text:
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Part of the Spanish colonization of the Americas
Date
1532–1572
Location
Western South America
Result
Spanish victory
Territorial
changes
Former Inca lands incorporated into the Spanish Empire
Belligerents
Spanish Empire
Spanish conquistadors
Viceroyalty of Peru
Native allies
Cañari
Huancas
Huaylas
Chachapoyas
Inca Empire
Neo-Inca State
Commanders and leaders
Francisco Pizarro
Diego de Almagro
Gonzalo Pizarro
Hernando Pizarro
Juan Pizarro
Hernando de Soto
Sebastián de Benalcázar
Pedro de Alvarado
Francisco de Toledo Atahualpa (POW)
Quizquiz
Chalcuchimac
Rumiñawi
Manco Inca
Túpac Amaru I
Strength
168 soldiers (1532)
Unknown number of native auxiliaries 100,000 warriors (1532)
Inca Empire
Inca society
Education · Religion · Mythology
Architecture · Engineering · Roads
Army · Agriculture · Cuisine
Inca history
Kingdom of Cusco · Inca Empire
(Civil War · Spanish conquest)
Neo-Inca State
v
t
e
Part of a series on the
History of Peru
By chronology
Timeline
Pre-Columbian Peru
Ancient civilizations
Inca Empire
Spanish conquest
Viceroyalty
Independence
Peru–Bolivian Confederation
Guano era
War of the Pacific
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
Internal conflict
By political entity
History of the Incas
History of the Viceroyalty of Peru
History of the Republic of Peru
By topic
Demographic history
Economic history
Peru portal
v
t
e
[show]
v
t
e
Spanish colonial campaigns
Canary Islands (1402–96)
Guinea (1478)
Morocco (1497)
Orán (1509)
Bugia (1510)
Tripoli (1510)
Djerba (1510)
Algeria (1516)
Algeria (1517–18)
Djerba (1520)
Mexico (1519–1821)
Mexico (1519–21)
Chiapas (1523–1695)
Guatemala (1524–1697)
Petén (1618–97)
El Salvador (1524-39)
Honduras (1524–39)
Yucatán (1527–1697)
Algeria (1529)
Peru (1531–72)
Tunisia (1534)
Tunisia (1535)
Chile (1536–1810)
Colombia (1537-1540)
Algeria (1541)
Tunisia (1550)
Libya (1551)
Algeria (1555)
Algeria (1556)
Algeria (1558)
Tunisia (1560)
Algeria (1563)
Philippines (1565–1900)
Philippines (1567–1872)
Tunisia (1574)
Puerto Rico (1595)
Cuba (1596)
Puerto Rico (1598)
Morocco (1614)
Formosa (1626)
St. Kitts (1629)
Philippines (1646)
Hispaniola (1655)
Jamaica (1655)
Canary Islands (1657)
Jamaica (1657)
Jamaica (1658)
North America (1702–13)
Chiloé (1712)
Bahamas (1720)
Banda Oriental (1735–37)
North America (1739–48)
Sacramento (1762–63)
Cuba (1762)
Nicaragua (1762)
Philippines (1762)
Sacramento (1776–77)
North America (1779–83)
Americas (1796–1808)
Río de la Plata (1806–07)
Ecuador (1809)
Peru (1811–24)
Bolivia (1809–25)
Florida (1810)
Paraguay (1810–11)
Argentina (1810–18)
Mexico (1810–21)
Chile (1810–26)
El Salvador (1811)
Uruguay (1811)
Venezuela (1811–23)
Colombia (1815–16)
Colombia (1819–20)
Ecuador (1820–22)
Mexico (1821–29)
Balanguingui (1848)
Cochinchina (1858–62)
Morocco (1859–60)
Dominican Republic (1863–65)
Chile/Peru (1864–66)
Cuba (1868–78)
Cuba (1879–80)
Cuba (1895–98)
Philippines (1896–98)
Puerto Rico (1898)
Guam (1898)
Morocco (1920–26)
Morocco (1957–58)
Illustration of a typical conquistador.
