Bible and shuts down the school. Heartbroken, Kit flees to the meadows where she meets and befriends the kind, elderly Hannah Tupper, who was outlawed from the Massachusetts colony because she is a Quaker, and does not attend Meeting. As fellow outcasts, Kit and Hannah develop a deep bond, and even after her uncle forbids Kit to continue the friendship, Kit keeps visiting Hannah. During one of her visits, she again meets the handsome Nathaniel (Nat) Eaton, son of the captain of the Dolphin. Without realizing it, she falls in love with him, and though he doesn't say so, Nat loves her as well. Unfortunately, Nat is banished from Wethersfield after setting lit jack-o-lanterns in the windows of William Ashby's unfinished home with two of his shipmates out of jealousy; he will get 30 lashes if he returns to Wethersfield. Kit also begins secretly teaching Prudence to read and write; Goodwife Cruff claims the child is a halfwit and refuses to allow her to attend the dame school.
When a deadly illness sweeps through Wethersfield, a mob gathers to kill Hannah by burning her house, since everyone believes she is a witch who has cursed the town. Kit risks her life to warn Hannah, and the two women escape to the river just as the Dolphin appears from the early morning mist. Kit flags it down, and she explains to Nat the events of the night. Hannah refuses to leave without her cat, so Nat courageously dashes ashore, risking trouble with the town council for stepping foot in Wethersfield. After taking Hannah aboard, Nat then invites Kit to come with them. She refuses, explaining how Mercy is gravely ill, though Nat believes Kit fears risking her engagement to William Ashby.
After the Dolphin sails away, Kit returns home to find that Mercy's fever has broken. In the middle of the same night, the townspeople come for Kit; Goodwife Cruff's husband has accused Kit of being a witch. The next day, after a night in the sheriff's freezing shed, she is asked to explain the presence of her hornbook in Hannah's house and a copybook with Prudence's name written throughout, as the townspeople fear that she and Hannah had been casting a spell over the girl. Kit refuses to explain that it is Prudence herself who wrote her name in the book, as she does not wish Prudence to get in trouble with her parents. Then, just as the case seems to be decided, Nat appears with Prudence, who testifies that she herself wrote her name in the hornbook. To demonstrate her literacy, Prudence reads a Bible passage and writes her name, thus convincing her father both that she is intelligent and that no witchcraft could be involved, as the devil would be foolish to allow a child to be taught to use the Bible against himself. While Nat is initially in trouble for returning and evades capture, Matthew Wood intervenes on his behalf and gets the sentence remitted because Nat came back to see justice done, not to cause further mayhem.
Soon after, two engagements are announced: Mercy to John Holbrook and Judith to William Ashby. Kit decides to return to Barbados. However, she soon realizes that she is truly in love with Nat, and she waits for him to return. Nat returns to Wethersfield with his half bought ship, the Witch, named after for Kit. Kit asks to come on board the Witch but Nat says no, not until he owns the ship completely head to toe and they go off to visit Uncle Matthew.
Characters[edit]
Katherine Tyler: Better known as "Kit," she is the protagonist, an independent, rebellious, and kind girl from aristocratic family in Barbados who lived with her grandfather before he died and struggles to find a new identity in Wethersfield as she lives with her Puritan aunt, Rachel, in the colony.
Sir Francis Tyler: Kit's grandfather (deceased).
Hannah Tupper: A Quaker and outcast who is often rumored to be a witch.
Nathaniel Eaton: Called "Nat" by most. He is Captain Eaton's son, and also Kit Tyler's true love and eventual husband.
Rachel Wood: Kit's gentle aunt, the timid wife of Matthew Wood.
Matthew Wood: Kit's strict Anti-Royalist uncle, an independent man. Husband of Rachel Wood.
Mercy Wood: Kit's compassionate and patient cousin, sister of Judith, daughter of Matthew and Rachel Wood, a cripple. Marries John Holbrook.
Judith Wood: Kit's haughty cousin, sister of Mercy, daughter of Matthew and Rachel Wood. Marries William Ashby.
William Ashby: Kit's rich suitor, ends up marrying Judith.
John Holbrook: Student of Dr. Gershom Bulkeley, who teaches him about theology, religion, and medicine, who is absorbed in learning, considers his teacher the highest of them all, and often doesn't think for himself. Ends up marrying Mercy.
Dr. Gershom Bulkeley: Royalist minister (historical figure[2]), teacher of John Holbrook.
Goodwife Cruff: Narrow-minded local woman who accuses Kit of being a witch. Mother of Prudence Cruff.
Goodman Adam Cruff: Goodwife Cruff's meek husband and father of Prudence Cruff.
Prudence Cruff: Cruff's young, mistreated daughter who befriends Kit.
