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Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree
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"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
Single by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando
from the album Tuneweaving
B-side
"I Can't Believe How Much I Love You"
Released
19 February 1973
Format
7", 12"
Recorded
1973
Genre
Pop
Length
3:20
Label
Bell
Songwriter(s)
Irwin Levine, L. Russell Brown
Producer(s)
Hank Medress, Dave Appell
Dawn featuring Tony Orlando singles chronology
"You're a Lady"
(1972) "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
(1973) "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
(1973)
"You're a Lady"
(1972) "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
(1973) "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
(1973)
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" is a song by Tony Orlando and Dawn. It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell, with Motown/Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins, Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals.[1] It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973.
The single reached the top 10 in ten countries, in eight of which it topped the charts. It reached number one on both the US and UK charts for four weeks in April 1973, number one on the Australian charts for seven weeks from May to July 1973 and number one on the New Zealand charts for ten weeks from June to August 1973. It was the top-selling single in 1973 in both the US and UK.
In 2008, Billboard ranked the song as the 37th biggest song of all time in its issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Origins of the song
3 Chart and sales performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Cover versions
5 In popular culture
6 Association with the People Power Revolution
7 Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests
8 See also
9 References
Synopsis[edit]
The song is told from the point of view of someone who has "done his time" but is uncertain if he will be welcomed home.
He writes to his love, asking her to tie a yellow ribbon around the "ole oak tree" in front of the house (which the bus will pass by) if she wants him to return to her life; if he does not see such a ribbon, he will remain on the bus (taking that to mean he is unwelcome) and understand her reasons ("put the blame on me"). He asks the bus driver to check, fearful of not seeing anything.
To his amazement, the entire bus cheers the response – there are 100 yellow ribbons around the tree, a sign he is very much welcome.
Origins of the song[edit]
This is NOT the story of a convict who had told his love to tie a ribbon book to a tree outside of town. I know because I wrote the song one morning in 15 minutes with the late lyrical genius Irwin Levine. The genesis of this idea came from the age old folk tale about a Union prisoner of war--who sent a letter to his girl that he was coming home from a confederate POW camp in Georgia.... Anything about a criminal is pure fantasy....
—  L. Russell Brown[2]
The origin of the idea of a yellow ribbon as remembrance may have been the 19th-century practice that some women allegedly had of wearing a yellow ribbon in their hair to signify their devotion to a husband or sweetheart serving in the U.S. Cavalry. The song "'Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon", which later inspired the John Wayne movie She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, is a reference to this. The symbol of a yellow ribbon became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s as a reminder that an absent loved one, either in the military or in jail, would be welcomed home on their return.
In October 1971, newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called "Going Home". In it, he told a variant of the story, in which college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak in Brunswick, Georgia. Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition. In June 1972, nine months later, Reader's Digest reprinted "Going Home". Also in June 1972, ABC-TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con. According to L. Russell Brown, he read Hamill's story in the Reader's Digest, and suggested to his songwriting partner Irwin Levine that they write a song based on it.[3] Levine and Brown then registered for copyright the song which they called "Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'Round the Ole Oak Tree". At the time, the writers said they heard the story while serving in the military. Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement. Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before "Going Home" had been written.[2]
Levine and Brown first offered the song to Ringo Starr, but Al Steckler of Apple Records told them that they should be ashamed of the song and described it as "ridiculous".[3]
Chart and sales performance[edit]
In April 1973, the recording by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando reached No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 (chart date 21 April 1973) in the US, and stayed at No. 1 for four weeks.[1] "Tie A Yellow Ribbon" sold 3 million records in the US in three weeks. It also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times from seventeen continuous years of airplay. Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1973.[4] It also reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia, and has sold 1 million copies in the UK.[5] In New Zealand, the song spent 10 weeks at number one.[6]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[9] 1
Canada RPM 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[10] 9
Ireland (IRMA) 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[12] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[13] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[15] 1
US Cash Box Top 100 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia [7] 1
Canada 1
New Zealand 1
UK [16] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [17] 1
U.S. Cash Box [18] 1
Cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song enjoyed duplicate success on country radio, as a cover version by Johnny Carver. Carver's rendition - simply titled "Yellow Ribbon" - was a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in June 1973. Carver's version also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[19] Musically similar, the only difference in the song is the substitution of the minor expletive "damn" (in the lyric, "Now the whole damn bus is cheering") with "darn".
Bing Crosby recorded the song on 8 June 1973 with an orchestra conducted by Billy Byers for Daybreak Records.[20]
Also in 1973, Jim Nabors covered the song on his album The Twelfth of Never (Columbia KC 32377).[21]
Also in 1973, Italian singer Domenico Modugno had a minor hit in Italy with a cover in his language: "Appendi un nastro giallo". The lyrics are a very faithful translation of the original, the only difference is that instead of watching the tree from a bus, the Italian singer watches it from a tram.
Perry Como - included in his album And I Love You So (1973).
Dean Martin - included in his album You're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me (1973).
