text:
Finances of the British royal family
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The British royal family is financed by the hereditary revenues of the Crown.[1] The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate, a part of the Crown's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons, to meet the costs of the sovereign's official expenditures.[1][2] This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences, staffing, travel and state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment.[3] Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall, a parliamentary annuity, and income from private investments. The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign's financial affairs.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Income
1.1 Civil List
1.2 Sovereign Grant
1.3 Duchy of Lancaster
1.4 Duchy of Cornwall
1.5 Parliamentary annuities
1.6 Taxation
2 Assets
2.1 Private wealth of the Queen
2.2 Crown Estate
2.3 Assets held in trust
3 References
Income[edit]
Civil List[edit]
Main article: Civil list
Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues, which included the profits of the Crown Estate (the royal property portfolio). King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List, and this arrangement persisted from 1760 until 2012. The Civil List was paid from public funds and was intended to support the exercise of the monarch's duties as head of state of the United Kingdom. In modern times, the Government's profits from the Crown Estate always significantly exceeded the Civil List.[3] Under the Civil List arrangements the royal family faced criticism for the lack of transparency surrounding Royal finances.[5] The National Audit Office was not entitled to audit the Royal Household.[6]
The Queen received an annual £7.9 million a year from the Civil List between 2001 and 2012. The total income of the Royal Household from the Treasury was always significantly larger than the Civil List because it included additional income such as Grants-in-Aid from the Treasury and revenues from the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster.[7] The total Royal Household income for the financial years 2011-12 and 2012-13 was £30 million per annum, followed by a 14% cut in the following year.[8] However, the Treasury provided an additional £1 million to pay for Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012.[9]
Royal expenditure differs from income due to the use of a Reserve Fund, which can be added to or drawn from. The official reported annual expenditure of the Head of State was £41.5 million for the 2008-09 financial year. This figure did not include the cost of security provided by the police and the Army and some other expenses.[10]
Sovereign Grant[edit]
Main article: Sovereign Grant Act 2011
Under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011, the system of funding the Royal Household by a mixture of Civil List payments and Grants-in-Aid was replaced. From 1 April 2012 a single annual Sovereign Grant has been paid by the Treasury. The level of funding for the Royal Household is now linked to the Government's revenue from The Crown Estate.
The Sovereign Grant Annual Report states that the Sovereign Grant was £31 million for 2012-13, £36.1 million for 2013-14[11] and £37.9 million for 2014-15. The amount of the Sovereign Grant is 15% of the income account net surplus of the Crown Estate for the financial year that began two years previously. The arrangements will be reviewed by 2016 (subsection 7(5) of the Act).[12] Step 4 of subsection 6(1), and subsection 6(4), of the Act provide a mechanism to prevent the amount of the Sovereign Grant increasing beyond what is necessary because of the growth in Crown Estate revenue.[13] Under the Sovereign Grant the National Audit Office is able to audit the Royal Household.
On November 18, 2016 a plan was announced to increase the Sovereign Grant from 15% to 25% to renovate and repair Buckingham Palace. The percentage is set to revert to 15% when the project is finished in 2027.[14]
Duchy of Lancaster[edit]
Main article: Duchy of Lancaster
The Duchy of Lancaster is the private estate of the British Sovereign (now Queen Elizabeth II) consisting of land holdings and other assets.[15] As it is held in perpetual trust for future generations of Sovereigns,[16] the Sovereign is not entitled to the estate's capital.[17] The revenue profits of the Duchy are presented to the Sovereign each year and form part of the Privy Purse, providing income for both the official and private expenses of the monarch.[18] In the financial year ending 31 March 2015, the Duchy was valued at £472 million, providing £16 million in income.[19]
In 2017, the Paradise Papers revealed that the Duchy held investments in two offshore financial centres, the Cayman Islands and Bermuda. Both are British Overseas Territories of which Queen Elizabeth II is monarch, and nominally appoints governors. Britain handles foreign policy for both islands to a large extent, but Bermuda has been self-governing since 1620. The Duchy's investments included First Quench Retailing off-licences and rent-to-own retailer BrightHouse.[20] Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn posited whether the Queen should apologize, saying anyone with money offshore for tax avoidance should "not just apologise for it, [but] recognise what it does to our society". A spokesman for the Duchy said that all of their investments are audited and legitimate and that the Queen voluntarily pays taxes on income she receives from Duchy investments.[21]
Duchy of Cornwall[edit]
Main article: Duchy of Cornwall
The Duchy of Cornwall is a Crown entity holding land and other assets to produce an income for the monarch's eldest child. The Duke of Cornwall (Charles, Prince of Wales) receives revenue towards charitable work and official activities, supported by The Queen's Grant-in-aid funding to provide assistance with official travel and property. These financial arrangements also cover the official expenditure of some members of his immediate family. The Duchess of Cornwall, The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry all have their official expenses paid from Duchy income, assisted by grants-in aid from The Queen.[22] For the fiscal year 2011-12 the Duchy was valued at £728 million with an annual profit of £18.3 million paid to the Prince.[23]
Parliamentary annuities[edit]
The Duke of Edinburgh receives a parliamentary annuity of £359,000 per year from the Treasury.[24][25] In the past some other members of the British royal family also received funding in the form of parliamentary annuities. The Civil List Act 1952 provided for an allowance to Princess Margaret as well as allowances to the queen's younger children among others.[26][27] The Civil List Act 1972 added further members of the royal family to the annuity list.[who?][28] By 2002 there were eight recipients of parliamentary annuities (all children or cousins of the Queen)[who?] receiving a combined total of £1.5 million annually. Between 1993 and 2012 the Queen voluntarily refunded the cost of these annuities to the Treasury.[27] The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 abolished all of these other than that received by the Duke of Edinburgh.[29] Subsequently the living costs of the members of the royal family who carry out official duties, including the Princess Royal, the Duke of York, and the Earl and Countess of Wessex, have mainly been met through the Queen’s income from the Duchy of Lancaster.[30]
Taxation[edit]
The Crown has a legal tax-exempt status because certain acts of parliament do not apply to it. Crown bodies such as The Duchy of Lancaster are not subject to legislation concerning income tax, capital gains tax or inheritance tax. Furthermore, the Sovereign has no legal liability to pay such taxes. The Duchy of Cornwall has a Crown exemption and the Prince of Wales is not legally liable to pay income tax on Duchy revenues.