Captain Eaton: Captain of the Dolphin and Nat's father.
Mistress Eaton: Captain Eaton's wife.
Eleazer Kimberly: Puritan schoolmaster (historical figure[2]).
Governor Edmund Andros: Governor of the Dominion of New England (including Connecticut), an officer of the King's Dragoons, and a knight[3] (historical figure[2]).
Captain Samuel Talcott: Magistrate (historical figure[2]).
Allusions to local geography[edit]
Many places in the novel are actual locations in Old Wethersfield, Connecticut. They include:
Blackbird Pond (later renamed Wethersfield Cove)
Great Meadows[4]
Congregational church on Main Street
Buttolph-Williams House is considered to be the house Kit lived in.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Witch of Blackbird Pond by Elizabeth George Speare. Random House. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Speare, Elizabeth George. The Witch of Blackbird Pond. New York, Bantam Doubleday Dell Books, 1993. p. 224.
Jump up ^ Speare, Elizabeth George. The Witch of Blackbird Pond. New York, Bantam Doubleday Dell Books, 1993. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Great Meadows Conservation Trust, Wethersfield, Rocky Hill and Glastonbury CT
Awards
Preceded by
Rifles for Watie Newbery Medal recipient
1959 Succeeded by
Onion John
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text:
Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Twentieth Amendment (Amendment XX) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3. It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no president-elect. The Twentieth Amendment was adopted on January 23, 1933.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Historical background
3 Proposal and ratification
4 Effect of the amendment
5 References
6 External links
Text[edit]
Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.
Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.
Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.
Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.
Historical background[edit]
Page 1 of joint resolution submitting the Twentieth Amendment for ratification (source: National Archives)
Page 2 of joint resolution
Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 of the Constitution states that Congress must meet at least once per year, on the first Monday in December, though Congress could by law set another date and the president could summon special sessions. The original text of the Constitution set a duration for the terms of federal elected officials, but not the specific dates on which those terms would begin or end.
In September 1788, after the necessary nine states had ratified the Constitution, the Congress of the Confederation set March 4, 1789, as the date "for commencing proceedings" of the newly reorganized government. Despite the fact that the new Congress and presidential administration did not begin operation until April, March 4 was deemed to be the beginning of the newly elected officials' terms of office, and thus of the terms of their successors.[2] The Constitution did not specify a date for federal elections, but by the time of the second presidential election in 1792, Congress had passed a law requiring presidential electors to be chosen during November or early December.[3] By 1845, this was narrowed to a single day, in early November.[4] Congressional elections were generally held on the same day.
The result of these scheduling decisions was that there was a long, four-month lame duck period between the election and inauguration of the president. For Congress, the situation was perhaps even more awkward. Because Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 mandated a Congressional meeting every December, after the election but before Congressional terms of office had expired, a lame duck session was required by the Constitution in even-numbered years; the next session wasn't required until the next December, meaning that new members of Congress might not begin their work until more than a year after they had been elected. Special sessions sometimes met earlier in the year, but this never became a regular practice, despite the Constitution allowing for it. In practice, Congress usually met in a long session beginning in Decembers of odd-numbered years, and in a short lame duck session in December of even-numbered years.[5] The long lame duck period might have been a practical necessity at the end of the 18th century, when any newly elected official might require several months to put his affairs in order and then undertake an arduous journey from his home to the national capital, but it eventually had the effect of impeding the functioning of government in the modern age. From the early 19th century onward, it also meant that a lame duck Congress and presidential administration would fail to adequately respond to a significant national crisis in a timely manner. Each institution could do this on the theory that at best, a lame duck Congress or administration had neither the time nor the mandate to tackle problems, whereas the incoming administration or Congress would have both the time, and a fresh electoral mandate, to examine and address the problems that the nation faced. These problems very likely would have been at the center of the debate of the just completed election cycle.
This dilemma was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933, after the elections of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt, respectively, plus the newly elected Senators and Representatives. Under the Constitution at the time, these presidents had to wait four months before they and the incoming Congresses could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively.