In Chile, Roberto Inglez achieved great success with his version, which was number one on the national radio for the 11 September 1973.
Lou Sino covered the song which appeared on his Now album (1973).[22] It was also the B side of his single, "She's Got to Be a Saint" released on Bengal 112873.
Kay Starr did a version of this song on the country pop charts in 1974 hitting number 12.
Frank Sinatra included the song in his album Some Nice Things I've Missed (1974)
Max Bygraves included in his album Singalong with Max (1975).[23]
The song was covered by Lawrence Welk, whose orchestra performed it many times on his television program during the late 1970s; a studio version was released in 1975 on his album Lawrence Welk's Most Requested TV Favorites (Champagne Style).[24]
The song was covered by Bobby Goldsboro on a multi-artist compilation album entitled Storytellers released in 1976.
Harry Connick Jr. - for his album 30 (2001).
In 2003 Dolly Parton recorded a cover on her patriotic album For God and Country.
In popular culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song had renewed popularity in 1981, in the wake of the Iranian hostage crisis.[2]
Later in 1973, Connie Francis had a minor hit in Australia with an answer song, "The Answer (Should I Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree?)". Her version remained in the top 40 for three weeks, peaking at number 31.
In 1977, the song was sung by Andy Kaufman playing his character Tony Clifton on HBO.
The song appeared in the 1982 movie An Officer and a Gentleman, played by a band at the Navy Ball.
The song was performed by David Alan Grier over the closing credits of Amazon Women on the Moon (1987).
In 1999 S Club 7 performed the song for their hit TV series Miami 7. It was featured in the second episode.
Association with the People Power Revolution[edit]
In the Philippines, the song was best known for its use in the return of exiled politician Benigno Aquino, Jr. to the country in 1983, during which Aquino supporters tied yellow ribbons on trees in anticipation of his arrival. However, Aquino was assassinated upon arrival, sparking the rise of People Power three years later that led to the demise of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency and subsequent inauguration of Aquino's widow Corazon Aquino as president. Yellow was also the campaign symbol of Aquino's son who eventually became President Benigno Aquino III in 2010.[25]
Association with the 2014 Hong Kong Protests[edit]
During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was routinely performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site (tied to street railings) and on social media.[26] Journalists covering the event described use of the tune as a protest song.[27]
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 1973 (Ireland)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1973 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1973 (U.S.)
List of number-one singles from the 1970s (UK)
Preceded by
"The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia" by Vicki Lawrence Billboard Hot 100 number-one single (Tony Orlando and Dawn version)
21 April 1973 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"You Are the Sunshine of My Life" by Stevie Wonder
Preceded by
"Dirty Old Man" by George Hamilton IV[28] RPM Country Tracks number one single (Johnny Carver version)
16 June 1973 (one week)[19] Succeeded by
"You Always Come Back (To Hurting Me)" by Johnny Rodriguez[29]
Preceded by
"Get Down" by Gilbert O'Sullivan UK Singles Chart number one single
21 April 1973 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"See My Baby Jive" by Wizzard
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerald E. Parson, "How the Yellow Ribbon Became a National Folk Symbol", available at Library of Congress, originally printed in the Folklife Center News (Volume XIII, #3, 1991, pp. 9-11).
^ Jump up to: a b "The L. Russell Brown Interview". Classicbands.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1973
Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi (4 November 2012). "UK's million-selling singles: the full list". Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Dawn – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – DAWN FEAT. TONY ORLANDO – Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Dawn Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1973 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1973/Top 100 Songs of 1973". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1973". Tropicalglen.com. 29 December 1973. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "RPM Country Tracks for June 16, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jim Nabors - The Twelfth Of Never (Vinyl, LP)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ Discogs Lou Sino – Now
Jump up ^ "Discogs.com". Discogs.com. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lawrence Welk - Lawrence Welk's Most Requested TV Favorites (Champagne Style)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
Jump up ^ "Iconic yellow ribbon–why it keeps waving". Asian Journal. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Coleman, Jasmine (3 October 2014). "Hong Kong Protests: The Symbols and Songs Explained". BBC News. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Dearden, Lizie (5 October 2015). "Hong Kong Protests: A Guide to Yellow Ribbons, Blue Ribbons and All the Other Colours". The Independent. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for June 9, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for June 23, 1973". RPM. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Orlando and Dawn
Tony Orlando
Telma Hopkins
Joyce Vincent Wilson
Albums
Candida
Dawn's New Ragtime Follies
Singles
"Candida"
"Knock Three Times"
"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree"
"Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose"
"He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)"
Book:Tony Orlando and Dawn
[show]
v
t
e
Billboard Year-End number one singles (1960–1979)
1960: "Theme from A Summer Place" – Percy Faith
1961: "Tossin' and Turnin'" – Bobby Lewis
1962: "Stranger on the Shore" – Mr. Acker Bilk
1963: "Sugar Shack" – Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs
1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" – The Beatles
1965: "Wooly Bully" – Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs
1966: "Ballad of the Green Berets" – S/Sgt. Barry Sadler
1967: "To Sir, with Love" – Lulu
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" – Simon & Garfunkel
1971: "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night
1972: "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "The Way We Were" – Barbra Streisand
1975: "Love Will Keep Us Together" – Captain & Tennille
1976: "Silly Love Songs" – Wings
1977: "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)" – Rod Stewart
1978: "Shadow Dancing" – Andy Gibb
1979: "My Sharona" – The Knack
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
[show]
v
t
e
Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom
1952–1969
1952: "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" – Vera Lynn (UK)
1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine
1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day
1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman
1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone
1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka
1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley
1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley
1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley
1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK)
1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK)
1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK)
1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK)
1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK)
1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK)
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK)
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970–1989
1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley
1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK)
1972: "Amazing Grace" – The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band (UK)
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK)
1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK)
1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK)
1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK)
1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M.
