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I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)
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For the most recent series, see I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17).
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Genre
Reality television, Survival, Game show
Created by
Granada Television (now part of ITV Studios as ITV Granada)
Developed by
LWT James Allen, Natalka Znak, Brent Baker and Stewart Morris.
Directed by
Ian Hamilton (2002)
Chris Power (2003–)
Presented by
Anthony McPartlin
Declan Donnelly
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
17
No. of episodes
182
Production
Executive producer(s)
Richard Cowles
Chris Brogden
Becca Walker
Location(s)
Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Camera setup
Multiple-camera setup
Running time
60–120 mins (including adverts)
Production company(s)
LWT/Granada Television (2002)
Granada Productions (2002–05)
ITV Productions (2006–08)
ITV Studios (2009–)
Release
Original network
ITV
Picture format
16:9 (2002–09)
1080i HDTV (2010–)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
25 August 2002 (2002-08-25) – present
Chronology
Related shows
I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp
External links
Website
www.itv.com/celebrity
I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out Of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television game show, first aired on 25 August 2002, in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts. The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name. It is filmed in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom.
In the Republic of Ireland, TV3 began simulcasts at the beginning of series 3 in 2004. The series moved to their sister channel 3e for series 12, 13 and 14. The series moved to UTV Ireland in 2015 for series 15. The show has been contracted to air until at least 2019, taking it to at least 19 series.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
1.1 Bushtucker trial
1.2 Dingo Dollar Challenge/Dingo Dimes
2 Filming location
3 Popularity and criticism
3.1 Controversies
4 Series details
5 Main series results
5.1 Series 1 (2002)
5.2 Series 2 (2003)
5.3 Series 3 (2004)
5.4 Series 4 (2004)
5.5 Series 5 (2005)
5.6 Series 6 (2006)
5.7 Series 7 (2007)
5.8 Series 8 (2008)
5.9 Series 9 (2009)
5.10 Series 10 (2010)
5.11 Series 11 (2011)
5.12 Series 12 (2012)
5.13 Series 13 (2013)
5.14 Series 14 (2014)
5.15 Series 15 (2015)
5.16 Series 16 (2016)
5.17 Series 17 (2017)
5.18 Series 18 (2018)
5.19 Series records and statistics
6 Series ratings
7 I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp
7.1 History
7.2 Presenters
8 References
9 External links
Format
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In return for their appearance on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers, ITV Studios, make donations. The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle. The producers of the show keep the precise details of the celebrities' contracts private, prompting much speculation from the media. The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone, text message, or the "red button" (a colloquialism popular in the UK for TV interactive services) for the celebrity they would like to complete a "Bushtucker Trial" — a physical task usually involving snakes, spiders or other creepy-crawlies found in the jungle — and, later in each series, to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show. The last remaining celebrity after all others have been evicted is declared the winner of the show, and is branded "King/Queen of the Jungle".
Bushtucker trial
Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp. Bushtucker Trials take two formats: eating trials, or physical/mental tasks.
In the eating trials, contestants are required to eat a variety of different "jungle" foods. Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star, which equals one meal for camp (although the number of meals per star can vary). These trials generate the most viewer responses according to the ITV website.[citation needed] The foods that are required to be eaten can include: crickets (in a variety of forms, such as cooked into biscuits, blended into drinks or eaten alive or dead), green ants, mealworms, witchetty grub, roasted spider or tarantulas, kangaroo testicles, kangaroo penis, kangaroo vaginal parts, crocodile penis, cockroach (prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits, blended into drinks, eaten alive or dead). Other past foods include beach worms, bull's tongues, the anus of various animals, vomit fruits, cooked pigs' brains, various animal testicles, raw fish eyes, sheep eyes, blended rats or mice tails.
The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars. These can include searching through dung, going through tunnels, negotiating obstacles on high wires, or performing other tasks.
Dingo Dollar Challenge/Dingo Dimes
One way of camp can earn treats is by doing extra tasks in Bushtucker trials or in general. Dingo Dimes can be used in the vending machine in Croc Creek. Dingo Dimes only featured in the 2015 series.
Another way camp can earn treats is to do what is known as the "Dingo Dollar Challenge". This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars. Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved, it is taken to a small woodshack shop, with shopkeeper 'Kiosk Keith'. They can exchange the dollars for a necessity such as a hammock or a treat such as chocolate chip cookies. Kiosk Keith calls camp and the celebrities then have a question usually relating to a celebrity or a piece of trivia. The "Celebrity Chest" was abandoned for the first time in the 2012 series, in favour of the Dingo Dollar Challenge, which involves the celebrities collecting 'dingo dollars' and subsequently answering a question correctly in order to win a treat for the camp, if they win they will receive their prize however if the celebrities get it wrong, Kiosk Keith takes the dingo dollars and shuts up shop, leaving nothing for the camp.
Formerly, 'The Celebrity Chest' had a question with a choice of answers, similar to the Dingo Dollar Challenge, the two celebrities who took part in the challenge would bring the chest back to camp and collaborate over the question with the other camp members. If correct, they would win a treat, if incorrect, they would be told what the treat was.
In Dingo Dollars if the camp members answer correctly they get a choice of two treats.
Filming location
On location in the "Jungle" in Dungay, north-eastern New South Wales
The first series of the show was filmed near Cairns, in Queensland, Australia.[2] Since the second series, the programme has been filmed in Springbrook National Park, near Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia.
Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on-site medical facilities, containers for the storage of props, and other back-stage facilities. Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions. From this area, a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios. The road then heads down into a valley via four-wheel drive access to the set of the show.
Some of these areas are viewable from Google Earth, although it is difficult to view the suspension bridges and open-air studio that Ant & Dec broadcast from. While the roof of the main building is bright red, when filming is out of season, this whole area is covered with hessian to obscure the aerial view.[clarification needed] The creeks and camp areas are situated directly below the main suspension bridges. As they are so close to the celebrities, the crew have to be careful during filming to keep voices and music down. Many of the Bushtucker Trials are not performed here; in fact, some are performed well away from the area.
Once out of the jungle, the contestants stay at the five-star hotel Palazzo Versace Australia.[3] The health and well-being of the celebrities and crew are looked after by medic Bob McCarron and his team from EMS. McCarron is also responsible for all of the creatures and food in the challenges.
Popularity and criticism
The finals of the second and third UK series were seen by 12.73 and 14.99 million people respectively[citation needed] — in both cases well over half of all people watching television in the country at the time.
The site in which the celebrities stay appears to be open to the elements, but is largely covered by sheets above the view of the cameras. In one episode, a celebrity had to swim in a swamp apparently infested with crocodiles. Marksmen were shown ready to shoot the animals if they attacked. In actuality, the area where this was filmed does not have crocodiles because it is too far south.
