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White Heat
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For other uses, see White Heat (disambiguation).
White Heat
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Raoul Walsh
Produced by
Louis F. Edelman
Screenplay by
Ivan Goff
Ben Roberts
Based on
White Heat by Virginia Kellogg
Starring
James Cagney
Virginia Mayo
Edmond O'Brien
Margaret Wycherly
Steve Cochran
Music by
Max Steiner
Cinematography
Sidney Hickox
Edited by
Owen Marks
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
September 2, 1949 (1949-09-02)
Running time
114 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1 million[1]
Box office
$1.9 million[2]
White Heat is a 1949 film noir directed by Raoul Walsh. It stars James Cagney, Virginia Mayo, Edmond O'Brien, Margaret Wycherly and Steve Cochran. Written by Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts, White Heat is based on a story by Virginia Kellogg, and is considered to be one of the best gangster movies of all time.[citation needed] In 2003, it was added to the National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Pre-production
3.1 Background
3.2 Writing
4 Production
4.1 Principal photography
5 Reception
6 Awards and honors
7 Cultural references
8 Notes
9 References
9.1 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Arthur "Cody" Jarrett is a ruthless, psychotic criminal and leader of the Jarrett gang. Although married to Verna, he is overly attached to his equally crooked and determined mother, "Ma" Jarrett, his only true confidante.
Cody and his gang rob a mail train in the Sierra Nevada, resulting in the deaths of four members of the train crew. With the help of informants, the authorities close in on a motor court in Los Angeles where Cody, Verna and Ma are holed up. Cody shoots and wounds US Treasury investigator Philip Evans and makes his escape. He then comes up with a scheme: to confess to a lesser crime committed in Springfield, Illinois, which an associate committed at the same time as the train robbery, thus providing him with a false alibi. He turns himself in and is sent back to Illinois, where he receives a one to three-year sentence in state prison. This does not fool Evans, however, who plants undercover agent Hank Fallon (aka Vic Pardo) in Cody's cell in the Illinois State Penitentiary. His task is to find the "Trader", a fence who launders stolen money for Cody.
On the outside, "Big Ed" Somers, Cody's ambitious right-hand man, takes charge of the gang. Verna betrays Cody and joins Ed, feeling assured Cody will never make it out of prison because Big Ed has paid Roy Parker, an inmate, to kill Cody. In the prison workshop, Parker drops a heavy piece of machinery on Cody, but Hank pushes him out of the way, saving his life. Ma visits and vows to take care of Big Ed, despite Cody's frantic attempts to dissuade her. He starts worrying and decides to break out, but before he can, he learns of Ma's death and goes berserk in the mess hall, hitting a number of guards before being overpowered and dragged to the infirmary. He concocts a plan to escape by feigning a psychosis. In the infirmary, he's diagnosed as having a "homicidal psychosis" and is recommended for a transfer to an asylum.
Cody takes hostages and escapes, along with his cellmates, including Hank. He takes Parker along and later shoots him in cold blood. He then heads for California with his men. On hearing of Cody's escape, Big Ed anxiously awaits his arrival. Verna tries slipping away, but Cody catches her. Although Verna murdered Ma, she convinces Cody that Big Ed did it, so Cody guns him down. The gang welcome the escapees, including Hank, whom Cody likes and trusts.
A stranger shows up at the gang's isolated hideout, asking to use the phone. To Hank's surprise, Cody introduces the stranger as Daniel "The Trader" Winston. Cody plans to steal the payroll at a chemical plant in Long Beach, California, by using a large, empty tanker truck as a Trojan horse. Hank manages to get a message to Evans and an ambush is prepared. The gang get into the plant and makes their way to the payroll office, but as they begin to cut through the safe, the tanker's driver, "Bo" Creel, recognizes Hank as the man who arrested him four years prior.
The police surround the building and call on Cody to surrender, but Cody decides to fight it out. When the police fire tear gas into the office, Hank escapes. In the ensuing gun battle, the police kill most of Cody's gang. Cody shoots one of his men for trying to surrender. Verna, in a getaway car across from the plant, is arrested. She tries to barter with Evans for leniency, saying she can convince Cody to surrender, but Evans turns her down. Cody flees to the top of a gigantic, globe-shaped gas storage tank. After Hank shoots Cody several times with a rifle, Cody starts firing at the tank and shouts, "Made it, Ma! Top of the world!" Then the tank explodes.
Cast[edit]
Mayo and Cagney
James Cagney as Arthur "Cody" Jarrett[3][4]
Virginia Mayo as Verna Jarrett[3][4]
Edmond O'Brien as Hank Fallon, alias "Vic Pardo"[3][5]
Margaret Wycherly as "Ma" Jarrett[3][4]
Steve Cochran as "Big Ed" Somers[3][5]
John Archer as Philip Evans
Wally Cassell as "Cotton" Valletti
Fred Clark as Daniel "The Trader" Winston
Uncredited:
G. Pat Collins as "Reader" Curtin
Paul Guilfoyle as Roy Parker
Ian MacDonald as "Bo" Creel
Robert Osterloh as Tommy Ryley
Ford Rainey as "Zuckie" Hommel
Pre-production[edit]
Background[edit]
"I used to like to walk out on him, frankly, whenever my contract didn't suit me. I'd cuss him out in Yiddish, which I had learned from Jewish friends in my days at Stuyvesant High School. Drove him wild. 'What'd he say?!' he'd yell. 'What'd he just call me?!'"