1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel
1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK)
1981: "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK)
1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK)
1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK)
1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK)
1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush
1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK)
1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK)
1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box
1990–2009
1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf
1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK)
1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK)
1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees
1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK)
1998: "Believe" – Cher
1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears
2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK)
2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK)
2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK)
2003: "Where Is the Love?" – The Black Eyed Peas
2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK)
2005: "Is This the Way to Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK)
2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley
2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK)
2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK)
2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga
2010–present
2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna
2011: "Someone Like You" – Adele (UK)
2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra
2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams
2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams
2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars
2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK)
2017: "Shape of You" - Ed Sheeran (UK)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree&oldid=836553725"
Categories:
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Border
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Border (disambiguation).
"County line" redirects here. For other uses, see County Line (disambiguation).
Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Borders are established through agreements between political or social entities that control those areas; the creation of these agreements is called boundary delimitation.
Some borders—such as a state's internal administrative border, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are often open and completely unguarded. Other borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled.
Borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones. A difference has also been established in academic scholarship between border and frontier, the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Borders
2 Classification of borders
2.1 Borders that are natural
2.2 Geometric borders
2.3 Fiat borders
2.4 Relict borders
3 Maritime borders
4 Border economics
5 Politics
6 Cross-border regions
7 Border studies
8 Images gallery
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Borders[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The purpose of the Great Wall of China was to stop people and militaries from crossing the northern border of China.
In the past, many borders were not clearly defined lines; instead there were often intervening areas often claimed and fought over by both sides, sometimes called marchlands. A special case in recent times was the neutral zones that were set up along parts of Saudi Arabia's borders with Kuwait and Iraq. (However, these zones no longer exist.)[citation needed]. In modern times, marchlands have been replaced by clearly defined and demarcated borders. For the purposes of border control, airports and seaports are also classed as borders. Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. Under international law, each country is generally permitted to legislate the conditions that have to be met in order to cross its borders, and to prevent people from crossing its borders in violation of those laws.
Some borders require presentation of legal paperwork like passports and visas, or other identity documents, for persons to cross borders. To stay or work within a country's borders aliens (foreign persons) may need special immigration documents or permits; but possession of such documents does not guarantee that the person should be allowed to cross the border.
Moving goods across a border often requires the payment of excise tax, often collected by customs officials. Animals (and occasionally humans) moving across borders may need to go into quarantine to prevent the spread of exotic infectious diseases. Most countries prohibit carrying illegal drugs or endangered animals across their borders. Moving goods, animals, or people illegally across a border, without declaring them or seeking permission, or deliberately evading official inspection, constitutes smuggling. Controls on car liability insurance validity and other formalities may also take place.
In places where smuggling, migration, and infiltration are a problem, many countries fortify borders with fences and barriers, and institute formal border control procedures. But some borders are merely signposted. This is common in countries within the European Schengen Area and on rural sections of the Canada–United States border. Borders may even be completely unmarked, typically in remote or forested regions; such borders are often described as "porous". Migration within territorial borders, and outside of them, represented an old and established pattern of movement in African countries, in seeking work and food, and to maintain ties with kin who had moved across the previously porous borders of their homelands. When the colonial frontiers were drawn, Western countries attempted to obtain a monopoly on the recruitment of labor in many African countries, which altered the practical and institutional context in which the old migration patterns had been followed, and some might argue, are still followed today. The frontiers were particularly porous for the physical movement of migrants, and people living in borderlands easily maintained transnational cultural and social networks.
A border may have been:
Agreed by the countries on both sides
Imposed by the country on one side
Imposed by third parties, e.g. an international conference
Inherited from a former state, colonial power or aristocratic territory
Inherited from a former internal border, such as within the former Soviet Union
Never formally defined.
In addition, a border may be a de facto military ceasefire line.
Classification of borders[edit]
Political borders are imposed on the world through human agency.[2] This means that, although a political border may follow a river or mountain range, such a feature does not automatically define the political border, even though it may be a major physical barrier to crossing. Political borders are often classified by whether or not they follow conspicuous physical features on the earth.
Borders that are natural[edit]
A photograph of the France–Italy border at night. The southwestern end of the Alps separates the two countries.