A "Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation" was published on 5 February 1993 and amended in 1996, 2009 and 2013. It is intended that the arrangements in the memorandum will be followed by the next monarch. The memorandum describes the arrangements by which The Queen and The Prince of Wales make voluntary payments to the HM Revenue and Customs in lieu of tax to compensate for their tax exemption. The details of the payments are private. The Queen voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on her private income and income from the Privy Purse (which includes the Duchy of Lancaster) that is not used for official purposes. The Sovereign Grant is exempted. A sum equivalent to capital gains tax is voluntarily paid on any gains from the disposal of private assets made after 5 April 1993. Many of the Sovereign's assets were acquired earlier than this date but payment is only made on the gains made afterwards. Arrangements also exist for a sum in lieu of inheritance tax to be voluntarily paid on some of the Queen's private assets. Property passing from monarch to monarch is exempted, as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch.[31]
The Prince of Wales voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on that part of his income from the Duchy of Cornwall that is in excess of what is needed to meet official expenditure.[29] From 1969 he made voluntary tax payments of 50% of the profits, but this reduced to 25% in 1981 when he married Lady Diana Spencer.[32] These arrangements were replaced by the memorandum in 1993. The income of the Prince of Wales from sources other than the Duchy of Cornwall is subject to tax in the normal way.
Assets[edit]
Private wealth of the Queen[edit]
The Queen has a private income from her personal investment portfolio,[30] though her personal wealth and income are not known.[33] Jock Colville, a former private secretary to the Queen (when she was Princess Elizabeth) and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million in 1971 (the equivalent of about £26 million today[34]).[35] An official statement from Buckingham Palace in 1993 called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[36] In 2002, she inherited her mother's estate, thought to have been worth £70 million[37] (the equivalent of about £105 million today).[34]
Forbes magazine estimated the Queen's net worth at around $500 million (about £325 million) in 2011,[38] while an analysis by the Bloomberg Billionaires Index put it at $425 million (about £275 million) in 2015.[39] In 2012 the Sunday Times estimated the Queen's wealth as being £310 million ($504 million), and that year the Queen received a Guinness World Record as Wealthiest Queen.[40] The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her wealth at £340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the United Kingdom; that was the first year she was not among the Sunday Times Rich List's top 300 most wealthy since the list began in 1989.[41] She was number one on the list when it began in 1989.[41]
Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen.[42]
Crown Estate[edit]
Main article: Crown Estate
The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom, producing £211 million for the Treasury in the financial year 2007–8.[7] and with holdings of £7.3 billion in 2011.[43] The Crown Estate is not the private property of the Monarch. It cannot be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity,[44] nor do any revenues, or debts, from the estate accrue to her. Instead the Crown Estate is owned by the Crown, a corporation representing the legal embodiment of the State. It is held in trust and governed by Act of Parliament, to which it makes an annual report.[43] Revenue from the Crown Estate is thought to be due to double in real terms between 2010 and 2020 with additional lease revenues deriving from the development of offshore wind farms within Britain's Renewable Energy Zone,[45] the rights of which were granted to the Crown Estate by the Energy Act 2004.
Assets held in trust[edit]
A number of State possessions are held in trust by the Sovereign.
The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British royal family. It is one of the largest and most important art collections in the world, containing over 7,000 paintings, 40,000 watercolours and drawings, about 150,000 old master prints, historical photographs, tapestries, furniture, ceramics, books, gold and silver plate, arms and armour, jewellery and other works of art. The collection includes the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London (including the crown, orb and sceptre).[46] It is physically dispersed between thirteen Royal residences and former residences across Britain. Although the collection belongs to the sovereign, it is not the personal property of Elizabeth II as a private individual. Instead the collection is held in trust by the Queen for her successors and the nation.[47] The Treasury refers to these assets as "vested in the sovereign and cannot be alienated".[48] Income is generated by the collection from public admissions and other sources. This income is received by the Royal Collection Trust, the collection's management charity, and not by the Queen.[29]
The occupied royal palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle are held in trust by the sovereign.[42] The Royal Household is expected to use the Sovereign Grant to maintain the palaces. In May 2009 the Queen requested an extra £4 million annually from the government to carry out a backlog of repairs to Buckingham Palace.[49] In 2010, the Royal Household requested an additional grant from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport but were refused on the basis that the scheme was "aimed at schools, hospitals, councils and housing associations for heating programmes which benefit low-income families".[50] Over a third of the Royal estate was in disrepair by 2012-13 according to a report by the Public Accounts Committee. The cost of restoration was estimated to be £50 million, but the Reserve Fund was at a historic low of £1m.[51] The Monarch is also responsible for using the Sovereign Grant to pay the wages of 431 of the approximately 1200 Royal Household staff,[52] amounting to £18.2 million in 2014-15.[30] In 2013, the Guardian newspaper reported that Buckingham Palace was using zero-hour contract for its summer staff[53] and in 2015 it was reported that at least four senior officials had been made redundant to reduce costs.[54]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sovereign's gracious message to the House of Commons re: The Sovereign Grant Bill" (PDF). Buckingham Palace. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sovereign Grant Bill – Further background information provided to Members of Parliament in advance of the Bill's Second Reading Debate on 14 July 2011" (PDF). Her Majesty's Treasury. July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Royal Finances: The Civil List, Official web site of the British Monarchy, retrieved 18 June 2010
Jump up ^ The Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office, accessed 13 June 2010
Jump up ^ "Royals 'cost the taxpayer £37.4m'". BBC News. 28 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Verkaik, Robert (28 June 2002). "First look at royal finances fails to satisfy MPs". The Independent. London.