In Series 9 it was revealed that Katie Price was being paid almost four times as much as the other contestants, which sparked some criticism. It was also reported that, as a result, cash-strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series, and that the quality of the trials had gone down.[4]
Controversies
ITV apologised in 2006 after confusion over the instructions for telephone and red-button interactive voting led to allegations in the media that the wrong person had been evicted in the run-off vote in Series 6 between Toby Anstis and Dean Gaffney.[5]
The show was forced to enhance its procedures after Ofcom found that after complaints, on 23 November 2006 episode, the show had breached Rule 1.16 of the Broadcasting Code for airing bad language before the watershed.[6]
30 November 2006 episode was ruled to have breached Rule 2.2 of the Broadcasting Code after an investigation launched as part of the wider UK television public voting controversy. Due to late running, seven percent of phone and text votes for that episode of the show were not counted, although this did not affect the result.[7]
Sarah Matravers blamed the show for the breakdown of her relationship with contestant Marc Bannerman after he flirted with Cerys Matthews in Series 7.[8] Matthews and Bannerman later alleged the show footage had been edited by ITV to look like more than it was.[9]
Former Sex Pistols manager, Malcolm McLaren, who was due to appear on Series 7 but pulled out at the last minute, alleged that the show and the choice of winner was fixed, and the trials posed no real danger. He alleged that the show doctor told him that "'Things are so safe, I would send my own kids in to do the show'. There is nothing bad in there. They're hoodwinking the public".[10]
ITV apologised in 2009 for not having properly advised the contestants in Series 9 of the relevant Australian legislation regarding animal cruelty.[11] Gino D'Acampo and Stuart Manning were charged by New South Wales Police after RSPCA Australia complained over their killing and eating of a rat during the show.[12]
In 2012, the decision by Nadine Dorries to enter the show was the source of criticism, which led to her suspension from the Conservative Party due to allegations she did not seek permission from the party whip Andrew Mitchell, resulting in an inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards.[13]
The fifteenth series saw Ferne McCann eat a live water spider as part of a bushtucker trial. Ofcom reportedly received 694 complaints from the public over allegations of 'animal cruelty for entertainment'. ITV also received a further 500 complaints. In January 2016, it was revealed no further action would be taken.[14][15]
Ant was accused of racism following a joke during the show aimed at the Australian crew, which saw Ant joke that they get "paid in..." following a word that was construed by many viewers as "abos" an offensive term for Aboriginal Australians. A spokesperson later responded, stating that Ant had actually said "Avo's which is short for avocados".[16]
Viewers regularly complained that camp mate Iain Lee was the subject of bullying and isolation from other camp mates during the seventeenth series, and there were concerns raised as to the adverse affect this could have on his mental health. There have been calls for Rebekah Vardy to be cut as a mental health ambassador, due to her alleged role in the 'bullying'. On the ITV show Good Morning Britain the day after her eviction, she defended herself for remarks she made about Iain in Extra Camp, the ITV2 spin-off series stating that she was she "under pressure", and that they were taken out of context. After his eviction from the camp, Dennis Wise also claimed on Good Morning Britain that he and Iain were on friendly terms, and insisted that ITV would not allow bullying on the show. He latter accused of show of 'editing him' to look like a bully. Following his third place eviction, Iain directly addressed his relationship those accused of 'picking on him', stating that he has "loves them" and that there's "no beef between [them]". He also addressed claims that he had a "game plan", stating that he was just being himself.[17][18][19][20][21][22]
Series details
Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year. To date, there have been 10 Kings and 7 Queens of the Jungle.
Key:
King of the Jungle
Queen of the Jungle
Series
Start date
End date
Sponsors
Days in camp
Campmates
Honour places
Viewers
(millions)
Winner
Second place
Third place
1
25 August 2002 (2002-08-25) 8 September 2002 (2002-09-08) N/A 15 8 Tony Blackburn Tara Palmer-Tomkinson Christine Hamilton 7.58
2
28 April 2003 (2003-04-28) 12 May 2003 (2003-05-12) V 10 Phil Tufnell John Fashanu Linda Barker 8.55
3
23 January 2004 (2004-01-23) 9 February 2004 (2004-02-09) First Choice 16 Kerry Katona Jennie Bond Peter Andre 11.02
4
21 November 2004 (2004-11-21) 1 December 2004 (2004-12-01) 18 11 Joe Pasquale Paul Burrell Fran Cosgrave 8.66
5
20 November 2005 (2005-11-20) 5 December 2005 (2005-12-05) 12 Carol Thatcher Sheree Murphy Sid Owen 9.32
6
13 November 2006 (2006-11-13) 1 December 2006 (2006-12-01) Iceland 19 Matt Willis Myleene Klass Jason Donovan 7.96
7
12 November 2007 (2007-11-12) 30 November 2007 (2007-11-30) 20 11 Christopher Biggins Janice Dickinson Jason "J" Brown 7.45
8
16 November 2008 (2008-11-16) 5 December 2008 (2008-12-05) 21 12 Joe Swash Martina Navratilova George Takei 8.78
9
15 November 2009 (2009-11-15) 4 December 2009 (2009-12-04) 13 Gino D'Acampo Kim Woodburn Jimmy White 9.37
10
14 November 2010 (2010-11-14) 4 December 2010 (2010-12-04) Stacey Solomon Shaun Ryder Jenny Eclair 10.37
11
13 November 2011 (2011-11-13) 3 December 2011 (2011-12-03) Dougie Poynter Mark Wright Fatima Whitbread 10.08
12
11 November 2012 (2012-11-11) 1 December 2012 (2012-12-01) 12 Charlie Brooks Ashley Roberts David Haye 10.49
13
17 November 2013 (2013-11-17) 8 December 2013 (2013-12-08) 22 Kian Egan David Emanuel Lucy Pargeter 11.14
14
16 November 2014 (2014-11-16) 7 December 2014 (2014-12-07) 23 Carl "Foggy" Fogarty Jake Quickenden Melanie Sykes 10.26
15
15 November 2015 (2015-11-15) 6 December 2015 (2015-12-06) Aunt Bessie's 22 13 Vicky Pattison George Shelley Ferne McCann 9.86
16
13 November 2016 (2016-11-13) 4 December 2016 (2016-12-04) 12 Scarlett Moffatt Joel Dommett Adam Thomas 10.42
17
19 November 2017 (2017-11-19) 10 December 2017 (2017-12-10) Tombola Arcade Georgia "Toff" Toffolo Jamie Lomas Iain Lee 9.96
Sponsors in the Republic of Ireland includes holiday firm MultiTrip.com, online fashion store M and M Direct and more recently car company, Kia.
Main series results
The first three series of I'm a Celebrity occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast. From series 4 onwards, the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November/early December.
Key
Winner – King or Queen of the Jungle
Runner-up
Third place
Walked or withdrew
Late arrival
Series 1 (2002)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 1)
8 contestants, 25 August – 8 September 2002:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Tony Blackburn BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Day 1 Day 15 1st
Tara Palmer-Tomkinson Socialite, model, columnist & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd
Christine Hamilton Author & public speaker Day 1 Day 14 3rd
Nell McAndrew Glamour model & television presenter Day 1 Day 13 4th
Rhona Cameron Comedian Day 1 Day 12 5th
Darren Day Actor, singer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 6th
Nigel Benn Former Middleweight champion boxer Day 1 Day 10 7th
Uri Geller Magician, television personality & self-proclaimed psychic Day 1 Day 9 8th
Series 2 (2003)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 2)
10 contestants, 28 April – 12 May 2003:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Phil Tufnell Former England left-arm orthodox spin bowler Day 1 Day 15 1st
John Fashanu Former England striker & television presenter Day 1 Day 15 2nd
Linda Barker Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 15 3rd
Wayne Sleep Royal Ballet dancer Day 1 Day 14 4th
Antony Worrall Thompson Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 13 5th
Toyah Willcox Singer-songwriter & actress Day 1 Day 12 6th
Catalina Guirado Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 11 7th
Chris Bisson Holby City & Prime Suspect actor Day 1 Day 10 8th
Danniella Westbrook Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 9 9th
Siân Lloyd Television weather reporter Day 1 Day 8 10th
Series 3 (2004)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 3)
10 contestants, 26 January – 9 February 2004:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Kerry Katona Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 16 1st
Jennie Bond BBC royal correspondent Day 1 Day 16 2nd
Peter Andre Pop singer Day 1 Day 16 3rd
Lord Brocket Television presenter Day 1 Day 15 4th
Katie Price Glamour model Day 1 Day 14 5th
Alex Best Glamour model Day 1 Day 13 6th
John Lydon Sex Pistols band member & presenter Day 1 Day 11 7th