Natural borders are geographical features that present natural obstacles to communication and transport. Existing political borders are often a formalization of these historical, natural obstacles.
Some geographical features that often constitute natural borders are:
Oceans: oceans create very costly natural borders. Very few nation-states span more than one continent. Only very large and resource-rich states are able to sustain the costs of governance across oceans for longer periods of time.
Rivers: some political borders have been formalized along natural borders formed by rivers. Some examples are: the Niagara River (Canada–USA), the Rio Grande (Mexico–USA), the Rhine (France–Germany), and the Mekong (Thailand–Laos). Where a precise line is desired, it is often drawn along the thalweg, the deepest line along the river. In the Hebrew Bible, Moses defined the middle of the river Arnon as the border between Moab and the Israelite tribes settling east of the river Jordan (Deuteronomy 3:16). The United States Supreme Court ruled in 1910 that the boundary between the American states of Maryland and West Virginia is the south bank of the Potomac River.
Lakes: larger lakes create natural borders. One example is the natural border created by Lake Tanganyika, with DR Congo and Zambia on its west shore and Tanzania and Burundi on the east.
Forests: denser jungles or forests can create strong natural borders. One example of a natural forest border is the Amazon rainforest, separating Brazil and Bolivia from Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Guyana.
Mountain ranges: research on borders suggests that mountains have especially strong effects as natural borders. Many nations in Europe and Asia have had their political borders defined along mountain ranges, often along a drainage divide.
Throughout history, technological advances have reduced the costs of transport and communication across these natural borders. This has reduced the significance of natural borders over time. As a result, political borders that have been formalized more recently — such as those in Africa or Americas — typically conform less to natural borders[citation needed] than very old borders — such as those in Europe or Asia — do.
Geometric borders[edit]
Geometric boundaries are formed by straight lines (such as lines of latitude or longitude), or occasionally arcs (Pennsylvania/Delaware) regardless of the physical and cultural features of the area. Political boundaries of this kind can often be found around the states that developed out of colonial holdings, such as in Africa and the Middle East.
Fiat borders[edit]
A generalization of the idea of geometric borders is the idea of fiat boundaries, by which is meant any sort of boundary which does not track an underlying bona fide physical discontinuity. Fiat boundaries are typically the product of human demarcation—for example in demarcating electoral districts or postal districts.[3]
Relict borders[edit]
A relict border is a former boundary, which may no longer be a legal boundary at all. However, the former presence of the boundary can still be seen in the landscape. For instance, the boundary between East and West Germany is no longer an international boundary, but can still be seen because of historical markers on the landscape and continues to be a cultural and economic division in Germany today.
Maritime borders[edit]
Main article: Maritime boundary
The Strait of Dover viewed from France, looking towards the United Kingdom.
A maritime border is a division enclosing an area in the ocean where a nation has exclusive rights over the mineral and biological resources,[4] encompassing maritime features, limits and zones.[5] Maritime borders represent the jurisdictional borders of a maritime nation[6] and are recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Maritime borders exist in the context of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones; however, the terminology does not encompass lake or river boundaries, which are considered within the context of land boundaries.
Some maritime borders have remained indeterminate despite efforts to clarify them. This is explained by an array of factors, some of which illustrate regional problems.[7]
Border economics[edit]
The United States–Mexico border: San Diego–Tijuana.
A border wall on a beach separating United States - Mexico
The presence of borders often fosters certain economic features or anomalies. Wherever two jurisdictions come into contact, special economic opportunities arise for border trade. Smuggling provides a classic case; contrariwise, a border region may flourish on the provision of excise or of import–export services — legal or quasi-legal, corrupt or legitimate. Different regulations on either side of a border may encourage services to position themselves at or near that border: thus the provision of pornography, of prostitution, of alcohol and/or of narcotics may cluster around borders, city limits, county lines, ports and airports. In a more planned and official context, Special Economic Zones (SEZs) often tend to cluster near borders or ports.
Even if the goods are not perceived to be undesirable, states will still seek to document and regulate the cross-border trade in order to collect tariffs and benefit from foreign currency exchange revenues.[8] Thus, there is the concept unofficial trade in goods otherwise legal; for example, the cross-border trade in livestock by pastoralists in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia sells an estimated $250 to $300 million of livestock to Somalia, Kenya and Djibouti every year unofficially, over 100 times the official estimate.[8]
Human economic traffic across borders (apart from kidnapping) may involve mass commuting between workplaces and residential settlements. The removal of internal barriers to commerce, as in France after the French Revolution or in Europe since the 1940s, de-emphasises border-based economic activity and fosters free trade. Euroregions are similar official structures built around commuting across boundary.
Politics[edit]
Borders between Israel, Syria and Lebanon in Mount Hermon region. The Blue Line between Israel and Lebanon – marked by black asterisk. Disengagement Israeli front line with Syria (1974) - marked by blue asterisk. Disengagement Syrian front line with Israel (1974) - marked by red asterisk.
Political borders have a variety of meanings for those whom they affect. Many borders in the world have checkpoints where border control agents inspect persons and/or goods crossing the boundary.
