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Arctic Circle
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This article is about one of the five major circles of latitude. For other uses, see Arctic Circle (disambiguation).
Map of the Arctic, with the Arctic Circle in blue and the July 10 °C mean isotherm in red[timeframe?]
The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth. It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the December solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the June solstice. The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic, and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone.
As seen from the Arctic, the Sun is above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year (and therefore visible at midnight) and below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year (and therefore not visible at noon). This is also true in the Antarctic region, south of the equivalent Antarctic Circle.
The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed; as of 9 January 2018, it runs 66°33′47.0″ north of the Equator.[1] Its latitude depends on the Earth's axial tilt, which fluctuates within a margin of 2° over a 40,000-year period, due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon.[2] Consequently, the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 metres (49 feet) per year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Midnight sun and polar night
3 Human habitation
4 Geography
4.1 Climate
4.2 Sites along the Arctic Circle
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός (arktikos: "near the Bear, northern")[3] and that from the word ἄρκτος (arktos: "bear").[4]
Midnight sun and polar night[edit]
Relationship of Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
Further information: Midnight sun and Polar night
The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty-four hours; as a result, at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the sun is visible at local midnight, and at least once it is not visible at local noon.[5]
Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur, in principle, exactly once per year: at the June and December solstices, respectively. However, because of atmospheric refraction and mirages, and because the sun appears as a disk and not a point, part of the midnight sun may be seen on the night of the northern summer solstice up to about 50 minutes (′) (90 km (56 mi)) south of the Arctic Circle; similarly, on the day of the northern winter solstice, part of the sun may be seen up to about 50′ north of the Arctic Circle. That is true at sea level; those limits increase with elevation above sea level, although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon.
Human habitation[edit]
Cylindrical projection showing the Arctic Circle in red
Further information: Arctic peoples
Only four million people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate; nonetheless, some areas have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples, who today make up 10% of the region's population.[6] Tens of thousands of years ago, waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle. Much later, in the historic period, there has been migration into some Arctic areas by Europeans and other immigrants.[citation needed]
The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and Norway: Murmansk (population 307,257), Norilsk (175,365), Tromsø (71,295) and Vorkuta (59,231). Rovaniemi (61,329) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle, lying 6 kilometres (4 miles) south of the line.
In contrast, the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle, Sisimiut (Greenland), has approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities, Barrow, Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants.
Geography[edit]
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The countries transcending the Arctic Circle
The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres (9,900 mi).[7] The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km2 (7,700,000 sq mi) and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface.[8]
The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, the Scandinavian Peninsula, North Asia, Northern America and Greenland. The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among 8 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey).
Climate[edit]
Further information: Climate of the Arctic
The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long. In the interior, summers can be quite warm, while winters are extremely cold. For example, summer temperatures in Norilsk, Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 °C (86 °F), while the winter temperatures frequently fall below −50 °C (−58 °F).
Sites along the Arctic Circle[edit]
Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards, the Arctic Circle passes through:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes
66°34′N 000°00′E / 66.567°N 0.000°E / 66.567; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
Arctic Ocean
Norwegian Sea
66°34′N 12°48′E / 66.567°N 12.800°E / 66.567; 12.800 (Nordland County, Norway)
Norway
Nordland County
66°34′N 15°31′E / 66.567°N 15.517°E / 66.567; 15.517 (Norrbotten County, Sweden)
Sweden
Norrbotten County (Provinces of Lapland and Norrbotten)
66°34′N 23°51′E / 66.567°N 23.850°E / 66.567; 23.850 (Lapland Province, Finland)
Finland
Lapland Region, crosses Rovaniemi Airport
66°34′N 29°28′E / 66.567°N 29.467°E / 66.567; 29.467 (Karelia, Russia)
Russia
Republic of Karelia
Murmansk Oblast—from 66°34′N 31°36′E / 66.567°N 31.600°E / 66.567; 31.600 (Murmansk, Russia)
Republic of Karelia—from 66°34′N 32°37′E / 66.567°N 32.617°E / 66.567; 32.617 (Karelia, Russia)
Murmansk Oblast (Grand Island)—from 66°34′N 33°10′E / 66.567°N 33.167°E / 66.567; 33.167 (Murmansk, Russia)
66°34′N 33°25′E / 66.567°N 33.417°E / 66.567; 33.417 (Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea)
White Sea
Kandalaksha Gulf
66°34′N 34°28′E / 66.567°N 34.467°E / 66.567; 34.467 (Murmansk Oblast, Russia)
Russia
Murmansk Oblast (Kola Peninsula)—for about 7 km (4.3 mi)
66°34′N 34°38′E / 66.567°N 34.633°E / 66.567; 34.633 (Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea)
White Sea
Kandalaksha Gulf
66°34′N 35°0′E / 66.567°N 35.000°E / 66.567; 35.000 (Murmansk Oblast, Kola Peninsula, Russia)
Russia
Murmansk Oblast (Kola Peninsula)
66°34′N 40°42′E / 66.567°N 40.700°E / 66.567; 40.700 (White Sea)
White Sea
66°34′N 44°23′E / 66.567°N 44.383°E / 66.567; 44.383 (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
Russia
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Komi Republic—from 66°34′N 50°51′E / 66.567°N 50.850°E / 66.567; 50.850 (Komi Republic, Russia)
