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Chlorofluorocarbon
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are fully halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane. They are also commonly known by the DuPont brand name Freon. The most common representative is dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12 or Freon-12). Many CFCs have been widely used as refrigerants, propellants (in aerosol applications), and solvents. Because CFCs contribute to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere, the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol, and they are being replaced with other products such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)[1] (e.g., R-410A) and R-134a.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure, properties and production
2 Reactions
3 Applications
4 Classes of compounds, nomenclature
4.1 Numbering system
5 History
5.1 Commercial development and use
5.2 Regulation
5.2.1 Regulatory gap
5.2.2 Regulation and DuPont
5.3 Phasing-out of CFCs
5.4 Development of alternatives for CFCs
6 Environmental impacts
7 Tracer of ocean circulation
7.1 CFC and SF6 tracer-derived age of ocean water
7.1.1 Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques
8 Safety
9 References
10 External links
Structure, properties and production[edit]
Main article: Organofluorine chemistry
As in simpler alkanes, carbon in the CFCs bonds with tetrahedral symmetry. Because the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size and effective charge from hydrogen and from each other, the methane-derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry.[4]
The physical properties of CFCs and HCFCs are tunable by changes in the number and identity of the halogen atoms. In general, they are volatile but less so than their parent alkanes. The decreased volatility is attributed to the molecular polarity induced by the halides, which induces intermolecular interactions. Thus, methane boils at −161 °C whereas the fluoromethanes boil between −51.7 (CF2H2) and −128 °C (CF4). The CFCs have still higher boiling points because the chloride is even more polarizable than fluoride. Because of their polarity, the CFCs are useful solvents, and their boiling points make them suitable as refrigerants. The CFCs are far less flammable than methane, in part because they contain fewer C-H bonds and in part because, in the case of the chlorides and bromides, the released halides quench the free radicals that sustain flames.
The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes. In general, the density of these compounds correlates with the number of chlorides.
CFCs and HCFCs are usually produced by halogen exchange starting from chlorinated methanes and ethanes. Illustrative is the synthesis of chlorodifluoromethane from chloroform:
HCCl3 + 2 HF → HCF2Cl + 2 HCl
The brominated derivatives are generated by free-radical reactions of the chlorofluorocarbons, replacing C-H bonds with C-Br bonds. The production of the anesthetic 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane ("halothane") is illustrative:
CF3CH2Cl + Br2 → CF3CHBrCl + HBr
Reactions[edit]
The most important reaction[citation needed] of the CFCs is the photo-induced scission of a C-Cl bond:
CCl3F → CCl2F. + Cl.
The chlorine atom, written often as Cl., behaves very differently from the chlorine molecule (Cl2). The radical Cl. is long-lived in the upper atmosphere, where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O2. Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation, so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth's surface. Bromine atoms are even more efficient catalysts; hence brominated CFCs are also regulated.
Applications[edit]
CFCs and HCFCs are used in a variety of applications because of their low toxicity, reactivity and flammability. Every permutation of fluorine, chlorine and hydrogen based on methane and ethane has been examined and most have been commercialized. Furthermore, many examples are known for higher numbers of carbon as well as related compounds containing bromine. Uses include refrigerants, blowing agents, propellants in medicinal applications and degreasing solvents.
Billions of kilograms of chlorodifluoromethane are produced annually as precursor to tetrafluoroethylene, the monomer that is converted into Teflon.[5]
Classes of compounds, nomenclature[edit]
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CClmF4−m and C2ClmF6−m, where m is nonzero.
Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CClmFnH4−m−n and C2ClxFyH6−x−y, where m, n, x, and y are nonzero.
and bromofluorocarbons have formulae similar to the CFCs and HCFCs but also include bromine.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): when derived from methane, ethane, propane, and butane, these compounds have the respective formulae CFmH4−m, C2FmH6−m, C3FmH8−m, and C4FmH10−m, where m is nonzero.
Numbering system[edit]
Main article: refrigerant § Refrigerants by class
A special numbering system is used for fluorinated alkanes, prefixed with Freon-, R-, CFC- and HCFC-, where the rightmost value indicates the number of fluorine atoms, the next value to the left is the number of hydrogen atoms plus 1, and the next value to the left is the number of carbon atoms less one (zeroes are not stated), and the remaining atoms are chlorine.
Freon-12, for example, indicates a methane derivative (only two numbers) containing two fluorine atoms (the second 2) and no hydrogen (1-1=0). It is therefore CCl2F2.
Another, easier equation that can be applied to get the correct molecular formula of the CFC/R/Freon class compounds is this to take the numbering and add 90 to it. The resulting value will give the number of carbons as the first numeral, the second numeral gives the number of hydrogen atoms, and the third numeral gives the number of fluorine atoms. The rest of the unaccounted carbon bonds are occupied by chlorine atoms. The value of this equation is always a three figure number. An easy example is that of CFC-12, which gives: 90+12=102 -> 1 carbon, 0 hydrogens, 2 fluorine atoms, and hence 2 chlorine atoms resulting in CCl2F2. The main advantage of this method of deducing the molecular composition in comparison with the method described in the paragraph above is that it gives the number of carbon atoms of the molecule.
Freons containing bromine are signified by four numbers. Isomers, which are common for ethane and propane derivatives, are indicated by letters following the numbers :
[hide]Principal CFCs
Systematic name
Common/trivial
name(s), code
Boiling point (°C)
Formula
Trichlorofluoromethane Freon-11, R-11, CFC-11 23.77 CCl3F
Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon-12, R-12, CFC-12 −29.8 CCl2F2
Difluoromethane/pentafluoroethane R-410A, Puron, AZ-20 −48.5 50% CH2F2/50% CHF2CF3
Chlorotrifluoromethane Freon-13, R-13, CFC-13 −81 CClF3
Chlorodifluoromethane R-22, HCFC-22 −40.8 CHClF2
Dichlorofluoromethane R-21, HCFC-21 8.9 CHCl2F
Chlorofluoromethane Freon 31, R-31, HCFC-31 −9.1 CH2ClF
Bromochlorodifluoromethane BCF, Halon 1211, H-1211, Freon 12B1 −3.7 CBrClF2
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane Freon 113, R-113, CFC-113, 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 47.7 Cl2FC-CClF2
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane Freon 113a, R-113a, CFC-113a 45.9 Cl3C-CF3
1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Freon 114, R-114, CFC-114, Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 3.8 ClF2C-CClF2
1-Chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane Freon 115, R-115, CFC-115, Chloropentafluoroethane −38 ClF2C-CF3
2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane R-124, HCFC-124 −12 CHFClCF3
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane R-141b, HCFC-141b 32 Cl2FC-CH3
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane R-142b, HCFC-142b −9.2 ClF2C-CH3
Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane Freon 112, R-112, CFC-112 91.5 CCl2FCCl2F
Tetrachloro-1,1-difluoroethane Freon 112a, R-112a, CFC-112a 91.5 CClF2CCl3
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane Freon 113, R-113, CFC-113 48 CCl2FCClF2
1-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Halon 2311a 51.7 CHClFCBrF2
2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Halon 2311 50.2 CF3CHBrCl
1,1-Dichloro-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane R-225ca, HCFC-225ca 51 CF3CF2CHCl2
1,3-Dichloro-1,2,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane R-225cb, HCFC-225cb 56 CClF2CF2CHClF
History[edit]
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used in fire extinguishers and glass "anti-fire grenades" from the late nineteenth century until around the end of World War II. Experimentation with chloroalkanes for fire suppression on military aircraft began at least as early as the 1920s. Freon is a trade name for a group of CFCs which are used primarily as refrigerants, but also have uses in fire-fighting and as propellants in aerosol cans. Bromomethane is widely used as a fumigant. Dichloromethane is a versatile industrial solvent.