— Cagney on his relationship with Jack Warner, Rolling Stone Magazine (1982).[6]
After winning an Oscar for Yankee Doodle Dandy, Cagney left Warner Brothers in 1942 to form his own production company with his business manager and brother, William. After making four unsuccessful movies (including the well-regarded, but "financially disastrous" adaptation of William Saroyan's The Time of Your Life),[5] Cagney returned to Warner in mid-1949.[4] His decision to return was purely financial; Cagney admitted he "needed the money,"[5] and that he never forgot the "hell" Warner put him through in the 1930s when it came to renewing his contract. Likewise, the last thing Jack Warner wanted to see was Cagney back on his lot; referring to him as "that little bastard",[4] he vowed to never take him back.[7] Cagney's new contract with Warner enabled him to make $250,000 per film on a schedule of one film per year, plus script approval and the opportunity to develop projects for his own company.[5]
To make good on his comeback, Cagney settled on the script for White Heat;[5] on May 6, 1949, he signed on to portray Arthur "Cody" Jarrett.[1] Much to Jack Warner's dismay, it was writers Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts who suggested him for the lead, claiming "there's only one man who can play [Jarrett] and make the rafters rock."[7] For years, Cagney resisted gangster roles in an effort to avoid typecasting, but decided to return to the genre after feeling his box office power waning.[5] Following Cagney's attachment, Warner increased the production budget to $1 million[1] and hired Raoul Walsh to direct. Walsh had previously worked with Cagney on The Roaring Twenties (in 1939) and The Strawberry Blonde (in 1941). However, Cagney was unhappy with the studio's decision to hire Walsh; in part, because he requested Frank McHugh be in the film, but Warner turned his friend down in an attempt to cut costs.[5]
Writing[edit]
Warner bought the rights to the story from Virginia Kellogg for $2,000.[1] Being "methodical craftsmen", it took Goff and Roberts six months to complete the first draft. They "would plot in complete detail before even beginning to write, then write their dialogue together, line by line."[7] When Walsh saw it, he pleaded with Cagney's brother, William, to talk Cagney out of doing the picture. According to him, the draft was "bad - a real potboiler," but William reassured Walsh that "Jimmy [would] rewrite it as much as possible."[8]
Cagney in the film's opening robbery scene
White Heat was meant to be based on the true story of Ma Barker, a bank robber who raised her four sons as criminals. However, this was changed along with Cagney's involvement; Ma Barker became Ma Jarrett, and her four children were reduced to one. Arthur Barker became Arthur "Cody" Jarrett, a psychopath with a mother fixation.[9][5] Cody's mental illness and the exact cause of his migraines remain a mystery throughout the film. This was done intentionally, enabling viewers to use their imaginations and draw their own conclusions.[5] In total, the script received several rewrites, with input being given from some of Cagney's closest friends. Humphrey Bogart and Frank McHugh worked "after hours" on revisions; with McHugh writing the film's opening scene.[8]
The script is notable for reworking many themes from Cagney's previous films with Warner. Most notably, in The Public Enemy, Cagney smashed a grapefruit into Mae Clarke's face; in White Heat he kicks Virginia Mayo off a chair. In Each Dawn I Die, his character suffers the ill effects of prison; while here, his character has a breakdown in the prison mess hall. Furthermore, in The Roaring Twenties Cagney fought with rival gangsters in a similar fashion to how Cody Jarrett stalks the double-crossing "Big Ed" Somers (portrayed by Steve Cochran).[5]
Production[edit]
Principal photography[edit]
Filming began on May 6, 1949 and lasted six weeks; until completion on June 20. Walsh made use of a number of locations in southern California; first by going to the Santa Susana Mountains (near his home) to shoot "chase scenes".[4] He then moved on to an old Southern Pacific tunnel near Chatsworth to stage the opening robbery scenes.[10] Urban street scenes along with the "Milbank Hotel" were shot in and around Van Nuys.[10] The "hideaway lodge sequences" were shot at the Warner ranch, the interior scenes in the studio itself, and the climax scene at an oil refinery near Torrance, south of Los Angeles on 198th Street and Figueroa.[4][10] The drive-in theater scenes were shot at the now demolished San Val Drive-In in Burbank.[11]
The prison mess hall scene was shot in under three hours, and involved 600 extras
Jack Warner wanted the prison mess hall scene replaced for budgetary reasons, stating the "cost of a single scene with 600 extras and only one line of dialogue would be exorbitant." For this reason, Warner wanted the scene shot in a chapel, but relented when "the writers pointed out that, apart from the fact that Jarrett would [never be willingly caught in a] chapel", the whole point of the scene was to "have a lot of noise, with rattling knives and forks and chatter, that suddenly goes completely silent when Jarrett first screams." The scream was improvised by Cagney, and the shock on everyone's face was real, for neither Cagney nor Walsh informed any of the extras of what was going to happen.[10] Warner agreed to the scene on the condition that it be shot in three hours, so "that the extras were through by lunchtime."[7]
A number of scenes were improvised; Walsh's "personal touches go beyond the script." When Cody and his gang hide out in their cabin just after the train heist, Cody has one of his "debilitating headaches", causing him to fall from his chair and fire off a round from his .45. This was Walsh's idea, as was the showing of Virginia Mayo's upper thigh on screen. Another scene involved Cody giving his wife, Verna, a "seething look", but Walsh improvised and had Cagney knock her off of her chair.[7] Cagney claimed it was his idea "to have Cody climb onto Ma Jarrett's lap and sit there; being soothed during one of his psychotic [episodes]", but Walsh has always denied this; claiming many years later that it was his idea.[12]
Reception[edit]
Critical reaction to the film was positive, and today it is considered a classic. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called it "the acme of the gangster-prison film" and praised its "thermal intensity".[3]
This classic film anticipated the heist films of the early '50s (for example John Huston's 1950 The Asphalt Jungle and Stanley Kubrick's 1956 The Killing), accentuated the semi-documentary style of films of the period (the 1948 The Naked City), and contained film-noirish elements, including the shady black-and-white cinematography, the femme fatale character, and the twisted psyche of the criminal gangster.
—  Tim Dirks
White Heat was listed in Time magazine's top 100 films of all time. Based upon both contemporary and more recent film reviews, the film has a 100% "fresh" rating on film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.[13]
Awards and honors[edit]
In 1950, Virginia Kellogg was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Story, while Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts were nominated for the Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture. In 2003, the United States Library of Congress selected White Heat for preservation in the National Film Registry.[14]
List of awards and nominations
Date of ceremony
Award / Film festival
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref(s)
March 23, 1950
Academy Awards
Best Story Virginia Kellogg Nominated [15]
1950 (exact date unknown)
Edgar Awards
Best Motion Picture Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts Nominated [16]
On June 4, 2003, the American Film Institute named Cody Jarrett in its list of the best heroes and villains of the past 100 years.[N 1] Furthermore, in June 2005, "Made it, Ma! Top of the World!" was voted 18th in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes;[18] while, in June 2008, White Heat was voted 4th in AFI's 10 Top 10 list of gangster movies.[19]
Cultural references[edit]
Scenes of the film are featured in the 1992 crime-drama film Juice as well as the 1982 Hart to Hart episode "Hart and Sole." In the noir parody Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid Steve Martin acts in scenes with Cagney's character through special effects and cross-cutting.
The "Made it ma, top of the world" line is used in the 1991 film Ricochet, in which Denzel Washington recites the quote in the final scene atop a tower. A variation of the quote appears in the 1986 movie Tough Guys during a scene in which Eli Wallach shoots at cops from a train. It has also been quoted in a fifth season episode of Cheers, a second season episode of Breaking Bad and the series finale of Mixels.
The film has inspired songs such as Madonna's "White Heat" on True Blue; the song was also dedicated to Cagney.[20] Sam Baker's "White Heat" references the plot and dialogue on his 2013 album Say Grace.[21] The film is also alluded to in E-40's "Back In Business" on his 2010 album Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Cody Jarrett was voted 26th.[17]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nollen, chapter 15, page 1.