Neil Ruddock Former England footballer Day 1 Day 11 8th
Diane Modahl Olympic middle distance runner Day 1 Day 10 9th
Mike Read Radio DJ & journalist Day 1 Day 9 10th
Series 4 (2004)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 4)
11 contestants, 21 November – 6 December 2004:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Joe Pasquale Comedian Day 1 Day 18 1st
Paul Burrell Former Royal Household servant Day 1 Day 18 2nd
Fran Cosgrave Nightclub manager, television personality & bodyguard Day 1 Day 18 3rd
Janet Street-Porter Broadcaster & journalist Day 1 Day 17 4th
Sophie Anderton Glamour model Day 1 Day 15 5th
Antonio Fargas Starsky & Hutch actor Day 1 Day 14 6th
Sheila Ferguson The Three Degrees singer Day 1 Day 13 7th
Vic Reeves Vic and Bob comedian Day 5 Day 12 8th
Nancy Sorrell Model & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 9th
Natalie Appleton Former All Saints singer Day 1 Day 10 10th
Brian Harvey East 17 singer Day 2 Day 7 11th
Series 5 (2005)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 5)
12 contestants, 20 November – 5 December 2005:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Carol Thatcher Journalist & author Day 1 Day 18 1st
Sheree Murphy Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 18 2nd
Sid Owen EastEnders actor & singer Day 1 Day 18 3rd
Jimmy Osmond Singer, actor & businessman Day 1 Day 17 4th
Bobby Ball Cannon and Ball comedian & actor Day 6 Day 16 5th
Antony Costa Former Blue singer Day 1 Day 15 6th
Jenny Frost Former Atomic Kitten singer Day 1 Day 14 7th
David Dickinson Former Bargain Hunt presenter Day 1 Day 12 8th
Kimberley Davies Former Neighbours actress Day 1 Day 11 9th
Jilly Goolden Wine critic & journalist Day 1 Day 11 10th
Tommy Cannon Cannon and Ball comedian Day 6 Day 10 11th
Elaine Lordan Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 1 12th
Series 6 (2006)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 6)
12 contestants, 13 November – 1 December 2006:
Team Base Camp
Team Snake Rock
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Matt Willis Busted band member Day 1 Day 19 1st
Myleene Klass Hear'Say singer Day 1 Day 19 2nd
Jason Donovan Stage & screen performer Day 1 Day 19 3rd
David Gest Music promoter & television producer Day 1 Day 18 4th
Dean Gaffney Former EastEnders actor Day 5 Day 18 5th
Jan Leeming Journalist & broadcaster Day 1 Day 17 6th
Malandra Burrows Emmerdale actress Day 6 Day 16 7th
Phina Oruche Footballer's Wives actress Day 1 Day 15 8th
Lauren Booth Broadcaster, journalist & activist Day 1 Day 14 9th
Faith Brown Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 13 10th
Scott Henshall Model & fashion designer Day 1 Day 12 11th
Toby Anstis Global Radio presenter Day 1 Day 11 12th
Series 7 (2007)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 7)
11 contestants, 12–30 November 2007:
Team Croc Creek
Team Snake Rock
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Christopher Biggins Film, television & stage actor Day 5 Day 20 1st
Janice Dickinson Supermodel Day 1 Day 20 2nd
Jason "J" Brown Former 5ive singer Day 1 Day 20 3rd
Cerys Matthews Singer-songwriter Day 1 Day 19 4th
Gemma Atkinson Hollyoaks actress & glamour model Day 1 Day 18 5th
Anna Ryder Richardson Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer Day 1 Day 16 6th
Rodney Marsh Retired England footballer Day 1 Day 15 7th
John Burton Race Celebrity chef Day 1 Day 14 8th
Lynne Franks Spokeswoman & writer Day 1 Day 13 9th
Katie Hopkins The Apprentice contestant Day 2 Day 12 10th
Marc Bannerman EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 11 11th
Series 8 (2008)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 8)
Series 8: Sunday 16 November – 5 December 2008:
Home Camp
Away Camp
Entered after contestants were brought together.
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Joe Swash EastEnders actor Day 1 Day 21 1st
Martina Navratilova Retired professional tennis player Day 1 Day 21 2nd
George Takei Former Star Trek actor Day 1 Day 21 3rd
David Van Day Former Dollar singer Day 5 Day 20 4th
Simon Webbe Blue singer Day 1 Day 19 5th
Nicola McLean Glamour model Day 1 Day 18 6th
Brian Paddick Liberal Democrat & retired policeman Day 1 Day 17 7th
Esther Rantzen Television presenter & charity campaigner Day 1 Day 16 8th
Timmy Mallett Children's television presenter Day 5 Day 15 9th
Carly Zucker Personal trainer & model Day 1 Day 14 10th
Dani Behr Television presenter, model & singer Day 1 Day 13 11th
Robert Kilroy-Silk Former Labour Party politician & television presenter Day 1 Day 12 12th
Series 9 (2009)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 9)
Series 9: 15 November – 4 December 2009
Base Camp
Camp Exile
Left before camp was split
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Gino D'Acampo Chef & television presenter Day 1 Day 21 1st
Kim Woodburn How Clean Is Your House? presenter Day 1 Day 21 2nd
Jimmy White Professional snooker player Day 1 Day 21 3rd
Justin Ryan Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 20 4th
Stuart Manning Former Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 19 5th
Sabrina Washington Former Mis-Teeq singer Day 1 Day 18 6th
George Hamilton Film actor Day 1 Day 17 7th
Joe Bugner Heavyweight boxer Day 4 Day 16 8th
Samantha Fox Former model & singer Day 1 Day 14 9th
Colin McAllister Interior designer & television presenter Day 1 Day 11 10th
Lucy Benjamin Former EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 10 11th
Katie Price Businesswoman & television personality Day 2 Day 9 12th
Camilla Dallerup Strictly Come Dancing professional dancer Day 1 Day 4 13th
Series 10 (2010)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 10)
I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! returned on 14 November 2010 at 9pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series, as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show at the conclusion of series 9. This is the first series in HD. Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials.
Series 10: 14 November – 4 December 2010
Camp Sheila
Camp Bruce
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Stacey Solomon The X Factor contestant Day 1 Day 21 1st
Shaun Ryder Former Happy Mondays singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd
Jenny Eclair Comedian & novelist Day 4 Day 20 3rd
Dom Joly Comedian Day 4 Day 19 4th
Kayla Collins Playboy model Day 1 Day 19 5th
Aggro Santos Rapper Day 1 Day 18 6th
Linford Christie Retired Olympic sprinter Day 1 Day 17 7th
Gillian McKeith Nutritionist, author & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th
Britt Ekland Actress Day 1 Day 15 9th
Alison Hammond This Morning presenter Day 6 Day 15 10th
Lembit Öpik Former Liberal Democratic Party MP Day 1 Day 13 11th
Sheryl Gascoigne Author Day 1 Day 12 12th
Nigel Havers Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 9 13th
Series 11 (2011)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 11)
The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011.[23] The official line-up was confirmed on 9 November 2011.[24]
Series 11: 13 November – 3 December 2011
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Dougie Poynter McFly bassist Day 1 Day 21 1st
Mark Wright The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 21 2nd
Fatima Whitbread Olympic javelin thrower Day 1 Day 20 3rd
Antony Cotton Coronation Street actor Day 1 Day 20 4th
Willie Carson Former horse racing jockey Day 1 Day 19 5th
Crissy Rock Benidorm actress Day 1 Day 18 6th
Emily Scott Swimwear model Day 5 Day 17 7th
Jessica-Jane Clement Glamour model, actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 8th
Lorraine Chase Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 15 9th
Pat Sharp Television & radio broadcaster Day 3 Day 14 10th
Sinitta 80s pop singer Day 3 Day 13 11th
Stefanie Powers Stage & screen actress Day 1 Day 12 12th
Freddie Starr Comedian & impressionist Day 1 Day 3 13th
Series 12 (2012)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 12)
The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012.[25] The official line-up was revealed on 7 November 2012.
Series 12: 11 November – 1 December 2012
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Charlie Brooks EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 21 1st
Ashley Roberts Former The Pussycat Dolls singer Day 1 Day 21 2nd
David Haye Heavyweight boxer Day 1 Day 20 3rd
Eric Bristow Professional darts player Day 1 Day 19 4th
Hugo Taylor Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 18 5th
Rosemary Shrager Celebrity chef Day 5 Day 17 6th
Helen Flanagan Coronation Street actress & model Day 1 Day 16 7th
Colin Baker Former Doctor Who actor Day 1 Day 15 8th
Linda Robson Birds of a Feather actress Day 1 Day 13 9th
Limahl Kajagoogoo band member Day 5 Day 12 10th
Nadine Dorries Conservative Party politician Day 1 Day 11 11th
Brian Conley Actor & comedian Day 1 Day 9 12th
Series 13 (2013)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 13)
The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013.[26] The first advert for the series aired on 21 October 2013.[27] The line-up was confirmed on 13 November 2013.