The Belgian scientist Frédéric Swarts pioneered the synthesis of CFCs in the 1890s. He developed an effective exchange agent to replace chloride in carbon tetrachloride with fluoride to synthesize CFC-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-12 (CCl2F2).
In the late 1920s, Thomas Midgley, Jr. improved the process of synthesis and led the effort to use CFC as refrigerant to replace ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which are toxic but were in common use. In searching for a new refrigerant, requirements for the compound were: low boiling point, low toxicity, and to be generally non-reactive. In a demonstration for the American Chemical Society, Midgley flamboyantly demonstrated all these properties by inhaling a breath of the gas and using it to blow out a candle[6] in 1930.[7][8]
Commercial development and use[edit]
During World War II, various chloroalkanes were in standard use in military aircraft, although these early halons suffered from excessive toxicity. Nevertheless, after the war they slowly became more common in civil aviation as well. In the 1960s, fluoroalkanes and bromofluoroalkanes became available and were quickly recognized as being highly effective fire-fighting materials. Much early research with Halon 1301 was conducted under the auspices of the US Armed Forces, while Halon 1211 was, initially, mainly developed in the UK. By the late 1960s they were standard in many applications where water and dry-powder extinguishers posed a threat of damage to the protected property, including computer rooms, telecommunications switches, laboratories, museums and art collections. Beginning with warships, in the 1970s, bromofluoroalkanes also progressively came to be associated with rapid knockdown of severe fires in confined spaces with minimal risk to personnel.
By the early 1980s, bromofluoroalkanes were in common use on aircraft, ships, and large vehicles as well as in computer facilities and galleries. However, concern was beginning to be expressed about the impact of chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes on the ozone layer. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer did not cover bromofluoroalkanes as it was thought, at the time, that emergency discharge of extinguishing systems was too small in volume to produce a significant impact, and too important to human safety for restriction.
Regulation[edit]
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Since the late 1970s, the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer. After the development of his electron capture detector, James Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air, finding a mole fraction of 60 ppt of CFC-11 over Ireland. In a self-funded research expedition ending in 1973, Lovelock went on to measure CFC-11 in both the Arctic and Antarctic, finding the presence of the gas in each of 50 air samples collected, and concluding that CFCs are not hazardous to the environment. The experiment did however provide the first useful data on the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused by CFCs was discovered by Sherry Rowland and Mario Molina who, after hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's work, embarked on research resulting in the first publication suggesting the connection in 1974. It turns out that one of CFCs' most attractive features—their low reactivity— is key to their most destructive effects. CFCs' lack of reactivity gives them a lifespan that can exceed 100 years, giving them time to diffuse into the upper stratosphere.[9] Once in the stratosphere, the sun's ultraviolet radiation is strong enough to cause the homolytic cleavage of the C-Cl bond.
NASA projection of stratospheric ozone, in Dobson units, if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned. Animated version.
By 1987, in response to a dramatic seasonal depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica, diplomats in Montreal forged a treaty, the Montreal Protocol, which called for drastic reductions in the production of CFCs. On 2 March 1989, 12 European Community nations agreed to ban the production of all CFCs by the end of the century. In 1990, diplomats met in London and voted to significantly strengthen the Montreal Protocol by calling for a complete elimination of CFCs by the year 2000. By the year 2010, CFCs should have been completely eliminated from developing countries as well.
Ozone-depleting gas trends
Because the only CFCs available to countries adhering to the treaty is from recycling, their prices have increased considerably. A worldwide end to production should also terminate the smuggling of this material. However, there are current CFC smuggling issues, as recognized by the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) in a 2006 report titled "Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances". UNEP estimates that between 16,000–38,000 tonnes of CFCs passed through the black market in the mid-1990s. The report estimated between 7,000 and 14,000 tonnes of CFCs are smuggled annually into developing countries. Asian countries are those with the most smuggling; as of 2007, China, India and South Korea were found to account for around 70% of global CFC production,[10] South Korea later to ban CFC production in 2010.[11] Possible reasons for continued CFC smuggling were also examined: the report noted that many banned CFC producing products have long lifespans and continue to operate. The cost of replacing the equipment of these items is sometimes cheaper than outfitting them with a more ozone-friendly appliance. Additionally, CFC smuggling is not considered a significant issue, so the perceived penalties for smuggling are low. While the eventual phaseout of CFCs is likely, efforts are being taken to stem these current non-compliance problems.
By the time of the Montreal Protocol, it was realised that deliberate and accidental discharges during system tests and maintenance accounted for substantially larger volumes than emergency discharges, and consequently halons were brought into the treaty, albeit with many exceptions.
Regulatory gap[edit]
While the production and consumption of CFCs are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, emissions from existing banks of CFCs are not regulated under the agreement. In 2002, there were an estimated 5,791 kilotons of CFCs in existing products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol cans and others.[12] Approximately one-third of these CFCs are projected to be emitted over the next decade if action is not taken, posing a threat to both the ozone layer and the climate.[13] A proportion of these CFCs can be safely captured and destroyed.
Regulation and DuPont[edit]
In 1978 the United States banned the use of CFCs such as Freon in aerosol cans, the beginning of a long series of regulatory actions against their use. The critical DuPont manufacturing patent for Freon ("Process for Fluorinating Halohydrocarbons", U.S. Patent #3258500) was set to expire in 1979. In conjunction with other industrial peers DuPont formed a lobbying group, the "Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy," to combat regulations of ozone-depleting compounds.[14] In 1986 DuPont, with new patents in hand, reversed its previous stance and publicly condemned CFCs.[15] DuPont representatives appeared before the Montreal Protocol urging that CFCs be banned worldwide and stated that their new HCFCs would meet the worldwide demand for refrigerants.[15]
Phasing-out of CFCs[edit]
Use of certain chloroalkanes as solvents for large scale application, such as dry cleaning, have been phased out, for example, by the IPPC directive on greenhouse gases in 1994 and by the volatile organic compounds (VOC) directive of the EU in 1997. Permitted chlorofluoroalkane uses are medicinal only.