Jump up ^ "Top-Grossers of 1949", Variety, published January 4, 1950. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Crowther, Bosley. "James Cagney Back as Gangster in 'White Heat,' Thriller Now at the Strand", The New York Times, published September 3, 1949. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Moss, Ann Marilyn. Film Essay for White Heat, National Film Preservation Board, publishing date unknown. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Eagan, pages 424-425.
Jump up ^ White, Timothy. "James Cagney: Looking Backward", Rolling Stone Magazine, published February 18, 1982. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Vallance, Tom. "Obituary: Ivan Goff", The Independent, published September 27, 1999. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Moss, page 169.
Jump up ^ Hughes, chapter 4, page 4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hughes, chapter 4, pages 5-6.
Jump up ^ Gabel, William. San Val Drive-In, Cinema Treasures, publishing date unknown. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Moss, pages 192-195.
Jump up ^ "White Heat (1949)", Rotten Tomatoes, publishing date unknown. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cannady, Sheryl. "Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry", Library of Congress, published December 16, 2003. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ 22nd Academy Award Winners and Nominees, Academy Awards, first published March 23, 1950. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ 1950 Edgar Award Winners and Nominees for Best Motion Picture, Edgar Awards, published 1950. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 YEARS...100 HEROES & VILLAINS", American Film Institute, published June 4, 2003. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AFI'S 100 YEARS...100 MOVIE QUOTES", American Film Institute, published June 21, 2005. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TOP 10 GANGSTER", American Film Institute, published June 17, 2008. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ True Blue (Madonna album)#Background and development
Jump up ^ "white heat lyrics". Sam Baker. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Eagan, Daniel (2009). America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry. United States: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1441116478.
Hughes, Howard (2015). Crime Wave: The Filmgoers' Guide to Great Crime Movies. United States: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 0857730487.
Moss, Ann Marilyn (2011). Raoul Walsh: The True Adventures of Hollywood's Legendary Director. United States: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813133947.
Nollen, Scott Allen (2007). Warners Wiseguys : All 112 Films That Robinson, Cagney and Bogart Made for the Studio. United States: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0786432624.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: White Heat
Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Heat (film).
White Heat at the American Film Institute Catalog
White Heat on IMDb
White Heat at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Raoul Walsh
The Life of General Villa (1914)
Regeneration (1915)
Peer Gynt (1915)
Carmen (1915)
The Serpent (1916)
The Honor System (1917)
The Silent Lie (1917)
Betrayed (1917)
The Conqueror (1917)
The Pride of New York (1917)
The Prussian Cur (1918)
Every Mother's Son (1918)
Evangeline (1919)
The Deep Purple (1920)
Kindred of the Dust (1922)
Lost and Found on a South Sea Island (1923)
The Thief of Bagdad (1924)
East of Suez (1925)
The Spaniard (1925)
The Wanderer (1925)
The Lucky Lady (1926)
The Lady of the Harem (1926)
What Price Glory? (1926)
The Monkey Talks (1927)
The Loves of Carmen (1927)
Sadie Thompson (1928)
The Red Dance (1928)
Me, Gangster (1928)
The Cock-Eyed World (1929)
Hot for Paris (1929)
The Big Trail (1930)
The Man Who Came Back (1931)
Women of All Nations (1931)
The Yellow Ticket (1931)
Wild Girl (1932)
Me and My Gal (1932)
Sailor's Luck (1933)
Hello, Sister! (1933)
The Bowery (1933)
Going Hollywood (1933)
Under Pressure (1935)
Baby Face Harrington (1935)
Every Night at Eight (1935)
Klondike Annie (1936)
Big Brown Eyes (1936)
Spendthrift (1936)
Artists and Models (1937)
Hitting a New High (1937)
O.H.M.S. (1937)
Jump for Glory (1937)
College Swing (1938)
St. Louis Blues (1939)
The Roaring Twenties (1939)
Dark Command (1940)
They Drive by Night (1940)
High Sierra (1941)
The Strawberry Blonde (1941)
Manpower (1941)
They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
Desperate Journey (1942)
Gentleman Jim (1942)
Background to Danger (1943)
Northern Pursuit (1943)
Uncertain Glory (1944)
Objective, Burma! (1945)
Salty O'Rourke (1945)
The Horn Blows at Midnight (1945)
The Man I Love (1947)
Pursued (1947)
Cheyenne (1947)
Silver River (1948)
Fighter Squadron (1948)
One Sunday Afternoon (1948)
Colorado Territory (1949)
White Heat (1949)
Captain Horatio Hornblower (1951)
Along the Great Divide (1951)
Distant Drums (1951)
Glory Alley (1952)
The World in His Arms (1952)
Blackbeard the Pirate (1952)
The Lawless Breed (1953)
Sea Devils (1953)
A Lion Is in the Streets (1953)
Gun Fury (1953)
Saskatchewan (1954)
Battle Cry (1955)
The Tall Men (1955)
The Revolt of Mamie Stover (1956)
The King and Four Queens (1956)
Band of Angels (1957)
The Naked and the Dead (1958)
The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw (1958)
A Private's Affair (1959)
Esther and the King (1960)
Marines, Let's Go (1961)
A Distant Trumpet (1964)
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text:
The Rifleman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Rifleman
Logo of The Rifleman, 1958
Genre
Western
Created by
Arnold Laven
Starring
Chuck Connors
Johnny Crawford
Paul Fix
Composer(s)
Herschel Burke Gilbert
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
168 (list of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)
Levy-Gardner-Laven[1]
Arthur H. Nadel (associate)
Running time
25 minutes
Production company(s)
Four Star Productions
Distributor
Peter Rodgers Organization
Release
Original network
ABC
Picture format
Black-and-white
Audio format
Monaural
Original release
September 30, 1958 – April 8, 1963
Chronology
Related shows
Law of the Plainsman
External links
Website
The Rifleman was an American Western television program starring Chuck Connors as rancher Lucas McCain and Johnny Crawford as his son Mark McCain. It was set in the 1870s and 1880s in the fictional town of North Fork, New Mexico Territory. The show was filmed in black and white, in half-hour episodes. The Rifleman aired on ABC from September 30, 1958, to April 8, 1963, as a production of Four Star Television. It was one of the first prime time series on US television to show a single parent raising a child.
The program was titled to reflect McCain's use of a Winchester Model 1892 rifle, customized to allow repeated firing by cycling its lever action. He demonstrated this technique in the opening credits of every episode, as well as a second modification that allowed him to cycle the action with one hand.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest stars
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Opening credits
3.3 Rifle
3.4 Directing and writing
4 Reception
4.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings
5 Home media
6 Spin-offs and remakes
6.1 Law of the Plainsman (1959)
6.2 The Gambler Returns (1991)
6.3 2011 attempted remake
7 Merchandising
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Overview[edit]
Main article: List of The Rifleman episodes
Sammy Davis Jr., Johnny Crawford, and Chuck Connors in 1962.