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug—from 66°34′N 63°48′E / 66.567°N 63.800°E / 66.567; 63.800 (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
66°34′N 71°5′E / 66.567°N 71.083°E / 66.567; 71.083 (Gulf of Ob)
Gulf of Ob
66°34′N 72°27′E / 66.567°N 72.450°E / 66.567; 72.450 (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
Russia
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Krasnoyarsk Krai—from 66°34′N 83°3′E / 66.567°N 83.050°E / 66.567; 83.050 (Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia)
Sakha Republic—from 66°34′N 106°18′E / 66.567°N 106.300°E / 66.567; 106.300 (Sakha Republic, Russia)
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug—from 66°34′N 158°38′E / 66.567°N 158.633°E / 66.567; 158.633 (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia)
66°34′N 171°1′W / 66.567°N 171.017°W / 66.567; -171.017 (Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean)
Arctic Ocean
Chukchi Sea
66°34′N 164°38′W / 66.567°N 164.633°W / 66.567; -164.633 (Seward Peninsula, Alaska, United States)
United States
Alaska (Seward Peninsula)
66°34′N 163°44′W / 66.567°N 163.733°W / 66.567; -163.733 (Kotzebue Sound, Arctic Ocean)
Arctic Ocean
Kotzebue Sound
66°34′N 161°56′W / 66.567°N 161.933°W / 66.567; -161.933 (Alaska, United States)
United States
Alaska—passing through Selawik Lake
66°34′N 141°0′W / 66.567°N 141.000°W / 66.567; -141.000 (Yukon, Canada)
Canada
Yukon
Northwest Territories—from 66°34′N 133°36′W / 66.567°N 133.600°W / 66.567; -133.600 (Northwest Territories, Canada), passing through the Great Bear Lake
Nunavut—from 66°34′N 115°56′W / 66.567°N 115.933°W / 66.567; -115.933 (Nunavut, Canada)
66°34′N 82°59′W / 66.567°N 82.983°W / 66.567; -82.983 (Foxe Basin, Hudson Bay)
Canada
Foxe Basin, Nunavut
66°34′N 73°25′W / 66.567°N 73.417°W / 66.567; -73.417 (Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada)
Canada
Nunavut (Baffin Island), passing through Nettilling Lake
66°30′N 65°29′W / 66.500°N 65.483°W / 66.500; -65.483 (Baffin Island, Nunavut)
Canada
Nunavut (Baffin Island), passing through Auyuittuq National Park (sign location)
66°34′N 61°24′W / 66.567°N 61.400°W / 66.567; -61.400 (Davis Strait, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Davis Strait
66°34′N 53°16′W / 66.567°N 53.267°W / 66.567; -53.267 (Greenland)
Greenland
Kingdom of Denmark, passing through Kangerlussuaq Fjord
66°34′N 37°0′W / 66.567°N 37.000°W / 66.567; -37.000 (Greenland)
Greenland
Kingdom of Denmark, passing through Schweizerland
66°34′N 34°9′W / 66.567°N 34.150°W / 66.567; -34.150 (Denmark Strait, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Denmark Strait
Greenland Sea—from 66°34′N 26°18′W / 66.567°N 26.300°W / 66.567; -26.300 (Greenland Sea)
66°34′N 18°1′W / 66.567°N 18.017°W / 66.567; -18.017 (Grímsey, Iceland)
Iceland
Island of Grímsey
66°34′N 17°59′W / 66.567°N 17.983°W / 66.567; -17.983 (Greenland Sea, Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Greenland Sea
Norwegian Sea—from 66°34′N 12°32′W / 66.567°N 12.533°W / 66.567; -12.533 (Norwegian Sea)
A sign along the Dalton Highway marking the location of the Arctic Circle in Alaska
Arctic Circle line in Rovaniemi, Finland
Aurora Borealis above Arctic Circle sign along the Dempster Highway in Yukon at 66°33′55″N 136°18′26″W / 66.565325°N 136.307169°W / 66.565325; -136.307169
A sign on the Vikingen island marking the Arctic Circle in Norway
The Arctic Circle on Grímsey in Iceland
Arctic Circle sign by the Inland Line railway, Sweden
See also[edit]
Arctic portal
Circumpolar circle
Arctic Cooperation and Politics
Territorial claims in the Arctic
Arctic haze
Scott Polar Research Institute
Antarctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Obliquity of the Ecliptic (Eps Mean)". Neoprogrammics.com. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
Jump up ^ Berger, A. L. (1976). "Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51: 127–135. Bibcode:1976A&A....51..127B.
Jump up ^ Henry Liddell, [[Robert Scott (philogist)|]]. "Arktikos". A Greek–English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Henry Liddell, Robert Scott (philogist). "Arktos". A Greek–English Lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Text "]] " ignored (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Burn, Chris. The Polar Night (PDF). The Aurora Research Institute. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Arctic Population". www.athropolis.com.
Jump up ^ Nuttall, Mark (18 November 2004). Encyclopedia of the Arctic Volumes 1, 2 and 3. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1579584368. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ William M. Marsh; Martin M. Kaufman (2012). Physical Geography: Great Systems and Global Environments. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-521-76428-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arctic Circle.
Look up arctic circle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Terra Incognita: Exploration of the Canadian Arctic—Historical essay about early expeditions to the Canadian Arctic, illustrated with maps, photographs and drawings
Temporal Epoch Calculations ©2006 by James Q. Jacobs Download: Epoch v2009.xls (modify D4)
Useful constants" See: Obliquity of the ecliptic
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Geordie Shore (series 12)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Geordie Shore Series 12
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of episodes
8
Release
Original network
MTV
Original release
15 March – 3 May 2016
Season chronology
← Previous
Series 11
Next →
Big Birthday Battle
The twelfth series of Geordie Shore, a British television programme based in Newcastle upon Tyne was confirmed on 23 May 2015 when it was confirmed that MTV had renewed the series for a further three series taking it up to the thirteenth series.[1] The series was filmed in October and November 2015 and began airing on 15 March 2016.[2] This was the first series not to include Kyle Christie since he made his exit during the previous series, and was the first to feature new cast members Chantelle Connelly and Marty McKenna, who had previously appeared during the third series of Ex on the Beach.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Duration of cast
1.2 Notes
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
4 References
Cast[edit]
Aaron Chalmers
Chantelle Connelly
Charlotte-Letitia Crosby
Chloe Ferry
Gary Beadle
Holly Hagan
Marnie Simpson
Marty McKenna
Nathan Henry
Scott Timlin
Duration of cast[edit]
Cast members
Series 12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Aaron
Chantelle
Charlotte
Chloe
Gaz
Holly
Marnie
Marty
Nathan
Scott
Notes[edit]
Key: = "Cast member" is featured in this episode.