Series 13: 17 November 2013 – 8 December 2013
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Kian Egan Former Westlife singer Day 1 Day 22 1st
David Emanuel Royal fashion designer Day 1 Day 22 2nd
Lucy Pargeter Emmerdale actress Day 1 Day 21 3rd
Joey Essex The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 20 4th
Amy Willerton Miss Universe Great Britain 2013 Day 1 Day 20 5th
Rebecca Adlington Former Olympic swimmer Day 1 Day 19 6th
Alfonso Ribeiro Sitcom actor Day 1 Day 19 7th
Steve Davis Former professional snooker player Day 1 Day 18 8th
Matthew Wright The Wright Stuff presenter Day 1 Day 17 9th
Vincent Simone Strictly Come Dancing professional Day 5 Day 17 10th
Laila Morse EastEnders actress Day 1 Day 16 11th
Annabel Giles Television presenter & author Day 5 Day 15 12th
Series 14 (2014)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 14)
The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014.[28][29] On 15 October 2014, a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website. On 11 November, the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV.[30] On 20 November, a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show.[31]
Series 14: 16 November 2014 – 7 December 2014
Team Croc Creek/Rescuer
Team Celebrity Slammer
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Carl "Foggy" Fogarty Retired World Superbike racer Day 1 Day 23 1st
Jake Quickenden The X Factor contestant Day 5 Day 23 2nd
Melanie Sykes Television presenter & model Day 1 Day 23 3rd
Edwina Currie Former Conservative Party politician & author Day 5 Day 22 4th
Tinchy Stryder Rapper Day 1 Day 21 5th
Kendra Wilkinson Model & reality television star Day 1 Day 21 6th
Vicki Michelle Sitcom actress Day 1 Day 20 7th
Michael Buerk Newsreader & war journalist Day 1 Day 19 8th
Nadia Forde Model, television personality & singer Day 1 Day 18 9th
Jimmy Bullard Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 17 10th
Craig Charles Actor, comedian & presenter Day 1 Day 4 11th
Gemma Collins The Only Way is Essex star Day 1 Day 3 12th
Series 15 (2015)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 15)
The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 10 December 2014.[1]
Series 15: 15 November 2015 – 6 December 2015
Red Team (Leader: Tony Hadley)
Yellow Team (Leader: Susannah Constantine)
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Vicky Pattison Geordie Shore star Day 3 Day 22 1st
George Shelley Union J singer Day 1 Day 22 2nd
Ferne McCann The Only Way is Essex star Day 3 Day 22 3rd
Kieron Dyer Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 21 4th
Jorgie Porter Hollyoaks actress Day 1 Day 21 5th
Tony Hadley Spandau Ballet singer Day 1 Day 20 6th
Duncan Bannatyne Former Dragons' Den panelist & entrepreneur Day 1 Day 19 7th
Lady Colin Campbell Royal biographer & socialite Day 1 Day 17 8th
Chris Eubank Retired professional boxer Day 1 Day 17 9th
Yvette Fielding Actress & television presenter Day 1 Day 16 10th
Brian Friedman Dancer & The X Factor choreographer Day 1 Day 15 11th
Susannah Constantine Fashion journalist Day 1 Day 13 12th
Spencer Matthews Made in Chelsea star Day 3 Day 5 13th
Series 16 (2016)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 16)
The show returned in 2016, and is the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015. It began airing on 13 November 2016.[1]
Series 16: 13 November 2016 – 4 December 2016
Jungle Celebs
City Celebs
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Scarlett Moffatt Gogglebox star Day 1 Day 22 1st
Joel Dommett Stand-up comedian Day 1 Day 22 2nd
Adam Thomas Emmerdale actor Day 1 Day 22 3rd
Sam Quek Olympic hockey player Day 1 Day 21 4th
Wayne Bridge Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 20 5th
Martin Roberts Homes Under the Hammer presenter Day 5 Day 20 6th
Larry Lamb Actor Day 1 Day 19 7th
Carol Vorderman TV presenter & former Countdown co-host Day 1 Day 18 8th
Jordan Banjo Diversity Dance Troupe Member Day 1 Day 17 9th
Ola Jordan Former Strictly Come Dancing dancer Day 1 Day 16 10th
Lisa Snowdon Fashion model & presenter Day 1 Day 15 11th
Danny Baker Radio presenter Day 5 Day 13 12th
Series 17 (2017)
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK series 17)
The show returned in 2017, and is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 7 December 2016. It began airing on 19 November 2017.[1]
Series 17: 19 November 2017 – 10 December 2017
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Left before camp was split
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished
Georgia "Toff" Toffolo Made in Chelsea star Day 1 Day 22 1st
Jamie Lomas Hollyoaks actor Day 1 Day 22 2nd
Iain Lee Comedian Day 5 Day 22 3rd
Jennie McAlpine Coronation Street actress Day 1 Day 21 4th
Amir Khan Professional boxer Day 1 Day 20 5th
Dennis Wise Former Premier League footballer Day 1 Day 19 6th
Stanley Johnson Politician & author Day 1 Day 18 7th
Vanessa White The Saturdays singer Day 1 Day 17 8th
Rebekah "Becky" Vardy Wife of Jamie Vardy Day 1 Day 16 9th
Kezia Dugdale Politician & former Scottish Labour leader Day 5 Day 15 10th
Shappi Khorsandi Stand-up comedian Day 1 Day 13 11th
Jack Maynard DJ & YouTube personality Day 1 Day 3 12th
Series 18 (2018)
The show will return in 2018, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017. It is the first series in a new two-year contract.
Series records and statistics
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Biggest winning percentage: 83.42% – Gino D'Acampo (Series 9)
Closest winning percentage: 50.56% – Charlie Brooks (Series 12)
Longest stay in camp: 23 days – Carl "Foggy" Fogarty & Melanie Sykes (Series 14)
Shortest stay in camp: 1 day – Elaine Lordan (Series 5)
Most appearances: 2 series – Katie Price (Series 3 and Series 9)
Most bushtucker trials: 12 trials – Adam Thomas (Series 16)
Most consecutive bushtucker trials: 7 trials – Helen Flanagan (Series 12)
Most refused bushtucker trials: 2 trials – Lady Colin Campbell (Series 15)
Series ratings
Series
Start date
End date
No. of shows
Highest rating (millions)
Lowest rating (millions)
Average rating (millions)[32]
1
25 August 2002 (2002-08-25) 8 September 2002 (2002-09-08) 15 10.95 6.14 7.58
2
28 April 2003 (2003-04-28) 12 May 2003 (2003-05-12) 12.73 5.15 8.55
3
26 January 2004 (2004-01-26) 9 February 2004 (2004-02-09) 17 14.99 8.96 11.02
4
21 November 2004 (2004-11-21) 6 December 2004 (2004-12-06) 16 11.43 7.04 8.66
5
20 November 2005 (2005-11-20) 5 December 2005 (2005-12-05) 12.35 7.69 9.32
6
13 November 2006 (2006-11-13) 1 December 2006 (2006-12-01) 17 10.05 6.97 7.96
7
12 November 2007 (2007-11-12) 30 November 2007 (2007-11-30) 19 8.84 5.00 7.45
8
16 November 2008 (2008-11-16) 5 December 2008 (2008-12-05) 20 10.19 7.91 8.78
9
15 November 2009 (2009-11-15) 4 December 2009 (2009-12-04) 19 10.86 7.86 9.37
10
14 November 2010 (2010-11-14) 4 December 2010 (2010-12-04) 13.48 6.68 10.37
11
13 November 2011 (2011-11-13) 3 December 2011 (2011-12-03) 11.10 6.98 10.08
12
11 November 2012 (2012-11-11) 1 December 2012 (2012-12-01) 11.51 8.81 10.49
13
17 November 2013 (2013-11-17) 8 December 2013 (2013-12-08) 20 13.05 9.62 11.14
14
16 November 2014 (2014-11-16) 7 December 2014 (2014-12-07) 11.97 9.21 10.26
15
15 November 2015 (2015-11-15) 6 December 2015 (2015-12-06) 21 11.32 8.88 9.86
16
13 November 2016 (2016-11-13) 4 December 2016 (2016-12-04) 12.66 9.21 10.42
17
19 November 2017 (2017-11-19) 10 December 2017 (2017-12-10) 22 12.69 8.88 9.96
Note for "Average rating": Since 2010 incl. HD viewers and since 2011 incl. "ITV +1" consumers.
I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp
I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp
Also known as
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! (2002–2015)
Created by
Granada Television (now part of ITV Studios)
Presented by
See presenters below
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
17
Production
Location(s)
Australia
Running time
60 minutes (inc. adverts)
Release
Original network
ITV2
Picture format
576i: SDTV (2002–2010)
1080p: HDTV (2011–present)
Original release
27 August 2002 (2002-08-27) – present
Chronology
Related shows
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
External links
Website
www.itv.com/celebrity
I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!) is a companion show, broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland. It features behind-the-scenes footage of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off.
Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5–8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK. Since series 9, the show has been filmed completely live in Australia with occasional celebrity interviews based in London, shown through webcam.
History
Logo used from 2007 to 2015
In the first series, the show was presented by Irish TV presenter Louise Loughman. In series 2–3, the show was presented by Mark Durden-Smith and Tara Palmer-Tomkinson. In series 4, Palmer-Tomkinson was absent and Durden-Smith was the only host. For the fifth series, Palmer-Tomkinson returned to present the show. Durden-Smith did not, as he decided to spend time with his children instead. He was replaced by Matt Brown. Palmer-Tomkinson did not return for series 6.
In series 6, Brendon Burns initially presented the show, but left after three episodes. This led to Durden-Smith returning for the rest of the series, where he presented from the UK. He was joined by new presenters Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier (briefly Steve Wilson before Brazier took over), who presented from the jungle in Australia.[33] Also this series, a 5pm teatime programme, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Exclusive, ran each weekday on ITV. It was co-hosted by series 5 runner-up Sheree Murphy and Phillip Schofield in 2006. It did not return for a second series.
For series 7–8, Matt Willis and his wife Emma took over from the previous hosts, Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier, in Australia. Because they were having a child in early 2009, they did not return to present series 9. Durden-Smith also presented the show, from the UK, for the final time.
Series 9 to 10 saw new presenter Caroline Flack take over with roving reporter Joe Swash, email/people reporter Russell Kane, and a panel of celebrity pundits, which changed approximately every three to five days. For series 11, Flack left in order to present another ITV2 show, The Xtra Factor, and was replaced by Laura Whitmore. Swash and Kane both stayed on for the eleventh series.
On 16 June 2012, it was announced that Kane would not return to Get Me Out of Here! NOW!.[34] He was replaced by stand-up comic Rob Beckett.[35] All three presenters returned to present the thirteenth and fourteenth series of the show.
Due to tour commitments, Beckett did not return for Series 15. He was replaced by comedian David Morgan.[36]
On 14 April 2016, Laura Whitmore stated that she would not be returning to the Jungle. On 31 May 2016 during an interview on Up Late with Rylan, Morgan confirmed that he would not be returning to the series due to other work commitments. They were replaced by Vicky Pattison, Stacey Solomon and Chris Ramsey.
On 13 April 2017, Pattison and Ramsey both stated on social media that they would not be returning to the show in 2017. It was confirmed that 2016 winner Scarlett Moffatt was announced as a new presenter in September 2017 and will join long-running presenter Joe Swash on the new series.[37] It was also confirmed that Joel Dommett would join the presenting lineup.
Presenters
Various TV presenters and comedians have hosted the show since it began in 2002, with Joe Swash having presented the most series, at nine.
Series
Year
Presenter(s)
Comedian
1 2002 Louise Loughman N/A
2 2003 Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
Mark Durden-Smith
3 2004
4 Mark Durden-Smith[fn 1]
5 2005 Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
Matt Brown
6 2006 Kelly Osbourne
Steve Wilson
Jeff Brazier Brendon Burns
7 2007 Emma Willis
Matt Willis N/A
8 2008
9 2009 Caroline Flack
Joe Swash Russell Kane
10 2010
11 2011 Laura Whitmore
Joe Swash
12 2012 Rob Beckett
13 2013
14 2014
15 2015 David Morgan
16 2016 Vicky Pattison
Stacey Solomon
Joe Swash Chris Ramsey
17 2017 Scarlett Moffatt
Joe Swash Joel Dommett
Notes:
Jump up ^ Durden-Smith later returned for Series 6, 7 and 8 as the UK co-presenter of the show.
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "It's Jungle Sums! Ant & Dec sign for three more I'm A Celeb series". 12 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Behind the Scenes at the Jungle Camp". Official Ant and Dec. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "See inside stunning I'm a Celebrity hotel where stars swap gruelling jungle life for jaw-dropping luxury". The Mirror. 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Celeb' bosses 'regret Price return'". Digital Spy. 4 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Bell, Pete (24 November 2006). "I'm a Celeb vote cock-up storm". London: The Sun. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 83". Ofcom. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin, Issue 108" (PDF). Ofcom. 8 May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bannerman's ex hopes Cerys 'rots in hell'". RTÉ. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cerys and Marc criticise 'misleading' footage". RTÉ. 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Walkout jungle star blasts the show". RTÉ. n.d. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "ITV apologises for rat killing on I'm A Celebrity.." BBC News. 7 December 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "I'm A Celebrity's D'Acampo and Manning face rat charges". BBC. 6 December 2009. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Mulholland, Hélène (8 November 2012). "David Cameron defends decision to suspend Nadine Dorries". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ofcom to probe ITV after Ferne McCann eats a huge LIVE spider".
Jump up ^ Revoir, Paul (11 January 2016). "I'm a Celebrity's live spider eating cleared despite nearly 1,500 complaints" – via www.theguardian.com.
Jump up ^ "I'm A Celebrity bosses forced to deny Ant McPartlin said 'racial slur' during show". The Sun. 2 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "I'm A Celebrity celebrities accused of 'bullying' Iain Lee". TellyMix. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "I'm A Celebrity's 'Mean Girls' don't know the damage they can do to Iain". Metro. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Gibb, Jessica (5 December 2017). "Rebekah Vardy's call to be axed as mental health ambassador after 'bullying'". mirror. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "I'm A Celebrity's Rebekah Vardy defends herself over bullying claims as she insists she didn't badmouth Iain Lee". The Sun. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Helen (8 December 2017). "I'm A Celebrity 2017: Dennis Wise interview CUT OFF as he addresses Iain 'bullying' claims". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Roxanne (9 December 2017). "I'm A Celebrity 2017: Dennis Wise SLAMS ITV editing 'I looked like a bully'". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "'I'm a Celebrity' return date confirmed by ITV". Digital Spy. 31 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "An Essex boy, a con-artist, a boy band bassist and a former Olympian... meet this year's I'm A Celebrity contestants". Daily Mail. 9 November 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here! | Series 12 - Episode 1". Radio Times. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "And the countdown begins.." I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. ITV. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". ITV. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk, Emily Hewett for (22 October 2014). "The I'm A Celeb promo is here and Dec's got something he needs to get off his chest.."
Jump up ^ "I'm A Celebrity 2014: Launch date revealed with Ant and Dec set to". 4 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "I'm a Celebrity lineup confirmed: Michael Buerk, Kendra, Craig Charles". Digital Spy. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "ITV News on Twitter".
Jump up ^ Timmy Ehegötz (Hrsg.): "Internationaler Lizenzhandel mit Fernsehformaten." Untertitel: Die programmpolitische Relevanz des TV-Formathandels für deutsche Fernsehsender – analysiert an dem Formatimport "Ich bin ein Star Holt mich hier raus!". Tredition, Hamburg 2015, ISBN 978-3-7323-2627-3, S. 80.
Jump up ^ I'm a comic, get me out of here Chortle.co.uk
Jump up ^ "COMIC Russell Kane is leaving ITV2's I'm a Celebrity spin-off after three years". The Sun. 16 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "'I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here' series 12 start date confirmed". Digital Spy. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Sandwell, Ian. "Comedian David Morgan replaces Rob Beckett on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here Now!". Digital Spy.
Jump up ^ "Stacey Solomon Insists There's No Hard Feelings After Being Dropped From 'I'm A Celeb' Spin-Off Show". HuffPost. 3 October 2017.
External links
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! at itv.com
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! on IMDb
Coordinates: 28°15′42.75″S 153°21′1.79″E / 28.2618750°S 153.3504972°E / -28.2618750; 153.3504972
[show]
v
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I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK)
Contestants
Series
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Winners
Tony Blackburn
Phil Tufnell
Kerry Katona
Joe Pasquale
Carol Thatcher
Matt Willis
Christopher Biggins
Joe Swash
Gino D'Acampo
Stacey Solomon
Dougie Poynter
Charlie Brooks
Kian Egan
Carl Fogarty
Vicky Pattison
Scarlett Moffatt
Georgia "Toff" Toffolo
[show]
v
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International versions of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Australia
France
Germany
Hungary
India
Romania
Sweden
United Kingdom
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=816633278"
Categories:
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Categorical imperative
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Part of a series on
Immanuel Kant
Major works
Critique of Pure Reason
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
Critique of Practical Reason
Critique of Judgment
Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason
Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
The Metaphysics of Morals
Kantianism
Kantian ethics
Transcendental idealism
Critical philosophy
Sapere aude
Thing-in-itself
Schema
A priori and a posteriori
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Noumenon
Categories
Categorical imperative
Hypothetical imperative
"Kingdom of Ends"
Political philosophy
People
George Berkeley
René Descartes
J. G. Fichte
F. H. Jacobi
G. W. F. Hegel
David Hume
Arthur Schopenhauer
Baruch Spinoza
African Spir
Johannes Tetens
Related topics
Schopenhauer's criticism
German idealism
Neo-Kantianism
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The categorical imperative (German: kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Introduced in Kant's 1785 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, it may be defined as a way of evaluating motivations for action.