^ Jump up to: a b Royal Finances: Head of State Expenditure, Official web site of the British Monarchy, archived from the original on 14 May 2010, retrieved 18 June 2010
Jump up ^ "Spending Review: Royal family to face 14% cuts". BBC News. 20 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Verkaik, Robert (21 October 2010). "Royal 'cuts' could make Charles the richest king in British history". The Independent. London.
Jump up ^ "Cost of Royal Family rises £1.5m". BBC News. 29 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sovereign Grant Annual Report 2012-13". The Official Website of the British Monarchy. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Royal funding changes become law". BBC News. 18 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Determination of the amount of Sovereign Grant". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Davies, Caroline (2016-11-18). "Buckingham Palace to undergo 'essential' £370m refurbishment". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Duchy of Lancaster - FAQs". Duchy of Lancaster. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster". Royal Household. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2013" (PDF). Duchy of Lancaster. 31 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Royal Finances: Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster, Official web site of the British Monarchy, retrieved 18 June 2010
Jump up ^ "Duchy of Lancaster - Management and Finance". Duchy of Lancaster. Archived from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Hilary (5 November 2017). "Revealed: Queen's private estate invested millions of pounds offshore". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Paradise Papers: Queen should apologise, suggests Corbyn". BBC. 6 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Who pays for The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry?". The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Website. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Annual Report and Accounts Year Ended 31st March 2012" (PDF). Duchy Of Cornwall. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ The amount was set by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1990. It was initially set at £40,000 in the Civil List Act 1952, raised to £65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972, and raised to £165,000 by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1984.
Jump up ^ "What Is The True Cost Of The Monarchy?". Royal Central. 17 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Civil List Act 1952: Chapter 37". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Verkaik, Robert (30 May 2002). "Royal aides want to see abolition of Civil List". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Further provision for members of the Royal Family". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation" (PDF). HM Government. 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rayner, Gordon (21 Jun 2015). "Queen's finances are safe from cuts for two years". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldsmith, Vivien (12 February 1993). "The Queen's Finances: Ordinary tax allowances for royals". The Independent. London.
Jump up ^ Philip Hall, 1992, Royal Fortune, Tax, Money and the Monarchy, page xxii, Bloomsbury, ISBN 0-7475-1098-9
Jump up ^ "Royal overspend prompts call to open palace doors". BBC News. 28 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ The Times, 9 July 1971; Pimlott, p. 401.
Jump up ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey, p. 225 and Pimlott, p. 561
Jump up ^ "Queen inherits Queen Mother's estate". 17 May 2002. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Luisa. "Just How Rich Are Queen Elizabeth And Her Family?". Forbs,com. Forbs. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Tom. "Queen Elizabeth II Isn't as Rich as You Think". bloomberg.com. bloomberg. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wealthiest Queen". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2017-03-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Helen Nianias (26 April 2015). "The Queen drops off the top end of the Sunday Times Rich List for the first time since its inception". The Independent. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Royal Residences: Overview, Royal Household, archived from the original on 1 May 2011, retrieved 9 December 2009
^ Jump up to: a b About Us, Crown Estate, 6 July 2011, archived from the original on 1 September 2011, retrieved 1 September 2011
Jump up ^ FAQs, Crown Estate, archived from the original on 3 September 2011, retrieved 1 September 2011
Jump up ^ Martin Delgado and Christopher Leake (24 October 2010). "Queen's £38m a year offshore windfarm windfall - because she owns the seabed". London: Mail Online. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Royal Special: Sovereign wealth". The Independent. London. 31 May 2002.
Jump up ^ "The Royal Collection". The Royal Household. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
Jump up ^ What is the Royal Collection?, The Royal Collection, retrieved 12 November 2008
Jump up ^ Pierce, Andrew (30 May 2009). "Queen must open palace more in return for extra funds". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Queen asked for heating grant from Government". The Daily Telegraph. London. 24 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Younger, Rachel (28 January 2014). "Royal Estate Overspend Leaves £50m Repair Bill". Sky News. London. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Richard (30 May 2015). "Royal Family faces major financial review as costs soar by a third in three years". Daily Express. London. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Simon Neville, Matthew Taylor and Phillip Inman. "Buckingham Palace uses zero-hours contracts for summer staff | Money". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-07.