Key: = "Cast member" arrives in the house.
Key: = "Cast member" voluntarily leaves the house.
Key: = "Cast member" leaves and returns to the house in the same episode.
Key: = "Cast member" is removed from the house.
Key: = "Cast member" returns to the house.
Key: = "Cast member" features in this episode, but is outside of the house.
Key: = "Cast member" leaves the series.
Key: = "Cast member" returns to the series.
Key: = "Cast member" does not feature in this episode.
Key: = "Cast member" is not officially a cast member in this episode.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Geordie Shore episodes
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Duration
UK viewers[4]
89
1 "Episode 1" 15 March 2016 (15 March 2016) 60 minutes 1,202,000
90
2 "Episode 2" 22 March 2016 (22 March 2016) 60 minutes 1,158,000
91
3 "Episode 3" 29 March 2016 (29 March 2016) 60 minutes 1,250,000
92
4 "Episode 4" 5 April 2016 (5 April 2016) 60 minutes 1,303,000
93
5 "Episode 5" 12 April 2016 (12 April 2016) 60 minutes 1,217,000
94
6 "Episode 6" 19 April 2016 (19 April 2016) 60 minutes 1,367,000
95
7 "Episode 7" 26 April 2016 (26 April 2016) 60 minutes 1,220,000
96
8 "Episode 8" 3 May 2016 (3 May 2016) 60 minutes 1,183,000
Ratings[edit]
Episode
Date
Official MTV rating[5]
MTV weekly rank[5]
Official MTV+1 rating[5]
Total MTV viewers
Episode 1
15 March 2016 1,172,000 1 30,000 1,202,000
Episode 2
22 March 2016 1,112,000 1 46,000 1,158,000
Episode 3
29 March 2016 1,209,000 1 41,000 1,250,000
Episode 4
5 April 2016 1,286,000 1 17,000 1,303,000
Episode 5
12 April 2016 1,173,000 1 44,000 1,217,000
Episode 6
19 April 2016 1,339,000 1 28,000 1,367,000
Episode 7
26 April 2016 1,201,000 1 19,000 1,220,000
Episode 8
3 May 2016 1,139,000 1 44,000 1,183,000
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Super User. "Geordie Shore series 11 release date". when-will.net. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2016/02/03/geordie-shore-season-12-gets-a-start-date-as-scott-timlin-promises-more-kick-offs-than-ever-before-5659861/
Jump up ^ http://www.reveal.co.uk/showbiz-celeb-gossip/news/a677949/ex-on-the-beachs-marty-mckenna-joins-geordie-shore-for-season-12.html
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Programmes". BARB. 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2014-04-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Top 10 Programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
[hide]
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6
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8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Mini-series
Magaluf Madness
Big Birthday Battle
Related
Jersey Shore
Gandía Shore
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geordie_Shore_(series_12)&oldid=828191917"
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My Summer Story
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with A Summer Story.
My Summer Story
Theatrical release poster (under the original title, It Runs in the Family)
Directed by
Bob Clark
Produced by
Rene Dupont
Screenplay by
Jean Shepherd
Leigh Brown
Bob Clark
Based on
In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash and Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories and Other Disasters
by Jean Shepherd
Starring
Charles Grodin
Kieran Culkin
Mary Steenburgen
Narrated by
Jean Shepherd
Music by
Paul Zaza
Cinematography
Stephen M. Katz
Edited by
Stan Cole
Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
September 23, 1994 (1994-09-23)
[1]
Running time
85 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15 million
Box office
$70,936
My Summer Story, originally released in theaters as It Runs in the Family, is a 1994 film that follows the further adventures of the Parker family from A Christmas Story. Like the previous film, it is based on semi-autobiographical stories by Jean Shepherd, primarily from his book In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash.
The opening of the film makes direct reference to the events of A Christmas Story, and the ending narration strongly parallels it. However, because the cast of the original film had aged to the point where they no longer fit their roles, it was entirely recast, with the exception of Tedde Moore, who returns as Ralphie's teacher, Miss Shields. Charles Grodin stars as the Old Man (Mr. Parker), Mary Steenburgen plays Mrs. Parker, and Kieran Culkin plays Ralphie. Shepherd provides the narration, just as he had done for A Christmas Story.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
4 Related works
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
The film takes place in the summer of 1941, after the events of A Christmas Story, which took place in December 1940. It has several plot lines, one each for Ralphie, his father, and his mother, followed by one involving him and his dad on a fishing trip. His quest for most of the film is to find a top tough enough to knock that of a bully's out of a chalk circle in a game of "Kill". Meanwhile, his dad has a series of skirmishes with his hillbilly neighbors, the Bumpuses, and all forty-three Bloodhounds named Big Red. He calls in Barkley, the family dog, to distract the Bumpuses' hounds when he comes home from work. When he gets out of the car, he accidentally steps in dog poop. Ralphie's mom would like to finally get something other than a Ronald Colman gravy boat on dish night at the local cinema. Scut, the main bully, is demoted, with a new head bully ruling over him.