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 180 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, his brothers, and their native allies captured the Sapa Inca Atahualpa in the 1532 Battle of Cajamarca. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the Viceroyalty of Peru. The conquest of the Inca Empire (called "Tahuantinsuyu"[1] or "Tawantinsuyu"[2] in Quechua, meaning "Realm of the Four Parts"),[3] led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia, as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin.
When the Spanish arrived at the borders of the Inca Empire in 1528, it spanned a considerable area; by far the largest of the four grand pre-Columbian civilizations. Extending southward from the Ancomayo, which is now known as the Patía River, in southern present-day Colombia to the Maule River in what would later be known as Chile, and eastward from the Pacific Ocean to the edge of the Amazonian jungles, the empire covered some of the most mountainous terrain on Earth. In less than a century, the Inca had expanded their empire from about 400,000 km² (155,000 sq mi) in 1448, to 1,800,000 km² (690,000 sq mi) in 1528, just before the arrival of the Spanish. This vast area of land varied greatly in cultures and in climate. Because of the diverse cultures and geography, the Inca allowed many areas of the empire to be governed under the control of local leaders, who were watched and monitored by Inca officials. However, under the administrative mechanisms established by the Inca, all parts of the empire answered to, and were ultimately under the direct control of, the Emperor.[4] Scholars estimate that the population of the Inca Empire numbered more than 16,000,000.[5]
Some scholars, such as Jared Diamond, believe that while the Spanish conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Inca Empire, it may very well have been past its peak and already in the process of decline. In 1528, Emperor Huayna Capac ruled the Inca Empire. He could trace his lineage back to a "stranger king" named Manco Cápac, the mythical founder of the Inca clan,[6]:144 who according to tradition emerged from a cave in a region called Pacariqtambo.
Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler, Túpac Inca, and the grandson of Pachacuti, the Emperor who, by conquest, had commenced the dramatic expansion of the Inca Empire from its cultural and traditional base in the area around Cuzco. On his accession to the throne, Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest, taking Inca armies north into what is today Ecuador.[6]:98 While he had to put down a number of rebellions during his reign, by the time of his death, his legitimacy was as unquestioned as was the primacy of Inca power.
However, expansion had resulted in its own problems. Many parts of the empire maintained distinctive cultures and these were at best resistive participants in the imperial project. The large extent of the empire, the extremely difficult terrain of much of it, and the fact that all communication and travel had to take place on foot or by boat, seems to have caused increasing difficulty in the Incas' effective administration of the empire.
Huayna Capac relied on his sons to support his reign. While he had many legitimate and illegitimate children (legitimate meaning born of his sister-wife, under the Inca system), two sons are historically important. Prince Túpac Cusi Hualpa, also known as Huáscar, was the son of Coya Mama Rahua Occllo of the royal line. The second was Atahualpa, an illegitimate son who was likely born of a daughter of the last independent King of Quitu, one of the states conquered by Huayna Capac during the expansion of the Inca Empire.[5] These two sons would play pivotal roles in the final years of the Inca Empire.
The Spanish conquistador Pizarro and his men were greatly aided in their enterprise by invading when the Inca Empire was in the midst of a war of succession between the princes Huáscar and Atahualpa.[6]:143 Atahualpa seems to have spent more time with Huayna Capac during the years when he was in the north with the army conquering Ecuador. Atahualpa was thus closer to, and had better relations with the army and its leading generals. When both Huayna Capac and his eldest son and designated heir, Ninan Cuyochic, died suddenly in 1528 from what was probably smallpox, a disease introduced by the Spanish into the Americas, the question of who would succeed as emperor was thrown open. Huayna had died before he could nominate the new heir.