Jump up ^ Sabur, Rozina (23 May 2015). "Buckingham Palace 'axes at least four' of the Queen's senior officials". The telegraph. London. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
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Piccalilli
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Piccalilli
Mustard piccalilli
Place of origin
Britain
Main ingredients
pickled vegetables and spices
Cookbook: Piccalilli Media: Piccalilli
Piccalilli is an English[1] interpretation of South Asian pickles, a relish[2][3] of chopped pickled vegetables and spices;[4] regional recipes vary considerably.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 British piccalilli
3 American piccalilli
4 Surinamese piccalilli
5 Media references
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the word to the middle of the 18th century when, in 1758, Hannah Glasse described how "to make Paco-Lilla, or India Pickle".[5] An apparently earlier reference is in Anne Blencowe's "Receipt Book", written c. 1694, which has "To Pickle Lila, an Indian Pickle" credited to Lord Kilmory.[6]
The more familiar form of the word appears in 1769, in Elizabeth Raffald's The Experienced English Housekeeper, as "To make Indian pickle, or Piccalillo".[7] Richard Briggs, in his 1788 The English Art of Cookery, similarly calls it "Picca Lillo".[8] The spelling "piccalilli" can be seen in an advertisement in a 1799 edition of The Times.[9]
British piccalilli[edit]
Piccalilli label as used by Crosse & Blackwell around 1867[10]
British piccalilli contains various vegetables—invariably cauliflower, onion, and gherkin—and seasonings of mustard and turmeric. A more finely chopped variety "sandwich piccalilli" is also available from major British supermarkets. It is used as an accompaniment to foods such as sausages, bacon, eggs, toast, cheese, and tomatoes. It is similar to a sweet pickle such as Branston Pickle, except it is tangier and slightly less sweet, coloured bright yellow (using turmeric) rather than brown, and the chunks are larger.[11][12] It is usually used to accompany a dish on a plate rather than as a bread spread. It is popular as a relish with cold meats such as ham and head cheese, and with a ploughman's lunch. It is produced both commercially and domestically, being a traditional mainstay of Women's Institute and farmhouse product stalls.
American piccalilli[edit]
In the Northeastern United States, commercial piccalillis are made with a base of sweet peppers or green tomatoes. This style is somewhat similar to sweet pepper relish, with the piccalilli being distinguished by having a darker red or green color and, like British piccalilli, the chunks are larger and it is slightly sweeter.[13][14] It is a popular topping on such foods as hamburgers and hot dogs. Traditional, British-style yellow piccalilli is also available.
In the Midwestern United States, commercial piccalillis are based on finely chopped gherkins; bright green and on the sweet side, they are often used as a condiment for Chicago-style hot dogs. This style is sometimes called "neon relish".[15]
In the Southern United States, piccalilli is not commonly served.[16] In its place, chow-chow, a relish with a base of chopped green (unripe) tomatoes is offered. This relish may also include onions, bell peppers, cabbage, green beans and other vegetables. While not exactly similar to other piccalillis, chow-chow is often called as such and the terms may be used interchangeably.[17][18] Piccalilli is uncommon in the Western United States.
Surinamese piccalilli[edit]
A far spicier variant of piccalilli comes from the former Dutch colony of Suriname, where traditional British piccalilli is mixed with a sambal made of garlic and yellow Madame Jeanette peppers. This piccalilli is often homemade but can also be bought in jars in Dutch corner shops. Whilst Surinamese piccalilli is similar in appearance to ordinary piccalilli, the taste is much spicier.
Media references[edit]
As a term for a mixed collection, piccalilli lends its name to several books of poems, for example, Piccalilli: A Mixture, by Gilbert Percy (1862),[19] and Dilly Dilly Piccalilli: Poems for the Very Young (1989), by Myra Cohn Livingston.[20] Mr Piccalilli is the name of a character in the children's book Mr Pod and Mr Piccalilli (2005), by Penny Dolan.[21]
The semi-autobiographical book Vet In Harness (published in North America as All Things Bright And Beautiful) by James Herriot includes an amusing anecdote in which Herriot uses a particularly spicy piccalilli to help make an unsavory meal more palatable and avoid offending his well-meaning hosts. This story was also published by Reader's Digest magazine (and several Herriot compilations) under the title "The Piccalilli Saves My Bacon".
Piccalilli receives an honorable mention in the Harry Champion song, "A Little Bit of Cucumber".
See also[edit]
Food portal
Pickling
Acar
Achaar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jahangir, Rumeana. (2009-11-26) How Britain got the hots for curry. BBC News. Retrieved on 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ Albala, K. (2011). Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-313-37627-6. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sally Pasley (August 31, 2011. "Piccalilli". The Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ Spelling as per The Chambers Dictionary, 1994, ISBN 0-550-10255-8.
Jump up ^ H. Glasse, Art of Cookery, 6th Ed. 1758, (page 377)
Jump up ^ Blencowe, Lady Anne (2004) [1694]. The Receipt Book of Lady Ann Blencowe. Heartsease Books. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-952-23365-7.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Raffald, The Experienced English Housekeeper, 7th ed., Sold by R. Baldwin, 1769, 384 pages (page 337)
Jump up ^ Richard Briggs, The English Art of Cookery, 1st Ed. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1788, page 590.
Jump up ^ Times 3 Jan 1799. (Advert)
Jump up ^ Maxwell Alexander Robertson, English reports annotated, 1866–1900, Volume 1, Publisher: The Reports and Digest Syndicate, 1867. (page 567)
Jump up ^ Food – Recipes : Piccalilli. BBC (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Programmes - Most Popular - All 4". Channel 4.
Jump up ^ "Make it don't buy it: piccalilli". www.lovefood.com.
Jump up ^ Piccalilli – The Boston Globe. Boston.com (2011-08-31). Retrieved on 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (2010-07-20). "Origins of neon relish and other Chicago hot dog conundrums". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
Jump up ^ Piccalilli – Definition and Cooking Information. RecipeTips.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (2010-08-18). "Eat this! Chow chow and piccalilli pickle the Southern harvest". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Jump up ^ Piccalilli (American) Archived 2012-05-25 at Archive.is. Practicallyedible.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ Gilbert Percy, Piccalilli: a mixture, Publisher: S. Low Son and Co., 1862. (at Google Books)
Jump up ^ Myra Cohn Livingston, Dilly dilly piccalilli: poems for the very young, Illustrated by Eileen Christelow, Publisher: M.K. McElderry Books, 1989, ISBN 0-689-50466-7, ISBN 978-0-689-50466-2, 68 pages.
Jump up ^ Penny Dolan, Mr Pod and Mr Piccalilli, Illustrated by Nick Sharratt, Publisher Walker Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7445-4066-6, ISBN 978-0-7445-4066-6, 32 pages.