Bromofluoroalkanes have been largely phased out and the possession of equipment for their use is prohibited in some countries like the Netherlands and Belgium, from 1 January 2004, based on the Montreal Protocol and guidelines of the European Union.
Production of new stocks ceased in most (probably all) countries in 1994.[citation needed] However many countries still require aircraft to be fitted with halon fire suppression systems because no safe and completely satisfactory alternative has been discovered for this application. There are also a few other, highly specialized uses. These programs recycle halon through "halon banks" coordinated by the Halon Recycling Corporation[16] to ensure that discharge to the atmosphere occurs only in a genuine emergency and to conserve remaining stocks.
The interim replacements for CFCs are hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which deplete stratospheric ozone, but to a much lesser extent than CFCs.[17] Ultimately, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) will replace HCFCs. Unlike CFCs and HCFCs, HFCs have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.[18] DuPont began producing hydrofluorocarbons as alternatives to Freon in the 1980s. These included Suva refrigerants and Dymel propellants.[19] Natural refrigerants are climate friendly solutions that are enjoying increasing support from large companies and governments interested in reducing global warming emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning. Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss][20] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.[21]
On 21 September 2007, approximately 200 countries agreed to accelerate the elimination of hydrochlorofluorocarbons entirely by 2020 in a United Nations-sponsored Montreal summit. Developing nations were given until 2030. Many nations, such as the United States and China, who had previously resisted such efforts, agreed with the accelerated phase out schedule.[22]
Development of alternatives for CFCs[edit]
Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to stratospheric ozone were published.
The hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are less stable in the lower atmosphere, enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone layer. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of the HCFCs do break down in the stratosphere and they have contributed to more chlorine buildup there than originally predicted. Later alternatives lacking the chlorine, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have an even shorter lifetimes in the lower atmosphere.[17] One of these compounds, HFC-134a, is now used in place of CFC-12 in automobile air conditioners. Hydrocarbon refrigerants (a propane/isobutane blend) are also used extensively in mobile air conditioning systems in Australia, the USA and many other countries, as they have excellent thermodynamic properties and perform particularly well in high ambient temperatures.
One of the natural refrigerants (along with ammonia and carbon dioxide), hydrocarbons have negligible environmental impacts and are also used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration applications, and are becoming available in new split system air conditioners.[23] Various other solvents and methods have replaced the use of CFCs in laboratory analytics.[24]
In Metered-dose inhalers (MDI), a non-ozone effecting substitute was developed as a propellant, known as "hydrofluoroalkane."[25]
Applications and replacements for CFCs
Application
Previously used CFC
Replacement
Refrigeration & air-conditioning CFC-12 (CCl2F2); CFC-11(CCl3F); CFC-13(CClF3); HCFC-22 (CHClF2); CFC-113 (Cl2FCCClF2); CFC-114 (CClF2CClF2); CFC-115 (CF3CClF2); HFC-23 (CHF3); HFC-134a (CF3CFH2); HFC-507 (a 1:1 azeotropic mixture of HFC 125 (CF3 CHF2) and HFC-143a (CF3CH3)); HFC 410 (a 1:1 azeotropic mixture of HFC-32 (CF2H2) and HFC-125 (CF3CF2H))
Propellants in medicinal aerosols CFC-114 (CClF2CClF2) HFC-134a (CF3CFH2); HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3)
Blowing agents for foams CFC-11 (CCl3F); CFC 113 (Cl2FCCClF2); HCFC-141b (CCl2FCH3) HFC-245fa (CF3CH2CHF2); HFC-365 mfc (CF3CH2CF2CH3)
Solvents, degreasing agents, cleaning agents CFC-11 (CCl3F); CFC-113 (CCl2FCClF2) None
Environmental impacts[edit]
As previously discussed, CFCs were phased out via the Montreal Protocol due to their part in ozone depletion. However, the atmospheric impacts of CFCs are not limited to its role as an active ozone reducer. This anthropogenic compound is also a greenhouse gas, with a much higher potential to enhance the greenhouse effect than CO2.
Infrared absorption bands trap heat from escaping earth's atmosphere. In the case of CFCs, the strongest of these bands are located in the spectral region 7.8–15.3 µm [26] – referred to as an atmospheric window due to the relative transparency of the atmosphere within this region.[27] The strength of CFC bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere, at which the compound absorbs and emits radiation, are two factors that contribute to CFCs' "super" greenhouse effect.[28] Another such factor is the low concentration of the compound. Because CO2 is close to saturation with high concentrations,[clarification needed] it takes more of the substance to enhance the greenhouse effect. Conversely, the low concentration of CFCs allow their effects to increase linearly with mass.[28]
Tracer of ocean circulation[edit]
Because the time history of CFC concentrations in the atmosphere is relatively well known, they have provided an important constraint on ocean circulation. CFCs dissolve in seawater at the ocean surface and are subsequently transported into the ocean interior. Because CFCs are inert, their concentration in the ocean interior reflects simply the convolution of their atmospheric time evolution and ocean circulation and mixing.
CFC and SF6 tracer-derived age of ocean water[edit]
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various applications such as in air-conditioning, refrigeration, blowing agents in foams, insulations and packing materials, propellants in aerosol cans, and as solvents.[29] The entry of CFCs into the ocean makes them extremely useful as transient tracers to estimate rates and pathways of ocean circulation and mixing processes.[30] However, due to production restrictions of CFCs in the 1980s, atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 has stopped increasing, and the CFC-11 to CFC-12 ratio in the atmosphere have been steadily decreasing, making water dating of water masses more problematic.[30] Incidentally, production and release of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) have rapidly increased in the atmosphere since the 1970s.[30] Similar to CFCs, SF6 is also an inert gas and is not affected by oceanic chemical or biological activities.[31] Thus, using CFCs in concert with SF6 as a tracer resolves the water dating issues due to decreased CFC concentrations.