According to Kant, human beings occupy a special place in creation, and morality can be summed up in an imperative, or ultimate commandment of reason, from which all duties and obligations derive. He defined an imperative as any proposition declaring a certain action (or inaction) to be necessary.
Hypothetical imperatives apply to someone who wishes to attain certain ends. For example:
If I wish to quench my thirst, I must drink something.
If I wish to pass this exam, I must study.
A categorical imperative, on the other hand, denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that must be obeyed in all circumstances and is justified as an end in itself. It is best known in its first formulation:
Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.[1]
Kant expressed extreme dissatisfaction with the popular moral philosophy of his day, believing that it could never surpass the level of hypothetical imperatives: a utilitarian says that murder is wrong because it does not maximize good for those involved, but this is irrelevant to people who are concerned only with maximizing the positive outcome for themselves. Consequently, Kant argued, hypothetical moral systems cannot persuade moral action or be regarded as bases for moral judgments against others, because the imperatives on which they are based rely too heavily on subjective considerations. He presented a deontological moral system, based on the demands of the categorical imperative, as an alternative.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nature of the concept
1.1 Freedom and autonomy
2 The First Formulation: Formula of Universality and the Law of Nature
2.1 Perfect duty
2.2 Imperfect duty
3 The Second Formulation: The Formula of Humanity
4 The Third Formulation: The Formula of Autonomy
5 Other Formulations of the Categorical Imperative
5.1 The Kingdom of Ends Formulation
6 Application
6.1 Deception
6.2 Theft
6.3 Suicide
6.4 Laziness
6.5 Charity
6.6 Cruelty to animals
7 Criticisms
7.1 The Golden Rule
7.2 Lying to a murderer
7.3 Questioning autonomy
8 Application of the categorical imperative
8.1 The trial of Adolf Eichmann
8.2 Application of the universalizability principle to the ethics of consumption
8.3 Game theory
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Nature of the concept[edit]
The capacity that underlies deciding what is moral is called pure practical reason, which is contrasted with pure reason (the capacity to know without having been shown) and mere practical reason (which allows us to interact with the world in experience). Hypothetical imperatives tell us which means best achieve our ends. They do not, however, tell us which ends we should choose. The typical dichotomy in choosing ends is between ends that are "right" (e.g., helping someone) and those that are "good" (e.g., enriching oneself). Kant considered the "right" superior to the "good"; to him, the "good" was morally irrelevant. In Kant's view, a person cannot decide whether conduct is "right," or moral, through empirical means. Such judgments must be reached a priori, using pure practical reason.[citation needed]
Reason, separate from all empirical experience, can determine the principle according to which all ends can be determined as moral. It is this fundamental principle of moral reason that is known as the categorical imperative. Pure practical reason is the process of determining what ought to be done without reference to empirical contingent factors. Moral questions are determined independent of reference to the particular subject posing them. It is because morality is determined by pure practical reason, rather than particular empirical or sensuous factors, that morality is universally valid. This moral universalism has come to be seen as the distinctive aspect of Kant's moral philosophy and has had wide social impact in the legal and political concepts of human rights and equality.[citation needed]
Freedom and autonomy[edit]
Kant viewed the human individual as a rationally self-conscious being with "impure" freedom of choice:
The faculty of desire in accordance with concepts, in-so-far as the ground determining it to action lies within itself and not in its object, is called a faculty to "do or to refrain from doing as one pleases". Insofar as it is joined with one's consciousness of the ability to bring about its object by one's action it is called choice (Willkür); if it is not joined with this consciousness its act is called a wish. The faculty of desire whose inner determining ground, hence even what pleases it, lies within the subject's reason is called the will (Wille). The will is therefore the faculty of desire considered not so much in relation to action (as choice is) but rather in relation to the ground determining choice in action. The will itself, strictly speaking, has no determining ground; insofar as it can determine choice, it is instead practical reason itself. Insofar as reason can determine the faculty of desire as such, not only choice but also mere wish can be included under the will. That choice which can be determined by pure reason is called free choice. That which can be determined only by inclination (sensible impulse, stimulus) would be animal choice (arbitrium brutum). Human choice, however, is a choice that can indeed be affected but not determined by impulses, and is therefore of itself (apart from an acquired proficiency of reason) not pure but can still be determined to actions by pure will.
—  Immanuel Kant, Metaphysics of Morals, 6:213-4
For a will to be considered "free", we must understand it as capable of affecting causal power without being caused to do so. But the idea of lawless free will, that is, a will acting without any causal structure, is incomprehensible. Therefore, a free will must be acting under laws that it gives to itself.
Although Kant conceded that there could be no conceivable example of free will, because any example would only show us a will as it appears to us — as a subject of natural laws — he nevertheless argued against determinism. He proposed that determinism is logically inconsistent: the determinist claims that because A caused B, and B caused C, that A is the true cause of C. Applied to a case of the human will, a determinist would argue that the will does not have causal power and that something outside the will causes the will to act as it does. But this argument merely assumes what it sets out to prove: viz. that the human will is part of the causal chain.
Secondly, Kant remarks that free will is inherently unknowable. Since even a free person could not possibly have knowledge of their own freedom, we cannot use our failure to find a proof for freedom as evidence for a lack of it. The observable world could never contain an example of freedom because it would never show us a will as it appears to itself, but only a will that is subject to natural laws imposed on it. But we do appear to ourselves as free. Therefore, he argued for the idea of transcendental freedom — that is, freedom as a presupposition of the question "what ought I to do?" This is what gives us sufficient basis for ascribing moral responsibility: the rational and self-actualizing power of a person, which he calls moral autonomy: "the property the will has of being a law unto itself."
The First Formulation: Formula of Universality and the Law of Nature[edit]
“ Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. ”
— Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[1]
From this step, Kant concludes that a moral proposition that is true must be one that is not tied to any particular conditions, including the identity of the person making the moral deliberation. A moral maxim must imply absolute necessity, which is to say that it must be disconnected from the particular physical details surrounding the proposition, and could be applied to any rational being. This leads to the first formulation of the categorical imperative, sometimes called the "universalizability principle":[2]
"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law."[1]
Closely connected with this formulation is the law of nature formulation. Because laws of nature are by definition universal, Kant claims we may also express the categorical imperative as:
"Act as if the maxims of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature." [3]
Kant divides the duties imposed by this formulation into two sets of two subsets. The first division is between duties we have to ourselves versus duties we have to others.[3] For example, we have an obligation not to kill ourselves as well as an obligation not to kill others. Kant also, however, introduces a distinction between "perfect" and "imperfect" duties,[3] which requires more explanation:
Perfect duty[edit]
According to his reasoning, we first have a perfect duty not to act by maxims that result in logical contradictions when we attempt to universalize them. The moral proposition A: "It is permissible to steal" would result in a contradiction upon universalisation. The notion of stealing presupposes the existence of private property, but were A universalized, then there could be no private property, and so the proposition has logically negated itself.
In general, perfect duties are those that are blameworthy if not met, as they are a basic required duty for a human being.
Imperfect duty[edit]
Second, we have imperfect duties, which are still based on pure reason, but which allow for desires in how they are carried out in practice. Because these depend somewhat on the subjective preferences of humankind, this duty is not as strong as a perfect duty, but it is still morally binding. As such, unlike perfect duties, you do not attract blame should you not complete an imperfect duty but you shall receive praise for it should you complete it, as you have gone beyond the basic duties and taken duty upon yourself. Imperfect duties are circumstantial, meaning simply that you could not reasonably exist in a constant state of performing that duty. This is what truly differentiates between perfect and imperfect duties, because imperfect duties are those duties that are never truly completed. A particular example provided by Kant is the imperfect duty to cultivate one's own talents.[4]
The Second Formulation: The Formula of Humanity[edit]
“ Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. ”
— Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[5]
Every rational action must set before itself not only a principle, but also an end. Most ends are of a subjective kind, because they need only be pursued if they are in line with some particular hypothetical imperative that a person may choose to adopt. For an end to be objective, it would be necessary that we categorically pursue it.