External links[edit]
Look up piccalilli in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Piccalilli recipes from RecipeSource
British piccalilli recipe from the BBC
U.S. Southern-style chow-chow
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text:
Pride of the Marines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 1936 film, see Pride of the Marines (1936 film).
Pride of the Marines
Original film poster
Directed by
Delmer Daves
Produced by
Jerry Wald
Written by
Delmer Daves (uncredited)
Marvin Borowsky
Screenplay by
Albert Maltz
Based on
Al Schmid, Marine
1944 book
by Roger Butterfield
Starring
John Garfield
Eleanor Parker
Music by
Franz Waxman
Cinematography
J. Peverell Marley
Edited by
Owen Marks
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
August 8, 1945 (1945-08-08) (Philadelphia)[1]
Running time
119 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Pride of the Marines is a 1945 American biographical war film starring John Garfield and Eleanor Parker. It tells the story of U.S. Marine Al Schmid in World War II, his heroic stand against a Japanese attack during the Battle of Guadalcanal, in which he was blinded by a grenade, and his subsequent rehabilitation. The film was based on the Roger Butterfield book Al Schmid, Marine.
Albert Maltz was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Adaptations
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The film is divided in three parts. The first takes place prior to the war where cocky Philadelphia steel worker and "Man's man" Al Schmid (John Garfield) despises the idea of marriage and losing his independence until he meets his match in Ruth Hartley (Eleanor Parker). Ruth takes no nonsense from him and impresses Schmid by enjoying a hunting trip he takes her on.
In part two, at the Battle of the Tenaru River on Guadalcanal, Schmid is in the crew of a M1917 Browning machine gun with his buddies Lee Diamond (Dane Clark) and Johnny Rivers (Anthony Caruso) of "H" Company 2nd Battalion First Marines. While the three wait for an enemy attack, they practice gun emplacement procedures– establishing fields of fire, practicing with the range card to estimate firing distances, and determining the optimal traversal and elevation settings for each anticipated line of attack. The subsequent onslaught by the enemy is particularly heavy. Rivers is killed by a bullet through the head, Diamond wounded by three machine gun bullets in his right arm, and Schmid is blinded by a Japanese soldier dropping a hand grenade at the front of the gun pit. In spite of the heavy attack, Schmid is able to fire his weapon by following Diamond's instructions. Together, they kill 200 of the enemy.
The third part is Schmid's humbling rehabilitation, in which he resents being dependent upon others. He hopes that an operation will restore his sight, but the medical procedure wasn't successful. He doesn't want Ruth to know that he is nearly completely blind, and he attempts to break up with her. Schmid learns responsibility through Diamond, hospital rehabilitation officer Virginia Pfeiffer (Rosemary DeCamp) and the other wounded veterans. He is to be awarded the Navy Cross, but is dismayed that the ceremony will take place in his home town. He initially feels anger and discomfort when he becomes dependent upon family and friends, primarily because he doesn't want to be a burden to anyone. In spite of his resentment, Ruth stays by his side and helps him overcome his bitterness, and convinces him that he must learn to live with his new situation.
Cast[edit]
John Garfield as Al Schmid
Eleanor Parker as Ruth Hartley
Dane Clark as Lee Diamond
John Ridgely as Jim Merchant
Rosemary DeCamp as Virginia Pfeiffer
Ann Doran as Ella May Merchant
Ann E. Todd as Loretta Merchant
Anthony Caruso as Johnny Rivers
Ann E. Todd is the last surviving cast member.
Production[edit]
During the Battle of Guadalcanal, two enlisted Marines, Mitchell Paige and John Basilone were awarded the Medal of Honor for their use of the M1917 Browning machine gun against massed Japanese charges. In Jim Proser's book I'm Staying With My Boys: The Heroic Life of Sgt. John Basilone USMC[2] Proser tells of Basilone's friendship with John Garfield and Eddie Bracken when they toured the United States selling war bonds.
Screenwriters A. I. Bezzerides and Alvah Bessie developed a 26-page treatment of Roger Butterfield's book Al Schmid Marine.[3] Martin Borowsky also did an adaptation of Butterfield's book that was rewritten by Albert Maltz who Garfield has spoken to about Butterfield's story. Prior to filming, Garfield visited American soldiers in hospitals in Italy.[4]
Garfield met Schmid during his rehabilitation before a movie was ever planned.[5] Once the film was planned, Garfield lived with the Schmids for several weeks, becoming friends with the couple.[6]
Both Bessie and Maltz were later blacklisted over their "un-American" political opinions.
Film locations include the 6500 block of Tulip Street in Philadelphia.[7]
Reception[edit]
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film "a splendid documentation of a dramatic crisis in a hero's life," with performances that were "all unqualifiedly excellent ... To say that this picture is entertaining to a truly surprising degree is an inadequate recommendation. It is inspiring and eloquent of a quality of human courage that millions must try to generate today."[8] Variety called it "a two-hour celluloid saga which should inspire much pride for many. As an entertainment film with a forceful theme, so punchy that its 'message' aspects are negligible, it is a credit to all concerned ... [Garfield] gives a vividly histrionic performance that will not be easily forgotten."[9] Harrison's Reports called the film "sensitive and at times forceful" and called Garfield "very good," but found the discourses by hospitalized servicemen "so long drawn out that they interrupt the flow of the story."[10] Wolcott Gibbs of The New Yorker wrote: "In spite of the fact that most of this has a somewhat familiar and mechanical air, the picture has its effective moments, mostly owing to Mr. Garfield's honest and very intelligent performance."[11]
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[12]
Adaptations[edit]
Pride of the Marines was adapted as a radio play on the January 31, 1945 episode of Lux Radio Theater and the June 15, 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater, both with John Garfield reprising his role.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGrath, Patrick J. (1993). John Garfield: The Illustrated Career in Films and on Stage. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 73. ISBN 9780899508672.