Ralphie does eventually get a top just as powerful as the bully's. They both end up disappearing into the sewer, never to be seen again.
Cast[edit]
Charles Grodin as Mr. Parker, the Old Man
Mary Steenburgen as Mrs. Parker
Kieran Culkin as Ralphie Parker
Christian Culkin as Randy Parker
Whit Hertford as Lug
Chris Owen as Scut Farkus
Geoffrey Wigdor as Flick
David Zahorsky as Schwartz
Tedde Moore as Miss Shields
T.J. McInturff as Grover Dill
Reception[edit]
Mixed reviews have appeared about the film. Entertainment Weekly gave it a B+, noting that the film "improves on A Christmas Story, with better pacing and better defined characters, but found Shepherd's narration to be "oh-so-drolly exaggerated — and therefore condescending".[2] Robert Butler at the Kansas City Star called it "a sequel worth seeing" which revisits the humor of the original.[3]
Upon the release of the film on DVD in 2006, DVDtalk wrote "if you squint just right, My Summer Story is actually reasonably good", while criticizing the casting, but praising Shepherd's narration as "easily the film's saving grace".[4] Christopher Null at MovieCritic.com referred to the film as a "lackluster sequel" with "little of the same charm" as A Christmas Story, and "not funny, really".[5] A 2011 summary of best and worst movies filmed in Cleveland called the film a "dog", which "features none of the original cast -- and none of the original heart".[6]
Released in very few theaters,[7] the film grossed under $71,000.[1]
Related works[edit]
PBS also made a series of TV movies prior to the theatrical film, based on the Parker family for American Playhouse, including Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss, The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters, and The Phantom of the Open Hearth.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "It Runs In The Family (1994)". BoxOfficeMojo.com.
Jump up ^ Weiner Campbell, Caren (July 14, 1995). "Video Review My Summer Story". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ Butler, Robert W. (August 21, 1995). "A sequel worth seeing - My Summer Story revisits hilarity of 1982's A Christmas Story". Kansas City Star pg. D1. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Galbraith IV, Stuart (August 3, 2006). "My Summer Story (aka It Runs in the Family" DVDTalk.com. August 1, 2006.
Jump up ^ Null, Christopher (February 4, 2005). "It Runs in the Family"[permanent dead link]. MovieCritic.com, AMC.
Jump up ^ Campanelli, John (January 15, 2011). "Cleveland's best, worst movies over the years". Cleveland.com.
Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. New York: Plume/Penguin, 2008, p. 696.
External links[edit]
It Runs in the Family on IMDb
My Summer Story at Rotten Tomatoes
Beyond a Christmas Story
[show]
v
t
e
A Christmas Story
Films
A Christmas Story (1983)
Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss (1988)
My Summer Story / It Runs in the Family (1994)
A Christmas Story 2 (2012)
Related works
In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash
A Christmas Story: The Musical
A Christmas Story Live!
Related articles
Jean Shepherd
A Christmas Story House
Red Ryder BB Gun
[show]
v
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Films directed by Bob Clark
The Emperor's New Clothes (1966)
She-Man (1967)
Children Shouldn't Play with Dead Things (1972)
Deathdream (1972)
Black Christmas (1974)
Breaking Point (1976)
Murder by Decree (1979)
Tribute (1980)
Porky's (1982)
Porky's II: The Next Day (1983)
A Christmas Story (1983)
Rhinestone (1984)
Turk 182 (1985)
From the Hip (1987)
Loose Cannons (1990)
My Summer Story (1994)
I'll Remember April (1999)
Baby Geniuses (1999)
Now & Forever (2002)
The Karate Dog (2004)
Superbabies: Baby Geniuses 2 (2004)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Summer_Story&oldid=817198790"
Categories:
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1990s comedy films
American films
American comedy films
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Films scored by Paul Zaza
Films about families
Films directed by Bob Clark
Films set in 1944
Films set in Indiana
Films shot in North Carolina
Films shot in Ohio
Films based on works by Jean Shepherd
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
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Mind your Ps and Qs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Ps and Qs" redirects here. For the song, see P's and Q's (song).
Look up mind one's ps and qs in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Mind your Ps and Qs is an English expression meaning "mind your manners", "mind your language", "be on your best behaviour" or similar.
Attempts at explaining the origin of the phrase go back to the mid-19th century. One explanation favoured in a letter to the editors of Notes and Queries dated 1851, as well as by the Oxford English Dictionary upon their revision of the relevant entry in 2007, is literal interpretation of the saying, concerning the distinction of the lowercase letters p and q in the context of the school-room or the printing-office.[1] As noted by W. D. Henkle in Educational Notes and Queries in 1876, in this case the proper spelling of the phrase should be "note your p's and q's", because the distinction of majuscule P and Q does not pose a problem.[2]
Nevertheless, a number of alternative explanations have been considered as more or less plausible. Another explanation suggests that "Ps and Qs" is short for "pleases" and "thank-yous", the latter of which contains a sound similar to the pronunciation of the name of the letter "Q". Another proposed origin is from the English pubs and taverns of the 17th century. Bartenders would keep a watch on the alcohol consumption of the patrons; keeping an eye on the pints and quarts that were consumed. As a reminder to the patrons, the bartender would recommend they "mind their Ps and Qs".[3] This may also have been a reminder to bartenders not to confuse the two units, written as "p" and "q" on the tally slate.[4]
Other origin stories, some considered "fanciful",[4] could come from French instructions to mind one's pieds (feet) and queues (wigs) while dancing. However, there is no French translation for this expression.[5] Another origin could be from sailors in the 18th century who were reminded to pay attention to their peas (pea coat) and queues (pony tail).[5]
Another proposal concerns the use of Norman French in medieval England; as the English dialect of the 11th century had no qs,[dubious – discuss] one must watch their usage in court or discourse with the French Norman conquerors. [6][dubious – discuss]
Quinion cites an apparently related expression of pee and kew for "highest quality" used in 17th-century English.[7]

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Notes and Queries 4 (1851), p. 11. "Investigations by the Oxford English Dictionary in 2007 when revising the entry turned up early examples of the use of Ps and Qs to mean learning the alphabet. The first is in a poem by Charles Churchill, published in 1763: “On all occasions next the chair / He stands for service of the Mayor, / And to instruct him how to use / His A’s and B’s, and P’s and Q’s.” The conclusion must be that this is the true origin." Quinion, Michael. "Mind Your Ps and Qs" 1996. http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/psandqs.htm (accessed: February 09, 2008).