At the time of Huayna Capac's death, Huáscar was in the capital Cuzco, while Atahualpa was in Quitu with the main body of the Inca army. Huáscar had himself proclaimed Sapa Inca (i.e. "Only Emperor") in Cuzco, but the army declared loyalty to Atahualpa. The resulting dispute led to the Inca Civil War.[6]:146–149
Contents
[hide]
1 Chronology of the last years of the Inca Empire
2 Beginning of the conflict
3 Arrival of Pizarro
4 Capture of Atahualpa
5 Rebellion and reconquest
6 Aftermath
7 Effects of the conquest on people of the Empire
8 In fiction
9 Quotes
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 Bibliography
13 External links
Chronology of the last years of the Inca Empire[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Conquest of Peru
Punta Quemada
Puná
Cajamarca
Vilcaconga
1st Cuzco
Maraycalla
2nd Chimborazo
2nd Cuzco
Ollantaytambo
Abancay
Las Salinas
Chupas
Añaquito
Huarina
Jaquijahuana
Chuquinga
Vilcabamba
1526–1529 – Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro make first contact with Inca Empire at Tumbes, the northernmost Inca stronghold along the coast
c. 1528 – The Inca Emperor Huayna Capac dies from European introduced smallpox. Death sets off a civil war between his sons: Atahualpa and Huáscar
1528–1529 – Pizarro returns to Spain where he is granted by the Queen of Spain the license to conquer Peru
1531–1532 – Pizarro's third voyage to Peru, Atahualpa captured by Spanish
1533 – Atahualpa is executed; De Almagro arrives; Pizarro submits Cuzco and installs seventeen-year-old Manco Inca as new Inca Emperor
1535 – Pizarro founds the city of Lima; De Almagro leaves for present-day Chile
1536 – Gonzalo Pizarro steals Manco Inca's wife, Cura Olcollo. Manco rebels and surrounds Cuzco. Juan Pizarro is killed, and Inca general Quizo Yupanqui attacks Lima
1537 – Almagro seizes Cuzco from Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro. Rodrigo Orgóñez sacks Vitcos and captures Manco Inca's son, Titu Cusi. Manco escapes and flees to Vilcabamba, which became the capital of the Neo-Inca State
1538 – Hernando Pizarro executes Diego de Almagro
1539 – Gonzalo Pizarro invades and sacks Vilcabamba; Manco Inca escapes but Francisco Pizarro executes Manco's wife, Cura Olcollo
1541 – Francisco Pizarro is murdered by Diego de Almagro II and other supporters of De Almagro
1544 – Manco Inca is murdered by supporters of Diego de Almagro. The Inca do not stop their revolt.
1572 – Viceroy of Peru, Francisco Toledo, declares war on the Neo-Inca State; Vilcabamba is sacked and Túpac Amaru, the last Inca Emperor, is captured and executed in Cuzco. The Neo-Inca capital of Vilcabamba is abandoned; the Spanish remove inhabitants and relocate them to the newly established Christian town of San Francisco de la Victoria de Vilcabamba.[7]:xiii-xv
Beginning of the conflict[edit]
The civil war between Atahualpa and Huascar weakened the empire immediately prior to its struggle with the Spanish. Historians are unsure of whether a united Inca Empire could have defeated the Spanish in the long term due to factors such as the high mortality from disease and its related social disruption, and the superior military technology of the conquistadors, who possessed horses, dogs, metal armor, swords, cannons, and primitive, but effective, firearms.[8] Atahualpa appeared to be more popular with the people than his brother, and he was certainly more valued by the army, the core of which was based in the recently conquered northern province of Quitu.
At the outset of the conflict, each brother controlled his respective domains, with Atahualpa secure in the north, and Huáscar controlling the capital of Cuzco and the large territory to the south, including the area around Lake Titicaca. This region had supplied large numbers of troops for Huáscar's forces. After a period of diplomatic posturing and jockeying for position, open warfare broke out. Huáscar seemed poised to bring the war to a rapid conclusion, as troops loyal to him took Atahualpa prisoner, while he was attending a festival in the city of Tumibamba. However, Atahualpa quickly escaped and returned to Quitu. There, he was able to amass what is estimated to be at least 30,000 soldiers. While Huáscar managed to muster about the same number of soldiers, they were less experienced.
Atahualpa sent his forces south under the command of two of his leading generals, Challcuchima and Quisquis, who won an uninterrupted series of victories that soon brought them to the very gates of Cuzco. On the first day of the battle for Cuzco, the forces loyal to Huáscar gained an early advantage. However, on the second day, Huáscar personally led an ill-advised "surprise" attack, of which the generals Challcuchima and Quisquis had advance knowledge. In the ensuing battle, Huáscar was captured, and resistance completely collapsed. The victorious generals sent word north by chasqui messenger to Atahualpa, who had moved south from Quitu to the royal resort springs outside Cajamarca. The messenger arrived with news of the final victory on the same day that Pizarro and his small band of adventurers, together with some indigenous allies, descended from the Andes into the town of Cajamarca.