Using CFCs or SF6 as a tracer of ocean circulation allows for the derivation of rates for ocean processes due to the time-dependent source function. The elapsed time since a subsurface water mass was last in contact with the atmosphere is the tracer-derived age.[32] Estimates of age can be derived based on the partial pressure of an individual compound and the ratio of the partial pressure of CFCs to each other (or SF6).[32]
Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques[edit]
The age of a water parcel can be estimated by the CFC partial pressure (pCFC) age or SF6 partial pressure (pSF6) age. The pCFC age of a water sample is defined as:
p C F C = [ C F C ] F ( T , S ) {\displaystyle pCFC={\frac {[CFC]}{F(T,S)}}}
where [CFC] is the measured CFC concentration (pmol kg−1) and F is the solubility of CFC gas in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity.[33] The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10–12 atmospheres or parts-per-trillion (ppt).[34] The solubility measurements of CFC-11 and CFC-12 have been previously measured by Warner and Weiss[34] Additionally, the solubility measurement of CFC-113 was measured by Bu and Warner[35] and SF6 by Wanninkhof et al.[36] and Bullister et al.[37] Theses authors mentioned above have expressed the solubility, F, at a total pressure of 1 atm as:
ln  F = a 1 + a 2 ( 100 T ) + a 3 ln  ( T 100 ) + a 4 ( T 100 ) 2 + S [ b 1 + b 2 ( T 100 ) + b 3 ( T 100 ) ] {\displaystyle \ln F=a_{1}+a_{2}\left({\frac {100}{T}}\right)+a_{3}\ln \left({\frac {T}{100}}\right)+a_{4}\left({\frac {T}{100}}\right)^{2}+S\left[b_{1}+b_{2}\left({\frac {T}{100}}\right)+b_{3}\left({\frac {T}{100}}\right)\right]}
where F = solubility expressed in either mol l−1 or mol kg−1 atm−1, T = absolute temperature, S = salinity in parts per thousand (ppt), a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, and b3 are constants to be determined from the least squares fit to the solubility measurements.[35] This equation is derived from the integrated Van 't Hoff equation and the logarithmic Setchenow salinity dependence.[35]
It can be noted that the solubility of CFCs increase with decreasing temperature at approximately 1% per degree Celsius.[32]
Once the partial pressure of the CFC (or SF6) is derived, it is then compared to the atmospheric time histories for CFC-11, CFC-12, or SF6 in which the pCFC directly corresponds to the year with the same. The difference between the corresponding date and the collection date of the seawater sample is the average age for the water parcel.[32] The age of a parcel of water can also be calculated using the ratio of two CFC partial pressures or the ratio of the SF6 partial pressure to a CFC partial pressure.[32]
Safety[edit]
According to their material safety data sheets, CFCs and HCFCs are colorless, volatile, toxic liquids and gases with a faintly sweet ethereal odor. Overexposure at concentrations of 11% or more may cause dizziness, loss of concentration, central nervous system depression and/or cardiac arrhythmia. Vapors displace air and can cause asphyxiation in confined spaces. Although non-flammable, their combustion products include hydrofluoric acid, and related species.[38] Normal occupational exposure is rated at 0.07% and does not pose any serious health risks.[39]
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Jump up ^ Velders, G. J. M.; Andersen, S. O.; Daniel, J. S.; Fahey, D. W.; McFarland, M. (2007). "The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (12): 4814–9. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4814V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610328104. PMC 1817831  . PMID 17360370.
Jump up ^ HCFC Phaseout Schedule Archived 2009-07-16 at the Wayback Machine.. Epa.gov (28 June 2006). Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Greenpeace, Cool Technologies" Archived 2008-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.. (PDF). Retrieved on 24 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003 Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. Norden.org (1 January 2003). Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
Jump up ^ Rothman, L; Gordon, I.E.; Barbe, A.; Benner, D.Chris; Bernath, P.F.; Birk, M.; Boudon, V.; Brown, L.R.; Campargue, A.; Champion, J.-P.; Chance, K.; Coudert, L.H.; Dana, V.; Devi, V.M.; Fally, S.; Flaud, J.-M.; Gamache, R.R.; Goldman, A.; Jacquemart, D.; Kleiner, I.; Lacome, N.; Lafferty, W.J.; Mandin, J.-Y.; Massie, S.T.; Mikhailenko, S.N.; Miller, C.E.; Moazzen-Ahmadi, N.; Naumenko, O.V.; Nikitin, A.V.; et al. (2009). "The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database" (PDF). Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 100 (9–10): 533–572. Bibcode:2009JQSRT.110..533R. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-03.
Jump up ^ Ramanathan, V (1975). "Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications". Science, New Series. 190 (4209): 50–52. Bibcode:1975Sci...190...50R. doi:10.1126/science.190.4209.50. JSTOR 1740877.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramanathan, V; Y. Feng (2009). "Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives". Atmospheric Environment. 43: 37–50. Bibcode:2009AtmEn..43...37R. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.063.
Jump up ^ Plummer LN and Busenberg E. (2006). "Chlorofluorocarbons in aquatic environments", Ch. 1, pp. 1–8. In IAEA (ed.), Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology – A guidebook Archived 2016-04-15 at the Wayback Machine.: Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bullister, J. L.; Wisegarver, D. P. (2008). "The shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 55 (8): 1063–1074. Bibcode:2008DSRI...55.1063B. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.014.
Jump up ^ Watanabe, Y. W.; Shimamoto, A.; Ono, T. (2003). "Comparison of Time-Dependent Tracer Ages in the Western North Pacific: Oceanic Background Levels of SF6, CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113". Journal of Oceanography. 59 (5): 719–729. doi:10.1023/B:JOCE.0000009600.12070.1a.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fine, R. A. (2011). "Observations of CFCs and SF6 as ocean tracers" (PDF). Annual Review of Marine Science. 3 (1): 173–95. Bibcode:2011ARMS....3..173F. doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163933. PMID 21329203. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-02-10.
Jump up ^ Warner, M. J.; Weiss, R. F. (1985). "Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater". Deep-Sea Research Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers. 32 (12): 1485–1497. Bibcode:1985DSRA...32.1485W. doi:10.1016/0198-0149(85)90099-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Min, D. H.; Warner, M. J.; Bullister, J. L. (2010). "Estimated rates of carbon tetrachloride removal in the thermocline and deep waters of the East Sea (Sea of Japan)". Marine Chemistry. 121: 100–111. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2010.03.008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bu, X.; Warner, M. J. (1995). "Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in water and seawater". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 42 (7): 1151–1161. Bibcode:1995DSRI...42.1151B. doi:10.1016/0967-0637(95)00052-8.
Jump up ^ Wanninkhof, R.; Ledwell, J. R.; Watson, A. J. (1991). "Analysis of sulfur hexafluoride in seawater". Journal of Geophysical Research. 96: 8733. Bibcode:1991JGR....96.8733W. doi:10.1029/91JC00104.
Jump up ^ Bullister, J. L.; Wisegarver, D. P.; Menzia, F. A. (2002). "The solubility of sulfur hexafluoride in water and seawater". Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 49: 175–187. Bibcode:2002DSRI...49..175B. doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00051-6. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
Jump up ^ Material Safety Data Sheet Archived 2011-02-08 at the Wayback Machine.. National Refrigerants
Jump up ^ WHO. "Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons". International Programme on Chemical Safety. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05.