Jump up ^ Educational Notes and Queries 2 (1876), p. 136.
Jump up ^ Evins, Karlen. "I Didn't Know That" New York: Scribner, 2007, ..78.
^ Jump up to: a b Quinion, Michael. "Mind Your Ps and Qs" 1996. http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/psandqs.htm (accessed: February 09, 2008).
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Gary. "Mind Your Ps and Qs" 1996. http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/248000.html (accessed: February 09, 2008).
Jump up ^ Crystal, David. "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language" pg. 30-31, 1995.
Jump up ^ "The Oxford English Dictionary has a citation from Rowlands’ Knave of Harts of 1612: “Bring in a quart of Maligo, right true: And looke, you Rogue, that it be Pee and Kew.” Nobody is really sure what either P or Q stood for. To say they’re the initials of “Prime Quality” seems to be folk etymology, because surely that would make “PQ” rather than “P and Q”.
External links[edit]
Quinn, Polly. "Where did the saying 'mind your Ps and Qs' come from?" (ask.yahoo.com) 2003.
Martin, Gary. "Mind Your Ps and Qs" 1996. (aphrases.org.uk)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_your_Ps_and_Qs&oldid=818623434"
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History of the internal combustion engine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)
For a better video playback experience we recommend an HTML5 video browser.
Video montage of the Otto engines running at the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion (WMSTR), in Rollag, Minnesota. (2 min 16 s, 320x240, 340 kbit/s video)
Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of internal combustion engines. In 1791, John Barber developed a turbine. In 1794 Thomas Mead patented a gas engine. Also in 1794 Robert Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also the first to use liquid fuel (gasoline), and built an engine around that time. In 1798, John Stevens designed the first American internal combustion engine. In 1807, French engineers Nicéphore (who went on to invent photography) and Claude Niépce ran a prototype internal combustion engine, using controlled dust explosions, the Pyréolophore. This engine powered a boat on the Saône river, France. The same year, the Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine ignited by electric spark. In 1823, Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially.
Father Eugenio Barsanti, an Italian engineer, together with Felice Matteucci of Florence invented the first real internal combustion engine in 1853. Their patent request was granted in London on June 12, 1854, and published in London's Morning Journal under the title "Specification of Eugene Barsanti and Felix Matteucci, Obtaining Motive Power by the Explosion of Gasses". In 1860, Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine. In 1864, Nikolaus Otto patented the first atmospheric gas engine. In 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fueled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nikolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-cycle engine. In 1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gas engine. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine. In 1926, Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. In 1939, the Heinkel He 178 became the world's first jet aircraft.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prior to 1860
2 1860–1910
3 1920–1980
4 1980 to present
5 Engine starting
6 Modern vs. historical piston engines
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Prior to 1860[edit]
al-Jazari's hydropowered saqiya chain pump device
Model of the Barsanti-Matteucci engine (1853) in the Osservatorio Ximeniano in Florence
Early internal combustion engines were used to power farm equipment similar to these models.
202 BCE–220 CE: The earliest hand-operated cranks appeared in China during the Han Dynasty.[1]
3rd century CE: Evidence of a crank and connecting rod mechanism dates to the Hierapolis sawmill in Asia Minor (Turkey), then part of the Roman Empire.
6th century: Several sawmills use a crank and connecting rod mechanism in Asia Minor and Syria, then part of the Byzantine Empire.
9th century: The crank appears in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices.[2]
1206: Al-Jazari invented an early crankshaft,[3][4] which he incorporated with a crank-connecting rod mechanism in his twin-cylinder pump. Like the modern crankshaft, Al-Jazari's mechanism consisted of a wheel setting several crank pins into motion, with the wheel's motion being circular and the pins moving back-and-forth in a straight line.[3] The crankshaft described by al-Jazari[3][4] transforms continuous rotary motion into a linear reciprocating motion.
17th century: Samuel Morland experiments with using gunpowder to drive water pumps.
17th century: Christiaan Huygens designs gunpowder to drive water pumps, to supply 3000 cubic meters of water/day for the Versailles palace gardens, essentially creating the first idea of a rudimentary internal combustion piston engine.
1780s: Alessandro Volta built a toy electric pistol[5] in which an electric spark exploded a mixture of air and hydrogen, firing a cork from the end of the gun.
1791: John Barber receives British patent #1833 for A Method for Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Producing Motion and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations. In it he describes a turbine.
1794: Robert Street built a compressionless engine. He was also the first to use liquid fuel in an internal combustion engine.[6]
1794: Thomas Mead patents a gas engine.[7]
1798: John Stevens builds the first double-acting, crankshaft-using internal combustion engine.