The series centers on Lucas McCain, a Union Civil War veteran and widower. McCain had been a lieutenant in the 11th Indiana Infantry Regiment, and he had received a battlefield commission at the Battle of Five Forks just before the end of the war.[2] Having previously been a homesteader, McCain buys a ranch outside the fictitious town of North Fork, New Mexico Territory, in the pilot episode. He and his son Mark had come from Enid, Oklahoma, following the death of his wife when his son was six years old.[citation needed]
Beverly Englander and Chuck Connors in the 1961 episode "Lariat".
The series was set during the 1880s; a wooden plaque next to the McCain home states that the home was rebuilt by Lucas McCain and his son Mark in August 1881.[3]
A common thread in the series is that people deserve a second chance; Marshal Micah Torrance is a recovering alcoholic, and McCain gives a convict a job on his ranch in "The Marshal". Royal Dano appeared in "The Sheridan Story" as a former Confederate soldier who is given a job on the McCain ranch and encounters General Philip Sheridan, the man who cost him his arm in battle. Learning why the man wants him dead, Sheridan arranges for medical care for his wounded former foe, quoting Abraham Lincoln's last orders to "... bind up the nation's wounds".[4]
McCain has human flaws. In "Death Trap", an episode with Philip Carey as former gunman (and old adversary) Simon Battles, he is unwilling to believe the man has changed and become a doctor. It takes a gunfight (with Battles fighting alongside him) to make him admit he is wrong. In "Two Ounces Of Tin", with Sammy Davis Jr. as Tip Corey (a former circus trick-shot artist turned gunman), McCain angrily orders him off the ranch when he finds him demonstrating his skills to Mark. Corey suggests he is a hypocrite, because McCain has an equally deadly reputation in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma, where he first acquired the nickname "the Rifleman", and where his wife had died in a smallpox epidemic.[citation needed]
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Chuck Connors as Lucas McCain, a rancher, a Union Army veteran of the American Civil War, father, and widower
Johnny Crawford as Mark McCain, Lucas's son
Paul Fix as Micah Torrance, marshal of North Fork, New Mexico
Recurring[edit]
Bill Quinn as Frank Sweeney, the North Fork Saloon bartender
Patricia Blair as Mallory House hotel owner Lou Mallory
Joe Higgins as blacksmith Nels Swenson
Harlan Warde as banker John Hamilton
Joan Taylor as general store owner Milly Scott
Hope Summers as general store owner Hattie Denton
John Harmon as hotel clerk Eddie Halstead
Seven actors played the town doctor during the series (usually known as "Doc Burrage"): Edgar Buchanan, Fay Roope, Rhys Williams, Jack Kruschen, Robert Burton, Ralph Moody and Bert Stevens. Several actors also played blacksmith Nels Swenson.
Guest stars[edit]
More than 500 actors made guest appearances in more than 970 credited roles during the five-year run of the series.[5] Guest stars included veteran actors: John Anderson, Richard Anderson, Whit Bissell, John Carradine, Lon Chaney, Jr., Ellen Corby, Sammy Davis, Jr., John Dehner, Jack Elam, Med Flory, Dabbs Greer, Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr., L.Q. Jones, John Milford, Rex Holman, Agnes Moorehead, Denver Pyle, Lee Van Cleef, and Adam West, most appearing multiple times in different roles. Several then-newcomers also appeared in the series, including Claude Akins, James Coburn (credited as "Jim") Mark Goddard, Dan Blocker, Dennis Hopper, Michael Landon, Warren Oates, Harry Dean Stanton, Robert Vaughn, Robert Culp, Martin Landau, and Richard Kiel. Notable people in other fields also made cameo appearances such as future baseball Hall of Famers Duke Snider and Don Drysdale, comedian Buddy Hackett and writer, director and producer Paul Mazursky.[5]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The series was created by Arnold Laven and developed by Sam Peckinpah, who would become a director of Western movies. Peckinpah, who wrote and directed many early episodes, based many characters and plots on his own childhood on a ranch. His insistence on violent realism and complex characterizations, as well as his refusal to sugarcoat the lessons he felt the Rifleman's son needed to learn about life, put him at odds with the show's producers at Four Star. Peckinpah left the show and created a short-lived series, The Westerner, with Brian Keith.[citation needed]
Opening credits[edit]
The opening theme at the beginning of each episode depicted McCain walking down the street of a town while rapid-firing his Winchester 44-40 1892 model rifle that had been modified at the trigger and lever. The rifle's modification allowed McCain to fire the rifle only by hand pumping the lever, which had a pin imbedded in it to trip the weapon's trigger.[6] At various points during the series, episodes would show McCain deftly handling and shooting the rifle ambidextrously.[7]
Rifle[edit]
Westerns were popular when The Rifleman premiered, and producers tried to find gimmicks to distinguish one show from another. The Rifleman's gimmick was a modified Winchester Model 1892 rifle, with a large ring lever drilled and tapped for a set screw. The lever design allowed him to cock the rifle by spinning it around his hand. In addition, the screw could be positioned to depress the trigger every time he worked the lever, allowing for rapid fire, emptying the magazine in under five seconds during the opening credits on North Fork's main street.
The trigger-trip screw pin was used in two configurations: with the screw head turned inside (close to the trigger) or, more often, outside the trigger guard with a locknut on the outside (to secure its position). In some episodes, the screw was removed, when rapid-fire action was not required. When properly adjusted, the screw “squeezed” the trigger when the lever was fully closed. The rapid-fire mechanism was originally designed to keep Connors from puncturing his finger with the trigger as he quickly cycled the action of the rifle. With this modification, it was not necessary for Connors to pull the trigger for each shot and therefore he did not have to place his finger in harm's way.
The rifle may have appeared in every episode, but it was not always fired; some plots did not require violent solutions (for example, one involving Mark's rigid new teacher). McCain attempts to solve as many problems as possible without resorting to shooting, yet still manages to kill 120 villains over the show's five-year run. It is notable that McCain almost never carried a pistol.
The rifle was an anachronism, as the show was set 12 years before John Browning designed any such rifle.
The rifle used on the set of The Rifleman, an 1892 Winchester caliber .44-40 carbine with a standard 20-inch barrel, appeared with two different types of lever. The backwards, round-D-style loop was used in the early episodes. Sometimes the rifle McCain uses has a saddle ring (the purpose of this ring is to allow a mounted soldier to carry the rifle via a sling over the opposite shoulder, keeping the rifle at the ready while his hands are free to hold the reins). The lever style later changed to a flatter lever (instead of the large loop) with no saddle ring.