The free will is the source of all rational action. But to treat it as a subjective end is to deny the possibility of freedom in general. Because the autonomous will is the one and only source of moral action, it would contradict the first formulation to claim that a person is merely a means to some other end, rather than always an end in themselves.
On this basis, Kant derives the second formulation of the categorical imperative from the first.
By combining this formulation with the first, we learn that a person has perfect duty not to use the humanity of themselves or others merely as a means to some other end. As a slave owner would be effectively asserting a moral right to own a person as a slave, they would be asserting a property right in another person. But this would violate the categorical imperative because it denies the basis for there to be free rational action at all; it denies the status of a person as an end in themselves. One cannot, on Kant's account, ever suppose a right to treat another person as a mere means to an end. In the case of a slave owner, the slaves are being used to cultivate the owner's fields (the slaves acting as the means) to ensure a sufficient harvest (the end goal of the owner).
The second formulation also leads to the imperfect duty to further the ends of ourselves and others. If any person desires perfection in themselves or others, it would be their moral duty to seek that end for all people equally, so long as that end does not contradict perfect duty.
The Third Formulation: The Formula of Autonomy[edit]
“ Thus the third practical principle follows [from the first two] as the ultimate condition of their harmony with practical reason: the idea of the will of every rational being as a universally legislating will. ”
— Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[6]
Kant claims that the first formulation lays out the objective conditions on the categorical imperative: that it be universal in form and thus capable of becoming a law of nature. Likewise, the second formulation lays out subjective conditions: that there be certain ends in themselves, namely rational beings as such.[7] The result of these two considerations is that we must will maxims that can be at the same time universal, but which do not impinge on the freedom of ourselves nor of others. A universal maxim, however, could only have this form if it were a maxim that each subject by himself endorsed. Because it cannot be something which externally constrains each subject's activity, it must be a constraint that each subject has set for himself. This leads to the concept of self-legislation. Each subject must through his own use of reason will maxims which have the form of universality, but do not impinge on the freedom of others: thus each subject must will maxims that could be universally self-legislated.
The result, of course, is a formulation of the categorical imperative that contains much of the same as the first two. We must will something that we could at the same time freely will of ourselves. After introducing this third formulation, Kant introduces a distinction between autonomy (literally: self-law-giving) and heteronomy (literally: other-law-giving). This third formulation makes it clear that the categorical imperative requires autonomy. It is not enough that the right conduct be followed, but that one also demands that conduct of oneself.
Other Formulations of the Categorical Imperative[edit]
In the Groundwork, Kant goes on to formulate the categorical imperative in a number of different ways following the first three; however, because Kant himself claims that there are only three principles,[8] little attention has been given to these other formulations. Moreover, they are often easily assimilated to the first three formulations, as Kant takes himself to be explicitly summarizing these earlier principles.[9]
There is, however, one additional formulation that has received a lot of additional attention because it appears to introduce a social dimension into Kant's thought. This is the formulation of the "Kingdom of Ends":
The Kingdom of Ends Formulation[edit]
“ Act according to maxims of a universally legislating member of a merely possible kingdom of ends. ”
— Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[10]
Because a truly autonomous will would not be subjugated to any interest, it would only be subject to those laws it makes for itself — but it must also regard those laws as if they would be bound to others, or they would not be universalizable, and hence they would not be laws of conduct at all. Thus Kant presents the notion of the hypothetical Kingdom of Ends of which he suggests all people should consider themselves never solely as means but always as ends.
We ought to act only by maxims that would harmonize with a possible kingdom of ends. We have perfect duty not to act by maxims that create incoherent or impossible states of natural affairs when we attempt to universalize them, and we have imperfect duty not to act by maxims that lead to unstable or greatly undesirable states of affairs.
Application[edit]
Although Kant was intensely critical of the use of examples as moral yardsticks, because they tend to rely on our moral intuitions (feelings) rather than our rational powers, this section will explore some applications of the categorical imperative for illustrative purposes.
Deception[edit]
Further information: Doctrine of mental reservation
Kant asserted that lying, or deception of any kind, would be forbidden under any interpretation and in any circumstance. In the Groundwork, Kant gives the example of a person who seeks to borrow money without intending to pay it back. This is a contradiction because if it were a universal action, no person would lend money anymore as he knows that he will never be paid back. The maxim of this action, says Kant, results in a contradiction in conceivability (and thus contradicts perfect duty). With lying, it would logically contradict the reliability of language. If it were universally acceptable to lie, then no one would believe anyone and all truths would be assumed to be lies. The right to deceive could also not be claimed because it would deny the status of the person deceived as an end in itself. The theft would be incompatible with a possible kingdom of ends. Therefore, Kant denied the right to lie or deceive for any reason, regardless of context or anticipated consequences.
Theft[edit]
Kant argued that any action taken against another person to which he or she could not possibly consent is a violation of perfect duty interpreted through the second formulation. If a thief were to steal a book from an unknowing victim, it may have been that the victim would have agreed, had the thief simply asked. However, no person can consent to theft, because the presence of consent would mean that the transfer was not a theft. Because the victim could not have consented to the action, it could not be instituted as a universal law of nature, and theft contradicts perfect duty.
Suicide[edit]
Kant applied his categorical imperative to the issue of suicide motivated by a sickness of life in The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals,[11] writing that:
A man reduced to despair by a series of misfortunes feels sick of life, but is still so far in possession of his reason that he can ask himself whether taking his own life would not be contrary to his duty to himself. Now he asks whether the maxim of his action could become a universal law of nature. But his maxim is this: from self-love I make as my principle to shorten my life when its continued duration threatens more evil than it promises satisfaction. There only remains the question as to whether this principle of self-love can become a universal law of nature. One sees at once that a contradiction in a system of nature whose law would destroy life by means of the very same feeling that acts so as to stimulate the furtherance of life, and hence there could be no existence as a system of nature. Therefore, such a maxim cannot possibly hold as a universal law of nature and is, consequently, wholly opposed to the supreme principle of all duty.
—  Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals[11]
How the Categorical Imperative would apply to suicide from other motivations is unclear.
Laziness[edit]
Kant also applies the categorical imperative in The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals on the subject of "failing to cultivate one's talents." He proposes a man who if he cultivated his talents could bring many goods, but he has everything he wants and would prefer to enjoy the pleasures of life instead. The man asks himself how the universality of such a thing works. While Kant agrees that a society could subsist if everyone did nothing, he notes that the man would have no pleasures to enjoy, for if everyone let their talents go to waste, there would be no one to create luxuries that created this theoretical situation in the first place. Not only that, but cultivating one's talents is a duty to oneself. Thus, it is not willed to make laziness universal, and a rational being has imperfect duty to cultivate its talents. Kant concludes in The Groundwork:
...he cannot possibly will that this should become a universal law of nature or be implanted in us as such a law by a natural instinct. For as a rational being he necessarily wills that all his faculties should be developed, inasmuch as they are given him for all sorts of possible purposes.[12]
Charity[edit]
Kant's last application of the categorical imperative in The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is of charity. He proposes a fourth man who finds his own life fine but sees other people struggling with life and who ponders the outcome of doing nothing to help those in need (while not envying them or accepting anything from them). While Kant admits that humanity could subsist (and admits it could possibly perform better) if this were universal, he states in Grounding:
But even though it is possible that a universal law of nature could subsist in accordance with that maxim, still it is impossible to will that such a principle should hold everywhere as a law of nature. For a will that resolved in this way would contradict itself, inasmuch as cases might often arise in which one would have need of the love and sympathy of others and in which he would deprive himself, by such a law of nature springing from his own will, of all hope of the aid he wants for himself.[13]
Cruelty to animals[edit]
Kant derived a prohibition against cruelty to animals by arguing that such cruelty is a violation of a duty in relation to oneself. According to Kant, man has the imperfect duty to strengthen the feeling of compassion, since this feeling promotes morality in relation to other human beings. However, cruelty to animals deadens the feeling of compassion in man. Therefore, man is obliged not to treat animals brutally (Kant, Metaphysics of Morals, § 17).