1801: Philippe LeBon D'Humberstein comes up with the use of compression in a two-stroke engine.
1807: Nicéphore Niépce installed his "moss, coal-dust and resin" fueled Pyréolophore internal combustion engine in a boat and powered up the river Saône in France. A patent was subsequently granted by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte on 20 July 1807.
1807: Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine powered by a hydrogen and oxygen mixture, and ignited by electric spark. (See 1780s: Alessandro Volta above.)[8]
1823: Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially. It was compressionless and based on what Hardenberg[9] calls the "Leonardo cycle", which, as the name implies, was already out of date at that time.
1824: French physicist Sadi Carnot established the thermodynamic theory of idealized heat engines.
1826 April 1: American Samuel Morey received a patent for a compressionless "Gas or Vapor Engine."[9] This is also the first recorded example of a carburetor.
1833: Lemuel Wellman Wright, UK patent no. 6525, table-type gas engine. Double-acting gas engine, first record of water-jacketed cylinder.[10]
1838: A patent was granted to William Barnett, UK patent no. 7615 April 1838. According to Dugald Clerk, this was the first recorded use of in-cylinder compression.[11]
1853–1857: Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci invented and patented an engine using the free-piston principle in an atmospheric two cycle engine.[12][13]
1856: in Florence at Fonderia del Pignone (now Nuovo Pignone, later a subsidiary of General Electric), Pietro Benini realized a working prototype of the Italian engine supplying 5 HP. In subsequent years he developed more powerful engines—with one or two pistons—which served as steady power sources, replacing steam engines.
1857: Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci describe the principles of the free piston engine where the vacuum after the explosion allows atmospheric pressure to deliver the power stroke (British patent no. 1625).
[13]
1860–1910[edit]
Patent of Otto-Langen engine 1863
Sir Dugald Clerk's two cycle engine from 1879
This internal combustion engine was an integral aspect of the patent for the first patented automobile, made by Karl Benz on January 29, 1886.
Karl Benz
1860: Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822–1900) produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine similar in appearance to a horizontal double-acting steam engine, with cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, and flywheel in which the gas essentially took the place of the steam. This was the first internal combustion engine to be produced in numbers.
1861: Nikolaus Otto builds a copy of the Lenoir engine.
1862: Nikolaus Otto attempts the construction of the compressed charge four cycle engine, and fails.
1862: The earliest confirmed patent of the 4-cycle engine, by Alphonse Beau de Rochas. This was principle only, there was NO engine built to prove the concept.
1862: The German Nikolaus Otto begins to manufacture a no compression gas Lenoir engine with a free piston.[14]
1864: Nikolaus Otto, patented in England and other countries his first atmospheric gas engine. Otto was the first to build and sell this type of compressionless engine designed with an indirect-acting free-piston, whose great efficiency won the support of Eugen Langen and then most of the market, which at that time was mainly for small stationary engines fueled by lighting gas. Eugen Langen collaborated with Otto in the design and they began to manufacture it in 1864.[15]
1865: Pierre Hugon started production of the Hugon engine, similar to the Lenoir engine, but with better economy, and more reliable flame ignition.
1867: Otto and Langen exhibited their free piston engine at the Paris Exhibition in 1867, and they won the greatest award. It had less than half the gas consumption of the Lenoir or Hugon engines.
1870: In Vienna, Siegfried Marcus put the first mobile gasoline and the first modern internal combustion engine on a handcart.
1872: In America George Brayton invented Brayton's Ready Motor and went into commercial production, this used constant pressure combustion, and was the first commercial liquid fuelled internal combustion engine.
1876: Nikolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-stroke engine.[16] The German courts, however, did not hold his patent to cover all in-cylinder compression engines or even the four-stroke cycle, and after this decision, in-cylinder compression became universal.
1878: Dugald Clerk designed the first two-stroke engine with in-cylinder compression. He patented it in England in 1881.
1879: Karl Benz, working independently, was granted a patent for his reliable two-stroke, internal combustion engine, gas engine.
1882: James Atkinson invented the Atkinson cycle engine. Atkinson's engine had one power phase per revolution together with different intake and expansion volumes, potentially making it more efficient than the Otto cycle, but certainly avoiding Otto's patent.
1884: British engineer Edward Butler constructed the first petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine. Butler invented the spark plug, ignition magneto, coil ignition and spray jet carburetor, and was the first to use the word petrol.[17]
1885: German engineer Gottlieb Daimler received a German patent for a supercharger [18]
1885/1886 Karl Benz designed and built his own four-stroke engine that was used in his automobile, which was developed in 1885, patented in 1886, and became the first automobile in series production.
1887: Gustaf de Laval introduces the de Laval nozzle
1889: Félix Millet begins development of the first vehicle to be powered by a rotary engine in transportation history.
1891: Herbert Akroyd Stuart built his oil engine, leasing rights to Hornsby of England to build them. They built the first cold-start compression-ignition engines. In 1892, they installed the first ones in a water pumping station. In the same year, an experimental higher-pressure version produced self-sustaining ignition through compression alone.
1892: Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine .[19]
1893 February 23: Rudolf Diesel received a patent for his compression ignition (diesel) engine.
1896: Karl Benz invented the boxer engine, also known as the horizontally opposed engine, or the flat engine, in which the corresponding pistons reach top dead center at the same time, thus balancing each other in momentum.
1897: Robert Bosch was the first to adapt a magneto ignition to a vehicle engine.
1898: Fay Oliver Farwell designs the prototype of the line of Adams-Farwell automobiles, all to be powered with three or five cylinder rotary internal combustion engines.