McCain fires 12 shots from his rifle during the opening credits: seven shots in the first close-up and five more as the camera switches to another view. The blank cartridges are shorter than standard cartridges, so the magazine will hold more of the blanks. The soundtrack contained a dubbed 13th shot, to allow the firing to end with a section of the theme music. The rifle was chambered for the .44/40 W.C.F. (Winchester Center Fire) cartridge, which was used in both revolvers and rifles.[8] He could supposedly fire off his first round in three-tenths of a second, which certainly helped in a showdown.
Rifle replica
Gunsmith James S. Stembridge modified two Model 1892s for use in regular and close-up filming.[9] In addition, a Spanish-made Gárate y Anitúa "El Tigre" lever action, a near-copy of the Model 1892, was modified for use as a knockabout gun. The El Tigre is seen in scenes where the rifle is in a saddle scabbard and is not drawn; and in stunts where the rifle was thrown to the ground, used as a club, or in any stunt where there was the possibility of damage to the original Winchester 1892s.[10] These three rifles were the only ones used by Connors during the run of the series.
The now-defunct Stembridge Gunsmiths provided the rifles and ammunition. Ammunition was quarter-load 5-in-1 blank cartridges containing smokeless powder, which did not produce the thick clouds of smoke the genuine black powder cartridges of the 1880s did. Most (if not all) of the sound effects for the rifle shots were dubbed, which is why the rifle sounded so different from the other gunshots on the show.
The 1892 Winchester is a top-eject rifle (opening the action by pushing the finger-lever forward moves the bolt rearward and thereby opens the top of the receiver). Loaded rounds or empty cases from the chamber eject straight up when the lever is pushed fully open (forward). When Connors cycled the action by spinning the rifle to his side, the cartridge in the action could fall out. Therefore, the rifle was modified with a plunger, which would hold the round in place.
The Winchester Model 1892 rifle was designed by John Moses Browning and, other than general appearance, it has nothing in common with earlier lever-action rifles using the same class of cartridges. The significant improvement was the addition of vertical lugs that securely lock the bolt and receiver when the gun fires. Winchester originally produced this gun from 1892 to 1941; total production was slightly over 1,000,000. 27 variations in five chamberings were made over the course of production, but the basic design was largely unaltered. As with the earlier Model 1873, the light and handy Model 1892 was chambered for handgun cartridges, favored by many Westerners to simplify ammunition supply problems by using the same cartridge in both a handgun and a rifle. The Model 1892 was replaced by the Browning-designed Model 1894, which also had an impressive manufacturing history, with over 7,000,000 produced; it is still being produced to this day by a successor to Winchester. The Model 94's popularity and long production history may be related to its being the first Winchester to be designed for the then-new "smokeless" powder.
Directing and writing[edit]
The pilot episode, "The Sharpshooter", was originally telecast on CBS as part of Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre on March 7, 1958; it was repeated (in edited form) as the first episode of the series on ABC. The episode was written by Sam Peckinpah, and guest starred Dennis Hopper.
Regulars on the program included Marshal Micah Torrance (R. G. Armstrong was the original marshal for two episodes, the first and the fourth), Sweeney the bartender (Bill Quinn), and a half-dozen other residents of North Fork (played by Hope Summers, Joan Taylor, Patricia Blair, John Harmon, and Harlan Warde).
Fifty-one episodes of the series were directed by Joseph H. Lewis (director of 1950s Gun Crazy and known for his film noir style). Ida Lupino directed one episode, "The Assault".
Connors wrote several episodes. Robert Culp (of CBS's Trackdown, another Four Star-produced series), wrote one two-part episode, and Frank Gilroy wrote "End of a Young Gun".[citation needed]
Reception[edit]
U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Rank
Rating
Season premiere
Season finale
1 40 September 30, 1958 (1958-09-30) June 30, 1959 (1959-06-30) 4 33.1[11]
2 36 September 29, 1959 (1959-09-29) May 31, 1960 (1960-05-31) 13 27.5[11]
3 34 September 27, 1960 (1960-09-27) May 16, 1961 (1961-05-16) 27 22.1[11]
4 32 October 2, 1961 (1961-10-02) May 7, 1962 (1962-05-07) 28 22.3[11]
5 26 October 1, 1962 (1962-10-01) April 8, 1963 (1963-04-08) Not in the Top 30[11]
Home media[edit]
MPI Home Video has released The Rifleman on DVD in Region 1 in a number of versions. It has released single-disc DVDs with five episodes; from 2002–2006 it released six sets, each with 20 episodes. The releases are random collections of episodes, rather than the original broadcast order. These releases are out of print, since MPI Home Video no longer owns the rights to the series. Levy-Gardner-Laven Productions, the original producer, is again the sole copyright owner of The Rifleman series.[12]
In late 2013, Levy-Gardner-Laven Productions, Inc. announced it would be the only authorized outlet to offer for the very first time all 168 episodes of The Rifleman, the original series, newly restored and assembled in DVD box sets. The episodes will be released in sequential order, by season, in high quality boxed sets with exclusive special features. The first boxed set of all Season 1 episodes were made available on December 4, 2013 for $69.95.[13] The second season was released on November 28, 2014.[14] Season 3 was released on December 2, 2015.[15] Season 4 was released on December 4, 2016.[16][17] Season 5 was released on November 27, 2017.[18]
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
The Complete First Season 40 December 4, 2013
The Complete Second Season 36 November 28, 2014
The Complete Third Season 34 December 2, 2015
The Complete Fourth Season 32 December 4, 2016
The Complete Fifth Season 26 November 27, 2017
Spin-offs and remakes[edit]
Law of the Plainsman (1959)[edit]
The February 17, 1959 episode of The Rifleman was a pilot for an NBC series, Law of the Plainsman, starring Michael Ansara as Marshal Sam Buckhart. In the episode "The Indian", Buckhart comes to North Fork to look for Indians suspected of murdering a Texas Ranger and his family.[19] He subsequently reappeared in "The Raid".
The Gambler Returns (1991)[edit]
Chuck Connors briefly played the same character again in 1991's The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw, which featured a number of 1950s and 1960s television Western series leads reprising their roles in quick cameo appearances (Gene Barry as Bat Masterson, Hugh O'Brian as Wyatt Earp, Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick, Clint Walker as Cheyenne Bodie, David Carradine as Kung Fu's Caine).
2011 attempted remake[edit]
In late 2011, CBS announced plans to remake the original Rifleman series.[20] Chris Columbus was slated to be the executive producer and direct, with Robert Levy, Steven Gardner, and Arthur Gardner (related to original producers Levy-Gardner-Laven) as executive producers.[21] The remake project was canceled a few months later, without a pilot episode being made.[22]
Merchandising[edit]
The TV show was also adapted into a comic book by Dan Spiegle, distributed by Dell Comics.[23]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ In those episodes which Laven received director credit, the producers are credited as Levy and Gardner, only, as simultaneous producer and director credit was not then allowed.