Jump up ^ Proser, Jim with Cutter, Jerry (2010). I'm Staying with My Boys: The Heroic Life of Sgt. John Basilone, USMC. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-61144-6. Retrieved 2014-03-22. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ p.342 footnote Norden, Martin F. The Cinema of Isolation: A History of Physical Disability in Movies 1994 Rutgers University Press
Jump up ^ p.71 McGrath, Patrick J. John Garfield: The Illustrated Career in Films and Stage 1993 McFarland
Jump up ^ p.115 Gerber, David A. In Search of Al Schmid quoted in Mitchell, David T. and Snyder, Sharon L. The Body and Physical Difference: Discorses of Disability 1997 University of Michigan Press
Jump up ^ p.72 McGrath, Patrick J. John Garfield: The Illustrated Career in Films and Stage 1993 McFarland
Jump up ^ http://nephillyhistory.com/hnep1994/tacony.htm
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley (August 25, 1945). "Movie Review - Pride of the Marines". The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Film Reviews". Variety. New York: Variety, Inc.: p. 22 August 8, 1945. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ "'Pride of the Marines' with John Garfield and Eleanor Parker". Harrison's Reports: p. 126. August 11, 1945. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ Gibbs, Wolcott (September 8, 1945). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. New York: F-R Publishing Corp.: p. 43. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-14.
External links[edit]
Pride of the Marines at the TCM Movie Database
Pride of the Marines on IMDb
Pride of the Marines at AllMovie
Pride of the Marines at the American Film Institute Catalog
military.com biography of Albert A. Schmid
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Delmer Daves
Destination Tokyo (1943)
The Very Thought of You (1944)
Hollywood Canteen (1944)
Pride of the Marines (1945)
The Red House (1947)
Dark Passage (1947)
To the Victor (1948)
A Kiss in the Dark (1949)
Task Force (1949)
Broken Arrow (1950)
Bird of Paradise (1951)
Return of the Texan (1952)
Treasure of the Golden Condor (1953)
Never Let Me Go (1953)
Demetrius and the Gladiators (1954)
Drum Beat (1954)
Jubal (1956)
The Last Wagon (1956)
3:10 to Yuma (1957)
Cowboy (1958)
Kings Go Forth (1958)
The Badlanders (1958)
The Hanging Tree (1959)
A Summer Place (1959)
Parrish (1961)
Susan Slade (1961)
Rome Adventure (1962)
Spencer's Mountain (1963)
Youngblood Hawke (1964)
The Battle of the Villa Fiorita (1965)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pride_of_the_Marines&oldid=812337495"
Categories:
1945 films
English-language films
1940s drama films
American biographical films
American films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Films directed by Delmer Daves
Pacific War films
United States Marine Corps in films
Warner Bros. films
World War II films made in wartime
Films shot in Pennsylvania
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6 Days to Air
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
6 Days to Air: The Making of South Park
Also known as
6 Days to Air
Directed by
Arthur Bradford
Starring
Trey Parker
Matt Stone
Anne Garefino
Vernon Chatman
Bill Hader
Frank C. Agnone II
Theme music composer
Joe Wong
Didier Leplae
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Producer(s)
Arthur Bradford
Jennifer Ollman
Editor(s)
Chad Beck
Bret Granato
Running time
42 minutes
Production company(s)
Comedy Partners
Distributor
Comedy Central Productions
Release
Original release
October 9, 2011 (2011-10-09)
6 Days to Air: The Making of South Park is a 2011 television documentary film directed by Arthur Bradford that details the production process of the American adult animated sitcom South Park. The film follows the show's hectic, rushed six-day production schedule, in which a 22-minute episode is completed just hours before its original air date.
The film premiered on October 9, 2011 on Comedy Central, and received positive reviews from critics. The documentary was nominated for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Nonfiction Special category.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Production
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The film opens as South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone leave New York City and the 2011 opening night of their Broadway production The Book of Mormon to return to Culver City, Los Angeles to begin the fifteenth season of South Park. The documentary chronicles the production of the season premiere, "HumancentiPad", beginning the Thursday prior to airing. Parker and Stone, alongside producers Anne Garefino, Vernon Chatman, Bill Hader, and Susan Arneson, toss out ideas for the episode. Parker mentions his frustration with downloading the latest version of iTunes, and being forced to comply with the software's long list of terms and conditions. The anecdote leads to ideas, with Parker instructing the storyboard team on how to stage a shot. The film covers various aspects of production, including voice acting, animation, lip sync, communication with standards and practices, character design, and editing.
By the next Tuesday, one day before airing, the staff is preparing for their ritual all-nighter, with Parker and Stone still involved in crafting the episode's plot, and the former still crafting its unfinished script. The episode is completed the following morning near 7am, with audio and picture lock lasting until the afternoon, after which supervising producer Frank C. Agnone II takes the master tape to a nearby uplink facility, where it is sent to Comedy Central in New York mere hours before it airs nationwide.