1900: Rudolf Diesel demonstrated the diesel engine in the 1900 Exposition Universelle (World's Fair) using peanut oil fuel (see biodiesel).[20]
1900: Wilhelm Maybach designed an engine built at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft—following the specifications of Emil Jellinek—who required the engine to be named Daimler-Mercedes after his daughter. In 1902 automobiles with that engine were put into production by DMG.[21][22]
1903: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of theoretical papers discussing the use of rocketry to reach outer space. A major point in his work is liquid fueled rockets.
1903: Ægidius Elling builds a gas turbine using a centrifugal compressor which runs under its own power. By most definitions, this is the first working gas turbine.
1905: Alfred Buchi patents the turbocharger and starts producing the first examples.
1903–1906: The team of Armengaud and Lemale in France build a complete gas turbine engine. It uses three separate compressors driven by a single turbine. Limits on the turbine temperatures allow for only a 3:1 compression ratio, and the turbine is not based on a Parsons-like "fan", but a Pelton wheel-like arrangement. The engine is so inefficient, at about 3% thermal efficiency, that the work is abandoned.
1908: New Zealand inventor Ernest Godward started a motorcycle business in Invercargill and fitted the imported bikes with his own invention–a petrol economiser. His economisers worked as well in cars as they did in motorcycles.
1908: Hans Holzwarth starts work on extensive research on an "explosive cycle" gas turbine,[23] based on the Otto cycle. This design burns fuel at a constant volume and is somewhat more efficient. By 1927, when the work ended, he has reached about 13% thermal efficiency.
1908: René Lorin patents a design for the ramjet engine.
1916: Auguste Rateau suggests using exhaust-powered compressors to improve high-altitude performance, the first example of the turbocharger.
1920–1980[edit]
1920: William Joseph Stern reports to the Royal Air Force that there is no future for the turbine engine in aircraft. He bases his argument on the extremely low efficiency of existing compressor designs. Due to Stern's eminence, his paper is so convincing there is little official interest in gas turbine engines anywhere, although this does not last long.
1921: Maxime Guillaume patents the axial-flow gas turbine engine. It uses multiple stages in both the compressor and turbine, combined with a single very large combustion chamber.
1923: Edgar Buckingham at the United States National Bureau of Standards publishes a report on jets, coming to the same conclusion as W.J. Stern, that the turbine engine is not efficient enough. In particular he notes that a jet would use five times as much fuel as a piston engine.[24]
1925: The Hesselman engine is introduced by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman represented the first use of direct gasoline injection on a spark-ignition engine.[25][26]
1925: Wilhelm Pape patents a constant-volume engine design.
1926: Alan Arnold Griffith publishes his groundbreaking paper Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design, changing the low confidence in jet engines. In it he demonstrates that existing compressors are "flying stalled", and that major improvements can be made by redesigning the blades from a flat profile into an airfoil, going on to mathematically demonstrate that a practical engine is definitely possible and showing how to build a turboprop.
1926: Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket
1927: Aurel Stodola publishes his "Steam and Gas Turbines"—basic reference for jet propulsion engineers in the US.
1927: A testbed single-shaft turbo-compressor based on Griffith's blade design is tested at the Royal Aircraft Establishment.
1929: Frank Whittle's thesis on jet engines is published
1930: Schmidt patents a pulse-jet engine in Germany.
1935: Hans von Ohain creates plans for a turbojet engine and convinces Ernst Heinkel to develop a working model. Along with a single mechanic von Ohain develops the worlds first turbojet on a test stand.
1936: French engineer René Leduc, having independently rediscovered René Lorin's design, successfully demonstrates the world's first operating ramjet.
1937: The first successful run of Sir Frank Whittle's gas turbine for jet propulsion.
March, 1937: The Heinkel HeS 1 experimental hydrogen fueled centrifugal jet engine is tested at Hirth.
27 August 1939: Flight of the world's first turbojet power aircraft. Hans von Ohain's Heinkel He 178 V1 pioneer turbojet aircraft prototype makes its first flight, powered by an He S 3 von Ohain engine.
15 May 1941: The Gloster E.28/39 becomes the first British jet-engined aircraft to fly, using a Power Jets W.1 turbojet designed by Frank Whittle and others.
1942: Max Bentele discovers in Germany that turbine blades can break if vibrations are in its resonance range, a phenomenon already known in the US from the steam turbine experience.
18 July 1942: The Messerschmitt Me 262 first jet engine flight
1946: Samuel Baylin develops the Baylin Engine a three cycle internal combustion engine with rotary pistons. A crude but complex example of the future Wankel engine.[27]
1951: Engineers for The Texas Company—i.e. now Chevron—developed a four stroke engine with a fuel injector that employed what was called the Texaco Combustion Process, which unlike normal four stroke gasoline engines which used a separate valve for the intake of the air-gasoline mixture, with the T.C.P. engine the intake valve with a built in special shroud delivers the air to the cylinder in a tornado type fashion and then the fuel is injected and ignited by a spark plug. The inventors claimed their engine could burn on almost any petroleum based fuel of any octane and even some alcohol based fuels—e.g. kerosene, benzine, motor oil, tractor oil, etc.—without the pre-combustion knock and the complete burning of the fuel injected into the cylinder. While development was well advanced by 1950, there are no records of the T.C.P. engine being used commercially.[28]
1950s: Development begins by US firms of the Free-piston engine concept which is a crankless internal combustion engine.[29]
1954: Felix Wankel's first working prototype DKM 54 of the Wankel engine
1980 to present[edit]
1986: Benz Gmbh[30] files for patent protection for a form of Scotch yoke engine and begins development of same. Development subsequently abandoned.