In much of Europe, controls on persons were abolished by the 1985 Schengen Agreement and subsequent European Union legislation. Since the Treaty of Amsterdam, the competence to pass laws on crossing internal and external borders within the European Union and the associated Schengen Area states (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein) lies exclusively within the jurisdiction of the European Union, except where states have used a specific right to opt out (United Kingdom and Ireland, which maintain the Common Travel Area amongst themselves).
The United States has notably increased measures taken in border control on the Canada–United States border and the United States–Mexico border during its War on Terrorism (See Shantz 2010). One American writer has said that the 3,600 km (2,200 mi) US-Mexico border is probably "the world's longest boundary between a First World and Third World country".[9]
The Swiss–Italian border
Historic borders such as the Great Wall of China, the Maginot Line, and Hadrian's Wall have played a great many roles and been marked in different ways. While the stone walls, the Great Wall of China and the Roman Hadrian's Wall in Britain had military functions, the entirety of the Roman borders were very porous, which encouraged Roman economic activity with neighbors.[10] On the other hand, a border like the Maginot Line was entirely military and was meant to prevent any access in what was to be World War II to France by its neighbor, Germany; Germany ended up going around the Maginot Line through Belgium just as it had done in World War I.
Cross-border regions[edit]
Macro-regional integration initiatives, such as the European Union and NAFTA, have spurred the establishment of cross-border regions. These are initiatives driven by local or regional authorities, aimed at dealing with local border-transcending problems such as transport and environmental degradation.[11] Many cross-border regions are also active in encouraging intercultural communication and dialogue as well as cross-border economic development strategies.
In Europe, the European Union provides financial support to cross-border regions via its Interreg programme. The Council of Europe has issued the Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation, providing a legal framework for cross-border co-operation even though it is in practice rarely used by Euroregions.
Border studies[edit]
There has been a renaissance in the study of borders during the past two decades, partially from creation of a counter narrative to notions of a borderless world that have been advanced as part of globalization theory.[12] Examples of recent initiatives are the Border Regions in Transition network of scholars,[13] the International Boundaries Research Unit at the University of Durham,[14] the Association of Borderlands Studies based in North America,[15] the African Borderlands Research Network (ABORNE) and the founding of smaller border research centres at Nijmegen[16] and Queen's University Belfast.[17]
Images gallery[edit]
The following pictures show in how many different ways international and regional borders can be closed off, monitored, at least marked as such, or simply unremarkable.
Borders of the World
The Wagah border crossing between India and Pakistan along the Radcliffe Line.
Border at Tijuana, Mexico and San Ysidro, California, United States. A straight-line border surveyed when the region was thinly populated.
A sign showing the limits of the Frontier Closed Area, a 28-km² area along the Hong Kong-side of the 30-km-long border between Hong Kong and mainland China.
The bridge over the Anarjohka in Karigasniemi, on the border of Finland with Norway
The border between Argentina (Puerto Iguazú) and Brazil (Foz do Iguazú) on the Iguazú River.
The Peace Arch at the Canada–United States border, the longest common border in the world.
A sign at the Polish-Czech border near Králický Sněžník, indicating that only citizens of the European Union and of five more states may cross. When the Schengen rules became applicable in 2007, the sign became obsolete.
A typical Schengen internal border (near Kufstein between Germany and Austria): the traffic island marks the spot where a control post once stood; it was removed in 2000.
Self-illuminating Border flower pot between Burghausen, Salzach in Germany and Ach in Austria.
A border within a closely built-up area – near Aachen between Germany and the Netherlands: Germany starts at the red line drawn in the photo.
Border between the Netherlands and Belgium next to a street café in Baarle Nassau and Baarle Hertog. Some European borders originate from former land ownership boundaries.
The metal strip within the building of the Eurode Business Centre marks the border between the Netherlands and Germany, in Kerkrade and Herzogenrath.
The border between the Netherlands (right) and Germany (left) is located in the center of this residential road, and, nowadays, completely unmarked.
Italy/Switzerland border stone at Passo San Giacomo. Some borders were broadly defined by treaty, and surveyors would then choose a suitable line on the ground.
Guadiana International Bridge at the Portugal-Spain border, whose limits were established by the Treaty of Alcañices in 1297. It is one of the oldest borders in the world.
The Treriksröset cairn located at the point where Sweden, Norway and Finland meet.
The gate that borders East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia and East Timor.
The marker between the United States and Canada in Waterton-Glacier National Park.
A road crossing the Republic of Ireland-United Kingdom border from the British side. This border is entirely open: the only indication that one is crossing into the Republic of Ireland is a speed limit sign in kilometres per hour (signs in the United Kingdom are in miles per hour).
A train crossing the China–Russia border, travelling from Zabaykalsk in Russia to Manzhouli in China.
The winding border between Pakistan and India is lit by security lights. It is one of the few places on Earth where an international boundary can be seen at night.