Arrival of Pizarro[edit]
The Famous Thirteen by Juan Lepiani
Francisco Pizarro and his brothers (Gonzalo, Juan, and Hernando) were attracted by the news of a rich and fabulous kingdom. They had left the then impoverished Extremadura, like many migrants after them.[6]:136
“ There lies Peru with its riches;
Here, Panama and its poverty.
Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian. ”
— Francisco Pizarro[6]:116
In 1529, Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from the Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called Peru.[6]:133
According to historian Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Peru is not a Quechuan nor Caribbean word, but Indo-Hispanic or hybrid. Unknown to Pizarro, as he was lobbying for permission to mount an expedition, his proposed enemy was being devastated by the diseases brought to the American continents during earlier Spanish contacts.
When Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, he found it vastly different from when he had been there just five years before. Amid the ruins of the city of Tumbes, he tried to piece together the situation before him. From two young local boys whom he had taught how to speak Spanish in order to translate for him, Pizarro learned of the civil war and of the disease that was destroying the Inca Empire.[7]
After four long expeditions, Pizarro established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it San Miguel de Piura.[6]:153–154
Francisco Pizarro meets with Atahualpa, 1532
When first spotted by the natives, Pizarro and his men were thought to be viracocha cuna or "gods". The Indians described Pizarro's men to the Inca. They said that capito was tall with a full beard and was completely wrapped in clothing. The Indians described the men's swords and how they killed sheep with them. The men did not eat human flesh, but rather sheep, lamb, duck, pigeons, and deer, and cooked the meat. Atahualpa was fearful of what the white men were capable of. If they were runa quicachac or "destroyers of peoples," then he should flee. If they were viracocha cuna runa allichac or "gods who are benefactors of the people," then he should not flee, but welcome them.[citation needed] The messengers went back to Tangarala, and Atahualpa sent Cinquinchara, an Orejon warrior, to the Spanish to serve as an interpreter.
After traveling with the Spanish, Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods. Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat, drink, dress, and have relations with women. He saw them produce no miracles. Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that they were small in number, about 170–180 men, and had bound the Indian captives with "iron ropes". When Atahualpa asked what to do about the strangers, Cinquinchara said that they should be killed because they were evil thieves who took whatever they wanted, and were supai cuna or "devils". He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death.[9]
At this point, Pizarro had 168 men under his command: 106 on foot and 62 on horses. Pizarro sent his captain Hernando de Soto to invite Atahualpa to a meeting. Soto rode to meet Atahualpa on his horse, an animal that Atahualpa had never seen before. With one of his young interpreters, Soto read a prepared speech to Atahualpa telling him that they had come as servants of God to teach them the truth about God's word.[10] He said he was speaking to them so that they might
"lay the foundation of concord, brotherhood, and perpetual peace that should exist between us, so that you may receive us under your protection and hear the divine law from us and all your people may learn and receive it, for it will be the greatest honor, advantage, and salvation to them all."
Atahualpa responded only after Hernando Pizarro arrived. He replied with what he had heard from his scouts, saying that Pizarro and his men were killing and enslaving countless numbers on the coast. Pizarro denied the report and Atahualpa, with limited information, reluctantly let the matter go. At the end of their meeting, the men agreed to meet the next day at Cajamarca.[7]
Capture of Atahualpa[edit]
After his victory and the death of his brother Huáscar, Atahualpa was fasting in the Inca baths outside Cajamarca. Pizarro and his men reached that city on 15 November 1532.
Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto and Hernando Pizarro to the Inca leader's camp. Hernando Pizarro and De Soto explained they were emissaries of Emperor Charles I of Spain, to offer their services, and "impart to him the doctrines of the true faith." Additionally, they invited the Incan leader to visit Pizarro at his quarters along the Cajamarca plaza. Atahuallpa replied that his fast would end the next day, when he would visit Pizarro. When De Soto noticed Atahualpa's interest in his horse, he put on a display of "excellent horsemanship" in close proximity. Atahualpa displayed hospitality by serving refreshments.[6]:166–170[11]
The Inca–Spanish confrontation in the Battle of Cajamarca left thousands of natives dead
The next morning, Pizarro had arranged an ambuscade around the Cajamarca plaza, where they were to meet. When Atahualpa arrived with about 6,000 unarmed followers, Friar Vincente de Valverde and Felipillo met them and proceeded to "expound the doctrines of the true faith" and seek his tribute as a vassal of King Charles. The unskilled translator likely contributed to problems in communication. The friar offered Atahualpa the Bible as the authority of what he had just stated. Atahualpa stated, "I will be no man's tributary."[6]:173–177
The friar urged attack, starting the Battle of Cajamarca on 16 November 1532. Though the historical accounts relating to these circumstances vary, the true Spanish motives for the attack seemed to be a desire for loot and flat-out impatience. The Inca likely did not adequately understand the conquistadors' demands.[12]
At the signal to attack, the Spaniards unleashed volleys of gunfire at the vulnerable mass of Incas and surged forward in a concerted action. The effect was devastating, the shocked Incas offered such feeble resistance that the battle has often been labeled a massacre, with the Inca losing 2,000 dead. Pizarro also used cavalry charges against the Inca forces, which stunned them in combination with gunfire.[6]:177–179
The majority of Atahualpa's troops were in the Cuzco region along with Rumiñawi, Quisquis and Challcuchima, the two generals he trusted the most. This was a major disadvantage for the Inca. Their undoing also resulted from a lack of self-confidence, and a desire to make public demonstration of fearlessness and godlike command of situation.[11] The main view is that the Inca were eventually defeated due to inferior weapons, 'open battle' tactics, disease, internal unrest, the bold tactics of the Spanish, and the capture of their emperor. While Spanish armour was very effective against most of the Andean weapons, it was not impenetrable to maces, clubs, or slings.[13][14] However, ensuing hostilities such as the Mixtón Rebellion, Chichimeca War, and Arauco War would require that the conquistadors ally with friendly tribes in these later expeditions.
The battle began with a shot from a cannon and the battle cry "Santiago!"[11] Many of the guns used by the Spaniards were hard to use in the frequent close-combat situations. Most natives adapted in 'guerrilla fashion' by only shooting at the legs of the conquistadors if they happened to be unarmored.[15]
During Atahualpa's captivity, the Spanish, although greatly outnumbered, forced him to order his generals to back down by threatening to kill him if he did not. According to the Spanish envoy's demands, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room with gold and promised the Spanish twice that amount in silver. While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed the gold to pile up, he had no intention of releasing the Inca; he needed Atahualpa's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace.
When Atahualpa was captured at the massacre at Cajamarca, he was treated with respect, allowed his wives to join him, and the Spanish soldiers taught him the game of chess.[16]:215,234 Francisco Pizarro sent his brother Hernando to gather gold and silver from the temples in Pachacamac in January 1533, and on his return in March,[16]:237 captured Chalcuchimac in the Jauja Valley. Francisco Pizzaro sent a similar expedition to Cuzco, bringing back many gold plates from the Temple of the Sun. By February 1533, Almagro had joined Pizarro in Cajamarca with an additional 150 men with 50 horses.[6]:186–194
Pizarro held Atahualpa for a ransom of gold and silver; the treasure began to be delivered from Cuzco on 20 December 1532 and flowed steadily from then on. By 3 May 1533 Pizarro received all the treasure he had requested; it was melted, refined, and made into bars.[11]
One of the main events in the conquest of the Incan Empire was the death of Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533
The question eventually came up of what to do with Atahualpa; both Pizarro and Soto were against killing him, but the other Spaniards were loud in their demands for death. False interpretations from the interpreter Felipillo made the Spaniards paranoid. They were told that Atahualpa had ordered secret attacks and his warriors were hidden in the surrounding area. Soto went with a small army to look for the hidden army, but a trial for Atahualpa was held in his absence. Among the charges were polygamy, incestuous marriage, and idolatry, all frowned upon in Catholicism but common in Inca culture and religion.