Proposal and ratification[edit]
The Congress proposed the Twentieth Amendment on March 2, 1932, and the following states ratified it:[6]
Virginia (March 4, 1932)
New York (March 11, 1932)
Mississippi (March 16, 1932)
Arkansas (March 17, 1932)
Kentucky (March 17, 1932)
New Jersey (March 21, 1932)
South Carolina (March 25, 1932)
Michigan (March 31, 1932)
Maine (April 1, 1932)
Rhode Island (April 14, 1932)
Illinois (April 21, 1932)
Louisiana (June 22, 1932)
West Virginia (July 30, 1932)
Pennsylvania (August 11, 1932)
Indiana (August 15, 1932)
Texas (September 7, 1932)
Alabama (September 13, 1932)
California (January 4, 1933)
North Carolina (January 5, 1933)
North Dakota (January 9, 1933)
Minnesota (January 12, 1933)
Arizona (January 13, 1933)
Montana (January 13, 1933)
Nebraska (January 13, 1933)
Oklahoma (January 13, 1933)
Kansas (January 16, 1933)
Oregon (January 16, 1933)
Delaware (January 19, 1933)
Washington (January 19, 1933)
Wyoming (January 19, 1933)
Iowa (January 20, 1933)
South Dakota (January 20, 1933)
Tennessee (January 20, 1933)
Idaho (January 21, 1933)
New Mexico (January 21, 1933)
Missouri (January 23, 1933)

Missouri was the 36th state to ratify, satisfying the requirement that three-fourths of the then 48 states approve the amendment.[7] The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states:
Georgia (January 23, 1933)
Ohio (January 23, 1933)
Utah (January 23, 1933)
Massachusetts (January 24, 1933)
Wisconsin (January 24, 1933)
Colorado (January 24, 1933)
Nevada (January 26, 1933)
Connecticut (January 27, 1933)
New Hampshire (January 31, 1933)
Vermont (February 2, 1933)
Maryland (March 24, 1933)
Florida (April 26, 1933)
Effect of the amendment[edit]
Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment moved the beginning of the presidential and vice presidential terms from March 4 to noon on January 20, reducing by about six weeks the time when the incumbent president and vice president would be serving as lame ducks. Section 1 also moved the start of congressional terms from March 4 to noon on January 3.
Section 2 moved the start of congressional sessions from the first Monday in December to noon on January 3 of the same year. This removed the requirement for a lame duck session, but Congress still normally meets in December of election years. Because of Section 2, if the Electoral College fails to resolve who will be the president or vice president, the incoming Congress, as opposed to the outgoing one, would choose who would occupy the unresolved office or offices.[8]
The first congressional terms to begin under Section 1 were those of the 74th Congress, on January 3, 1935. The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin under Section 1 were the second terms of President Roosevelt and Vice President Garner, on January 20, 1937.
Section 3 provides that if the president-elect dies before Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect will be sworn in as president on that day. If there is no president-elect, or the president-elect fails to meet all of the Constitution's qualifications to be president, Section 3 provides that the vice president-elect would become acting president on Inauguration Day until there is a president who does qualify. Section 3 also allows Congress to determine who should be acting president if a new president and vice president have not been chosen by Inauguration Day. The Constitution was originally silent on this point, an omission that nearly caused a constitutional crisis when Congress seemed deadlocked in resolving the election of 1800.[9]
On February 15, 1933, twenty-three days after the amendment was adopted, President–elect Roosevelt was the target of an assassination attempt by Giuseppe Zangara. Roosevelt was not injured, but pursuant to Section 3 Vice President-elect Garner would have become president on March 4, 1933 had the attempt been successful.
Section 4 permits Congress to pass a law that clarifies what should occur if either the House of Representatives must elect the president and one of the candidates from whom it may choose dies, or the Senate must elect the vice president and one of the candidates from whom it may choose dies. Congress has never enacted such a statute.[10][11]
The amendment was adopted on January 23, 1933. Pursuant to Section 5, the changes made by Sections 1 and 2 took effect on October 15, 1933. This delay resulted in the start of congressional terms in 1933, and the first inauguration of President Roosevelt and Vice President John N. Garner, taking place on March 4, 1933. Section 5 also resulted in the 73rd Congress not being required to meet until January 3, 1934. Therefore, pursuant to a presidential proclamation, a special 100-day session of Congress was convened from March 9 to June 16, 1933.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27 Archives.gov. Retrieved October 7, 2011
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 117–8.
Jump up ^ The bill originally specified a 30-day period for the states to choose their electors. Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p. 278
Jump up ^ Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 119.
Jump up ^ Mount, Steve (January 2007). "Ratification of Constitutional Amendments". Retrieved February 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "'Lame Ducks' Doom Sealed"— Missouri Is 36th State To Ratify 20th Amendment To Constitution", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 24, 1933, p1
Jump up ^ See Twelfth Amendment for details on how the Congress would choose.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 77ff.
Jump up ^ "Second Report of the Continuity of Government Commission" (PDF). Continuity of Government Commission. June 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kalt, Brian C. (April 12, 2016). "Don't Kill the Candidate: Remedying Congress's Failure to Use Section 4 of the Twentieth Amendment". Michigan State University College of Law. pp. 18–19. SSRN 2635633  . Missing or empty |url= (help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
CRS Annotated Constitution: Twentieth Amendment
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