Jump up ^ Hume, Cyril. The Rifleman, Episode 1/16, first aired January 13, 1959
Jump up ^ The Wyoming Story part 1 & 2 (season 3)
Jump up ^ Sheridan is quoting Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address, specifically the final paragraph: "With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations."
^ Jump up to: a b Thoresen, Lisbet. "The Rifleman - Guest Stars". therifleman.net. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Michael Piccione (July 12, 2012). "The Rifleman's Winchester and Little Joe Cartwright's Colt go up for auction". Daily Caller. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mike DiMuzio (April 22, 2008). "The Rifleman's Rifle". tv.com. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Legendary Rifle: A Closer Look
Jump up ^ http://www.northforkproduction.com/theriflemanchuckconnors/
Jump up ^ http://www.riflemanconnors.com/Rifle/Ed/ed3.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Thoresen. "The Rifleman - Program History". therifleman.net. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.therifleman.net/general-merchandise/
Jump up ^ Official 'Season 1' AVAILABLE TODAY! Cost, Extras, Packaging
Jump up ^ Release Date for 'The Official Season 2: Episodes 41 – 76' on DVD
Jump up ^ New Date, Cost, Details, Cover Art for 'The Official Season 3: Episodes 77 - 110'
Jump up ^ Chuck Connors Stars in the Next-to-Last Season...on DVD Soon!
Jump up ^ The Rifleman - 'Season 4' Pre-Orders TOMORROW...Ship Date Announced! The next-to-last season of the legendary Chuck Connors show ships in 2 weeks!
Jump up ^ The Rifleman - Release Date Announced for 'The Official Season 5: Episodes 143-168'...The Final Season! Available for pre-order on Thanksgiving day, and shipping on Cyber Monday...exclusively from TheRifleman.net!
Jump up ^ The Rifleman Episode Guide List
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (November 8, 2011). "CBS developing 'Rifleman' remake". Variety. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Hank, Melissa (November 10, 2011). "'The Rifleman' remake on the way". TV Guide. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 21, 2012). "David Mamet to Reboot 'Have Gun - Will Travel' for CBS". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/spiegle_d.htm
Further reading[edit]
Christopher Sharrett, The Rifleman (TV Milestones Series), Wayne State University Press, 2005
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rifleman.
Official website
The Rifleman on IMDb
The Rifleman at TV.com
The Rifleman at epguides.com
The Rifleman's Rifle
The Rifleman's Rifle demonstration on YouTube.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rifleman&oldid=837616878"
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Data Protection Act 1998
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Data Protection Act 1998
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title
An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information.
Territorial extent
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Dates
Royal assent
16 July 1998
Commencement
March 2000
Other legislation
Replaces
Data Protection Act 1984
Status: Current legislation
Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
The Data Protection Act 1998 (c 29) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system. It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection, processing and movement of data. Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves. Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use,[1] for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act, subject to some exemptions. The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is processed lawfully.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Contents
2.1 Scope of protection
2.2 Data protection principles
2.3 Exceptions
2.4 Police and court powers
2.5 Offences
2.6 Complexity
2.7 Definition of personal data
2.8 Subject Access Requests
2.9 Information Commissioner
2.10 EU’s Article 29 Working Party
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
5.1 UK legislation
Background[edit]
The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995.
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to "positive consent" such as an opt in box. Exemptions remain for the marketing of "similar products and services" to existing customers and enquirers, which can still be given permission on an opt out basis.
The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law.[2]
Contents[edit]
Scope of protection[edit]
Section 1 defines "personal data" as any data that can be used to identify a living individual. Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act, providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way. Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address, telephone number or email address. The Act applies only to data which is held, or intended to be held, on computers ('equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose'), or held in a 'relevant filing system'.[3]
In some cases a paper address book can be classified as a 'relevant filing system' for example diaries used to support commercial activities, such as a salesperson's diary.[clarification needed]
The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities, and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent.[4]
A person who has their data processed has the following rights:[5][6]
under section 7, to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee: the maximum fee is £2 for requests to credit reference agencies, £50 for health and educational request, and £10 per individual otherwise,[7]
under section 14, request that incorrect information be corrected. If the company ignores the request, a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed, and in some cases compensation can be awarded.[8]
under section 10, require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress.[9]
under section 11, require that their data is not used for direct marketing.[10]
Data protection principles[edit]
Schedule 1 lists eight "data protection principles".
Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless:
at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, and
in the case of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met.
Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes.
Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed.
Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date.
Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes.
About the rights of individuals e.g.[11] personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects (individuals).
Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data.
Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data.
Conditions relevant to the first principle
Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully. In order for data to be classed as 'fairly processed', at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data (Schedule 2).
The data subject (the person whose data is stored) has consented ("given their permission") to the processing;
Processing is necessary for the performance of, or commencing, a contract;
Processing is required under a legal obligation (other than one stated in the contract);
Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject;
Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions;
Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the "data controller" or "third parties" (unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject).[12]
Consent
Except under the below mentioned exceptions, the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose(s) in question. The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as “…any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed”, meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing. However, non-communication should not be interpreted as consent.
Additionally, consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case. E.g., if an organisation "intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends, then the consent should cover this." And even when consent is given, it shouldn't be assumed to last forever. Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed, individuals may be able to withdraw their consent, depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used.[13]
The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions, in particular any consent must be explicit.[13]
Exceptions[edit]
The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act, while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV.[1] Notable exceptions are:
Section 28 – National security. Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles, as well as Part II (subject access rights), Part III (notification), Part V (enforcement), and Section 55 (Unlawful obtaining of personal data).
Section 29 – Crime and taxation. Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime, the apprehension or prosecution of offenders, or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle.
Section 36 – Domestic purposes. Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual's personal, family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles, as well as Part II (subject access rights) and Part III (notification).
Police and court powers[edit]
The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers.
Section 29 – Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime, apprehend or prosecute offenders, the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function.[14]
Section 35 – Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings. This includes obeying court orders, other laws and are part of legal proceedings.[15]
Offences[edit]
The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject. However, 'consent' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter.
Section 21(1) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration.[16]
Section 21(2) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State[16] (proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act).[17]
Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data. This section makes it an offence for people (Other Parties), such as hackers and impersonators, outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data.[18]
Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment, continued employment, or the provision of services.[19] This section came into force on 10 March 2015.[20]
Complexity[edit]
The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity.[21] While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy, interpreting the act is not always simple. Many companies, organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims, content and principles of the Act. Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic, publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction.[22] The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes, not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies.
Definition of personal data[edit]
The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified
from that data or
from that data and other information in the possession of, or is likely to come into the possession of, the data controller
Sensitive personal data concerns the subject's race, ethnicity, politics, religion, trade union status, health, sex life or criminal record.[23]
Subject Access Requests[edit]
The Information Commissioner's Office website states[24]:
You have the right to get a copy of the information that is held about you. This is known as a subject access request.