External links[edit]
Gas conversion table
Nomenclature FAQ
Numbering scheme for Ozone-Depleting Substances and their substitutes
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Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances (HCFCs)
CFC illegal trade
History of halon-use by the US Navy
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Process using pyrolysis in an ultra high temperature plasma arc, for the elimination of CFCs
[1] Environmental Investigation Agency: Reports etc. on illegal trade and solutions
[2] Environmental Investigation Agency in the USA: Reports etc. on illegal trade and solutions
Freon in car A/C
[3] Phasing out halons in extinguishers
[show]
v
t
e
Halomethanes
Monosubstituted
CH3F
CH3Cl
CH3Br
CH3I
Disubstituted
CH2F2
CH2ClF
CH2BrF
CH2FI
CH2Cl2
CH2BrCl
CH2ClI
CH2Br2
CH2BrI
CH2I2
Trisubstituted
CHF3
CHClF2
CHBrF2
CHF2I
CHCl2F
C*HBrClF
C*HClFI
CHBr2F
C*HBrFI
CHFI2
CHCl3
CHBrCl2
CHCl2I
CHBr2Cl
C*HBrClI
CHClI2
CHBr3
CHBr2I
CHBrI2
CHI3
Tetrasubstituted
CF4
CClF3
CBrF3
CF3I
CCl2F2
CBrClF2
CClF2I
CBr2F2
CBrF2I
CF2I2
CCl3F
CBrCl2F
CCl2FI
CBr2ClF
C*BrClFI
CClFI2
CBr3F
CBr2FI
CBrFI2
CFI3
CCl4
CBrCl3
CCl3I
CBr2Cl2
CBrCl2I
CCl2I2
CBr3Cl
CBr2ClI
CBrClI2
CClI3
CBr4
CBr3I
CBr2I2
CBrI3
CI4
CAt4
* Chiral compound.
[show]
v
t
e
Functional groups
Only carbon,
hydrogen
and oxygen
Hydrocarbons
Allene
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element
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Thial
Thioester
Thioether
Thioketone
Thiol
Selenium
Selenol
Selenonic acid
Seleninic acid
Selenenic acid
Tellurium
Tellurol
Other
Isothiocyanate
Phosphoramide
Sulfenyl chloride
Sulfonamide
Thiocyanate
See also chemical classification, chemical nomenclature (inorganic, organic)
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Madea
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Not to be confused with Medea.
This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Madea
Madea serving time in prison for committing a series of crimes in Madea Goes to Jail
First appearance
I Can Do Bad All by Myself (stage play)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (film)
Created by
Tyler Perry
Portrayed by
Tyler Perry
Information
Family
"Big Mabel" Murphy (mother)
Frederick (brother)
Joe (brother)
Irene Andrews (sister; deceased)
Helen McCarter (granddaughter)
Gina (granddaughter)
Maylene "Maylee" Griffith (granddaughter)
Vianne (granddaughter)
Lisa (granddaughter)
Tina (granddaughter)
Jackie (granddaughter)
LaKeisha Griffith (great-granddaughter)
Shemar (great-granddaughter)
Spouse(s)
Johnny Simmons (deceased)
Children
Michayla Williams (given away)
Michelle Griffin (deceased)
William Simmons (deceased)
Cora Jean Simmons
Relatives
Vickie (niece)
Angela (niece)
Mike (great-nephew)
Sonny (nephew)
Brian Simmons (nephew)
Tiffany Simmons (great-niece)
BJ Simmons (great-nephew)
Victoria Breaux (niece)
Lisa Breaux (great-niece)
Vanessa Breaux (great-niece)
Nima (great-niece)
Jonathan (great-nephew)
Ruby (aunt) Eileen Murphy (niece) Lacey Murphy (great-niece)
Mabel "Madea" Simmons is a character created and portrayed by Tyler Perry. The character is a tough elderly black woman.[1]
Vindictive in nature, Madea gets even in a bad way.[2] When asked why she felt the need to get somebody all the time, Madea answered: "Well when you gettin' got and somebody done got you and you go get them, when you get 'em, everybody's gon' get got."[3] Additionally, Madea has a tendency to overreact[4] and is willing to threaten to use deadly weapons,[5] destroy property, use physical violence, take on the law, and use any and all means necessary to show up an offending party.[6] Incorrigible in her overreactive ways, Madea has repeatedly landed herself in court (usually before Judge Mablean), anger management classes, house arrest, and even prison.[6]
Despite her questionable methods, she stands for what's right and has a nurturing side.[7] As examples, Madea is often seen officiously involving herself in circumstances in which others have been wronged, offering self-defense tips, instruction, or avenging them on her own;[1] by her very nature, Madea is more than willing to "thug out" on some of the sassiest and brattiest of children and teens, but also shows to care about their well-being in the end.[8] The character combines an unusual pronunciation style with her locutions, such as "Heller, how ya dern?" or "Halleluyer praise da lort!"[9]
Madea is based on Perry's mother and his aunt, as well Eddie Murphy's performance in Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. In Perry's own words Madea is ". . .exactly the PG version of my mother and my aunt, and I loved having an opportunity to pay homage to them. She would beat the hell out of you but make sure the ambulance got there in time to make sure they could set your arm back. . ."[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Criminal background
3 Personality
3.1 Hard side and language use
3.2 Soft side
3.3 Pet peeves
4 Madea's family
4.1 Madea's mother
4.2 Siblings
4.3 Madea's parenting, husbands, and children
5 Media & entertainment featuring Madea
5.1 Plays (including recorded plays)
5.2 Films
5.2.1 Animated film
5.3 Television programs
5.3.1 House of Payne (guest appearances)
5.3.2 Meet the Browns (mentioned)
5.3.3 Love Thy Neighbor (guest appearance)
5.4 Book
6 Reception
6.1 Acclaim
6.2 Parody and satire
6.3 Orlando Jones's April Fools prank
6.4 Criticism
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early years[edit]
Mabel "Madea" Simmons was born in Greensburg, Louisiana,[11] on April 26, 1935. (Madea was 68 in the first play, I Can Do Bad All by Myself, as well as Madea's Class Reunion. Her ages in the other plays are unknown because they take place between these two plays, and there's no continuity offered. In Madea Goes to Jail, Madea was around 75). In "I Can Do Bad All by Myself," she reveals she once lived in Cleveland, Ohio, but later returned to Atlanta.
Madea was brought up in poverty and grew up living in shacks with her immediate family. Madea has stated that although her family didn't have much, they had love.[12]
According to Family Reunion, Madea's mother, "Big Mabel" Murphy, was a hooker during Madea's childhood and wasn't at all religious. As a result, Madea grew up with little knowledge of Christianity (as an elderly woman, Madea has a tendency to misquote the Bible).
She attended Booker T. Washington High School, where she served as a cheerleader. When Madea was 16, her parents moved her and the rest of her immediate family to Atlanta, Georgia, in a shotgun house. It was reported in Madea's book, Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings, that Madea's mother and father wouldn't allow her to go out at all until she turned 17 or 18.
In the films, it has been revealed that Madea used to be a stripper, and her stagenames were Magnitude and Delicious. It is heavily implied that she was a prostitute as well.