Criticisms[edit]
The Golden Rule[edit]
The first formulation of the Categorical Imperative appears similar to The Golden Rule.
The 'Golden Rule' (in its negative form) says: "Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself."[14]
The 'Golden Rule' (in its positive form) says: "Treat others how you wish to be treated".[15]
Kant's first formulation of his Categorical Imperative says: "Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law."
Due to this similarity, some have thought the two are identical.[16]
Peter Corning suggests that, "Kant's objection to the Golden Rule is especially suspect because the categorical imperative (CI) sounds a lot like a paraphrase, or perhaps a close cousin, of the same fundamental idea. In effect, it says that you should act toward others in ways that you would want everyone else to act toward others, yourself included (presumably). Calling it a universal law does not materially improve on the basic concept."[17] Corning claims that Ken Binmore thought so as well.
Kant himself did not think so in Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Rather, the categorical imperative is an attempt to identify a purely formal and necessarily universally binding rule on all rational agents. The Golden Rule, on the other hand, is neither purely formal nor necessarily universally binding. It is "empirical" in the sense that applying it depends on providing content, like "If you don't want others to hit you, then don't hit them." Also, it is a hypothetical imperative in the sense that it can be formulated, "If you want X done to you, then do X to others." Kant feared that the hypothetical clause, "if you want X done to you," remains open to dispute.[18]
Lying to a murderer[edit]
One of the first major challenges to Kant's reasoning came from the French philosopher Benjamin Constant, who asserted that since truth telling must be universal, according to Kant's theories, one must (if asked) tell a known murderer the location of his prey. This challenge occurred while Kant was still alive, and his response was the essay On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives (sometimes translated On a Supposed Right to Lie because of Philanthropic Concerns). In this reply, Kant agreed with Constant's inference, that from Kant's premises one must infer a moral duty not to lie to a murderer.
Kant denied that such an inference indicates any weakness in his premises: not lying to the murderer is required because moral actions do not derive their worth from the expected consequences. He claimed that because lying to the murderer would treat him as a mere means to another end, the lie denies the rationality of another person, and therefore denies the possibility of there being free rational action at all. This lie results in a contradiction in conception and therefore the lie is in conflict with duty.
Constant and Kant agree that refusing to answer the murderer's question is consistent with the categorical imperative, but assume for the purposes of argument that refusing to answer would not be an option.
Questioning autonomy[edit]
Schopenhauer's criticism of the Kantian philosophy expresses doubt concerning the absence of egoism in the Categorical Imperative. Schopenhauer claimed that the Categorical Imperative is actually hypothetical and egotistical, not categorical.
Søren Kierkegaard believed Kantian autonomy was insufficient and that, if unchecked, people tend to be lenient in their own case, either by not exercising the full rigor of the moral law or by not properly disciplining themselves of moral transgressions:
Kant was of the opinion that man is his own law (autonomy) - that is, he binds himself under the law which he himself gives himself. Actually, in a profounder sense, this is how lawlessness or experimentation are established. This is not being rigorously earnest any more than Sancho Panza's self-administered blows to his own bottom were vigorous. ... Now if a man is never even once willing in his lifetime to act so decisively that [a lawgiver] can get hold of him, well, then it happens, then the man is allowed to live on in self-complacent illusion and make-believe and experimentation, but this also means: utterly without grace.
—  Papers and Journals[19]
Application of the categorical imperative[edit]
The trial of Adolf Eichmann[edit]
In 1961, discussion of Kant's categorical imperative was included even the trial of the infamous SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.
As Hannah Arendt wrote in her book on the trial, Eichmann declared "with great emphasis that he had lived his whole life ... according to a Kantian definition of duty". Arendt considered this so "incomprehensible on the face of it" that it confirmed her sense that he wasn't really thinking at all, just mouthing accepted formulae, thereby establishing his banality.[20] Judge Raveh indeed had asked Eichmann whether he thought he had really lived according to the categorical imperative during the war. Eichmann acknowledged he did not "live entirely according to it, although I would like to do so." [20]
Deborah Lipstadt, in her book on the trial, takes this as evidence that evil is not banal, but is in fact self-aware.
Application of the universalizability principle to the ethics of consumption[edit]
Pope Francis, in his 2015 encyclical, applies the first formulation of the universalizability principle to the issue of consumption:
Instead of resolving the problems of the poor and thinking of how the world can be different, some can only propose a reduction in the birth rate. ... To blame population growth instead of extreme and selective consumerism on the part of some, is one way of refusing to face the issues. It is an attempt to legitimize the present model of distribution, where a minority believes that it has the right to consume in a way which can never be universalized, since the planet could not even contain the waste products of such consumption.[21]
Game theory[edit]
One form of the categorical imperative is superrationality.[22][23] The concept was elucidated by Douglas Hofstadter as a new approach to game theory. Unlike in conventional game theory, a superrational player will act as if all other players are superrational too and that a superrational agent will always come up with the same strategy as any other superrational agent when facing the same problem.
See also[edit]
Ethics
Ethic of reciprocity or "Golden Rule"
Generalization (logic)
Generalization error
Hasty generalization
Kantianism
Deontological ethics
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Kant, Immanuel (1993) [1785]. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Ellington, James W. (3rd ed.). Hackett. p. 30. ISBN 0-87220-166-X. . It is standard to also reference the Akademie Ausgabe of Kant's works. The Groundwork occurs in the fourth volume. Citations throughout this article follow the format 4:x. For example, the above citation is taken from 4:421.
Jump up ^ e.g. T. N. Pelegrinis, Kant's Conceptions of the Categorical Imperative and the Will (1980), p. 92
^ Jump up to: a b c 4:421
Jump up ^ 4:423
Jump up ^ Kant 1993, p. 36. 4:429.
Jump up ^ Kant 1993, p. 43. 4:431
Jump up ^ 4:431
Jump up ^ 4:431-2; 4:435-6
Jump up ^ These additional formulations, of which there are at least eight, can be seen at: 4:434 (1),4:436-7 (1), 4:437 (4), 4:438 (1), 4:438-9 (1).
Jump up ^ Kant 1993, p. 44. 4:439
^ Jump up to: a b Kant 1993, pp. 30-31.
Jump up ^ Kant1993, p. 31
Jump up ^ Kant1993, p. 32
Jump up ^ Confucius: The Golden Rule by Russel Freedman
Jump up ^ Antony Flew, ed. (1979). "golden rule". A Dictionary of Philosophy. London: Pan Books in association with The MacMillan Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-330-48730-2.
Jump up ^ "This is indeed the well-known “Golden Rule” that we find in the teachings of Moses, and Confucius, and Jesus, and many others. I think, however, that all three of them would say that the most universal moral rule is even more universal than this one: something like "Do good and not evil." Kreeft, Peter (2009-09-16). Socrates Meets Kant (p. 234). Ignatius Press. Kindle Edition.
Jump up ^ "The Fair Society"
Jump up ^ Kreeft, Peter (2009-09-16). Socrates Meets Kant (p. 236). Ignatius
Jump up ^ Green, Ronald (1992). Kierkegaard and Kant: The Hidden Debt. SUNY Press. p. 90-91.
^ Jump up to: a b Arendt, Hannah (September 22, 2006) [First published 1963]. "Chapter VIII: Duties of a Law-Abiding Citizen". Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. London: Penguin Classics. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-0-14-303988-4.
Jump up ^ Pope Francis, Encyclical Letter Laudato Si of the Holy Father Francis on Care for Our Common Home, § 50, May 24, 2015
Jump up ^ Campbell, Paul J. (January 1984). "Reviews". Mathematics Magazine. 57 (1): 51–55. JSTOR 2690298.
Jump up ^ Diekmann, Andreas (December 1985). "Volunteer's Dilemma". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 29 (4): 605–610. doi:10.1177/0022002785029004003. JSTOR 174243.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Categorical imperative
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals – Project Gutenberg
Immanuel Kant in Italia, a website on the presence and diffusion of the philosophy of Immanuel Kant in Italy (archived page)
Glossary of Kant's Technical Terms, from Stephen Palmquist's book Kant's System of Perspectives: An architectonic interpretation of the Critical philosophy (University Press of America, 1993)
The Categorical Imperative
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