This right of subject access means that you can make a request under the Data Protection Act to any organisation processing your personal data. The Act calls these organisations ‘data controllers’.
You can ask the organisation you think is holding, using or sharing the personal information you want, to supply you with copies of both paper and computer records and related information.
Organisations may charge a fee for responding to a subject access request of up to[24]:
£2 if it is a request to a credit reference agency for information about your financial standing
£50 for health records that are not available in electronic form or only partially available in electronic form
£10 in all other circumstances
Information Commissioner[edit]
Main article: Information Commissioner's Office
Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority, the Information Commissioner's Office, which maintains guidance relating to the Act.[25][26]
EU’s Article 29 Working Party[edit]
In January 2017 the Information Commissioner's Office invited public comments on the EU’s Article 29 Working Party's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act, the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation.[27]
See also[edit]
Data Protection Act, 2012 (Ghana)
Computer Misuse Act 1990
Data privacy
Data Protection Directive (EU)
Freedom of Information Act 2000
Gaskin v United Kingdom
List of UK government data losses
Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003
General Data Protection Regulation – a 2016 EU regulation on data protection
Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank plc
Durant v Financial Services Authority [2003] EWCA Civ 1746
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Data Protection Act 1998, Part IV (Exemptions), Section 36, Office of Public Sector Information, accessed 6 September 2007
Jump up ^ Jersey: Data Protection In Jersey And Other Offshore Jurisdictions 23 July 2008 Article by Wendy Benjamin, mondaq.com,
Jump up ^ "Data Protection Act 1998, Basic interpretative provisions". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "What is personal data? Information Commissioner updates guidance". Pinsent Masons. 30 August 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2012. In the case involving Michael Durant he sought information held on him by the Financial Services Authority. The Court of Appeal ruled that just because a document contained his name it was not necessarily defined as personal data. This changed the perception of how wide a definition of personal data could be.
Jump up ^ Your rights, ICO, accessed 6 September 2007
Jump up ^ "The rights of individuals (Principle 6)", ICO, accessed 7 December 2016
Jump up ^ "FAQs". Information Commissioner's Office. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Claiming compensation". Information Commissioner's Office. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998, Part II (Rights of data subjects and others), Section 10, Office of Public Sector Information, accessed 6 September 2007
Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998, Part II (Rights of data subjects and others), Section 11, Office of Public Sector Information, accessed 6 September 2007
Jump up ^ The rights of individuals (Principle 6), ICO.org.uk, accessed 14 April 2011
Jump up ^ OPSI.gov.uk Data Protection Act 1998 Schedule 2
^ Jump up to: a b "Conditions for Processing – Guide to Data Protection – ICO". Information Commissioner's Office. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998, Part IV (Exceptions – Crime and taxation), Section 29
Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998, Part IV (Exemptions – Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc.), Section 35
^ Jump up to: a b Data Protection Act 1998, Part III (Notification by Data Controllers), Section 21, Office of Public Sector Information)
Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998, Part III (Notification by Data Controllers), Section 25
Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998, Part VI (Miscellaneous and General), Section 55, Office of Public Sector Information, accessed 14 September 2007
Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998, Part VI (Miscellaneous and General), Section 56, Office of Public Sector Information, accessed 14 September 2007
Jump up ^ http://www.lewissilkin.com/Journal/2015/March/Forced-data-subject-access-requests-are-now-a-criminal-offence.aspx
Jump up ^ Bainbridge, D: "Introduction to Computer Law – Fifth Edition", page 430. Pearson Education Limited, 2005
Jump up ^ Data Protection myths and realities, Information Commissioner's Office, accessed 30 August 2008
Jump up ^ "Data Protection Act 1998". UK Statute Law Database. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Find out how to request your personal information". Retrieved 6 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Guide to Data Protection". Information Commissioner's Office. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Guidance – The Data Protection Act, Page of Assorted Guidance, Information Commissioner's Office, accessed 20 October 2007
Jump up ^ "Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)". ico.org.uk. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about Data Protection Act 1998
Information Commissioner's Office
The Department for Constitutional Affairs
Council of Europe – ETS no. 108 – Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (1981) – basis for Data Protection Act 1984
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data – basis for Data Protection Act 1998
UK legislation[edit]
Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
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text:
Demographics of British Columbia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Demographics of Canada
Map of British Columbia regional districts with population density.
Population of British Columbia (2016): 4,648,055
Percentage of National Population: 13.2% (unchanged)
Population Growth Rate: 5.6%
Contents
[hide]
1 Vital statistics
1.1 Population of British Columbia since 1851
2 Age structure
3 Ethnicity
3.1 Indo-Canadians
4 Visible minorities and Aboriginal Peoples
5 Religions
6 Languages
7 See also
8 References
Vital statistics[edit]
Birth rate: 1.2 births per 1,000 [1] (Canadian average ≈ 11)
Death rate: 2.3 deaths per 1,000
Infant mortality rate: 4.0 deaths per 1,000 live births [2]
Life expectancy at birth: 81.12 years[3]
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born per woman [4] (Canadian average = 1.61)
Population of British Columbia since 1851[edit]
Population of British Columbia from 1851 to 2011
Year
Population
Five year
% change
Ten year
% change
Rank among
provinces
1851 55,000 n/a n/a n/a
1861 51,524 n/a -6.3 n/a
1871 36,247 n/a -29.7 7
1881 49,459 n/a 36.4 8
1891 98,173 n/a 98.5 8
1901 178,657 n/a 82.0 6
1911 392,480 n/a 119.7 6
1921 524,582 n/a 33.7 6
1931 694,263 n/a 32.3 6
1941 817,861 n/a 17.8 4
1951 1,165,210 n/a 42.5 3
1956 1,398,464 20.0 n/a 3
1961 1,629,082 16.5 39.8 3
1966 1,873,674 15.0 34.0 3
1971 2,184,620 16.6 34.1 3
1976 2,466,610 12.9 31.6 3
1981 2,744,467 11.3 25.6 3
1986 2,883,370 5.1 16.9 3
1991 3,282,061 13.8 19.6 3
1996 3,724,500 13.5 29.2 3
2001 3,907,738 4.9 19.1 3
2006 4,113,487 5.4 10.4 3
2011 4,400,057 7.0 12.6 3
2016 4,648,055 5.6 13.0 3
Source: Statistics Canada[5]
Age structure[edit]
Males
Females
Age
Group Number Percent Number Percent
0-4 105,808 2.4% 100,116 2.2%
5-9 117,909 2.8% 111,383 2.6%
10-14 133,809 3.1% 126,388 3.0%
15-19 143,449 3.4% 136,227 3.2%
20-24 155,369 3.7% 147,770 3.5%
25-29 139,521 3.3% 138,299 3.3%
30-34 144,788 3.4% 145,869 3.4%
35-39 155,429 3.7% 158,364 3.7%
40-44 177,381 4.2% 179,216 4.2%
45-49 172,786 4.1% 177,082 4.2%
50-54 157,596 3.7% 159,965 3.8%
55-59 138,096 3.2% 139,772 3.3%
60-64 101,610 2.4% 103,764 2.4%
65-69 80,051 1.9% 82,363 1.9%
70-74 70,060 1.6% 72,493 1.7%
75-79 54,572 1.3% 64,344 1.5%
80-84 36,304 0.8% 53,047 1.2%
85+ 24,544 0.6% 48,978 1.1%
Totals 2,109,082 49.6% 2,145,440 50.4%
Source: BCStats[6]
Ethnicity[edit]
British Columbia has a very diverse ethnic population, with a large number of immigrants having lived in the province for 30 years or less. First-generation immigrants from the British Isles remain a strong component of local society despite limitations on immigration from Britain since the ending of special status for British subjects in the 1960s. Also present in large numbers relative to other cities in Canada (except Toronto), and also present in BC ever since the province was first settled (unlike Toronto), are many European ethnicities of the first and second generation, notably Germans, Ukrainians, Scandinavians, Yugoslavs and Italians; third-generation Europeans are generally of mixed lineage, and traditionally intermarried with other ethnic groups more than in any other Canadian province. The percentages add to more than 100% because of dual responses (e.g. "French-Canadian" generates an entry in both the category "French" and the category "Canadian"). In recent decades, the proportion of those of Chinese ethnicity has risen sharply, though still outnumbered by the historically-strong population of those of German ancestry. Visible minorities have become an important factor in ethnic-based politics, though most visible minorities are less numerous than the long-standing non-British European ethnicities making up BC's "invisible minorities".