Criminal background[edit]
Madea has a lifelong criminal record that began at age 9 with a charge of petty theft. It is also reported that Madea was charged with her first felony at this age, and her crimes began progressing to illegal gambling at age 18, which later evolved into check fraud, identity theft, insurance fraud (presumably related to her nine deceased husbands), assault, attempted murder, vehicle theft (mostly Lexus vehicles, the first vehicle she ever stole being a 1992 Lexus LS400), reckless driving (including smashing through objects, notably a mansion gate, a Cadillac CTS, and a fast food window in Diary of a Mad Black Woman, Goes to Jail, and Big Happy Family respectively) and forklifting vehicles out of parking spaces (usually for taking spaces that she wants to park at, as she did to many Camrys and Scions, as well as a Pontiac Solstice that she ruined in Madea Goes to Jail). Throughout the series, she is a repeat offender.
In Diary of a Mad Black Woman alone, Madea and her granddaughter Helen McCarter were both charged with "criminal trespassing, reckless endangerment, criminal possession of a handgun, assault with a deadly weapon, [driving on a] suspended license, expired registration, reckless driving, and a broken taillight", which placed Madea on house arrest, while her granddaughter was bailed for $5,000.
In Family Reunion, she violated the terms of house arrest by taking off her house arrest bracelet but was given the opportunity to avoid jail by becoming a foster mother.
In Meet the Browns, Madea was stopped by police as a normal traffic stop, only to refuse to pull over (fearing that she'll be sent to jail again), which leads her into a high-speed car chase with several law enforcement officials and news helicopters.
In Goes to Jail, Madea was about to get sent to jail, but was reluctantly released by Judge Mablean after learning the arresting officers did not read the Miranda rights warning when she was arrested (as the officers claimed that Madea was fighting with them), so she finally admits that her license was suspended indefinitely (implying that her license was suspended when she was 30 years old) and also gets ordered to anger management counseling, making it the very last opportunity for her to avoid jail. She, however, began driving as soon as Cora neglected her daughterly duties. Madea's brother Joe (also played by Perry) refers to her as a "po-po ho", meaning someone who is a professional at evading law enforcement.
In A Madea Christmas, Madea confides in her great-niece Eileen that she sold "trees"; when Eileen asks if they were Christmas trees, Madea replies that "when you smoke 'em, they make you feel like it's Christmas", implying that she once was a marijuana dealer.
Personality[edit]
Hard side and language use[edit]
Scurrilous and saucy in remarks and behavior, Madea is full of comical sass and vulgar and abusive language. She also has many catch phrases, such as "You crazy as hell," and "I oughta punch you in da face!" In addition, she uses Ebonics and other various urban expressions. Madea also intentionally adds a mispronounced "t" sound to many of her words, such as "Africant Americant", "cooking and cleanting" and "living for da Lort [Lord]."
Madea is mostly noted for her outrageous overreactions and thuggish toughness over which she has shown no shame. For example, the character has four general methods of attack:
Destruction of property, such as demolishing others' household appliances with a chainsaw
Weapon violence, such as stabbing others with a lit cigarette
Physical violence, such as strangling and pounding others with her bare hands and elbows
Intimidation through outrageous browbeating tactics and threats, such as firing off her Glock pistol, which she keeps handy with her in her purse at all times (from the extended interval of rapid-fire sounds in Madea Goes To Jail, it is implied that she owns a fully automatic assault-rifle, as well, but only brings it out on "special occasions")
When using guns, Madea shoots around targets, using intimidation rather than actually killing or injuring anyone. As another form of intimidation, Madea frequently boasts of having killed in the past. As an example, she once claimed to have murdered Jimmy Hoffa over him insulting her. She also claimed to have shot Tupac Shakur while arguing over a parking space; although she claims not to have killed him in the shooting.
Soft side[edit]
In spite of her outrageous and shocking behaviors, Madea is consultative, protective, loving, and motherly at heart. This is heavily evidenced in Gets a Job, in which Madea provides life lessons, guidance, and direction to all the residents and staff members of a nursing home.[13] Moreover, on numerous occasions, Madea has accepted family members who were without a place to stay into her home on her own accord. These family members have included her granddaughter Helen (Diary of a Mad Black Woman film), granddaughter Vianne (I Can Do Bad All by Myself), her great niece Vanessa and her two kids (Madea's Family Reunion), and ex-convict Bobby Mitchell (I Can Do Bad All by Myself).
Quite often, Madea has offered direction and guidance to those who were being abused within their romantic relationships. Though much of this direction and guidance tends to come in the form of extreme warmongering, Madea's heart is always in the right place.
Madea also instructs troubled individuals about the mistakes they've made in their life choices and leads them down the path of forgiveness and improvement. While in prison in the film Madea Goes to Jail, Madea attends an anger management church meeting under duress. During the meeting, Madea ends up lecturing all the women to stop playing victims, stop whining, and start taking actions to improving their lives.
Madea is mentally strong and offers nurturing advice to struggling individuals whom she cares for.
Pet peeves[edit]
Madea has a series of pet peeves: disrespectful youth, gum popping, rude people; lazy people; people who don't return shopping carts; adulterous people; and "people who are just plain stupid." She is also a firm critic of men that sag their pants, believing that it looks cheap and sloppy.
Madea's family[edit]
(Note: There are a few discrepancies and plot holes in Madea's family tree as between the regular films and the stage-plays)
Madea's mother[edit]
In the book Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings, Madea gives details on her mother, "Big Mable" Murphy, who was described as "unusually large". "Big Mable" is characterized as being very gentle, mild-mannered, kind and peaceful woman, with a long and very dangerous fuse. In Family Reunion, Madea revealed that "Big Mabel" was a hooker during Madea's childhood and not at all religious.
Siblings[edit]
Madea's brothers
According to Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings, Madea has several brothers. Two of them are Frederick (revealed in the book) and Joe.
Brother: Joe
Joe (also played by Perry) is Madea's most recognizable brother as he lives with her and frequently appears in Madea films. A wise guy who's very coarse, misbehaved, and ornery, Joe has no qualms with such tendencies as openly farting and hurling about insulting wisecracks about people, including Madea. Despite being elderly, he constantly makes crude passes at younger women. Joe regularly smokes marijuana in spite of his need to be on oxygen. On smoking marijuana, Joe has stated, "God made this for us. God made this little tree, Viagra and oxygen. Put them altogether and you can take a woman to heaven and back!" Joe has at least three children: Brian, Donna, and George Needleman.
(Note: The Joe character precedes the Madea character in debut, as Joe's first appearance was in the 1998 play I Know I've Been Changed, taking place when the Madea character had not yet originated. After one other play, Madea is unveiled in the 1999 play I Can Do Bad All by Myself as Joe's sister)
Joe's children: Brian, Donna, and George
Brian (also played by Perry) is a criminal defense attorney, who often gets roped into Madea's messes as he represents her in the many criminal trials Madea lands herself in. He is married to Debra and has two children, Tiffany and BJ (Brian Jr.). Joe's daughter, Donna, is married to Isaac. She appeared in Madea's Family Reunion.
In Witness Protection, Joe discovers that he has a biracial son named George Needleman with his long-lost flame Barbara. Barbara confirms this by comparing George's age to how many years ago Joe had the affair with her. However, George never finds out about this despite several hints from Joe. Therefore, George is Madea's distant nephew.