1996: Ford Motor Company files patent for compact turbine engine.[31]
2004: Hyper-X first scramjet to maintain altitude
2004: Toyota Motor Corp files for patent protection for new form of Scotch yoke engine.[32]
Engine starting[edit]
Main article: Starter motor
Early internal combustion engines were started by hand cranking. Various types of starter motor were later developed. These included:
An auxiliary petrol engine for starting a larger petrol or diesel engine. The Hucks starter is an example
Cartridge starters, such as the Coffman engine starter, which used a device like a blank shotgun cartridge. These were popular for aircraft engines
Pneumatic starters
Hydraulic starters
Electric starters
Electric starters are now almost universal for small and medium-sized engines, while pneumatic starters are used for large engines.
Modern vs. historical piston engines[edit]
The first piston engines did not have compression, but ran on an air-fuel mixture sucked or blown in during the first part of the intake stroke. The most significant distinction between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs is the use of compression of the fuel charge prior to combustion.
The problem of ignition of fuel was handled in early engines with an open flame and a sliding gate. To obtain a faster engine speed Daimler adopted a Hot Tube ignition which allowed 600 rpm immediately in his 1883 horizontal cylinder engine and very soon after over 900 rpm. Most of the engines of that time could not exceed 200 rpm due to their ignition and induction systems.[33]
The first practical engine, Lenoir's, ran on illuminating gas (coal gas). It wasn't until 1883, that Daimler created an engine that ran on liquid petroleum, a fuel called Ligroin which has a chemical makeup of Hexane-N. The fuel is also known as petroleum naptha.
Otto's first engines were push engines which produced a push through the entire stroke (like a Diesel). Daimler's engines produced a rapid pulse, more suitable for mobile engine use.
See also[edit]
Bertha Benz Memorial Route, commemorating the world's first long distance journey with an automobile propelled by an internal combustion engine in 1888.
Harry Ricardo
Timeline of heat engine technology
Timeline of motor vehicle brands
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Pages 118–119.
Jump up ^ A. F. L. Beeston, M. J. L. Young, J. D. Latham, Robert Bertram Serjeant (1990), The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, Cambridge University Press, p. 266, ISBN 0-521-32763-6
^ Jump up to: a b c Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher (2009), Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 41, ISBN 1-4358-5066-1
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, The Independent, 11 March 2006.
Jump up ^ "ELECTRIC PISTOL". ppp.unipv.it.
Jump up ^ "The Early History of Combustion Engines".
Jump up ^ Spies, Albert. "Modern gas and oil engines". [New York, The Cassier's magazine company – via Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ "The History of the Automobile - Gas Engines". About.com. 2009-09-11. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Hardenberg, Horst O. (1992). Samuel Morey and his atmospheric engine. SP-922. Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 1-56091-240-5.
Jump up ^ Dugald Clerk, "Gas and Oil Engines", Longman Green & Co, (7th Edition) 1897, pp 3-5.
Jump up ^ Dugald Clerk, "Gas and Oil Engines", Longman Green & Co, 1897.
Jump up ^ "The Historical Documents". Barsanti e Matteucci. Fondazione Barsanti & Matteucci. 2009. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Ricci, G.; et al. (2012). "The First Internal Combustion Engine". In Starr, Fred; et al. The Piston Engine Revolution. London: Newcomen Society. pp. 23–44. ISBN 978-0-904685-15-2. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Machines: A Pictorial History; Sigvard Strandh. ISBN 84-86115-20-5
Jump up ^ http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/~johnd/ICEngines/HISTORY%20OF%20THE%20OTTO.pdf
Jump up ^ Zeleznik, F. J.; Mcbride, B. J. "Modeling the Internal Combustion Engine". NASA Reference Publication. NASA Technical Reports Server. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hiram Maxim and Edward Butler:Two local inventors". Bexley. Bexley. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gottlieb Daimler".
Jump up ^ DE patent 67207 Rudolf Diesel: "Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen" pg 4.
Jump up ^ Martin Leduc, "Biography of Rudolph Diesel" Archived 2010-06-11 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Wilhelm Maybach". www.nndb.com.
Jump up ^ The history behind the Mercedes-Benz brand and the three-pointed star. eMercedesBenz.com. April 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Museum, Deutsches. "Deutsches Museum: Holzwarth Gas Turbine, 1908". www.deutsches-museum.de.
Jump up ^ "Report #159" (PDF). casi.ntrs.nasa.gov.
Jump up ^ Scania fordonshistoria 1891-1991 (in Swedish). 1992. ISBN 91-7886-074-1. (Translated title: Vehicle history of Scania 1891-1991)
Jump up ^ Volvo – Lastbilarna igår och idag (in Swedish). 1987. ISBN 91-86442-76-7. (Translated title: Volvo trucks yesterday and today)
Jump up ^ "How the Baylin Engine Works." Popular Mechanics, July 1946, pp. 131-132.
Jump up ^ "Engine With A Built In Tornado." Popular Mechanic, September 1950, pp. 94-95.
Jump up ^ "Revolution of the Free-Piston Engine" Popular Mechanics, September 1950, pp. 114-118.
Jump up ^ "BENZ GmbH Werkzeugsysteme". www.benz-tools.de.
Jump up ^ "US Patent # 5,584,174. Power turbine flywheel assembly for a dual shaft turbine engine - Patents.com". patents.com.
Jump up ^ Patent application number: JP2004293387.
Jump up ^ "1883: High-speed engine with hot-tube ignition".
Further reading[edit]
Sloss, Robert (January 1911). "The Children Of The Gas-Engine: The Revolution In Speed And In Convenience In Transportation - Automobiles, Motor-Cycles, Motor-Boats, Aeroplanes And Other Queer Craft That Ten Years Have Brought". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXI: 13869–13877. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
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