Production[edit]
Bradford was friends with the duo for nearly 17 years prior, and they had worked together on the program How's Your News? Stone declined initially, as they disliked having cameras in the studio, among other reasons. Bradford became involved when they requested he film a documentary based on The Book of Mormon. That documentary "ended up not working out," and, combined with the fifteenth anniversary of South Park, "things kind of aligned at that point." Bradford was a fan of the show prior, and felt a license to ask harder questions behind the camera than he would with the duo personally.[1]
Reception[edit]
The film received positive reviews. Ramsey Isler of IGN wrote that "the greatest success of this documentary is that it gives a personal look inside the bizarre professional lives of two of the entertainment industry's most successful creatives."[2] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times opined that "There are almost as many laughs in [the documentary] as there are in an actual episode of South Park."[3] "You have to admire the intense work ethic driving the show's breakneck production cycle," said Harry Sawyers of Gizmodo. "The story of this single episode's genesis will resonate with anyone who has worked on a team accustomed to long hours and a relentless pace."[4] Phil Dyess-Nugent of The A.V. Club was positive in his assessment of the special, noting, "As they stress out and cocoon in their offices and forget what combs are for, you realize how much they must love what they're doing, because nobody would do this just for the money, so long as they already had carfare back home."[5]
The documentary was nominated for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Nonfiction Special category.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Charles Webb (October 10, 2011). "Documentarian Arthur Bradford on 6 Days to Air: The Making of South Park". MTV News. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ramsey Isler (October 9, 2011). "Six Days to Air: The Making of South Park". IGN. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Neil Genzlinger (October 9, 2011). "Channel Surfing: 6 Days to Air: The Making of South Park". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Harry Sawyers (July 6, 2012). "The Making of South Park: 6 Days To Air Proves Crude Jokes Require Incredible Commitment". Gizmodo. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Phil Dyess-Nugent (October 10, 2011). "Six Days To Air: The Making Of South Park". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
External links[edit]
South Park portal
6 Days to Air on IMDb
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See also
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6 Days to Air
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Reaper
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the personification of death, see Grim Reaper. For other uses, see Reaper (disambiguation)
Typical 20th century reaper, a tractor-drawn Fahr machine
A reaper is a farm implement or person that reaps (cuts and often also gathers) crops at harvest, when they are ripe. Usually the crop involved is a cereal grass. All mechanical reapers cut the grass; most also gather it, either by windrowing it or picking it up. Modern machines that not only cut and gather the grass but also thresh its seeds (the grain), winnow the grain, and deliver it to a truck or wagon it are called combine harvesters or simply combines; they are the engineering descendants of earlier reapers.
Hay is harvested somewhat differently from grain; in modern haymaking, the machine that cuts the grass is called a hay mower or, if integrated with a conditioner, a mower-conditioner. As a manual task, cutting of both grain and hay may be called reaping, involving scythes, sickles, and cradles, followed by differing downstream steps. Traditionally all such cutting could be called reaping, although a distinction between reaping of grain grasses and mowing of hay grasses has long existed; it was only after a decade of attempts at combined grain reaper/hay mower machines (1830s to 1840s) that designers of mechanical implements began resigning them to separate classes.[1]
Mechanical reapers substantially changed agriculture from their appearance in the 1830s until the 1860s through 1880s, when they evolved into related machines, often called by different names (self-raking reaper, harvester, reaper-binder, grain binder, binder), that collected and bound the sheaves of grain with wire or twine.[2] Today reapers and grain binders have been largely replaced by combines in commercial farming, but some smaller farms still use them.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hand reaping
2 Mechanical reaping
2.1 Mechanical reapers in the U.S.
2.2 Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century
3 References
4 Bibliography
4.1 Works Cited
4.2 Further reading
5 External links
Hand reaping[edit]
A reaper cutting rye in Germany in 1949
Hand reaping is done by various means, including plucking the ears of grains directly by hand, cutting the grain stalks with a sickle, cutting them with a scythe, or a scythe fitted with a grain cradle. Reaping is usually distinguished from mowing, which uses similar implements, but is the traditional term for cutting grass for hay, rather than reaping cereals. The stiffer, dryer straw of the cereal plants and the greener grasses for hay usually demand different blades on the machines.
The reaped grain stalks are gathered into sheaves (bunches), tied with string or with a twist of straw. Several sheaves are then leant against each other with the ears off the ground to dry out, forming a stook. After drying, the sheaves are gathered from the field and stacked, being placed with the ears inwards, then covered with thatch or a tarpaulin; this is called a stack or rick. In the British Isles a rick of sheaves is traditionally called a corn rick, to distinguish it from a hay rick ("corn" in British English retains its older sense of "grain" generally, not "maize"). Ricks are made in an area inaccessible to livestock, called a rick-yard or stack-yard. The corn-rick is later broken down and the sheaves threshed to separate the grain from the straw.
Collecting spilt grain from the field after reaping is called gleaning, and is traditionally done either by hand, or by penning animals such as chickens or pigs onto the field.
Hand reaping is now rarely done in industrialized countries, but is still the normal method where machines are unavailable or where access for them is limited (such as on narrow terraces).
The more or less skeletal figure of a reaper with a scythe – known as the "Grim Reaper" – is a common personification of death in many Western traditions and cultures. In this metaphor, death harvests the living, like a farmer harvests the crops.
Mechanical reaping[edit]
A mechanical reaper or reaping machine is a mechanical, semi-automated device that harvests crops. Mechanical reapers and their descendant machines have been an important part of mechanised agriculture and a main feature of agricultural productivity.
Mechanical reapers in the U.S.[edit]
The 19th century saw several inventors in the United States claim innovation in mechanical reapers.The various designs competed with each other, and were the subject of several lawsuits.[3]
Obed Hussey in Ohio patented a reaper in 1833, the Hussey Reaper.[4] Made in Baltimore, Maryland, Hussey's design was a major improvement in reaping efficiency. The new reaper only required two horses working in a non-strenuous manner, a man to work the machine, and another person to drive. In addition, the Hussey Reaper left an even and clean surface after its use.[5]
McCormick's reaper at a presentation in Virginia
The McCormick Reaper was designed by Robert McCormick in Walnut Grove, Virginia. However, Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device. His son Cyrus asked for permission to try to complete his father's project. With permission granted,[6] the McCormick Reaper was patented[7] by his son Cyrus McCormick in 1837 as a horse-drawn farm implement to cut small grain crops.[8] This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements:
a main wheel frame
projected to the side a platform containing a cutter bar having fingers through which reciprocated a knife driven by a crank
upon the outer end of the platform was a divider projecting ahead of the platform to separate the grain to be cut from that to be left standing
a reel was positioned above the platform to hold the grain against the reciprocating knife to throw it back upon the platform
the machine was drawn by a team walking at the side of the grain.[9]
Cyrus McCormick claimed that his reaper was actually invented in 1834, giving him the true claim to the general design of the machine. Over the next few decades the Hussey and McCormick reapers would compete with each other in the marketplace, despite being quite similar.