Madea's sister
In Family Reunion, it was revealed that Madea has an older sister named Irene Andrews, who has a son named Sonny and a daughter named Victoria. The film begins with everyone leaving Irene's funeral. Madea was shown as not caring much for her sister; in fact, not only does Madea claim she's happy Irene's died, but she has also said Irene probably died on purpose to get out of repaying Madea a $20 loan. In Madea Goes to Jail, Madea helps out Sonny by letting him stay at her home rent-free.
Madea's parenting, husbands, and children[edit]
In Madea Goes to Jail, it was revealed that Madea supported her children by stripping, pole dancing, and professional wrestling, among other things.
Madea has buried nine husbands, among them Jimmy and Johnny. Madea claims to have shot some of them and poisoned others of them with her sweet potato pie. After each husband died, they were buried quickly and Madea collected their life insurance checks. Each time it's happened, Madea has stated "I'm tryin' to get to the insurance company by five, and the casino by nine!"
First husband: Johnny Simmons
Madea killed her first husband Johnny Simmons (deceased), the father of Michelle and William. Madea implies that she was glad when he died and that their marriage wasn't good. Johnny's niece Vickie appears in Family Reunion; she is the mother of four sons.
Daughter with first husband: Michelle Griffin
Madea's daughter, Michelle Griffin, was born when Madea and her first husband, Johnny, were teenagers. Michelle grew up to be a prostitute and neglectful mother of two daughters of her own, Maylee and Vianne, who appear in the play I Can Do Bad All by Myself. Michelle's children might have different fathers.
Michelle's husband was a drunk who didn't spend enough time with either of his children. Madea explains that Michelle did not know the father of Maylee and called her "Maybe" because she was sleeping with four or five men when she got pregnant. Madea changed it to "Maylee" when she took her and Vianne out of the projects to raise them. Maylee has a 14-year-old daughter Keisha, who is also seen as pregnant.
Daughter: Cora Simmons
Madea's daughter, Cora Simmons, is her most recognized and only child to appear in most of the plays and movies. Cora is 50 in Diary of a Mad Black Woman. She was born in 1953 when Madea was 18. Cora is a devout Christian and is often in the company of her father Leroy Brown.
Tina and Lisa only appear in Family Reunion, but are the only granddaughters to be mentioned all the time.
Cora thought that Johnny was her father until Class Reunion, in which Madea reminded Cora that she [Cora] was the product of a one-night stand with Leroy Brown during their prom in 1953. This suggests that Madea is 62 years old in her first appearance, as well as in Madea's Class Reunion when her parents attend their 50th class reunion. Once Cora learned the truth, she became closer to Mr. Brown, visiting his family (in Meet the Browns) and taking him to the hospital in What's Done in the Dark. Their father/daughter plotline is shown on movies in Meet the Browns, the TV series Tyler Perry's House of Payne, and its spin-off series Meet the Browns. In the movie Tyler Perry's Madea's Big Happy Family, Cora enlists the help of Maury Povich to find out if Leroy Brown is in fact her father, after a blood test proves he is not. DNA tests reveal that Leroy Brown is not the father of Cora.
In Madea's Big Happy Family there is no apparent relation between Leroy Brown and Cora other than friends.
Son: William Simmons
William is Madea's youngest and only son. Depending on the chronological order of the plays, William could be older than Cora. William is married to Myrtle. As far as the plays, Myrtle only appears in the Diary of a Mad Black Woman. She is, however, mentioned in the I Can Do Bad All by Myself play. In the plays, Myrtle is in her fifties. In the film timeline, Myrtle is in her 70s, and is placed in a retirement home. This shows a natural propensity to disregard timelines humorously, because Madea herself is only in her mid-seventies.
William and Myrtle have three children: Helen, Jackie, and Gina, all of whom have either appeared or been mentioned in one of the plays (though only Helen is mentioned in the movie). William's oldest daughter, Helen, is in her mid to late 30s during Diary of a Mad Black Woman, which makes William in his fifties.
Tyler Perry has confirmed that in A Madea Family Funeral (2018) Madea has another brother named Heathrow (Also played by Perry). A Vietnam war veteran.
Media & entertainment featuring Madea[edit]
Madea has appeared in several plays (some of which have been recorded for repeated viewing), fully produced films, a couple of television programs (guest appearances), one book and one animated film. The character made her first appearance in the 1999 play I Can Do Bad All by Myself, later appearing in numerous other plays by Perry, then appearing in films based on those plays.
Plays (including recorded plays)[edit]
I Can Do Bad All By Myself — 1999
Diary of a Mad Black Woman — 2001
Madea's Family Reunion — 2002
Madea's Class Reunion — 2003
Madea Goes to Jail — 2006
Madea's Big Happy Family — 2010
A Madea Christmas — 2011
Madea Gets a Job — 2012
Madea's Neighbors from Hell — 2013
Madea on the Run — 2015
Films[edit]
Diary of a Mad Black Woman — 2005
Madea's Family Reunion — 2006
Meet the Browns (cameo) — 2008
Madea Goes to Jail — 2009
I Can Do Bad All by Myself — 2009
Madea's Big Happy Family — 2011
Madea's Witness Protection — 2012
A Madea Christmas — 2013
Boo! A Madea Halloween — 2016
Boo 2! A Madea Halloween — 2017
A Madea Family Funeral — 2018[14]
Animated film[edit]
Madea's Tough Love — 2015
Television programs[edit]
House of Payne (guest appearances)[edit]
In the TBS comedy-drama House of Payne pilot episode "Bully and the Beast", Madea was the foster mother of Nikki. She factored into the plot through a school altercation between her adopted daughter and Curtis Payne's (the series' protagonist) great-nephew Malik. Curtis takes a particular disliking to Madea, who is not in the least bit intimidated by Curtis at all. Rather conversely, Curtis became intimidated by Madea and had nightmares about her.[15]
In the episode "The Wench Who Saved Christmas", Curtis tries to discourage everyone from having the Christmas spirit. He later fell asleep and dreamt that Madea was the ghost of Christmas past, present, and future. In this form, she tried to teach him a lesson about his killjoy behavior.[16]
In the episode "Wife Swap", Curtis' wife Ella chastises him for taking her for granted. That night, Curtis has an extended nightmare where he is married to Madea instead of Ella.[17]
Meet the Browns (mentioned)[edit]
On another TBS series, Meet the Browns, Madea is said to be the mother of Cora Simmons as a result of a one-night stand with the show's lead character, She is an unseen character throughout the series.[18]
Love Thy Neighbor (guest appearance)[edit]
On January 21, 2015, Madea made a special guest appearance in the Oprah Winfrey Network comedy series, Love Thy Neighbor. The episode titled "Madea's Pressure Is Up" aired as part of the 3rd season of Love Thy Neighbor.
Book[edit]
Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Perry wrote the book in the character's persona. The book was published on April 11, 2006.