See also[edit]
Border control
Boundary (real estate)
Geopolitics
List of countries and territories by land and maritime borders
List of countries that border only one other country
List of international border rivers
List of countries and territories by land borders
List of bordering countries with greatest relative differences in GDP (PPP) per capita
List of land borders with dates of establishment
List of national border changes since World War I
Political geography
Political science
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mura, Andrea (2016). "National Finitude and the Paranoid Style of the One". Contemporary Political Theory. 15: 58–79. doi:10.1057/cpt.2015.23.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Edward Heath. Reexamining Fiat, Bona Fide and Force Dynamic Boundaries for Geopolitical Entities and their Placement in DOLCE Applied Ontology 2012 7: pp. 93–108
Jump up ^ Smith, Barry, 1995, "On Drawing Lines on a Map" in A. U. Frank, W. Kuhn and D. M. Mark (eds.), Spatial Information Theory. Proceedings of COSIT 1995, Berlin/Heidelberg/Vienna/New York/London/Tokyo: Springer Verlag, 475–484.
Jump up ^ VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, General info; retrieved 19 November 2010
Jump up ^ Geoscience Australia, Maritime definitions[permanent dead link]; retrieved 19 November 2010
Jump up ^ United States Department of State, Maritime boundaries; retrieved 19 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Valencia, Mark J. (2001). Maritime Regime Building: Lessons Learned and Their Relevance for Northeast Asia, pp. 149–166., p. 149, at Google Books
^ Jump up to: a b Pavanello, Sara 2010. Working across borders – Harnessing the potential of cross-border activities to improve livelihood security in the Horn of Africa drylands Archived 2010-11-12 at the Wayback Machine.. London: Overseas Development Institute
Jump up ^ Murphy, Cullen. Roman Empire: gold standard of immigration. Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1907 (accessed here June 20, 2007)
Jump up ^ Murphy 2007
Jump up ^ Perkmann, M, Building governance institutions across European borders, Regional Studies, 1999, Vol: 33, pages: 657–667, hdl.handle.net
Jump up ^ D. Newman & A. Paasi, `Fences and neighbours in the post-modern world: boundary narratives in political geography', Progress in Human Geography, 22 (2), 186–207, 1998; D. Newman, "The lines that continue to separate us: Borders in our borderless world", Progress in Human Geography, Vol 30 (2), 1–19, 2006.
Jump up ^ Border Regions in Transition IX Conference, North American and European Border Regions in Comparative Perspective: Markets, States and Border Communities, (January 12–15, 2008) Victoria, BC Canada and Bellingham, WA United States.
Jump up ^ International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham.
Jump up ^ Association for Borderland Studies.
Jump up ^ Nijmegen Centre for Border Research.
Jump up ^ Centre for International Borders Research (CIBR) Queen's University Belfast
Further reading[edit]
Border Stories – A website devoted to stories from both sides of the U.S. Mexico Border
Talking Borders online audio archive at Queen's University Belfast
The World in 2015: National borders undermined? 11-min video interview with Bernard Guetta, a columnist for Libération newspaper and France Inter radio. "For [Guetta], one of the main lessons from international relations in 2014 is that national borders are becoming increasingly irrelevant. These borders, drawn by the colonial powers, were and still are entirely artificial. Now, people want borders along national, religious or ethnic lines. Bernard Guetta calls this a "comeback of real history"."
Mura, Andrea (2016). "National Finitude and the Paranoid Style of the One". Contemporary Political Theory. 15: 58–79. doi:10.1057/cpt.2015.23.
External links[edit]
Media related to Border at Wikimedia Commons
Look up border in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Collection of pictures of European borders, mainly intra-Schengen borders
Institut Européen des Itinéraires Culturels homepage
Border Ireland – database of activities and publications on cross-border co-operation on the island of Ireland since 1980's
Gallery of 1100 borderpoints in the world
Authority control
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text:
List of European countries by population
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
European population by country (top 8).
Russia (17.15%)
Germany (9.87%)
Turkey (9.50%)
France (7.79%)
United Kingdom (7.75%)
Italy (7.21%)
Spain (5.53%)
Ukraine (5.10%)
Other (30.1%)
List of European countries by population present the list of countries, territories and dependencies located in Europe. Transcontinental countries are included if they are members of the Council of Europe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Table[edit]
Transcontinental countries largely located in Asia.
Countries located wholly or predominantly in Asia, but which can be considered European countries.
Rank[1]
Country
(or dependent territory)
July 1, 2015
projection[2]
% of
pop.