The men who were against Atahualpa's conviction and murder argued that he should be judged by King Charles since he was the sovereign prince. Atahualpa agreed to accept baptism to avoid being burned at the stake and in the hopes of one day rejoining his army and killing the Spanish; he was baptized as Francisco. On 29 August 1533 Atahualpa was garrotted and died a Christian. He was buried with Christian rites in the church of San Francisco at Cajamarca, but was soon disinterred. His body was taken, probably at his prior request, to its final resting place in Quito. Upon de Soto's return, he was furious; he had found no evidence of any secret gathering of Atahualpa's warriors.[11]
Pizarro advanced with his army of 500 Spaniards toward Cuzco, accompanied by Chalcuchimac. The latter was burned alive in the Jauja Valley, accused of secret communication with Quizquiz, and organizing resistance. Manco Inca Yupanqui joined Pizarro after the death of Túpac Huallpa. Pizarro's force entered the heart of the Tawantinsuyu on 15 November 1533.[6]:191,210,216
Benalcázar, Pizarro's lieutenant and fellow Extremaduran, had already departed from San Miguel with 140-foot soldiers and a few horses on his conquering mission to Ecuador. At the foot of Mount Chimborazo, near the modern city of Riobamba (Ecuador) he met and defeated the forces of the great Inca warrior Rumiñawi with the aid of Cañari tribesmen who served as guides and allies to the conquering Spaniards. Rumiñahui fell back to Quito, and, while in pursuit of the Inca army, Benalcázar was joined by five hundred men led by Guatemalan Governor Pedro de Alvarado. Greedy for gold, Alvarado had set sail for the south without the crown's authorization, landed on the Ecuadorian coast, and marched inland to the Sierra. Finding Quito empty of its treasures, Almagro soon joined the combined Spanish force. Alvarado agreed to sell his fleet of twelve ships, his forces, plus arms and ammunition, and returned to Guatemala.[6]:224–227[16]:268–284
Rebellion and reconquest[edit]
After Atahualpa's execution, Pizarro installed Atahualpa's brother, Túpac Huallpa, as a puppet Inca ruler, but he soon died unexpectedly, leaving Manco Inca Yupanqui in power. He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of the empire, but there was still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa's generals were amassing troops. Atahualpa's death meant that there was no hostage left to deter these northern armies from attacking the invaders. Led by Atahualpa's generals Rumiñahui, Zope-Zupahua and Quisquis, the native armies were finally defeated, effectively ending any organized rebellion in the north of the empire.[6]:221–223,226
Archaeological evidence of the rebellion incident exists. The remains of about 70 men, women, and adolescents were found in the path of a planned expressway near Lima in 2007. Forensic evidence suggests that the natives were killed by European weapons, probably during the uprising in 1536.[17]
Manco Inca initially had good relations with Francisco Pizarro and several other Spanish conquistadors. However, in 1535 he was left in Cuzco under the control of Pizarro's brothers, Juan and Gonzalo, who so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately rebelled. Under the pretense of recovering a statue of pure gold in the nearby Yucay valley, Manco was able to escape Cuzco.[6]:235–237
Spaniards executing Túpac Amaru, the last Inca of Vilcabamba, in 1572
Manco Inca hoped to use the disagreement between Almagro and Pizarro to his advantage and attempted the recapture of Cuzco starting in Feb. 1536. The siege of Cuzco was waged until the following spring, and during that time Manco's armies managed to wipe out four relief columns sent from Lima, but was ultimately unsuccessful in its goal of routing the Spaniards from the city. The Inca leadership did not have the full support of all its subject peoples and furthermore, the degrading state of Inca morale coupled with the superior Spanish siege weapons soon made Manco Inca realize his hope of recapturing Cuzco was failing. Manco Inca eventually withdrew to Tambo.[6]:239–247
After the Spanish regained control of Cuzco, Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at Ollantaytambo where he, for a time, successfully launched attacks against Pizarro based at Cuzco and even managed to defeat the Spanish in an open battle.[6]:247–249
When it became clear that defeat was imminent, Manco Inca retreated further to the mountainous region[6]:259 of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State, where Manco Inca and his successors continued to hold some power for several more decades. His son, Túpac Amaru, was the last Inca. After deadly confrontations, he was murdered by the Spanish in 1572.
In total, the conquest took about forty years to complete. Many Inca attempts to regain the empire had occurred, but none had been successful. Thus the Spanish conquest was achieved through relentless force, and deception, aided by factors like smallpox and a great communication and cultural divide. The Spaniards destroyed much of the Incan culture and introduced the Spanish culture to the native population.