Further information: Statistics Canada. "Population by selected ethnic origins, by province and territory (2006 Census) (British Columbia)"[7]
Note: The following statistics represent both single (e.g., "German") and multiple (e.g., "part Chinese, part English") responses to the 2006 Census, and thus do not add up to 100%.
Ethnic Origin
Population
Percent
English 1,207,245 29.63%
Scottish 828,145 20.32%
Canadian 720,200 17.67%
Irish 618,120 15.17%
German 561,570 13.78%
Chinese 432,435 10.60%
French 361,215 8.86%
Indian 232,370 5.70%
Ukrainian 197,265 4.84%
Dutch (Netherlands) 196,420 4.82%
North American Indian 193,060 4.74%
Italian 143,155 3.51%
Norwegian 129,420 3.18%
Polish 128,360 3.15%
Russian 114,105 2.80%
Welsh 104,275 2.56%
Swedish 104,025 2.55%
Source: Statistics Canada[8]
Indo-Canadians[edit]
Main article: Indo-Canadians in British Columbia
Visible minorities and Aboriginal Peoples[edit]
Note: Statistics Canada defines visible minorities as defined in the Employment Equity Act which defines visible minorities as "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".
Visible minority and Aboriginal population (Canada 2016 Census)
Population group
Population
% of total population
European 2,908,420 7001638000000000000♠63.8%
Visible minority group
Source:[9] South Asian 365,705 7000800000000000000♠8%
Chinese 508,480 7001112000000000000♠11.2%
Black 43,500 7000100000000000000♠1%
Filipino 145,025 7000320000000000000♠3.2%
Latin American 44,115 7000100000000000000♠1%
Arab 19,840 6999400000000000000♠0.4%
Southeast Asian 54,920 7000120000000000000♠1.2%
West Asian 48,695 7000110000000000000♠1.1%
Korean 60,495 7000130000000000000♠1.3%
Japanese 41,230 6999900000000000000♠0.9%
Visible minority, n.i.e. 8,760 6999200000000000000♠0.2%
Multiple visible minority 40,465 6999900000000000000♠0.9%
Total visible minority population 1,381,235 7001303000000000000♠30.3%
Aboriginal group
Source:[10] First Nations 172,520 7000380000000000000♠3.8%
Métis 89,405 7000200000000000000♠2%
Inuit 1,610 5000000000000000000♠0%
Aboriginal, n.i.e. 2,695 6999100000000000000♠0.1%
Multiple Aboriginal identity 4,350 6999100000000000000♠0.1%
Total Aboriginal population 270,585 7000590000000000000♠5.9%
Total population 4,560,240 100%
Religions[edit]
Religion in British Columbia in 2001.
Population by religion, Canada and BC
(2001 Census)
Canada
B.C.
number % number %
Total population 29,639,035 3,868,875
No religious affiliation 4,900,090 17% 1,388,300 36%
Protestant 8,654,850 29% 1,213,295 31%
Catholic 12,936,905 44% 675,320 17%
Christian not included elsewhere 780,450 3% 200,345 5%
Sikh 278,410 1% 135,310 3%
Buddhist 300,345 1% 85,540 2%
Muslim 579,640 2% 56,220 1%
Christian Orthodox 479,620 2% 35,655 1%
Hindu 297,200 1% 31,500 1%
Jewish 329,995 1% 21,230 1%
Eastern religions 37,550 0% 9,970 0%
Other religions 63,975 0% 16,205 0%
Source: Statistics Canada 2001 Census
http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo30c.htm
Languages[edit]
Language(s) first learned and still understood
Total
%
Male
Female
English only 2,825,780 73.03% 1,403,230 1,422,545
French only 54,405 1.41% 27,340 27,060
Both English and French 6,784 0.18% 3,360 3,452
Other languages 981,910 25.38% 470,145 511,765
Source: Statistics Canada 2001 Census
See also[edit]
BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
PE
NS
NL
YT
NT
NU
Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories
Demographics of Canada
List of Canadian provinces and territories by population
Demographics of Vancouver
Demographics of Abbotsford, British Columbia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BC's birth rate, teen births lowest in Pacific Northwest — Sightline Institute
Jump up ^ 25_imr.FH10
Jump up ^ http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/DATA/pop/vital/exp0_bc.csv
Jump up ^ Northwest's birth rate, teen births hit record lows — Sightline Institute
Jump up ^ Statistics Canada - Population
Jump up ^ http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/data/pop/pop/dynamic/PopulationStatistics/Query.asp?category=Health&type=HA&topic=Estimates&agegrouptype=Standard&subtype=&region=0&year=2005&agegroup=5-year&gender=a&rowsperpage=50000&output=file
Jump up ^ Population by selected ethnic origins, by province and territory (2006 Census) (British Columbia)
Jump up ^ 2001 Canadian Census Archived 2006-06-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [1], Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Province/Territory
Jump up ^ [2], Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Province/Territory
British Columbia portal
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