Average
relative
annual
growth
(%)[3]
Average
absolute
annual
growth
[4]
Estimated
doubling
time
(Years)[5]
Official
figure
(where
available)
Date of
last figure
Source
Regional grouping
1 Russia[6] 144,031,000 17.15 0.20 294,285 368 146,839,993 January 1, 2017 [1] EAEU
2 Germany 81,459,000 9.87 1.20 600,000 90 82,800,000 December 30, 2016 Official estimate EU
3 Turkey 79,817,849 9.50 1.34 1,035,000 52 77,695,904 December 31, 2016 Official estimate
4 France[7][Note 1] 66,991,000 7.97 0.39 261,022 177 66,991,000 March 1, 2017 [2] EU
5 United Kingdom 65,110,276 7.75 0.75 484,000 92 64,596,800 December 30, 2016 Official estimate EU
6 Italy 60,589,445 7.21 0.49 298,000 141 60,788,845 January 1, 2017 Monthly official estimate EU
7 Spain 46,423,064 5.53 -0.06 -28,000 - 46,449,565 January 1, 2015 Official estimate EU
8 Ukraine[8] 42,850,000 5.10 -0.32 -136,000 - 42,726,067 March 1, 2015 Monthly official estimate
9 Poland 38,494,000 4.58 0.05 20,000 1,334 38,484,000 December 31, 2014 Official estimate EU
10 Romania 19,822,000 2.36 -0.41 -81,000 - 19,942,642 January 1, 2014 Official estimate EU
11 Netherlands 17,003,777 2.02 0.37 62,000 189 17,104,600 January 25, 2018 Official population clock EU
12 Belgium 11,455,474 1.34 0.52 58,000 134 11,370,968 August 1, 2017 Monthly official estimate EU
13 Greece 11,183,716 1.28 0.16 -12,000 - 10,816,286 May 24, 2011 Final 2011 census result EU
14 Czech Republic 10,535,000 1.25 -0.06 -6,000 - 10,588,063 July 30, 2017 Official estimate EU
15 Portugal 10,311,000 1.23 -0.56 -58,000 - 10,309,573 December 31, 2016 Official estimate EU
16 Sweden 9,858,794 1.17 1.03 100,000 68 10,081,396 August 31, 2017 Official estimate EU
17 Hungary 9,835,000 1.17 -0.28 -28,000 - 9,849,000 December 31, 2014 Official estimate EU
18 Azerbaijan 9,651,000 1.15 1.23 117,000 57 9,810,000 January 1, 2017 Official estimate
19 Belarus 9,481,000 1.13 0.00 0 - 9,481,100 April 1, 2015 Official estimate EAEU
20 Austria 8,608,000 1.02 0.67 57,000 104 8,794,267 July 1, 2018 Official estimate EU
21 Switzerland 8,265,000 0.98 0.87 71,000 80 8,211,700 September 30, 2014 Official estimate EFTA
22 Bulgaria 7,185,000 0.86 -0.57 -41,000 - 7,245,677 December 31, 2013 Official estimate EU
23 Serbia 7,103,000 0.85 -0.41 -29,000 - 7,146,759 January 1, 2014 Official estimate
24 Denmark 5,673,000 0.68 0.48 27,000 145 5,659,715 January 1, 2015 Official estimate EU
25 Finland 5,475,000 0.65 0.11 6,000 632 5,473,465 March 31, 2015 Monthly official estimate EU
26 Slovakia 5,426,000 0.65 0.13 7,000 537 5,415,949 September 30, 2014 Official estimate EU
27 Norway 5,194,000 0.62 1.11 57,000 63 5,165,802 January 1, 2015 Official estimate EFTA
28 Ireland 4,630,000 0.55 0.35 16,000 200 4,761,865 April 2016 Preliminary 2016 census result EU
29 Croatia 4,230,000 0.50 -0.31 -13,000 - 4,267,558 July 1, 2012 Official estimate EU
30 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,750,000 0.45 -0.64 -24,000 - 3,791,622 October 1, 2013 Preliminary 2013 census result
31 Georgia 3,707,000 0.44 -1.23 -46,000 - 3,729,500 January 1, 2015 Official estimate
32 Moldova 3,564,000 0.42 0.48 17,000 145 3,555,200 January 1, 2015 Official estimate
33 Armenia 3,010,000 0.36 -0.03 -1,000 - 3,010,600 December 31, 2014 Monthly official estimate EAEU
34 Lithuania 2,906,000 0.35 -0.85 -25,000 - 2,912,566 April 1, 2015 Monthly official estimate EU
35 Albania 2,887,000 0.34 -0.41 -12,000 - 2,893,005 January 1, 2015 Official estimate
36 Macedonia 2,071,000 0.25 0.15 3,000 478 2,069,172 December 31, 2014 Official estimate
37 Slovenia 2,065,000 0.25 0.15 3,000 477 2,062,731 October 1, 2014 Official estimate EU
38 Latvia 1,979,000 0.24 -0.90 -18,000 - 1,983,300 April 1, 2015 Monthly official estimate EU
Kosovo 1,867,000 0.22 1.08 20,000 64 1,815,606 December 31, 2012 Official estimate
39 Estonia 1,315,000 0.16 0.46 6,000 152 1,315,635 January 1, 2017 Official estimate EU
40 Cyprus 876,000 0.10 0.46 4,000 151 865,900 December 31, 2012 Official estimate EU
41 Montenegro 620,000 0.07 0.00 0 - 620,029 April 1, 2011 2011 census result
42 Luxembourg 570,000 0.07 2.52 14,000 28 562,958 December 31, 2014 Official estimate EU
43 Malta 425,000 0.05 0.47 2,000 147 417,432 November 20, 2011 2011 census result EU
44 Iceland 331,000 0.04 1.22 4,000 57 329,100 January 1, 2015 Official estimate EFTA
Jersey (UK) 103,000 0.01 0.98 1,000 71 97,857 March 27, 2011 2011 census result
Isle of Man (UK) 89,000 0.01 1.14 1,000 61 84,497 March 27, 2011 2011 census result
45 Andorra 78,000 0.01 1.30 1,000 54 76,949 2014 Official estimate
Guernsey (UK) 66,000 0.01 1.54 1,000 45 65,150 March 31, 2014 Official estimate
Faroe Islands (Denmark) 49,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 48,693 February 1, 2015 Monthly official estimate
46 Liechtenstein 37,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 37,370 December 31, 2014 Official estimate EFTA
47 Monaco 37,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 36,950 December 31, 2013 Official estimate
Gibraltar (UK)[9] 34,000 0.00 3.03 1,000 23 30,001 2012 Official estimate EU
48 San Marino 33,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 32,798 February 28, 2015 Monthly official estimate