Reception[edit]
Acclaim[edit]
Entertainment Weekly put the character on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Whether she's going to jail or just opening up a can of whupass, Tyler Perry's Madea is the profane, gun-toting granny you never had but (maybe) wish you did."[19]
Parody and satire[edit]
In early December 2012, Madea was parodied on Saturday Night Live by actor Jamie Foxx.[20]
In the American Dad! episode "Spelling Bee My Baby," Steve Smith deliberately misspelled his words in a spelling bee so as to express his love for Akiko (who was also competing), instead spelling random Tyler Perry/Madea films.[21]
The character was parodied on The Boondocks episode "Pause", in which a thinly disguised version of Perry named Winston Jerome plays a similar character to Madea called Ma Duke.[22]
The character, and Perry himself, were both spoofed on South Park[citation needed]
Madea was spoofed in the film Scary Movie 5.[23]
In A Haunted House 2, the church ladies say they're going to see Madea's latest film, Madea Goes to Mars.
A few episodes of The Cleveland Show feature a character named Auntie Momma, who is a large, loud woman, who is later revealed to be the cross-dressing alter ego of Donna's uncle Kevin.
Orlando Jones's April Fools prank[edit]
On April 1, 2013, Orlando Jones pulled an April Fools' Day prank, informing the public via his Huffington Post account that he would be replacing Perry as Madea. Jones led the public to believe that the decision had come amid Perry's prior obligations, assisting Oprah Winfrey with her struggling OWN network. As part of the prank, Jones released a photo of himself to the public in which he was impersonating Madea. In addition, he incorporated several pretend quotes seemingly issued by Perry, both acknowledging the news and giving Jones his blessing to continue on with the character. Unaware of the prank, however, many fans responded with great outrage and criticism. As result of increasing outcries from fans, Perry informed the public on April 15, 2013, that the news was untrue. Perry was quoted as stating, "That was an April Fool’s joke that HE did. Not true. And not funny. When I’m done with Madea, she is done."[24]
Criticism[edit]
Perry has been accused of minstrelsy and playing into black stereotypes with the Madea character, most notably by fellow black director Spike Lee. Perry's argument with Lee dates back to a 2009 interview in which Lee referred to Perry's films as "coonery buffoonery".[25] Lee equated the Madea movies with the old-time minstrel shows which lampooned black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious and happy-go-lucky,[26][27] and further stated that if a white director made a movie depicting black people in such a manner he would be ostracized.[25]
Perry responded by stating that his films were meant as entertainment and should not be taken so seriously. Stated Perry, "I am sick of him talking about me. I am sick of him saying, 'This is a coon, this is a buffoon.' I am sick of him talking about black people going to see movies. This is what he said: 'You vote by what you see'—as if black people don't know what they want to see. I am sick of him. He talked about Whoopi, he talked about Oprah, he talked about me, he talked about Clint Eastwood. Spike needs to shut the hell up!"[28]
See also[edit]
Cross-gender acting
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Another Fine Mess: A History of American Film Comedy - Saul Austerlitz - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Pulsford, Brendan. "Tyler Perry's "Madea" Toys With Stereotypes - Arts". The Wesleyan Argus. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Madea Goes to Jail". Moviemistakes.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "10-movies". 10-movies. Archived from the original on 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ Jet - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2006-02-27. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Moore, Tasha (2012-06-25). "Tyler Perry and the Business of 'Madea'". ScreenPicks. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Atlanta Magazine - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited ... - Tyler Perry - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Hip Hop, News, Entertainment, Social and Business Network". The Flow Online. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ "Tyler Perry Transforms: From Madea To Family Man". NPR. 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
Jump up ^ Fierce Angels: The Strong Black Woman in American Life and Culture - Sheri Parks - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
Jump up ^ Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited ... - Tyler Perry - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Madea saves all again in 'Madea Gets a Job' | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com". HamptonRoads.com. 2013-02-15. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2017/film/news/two-tyler-perry-movies-2018-lionsgate-1202476181/
Jump up ^ "Tyler Perry's House of Payne, Vol. 1: Episodes 1-20 [3 Discs] - DVD". Bestbuy.com. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Preview: Tyler Perry's Madea visits House of Payne - Today's News: Our Take". TVGuide.com. 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ TV.com (2008-05-08). "Tyler Perry's House Of Payne - Season 4, Episode 1: Wife Swap". TV.com. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Browns TV show | canceled + renewed TV shows". TV Series Finale. 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARACTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84
Jump up ^ McGlynn, Katla (2012-12-09). "Tyler Perry's Madea Meets 'Alex Cross' On Jamie Foxx 'SNL' Episode (VIDEO)". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
Jump up ^ McFarland, Kevin (2013-04-29). ""The Full Cognitive Redaction Of Avery Bullock By The Coward Stan Smith" | American Dad | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ Braxton, Greg (2010-06-21). "Aaron McGruder's Boondocks' lampoons Tyler Perry". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ www.imdb.com/title/tt0795461/fullcredits/
Jump up ^ Scott, Tracy. "Tyler Perry calls Orlando Jones' news 'not true and not funny'". S2SMagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spike Lee on Black Enterprise". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
Jump up ^ The Coon Character, Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Jump up ^ John Kenrick, A History of the Musical: Minstrel Shows, musicals101.com. 1996, revised 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen (2011-04-20). "Madea's Tyler Perry Blasts Spike Lee: 'Spike Can Go Straight to Hell!'". Movieline. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Madea
Tyler Perry official website
[hide]
v
t
e
Tyler Perry
Stage
I Know I've Been Changed
I Can Do Bad All by Myself
Diary of a Mad Black Woman
Madea's Family Reunion
Madea's Class Reunion
Why Did I Get Married?
Meet the Browns
Madea Goes to Jail
What's Done in the Dark
The Marriage Counselor
Laugh to Keep from Crying
Madea's Big Happy Family
A Madea Christmas
Aunt Bam's Place
I Don't Want to Do Wrong!
The Haves and the Have Nots
Madea Gets a Job
Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned
Madea's Neighbors from Hell
Madea on the Run
Films
Daddy's Little Girls
Why Did I Get Married?
Meet the Browns
The Family That Preys
Why Did I Get Married Too?
For Colored Girls
Good Deeds
Peeples
Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor
The Single Moms Club
Acrimony
Madea series
Diary of a Mad Black Woman
Madea's Family Reunion
Madea Goes to Jail
I Can Do Bad All by Myself
Madea's Big Happy Family
Madea's Witness Protection
A Madea Christmas
Madea's Tough Love
Boo! A Madea Halloween
Boo 2! A Madea Halloween
A Madea Family Funeral
Television
House of Payne
Meet the Browns
For Better or Worse
The Haves and the Have Nots
Love Thy Neighbor
If Loving You Is Wrong
Too Close to Home
The Paynes
Books
Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings
See also
Madea
Tyler Perry Studios
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madea&oldid=819287649"
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Girls with guns films
Tyler Perry
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