In 1861, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a ruling on the invention of the polarizing reaper design. It was determined that the money made from reapers was in large part due to Obed Hussey. S.T. Shugert, the acting commissioner of patents, declared that Hussey's improvements were the foundation of their success. It was ruled that the heirs of Obed Hussey would be monetarily compensated for his hard work and innovation by those who had made money from the reaper. It was also ruled that McCormick's reaper patent would be renewed for another 7 years.[4]
Although the McCormick reaper was a revolutionary innovation for the harvesting of crops, it did not experience mainstream success and acceptance until at least 20 years after it was patented by Cyrus McCormick. This was because the McCormick reaper lacked a quality unique to Obed Hussey's reaper. Hussey's reaper used a sawlike cutter bar that cut stalks far more effectively than McCormick's. Only once Cyrus McCormick was able to acquire the rights to Hussey's cutter-bar mechanism (around 1850) did a truly revolutionary machine emerge.[10] Other factors in the gradual uptake of mechanized reaping included natural cultural conservatism among farmers (proven tradition versus new and unknown machinery); the poor state of many new farm fields, which were often littered with rocks, stumps, and areas of uneven soil, making the lifespan and operability of a reaping machine questionable; and some amount of fearful Luddism among farmers that the machine would take away jobs, most especially among hired manual labourers.[11]
Another strong competitor in the industry was the Manny Reaper by John Henry Manny and the companies that succeeded him. Even though McCormick has sometimes been simplistically credited as the [sole] "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, a more accurate statement is that he independently reinvented aspects of it, created a crucial original integration of enough aspects to make a successful whole, and benefited from the influence of more than two decades of work by his father, as well as the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family.[12]
Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century[edit]
Champion reaper, trade card from 1875
Horse-drawn reaper in Canada in 1941
After the first reapers were developed and patented, other slightly different reapers were distributed by several manufacturers throughout the world. The Champion (Combined) Reapers and Mowers, produced by the Champion Interest group (Champion Machine Company, later Warder, Bushnell & Glessner, absorbed in IHC 1902) in Springfield, Ohio in the second half of the 19th century, were highly successful in the 1880s in the United States.[13] Springfield is still known as "The Champion City".
Generally, reapers developed into the 1872 invented reaper-binder, which reaped the crop and bound it into sheaves. By 1896, 400,000 reaper-binders were estimated to be harvesting grain.[clarification needed (number for the US only?)] This was in turn replaced by the swather and eventually the combine harvester, which reaps and threshes in one operation.
In Central European agriculture reapers were – together with reaper-binders – common machines until the mid-20th century.
References[edit]
Adriance reaper, late 19th century
Jump up ^ McCormick 1931, pp. 59–60.
Jump up ^ McCormick 1931, pp. 67–72.
Jump up ^ McCormick 1931.
^ Jump up to: a b Follet L. Green, ed. (1912). Obed Hussey: Who, of All Inventors, Made Bread Cheap.
Jump up ^ Colman, Gould P. (July 1968). "Innovation and Diffusion in Agriculture". Agricultural History. 42: 173–188.
Jump up ^ Bowman, Jeffrey (2006). Cyrus Hall McCormick.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent X8,277 Improvement in Machines for Reaping Small Grain: Cyrus H. McCormick, June 21, 1834
Jump up ^ Daniel, Gross (August 1997). Forbes Greatest Business Stories of All Time (First ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 27. ISBN 0-471-19653-3.
Jump up ^ "Agricultural Machinery in the 1800's". Scientific American. July 25, 1896. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Olmstead, Alan L. (June 1975). "The Mechanization of Reaping and Mowing in American Agriculture". The Journal of Economic History. 35: 327. doi:10.1017/s0022050700075082.
Jump up ^ Pripps, Robert N.; Morland, Andrew (photographer) (1993), Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors, Farm Tractor Color History Series, Osceola, WI, USA: MBI, ISBN 978-0-87938-763-1, p. 17.
Jump up ^ "Jo Anderson". Richmond Times-Dispatch. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "William N. Whiteley". Ohio History Central. 2007-01-09. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
Bibliography[edit]
Works Cited[edit]
McCormick, Cyrus Hall III (1931), The Century of the Reaper, Houghton Mifflin, LCCN 31009940, OCLC 559717.
Further reading[edit]
Hutchinson, William T. (1930), Cyrus Hall McCormick: Seed-Time, 1809-1856, 1, Century Company, OCLC 6991369.
Hutchinson, William T. (1930), Cyrus Hall McCormick: Harvest, 1856-1884, 2, Century Company, OCLC 1651671.
Winder, Gordon M. (2016) [2013], The American Reaper: Harvesting Networks and Technology, 1830-1910, Routledge, OCLC 940862197.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The New International Encyclopædia/Reapers
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reapers (persons).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reapers (machines).
History of Gallic Reaper (Petr Chuksin, January 23, 2006)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaper&oldid=818701654"
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values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Жътварка – Bulgarian

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejer
Mejer – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segadora
Segadora – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: Խոտհար մեքենա – Armenian

values: מקצרה – Hebrew

values: Жниварка – Ukrainian

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garab
Garab – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Reaper rootpage-Reaper skin-vector action-view