Åland Islands (Finland) 29,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 28,666 December 31, 2013 Official estimate EU
Svalbard (Norway) 3,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 2,575 July 1, 2014 Official estimate EFTA
49 Vatican City 451 0.00 0.00 0 - 0 2012 Official estimate
Total 840,023,805 100.00 0.33 2,746,307 210
See also[edit]
List of countries by population
List of African countries by population
List of countries in the Americas by population
List of Arab countries by population
List of Asian countries by population
List of Caribbean island countries by population
List of Eurasian countries by population
List of European Union member states by population
List of Latin American countries by population
List of member states of the Commonwealth of Nations by population
List of Middle East countries by population
List of North American countries by population
List of Oceania countries by population
List of South American countries by population
List of countries by past and future population
List of countries by past population (United Nations)
List of countries by population in 2000
List of countries by population in 2010
List of population concern organizations
List of European countries
List of European countries by population growth rate
Largest urban areas of the European Union
[hide]
v
t
e
Lists of countries by population statistics
World population
Current population
Current population (United Nations)
Continents/subcontinents
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Caribbean
Oceania
South America
Intercontinental regions
Americas
Arab world
Commonwealth of Nations
Eurasia
European Union
Islands
Latin America
Middle East
Cities
National capitals
Cities proper
Metropolitan areas
Urban areas
Megacities
Megalopolises
Past and future
population
Past population (United Nations)
Past and future population
1
1000
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
1907
1939
1989
2000
2005
2010
Future population
Population density
Current density
Current real density based on food growing capacity
Growth indicators
Population growth rate
Natural increase
Birth rate
Mortality rate
Fertility rate
Other
demographics
Age at first marriage
Divorce rate
Ethnic and cultural diversity level
Foreign-born population
Immigrant population
Linguistic diversity
Median age
Net migration rate
Number of households
Sex ratio
Urban population
Urbanization
Health
Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
Infant and under-five mortality rates
Life expectancy
Percentage suffering from undernourishment
Health expenditure covered by government
Suicide rate
Total health expenditure per capita
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Education
and innovation
Bloomberg Innovation Index
Education Index
International Innovation Index
Innovation Union Scoreboard
Literacy rate
Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
Student skills
Tertiary education attainment
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
Women's average years in school
World Intellectual Property Indicators
Economic
Development aid given
Official Development Assistance received
Employment rate
Irrigated land area
Human Development Index
by country
inequality-adjusted
Human Poverty Index
Imports
Income equality
Job security
Labour force
Number of millionaires (US dollars)
Number of billionaires (US dollars)
Percentage living in poverty
Public sector
Sen social welfare function
Unemployment rate
List of international rankings
List of top international rankings by country
Lists by country
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Excluding Overseas Territories and Collectivities: French Polynesia, New Caledonia, French Southern and Antarctic Land, Clipperton Island, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Only for widely recognised and non-dependent territories
Jump up ^ Calculated, when available, from the latest national censuses or most recent official estimates (many of which are cited in their respective column), using the exponential formula shown on the List of countries by past and future population article. This is done to normalize the different populations to a unique date, so that they are really comparable.
Jump up ^ It corresponds to the following formula: projection2015/projection2014x100-100.
Jump up ^ It corresponds to the calculation: projection2015*annual_growth/100.
Jump up ^ It corresponds to the formula: LN(2)/LN(growth/100+1), which produces exactly the same result as LOG10(2)/LOG10(growth/100+1).
Jump up ^ The mid-2015 demographic projection excludes the disputed territory of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol (the so-called Crimean Federal District), although the Russian official estimate includes both of them.
Jump up ^ Figures refer not only to the population of European or Metropolitan France, but also include the overseas departments (in French Départements d'outre-mer, DOM)
Jump up ^ Note from source: "Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city Sevastopol".
Jump up ^ Enclave claimed by Spain.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_countries_by_population&oldid=821290972"
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