Aftermath[edit]
Pizarro and his followers founding Lima
A struggle for power resulted in a long civil war between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in which Almagro was killed. Almagro's loyal followers and his descendants later avenged his death by killing Pizarro in 1541. This was done inside the palace of Francisco Pizarro in a fight to the death by these assassins, most of which were former soldiers of Diego de Almagro who were stripped of title and belongings after his death.[18]
Despite the war, the Spaniards did not neglect the colonizing process. Spanish royal authority on these territories was consolidated by the creation of an Audiencia Real, a type of appellate court. In January 1535, Lima was founded, from which the political and administrative institutions were to be organized. In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castile, that shortly after would be called Viceroyalty of Peru. Nevertheless, the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of a later Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572. Toledo ended the indigenous Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, executing the Inca Túpac Amaru. He promoted economic development using commercial monopoly and built up the extraction from the silver mines of Potosí, using slavery based on the Inca institution of forced labor for mandatory public service called mita.
The integration of Spanish culture into Peru was carried out not only by Pizarro and his other captains, but also by the many Spanish who also came to Peru to exploit its riches and inhabit its land. These included many different kinds of immigrants such as Spanish merchants, peasants, artisans, and Spanish women. Another element that the Spanish brought with them were African slaves to work alongside captive Incas for use in labor with things such as agriculture and mining for silver.[19] These people all brought with them their own pieces of Spanish culture to integrate into Peruvian society.
The arrival of the Spanish even had effects on the coastal geography of Peru, since the shores were uninhabited after the Incas that previously lived there were either killed or relocated to another area by the Spanish.[20]
Almost nothing was left of the Inca civilizations after the conquest by the Spanish, as culture was not as significant as gold to the new conquerors. The unique indigenous road and communications systems were essentially lost. The only things that persisted of the original culture are the very few artifacts that remained and the minute cultural aspects, such as language, that was left behind by the small percentage of Incas who persisted.[citation needed]
Effects of the conquest on people of the Empire[edit]
The long-term effects of the arrival of the Spanish on the population of South America were simply catastrophic. While this is the case for every group of Native-Americans that encountered Europeans from the fifteenth century onwards, the Incan population suffered a dramatic and quick decline following contact. It is estimated that parts of the empire, notably the Central Andes, suffered a population decline ratio of 58:1 during the years of 1520–1571.[21]
The single greatest cause of the decimation of native populations was infectious disease. Old World Eurasian diseases, which had long been endemic on the Continent, were carried unknowingly by colonists and conquistadors. As these were new to the natives, they had no acquired immunity and suffered very high rates of death. More died of disease than any army or armed conflict.[22] As the Inca did not have as strong a writing tradition as the Aztec or Maya, it is difficult for historians to estimate population decline or any events after conquest. But, it is apparent that the Inca began to contract the diseases several years before the Spanish appeared in the region, as it was likely carried to their empire by traders and travelers. The outbreak, believed to be hemorrhagic smallpox, reached the Andes in 1524. While numbers are unavailable, Spanish records indicate that the population was so devastated by disease that they could hardly resist the foreign forces.
Historians differ as to whether the illness of the 1520s was smallpox; a minority of scholars claim that the epidemic was due to an indigenous illness called Carrion's disease. In any case, a 1981 study by N. D. Cook the shows that the Andes suffered from three separate population declines during colonization. The first was of 30–50 percent during the first outbreak of smallpox. When a measles outbreak occurred, there was another decline of 25–30 percent. Finally, when smallpox and measles epidemics occurred together, which occurred from 1585 to 1591, a decline of 30–60 percent occurred. Collectively these declines amounted to a decline of 93 percent from the pre-contact population in the Andes region.[23] Mortality was particularly high among children, ensuring that the impact of the epidemics would extend to the next generation.[3]
Beyond the devastation of the local populations by disease, they suffered considerable enslavement, pillaging and destruction from warfare. The Spanish took thousands of women from the local natives to use as servants and concubines. As Pizarro and his men took over portions of South America, they plundered and enslaved countless people. Some local populations entered into vassalage willingly, to defeat the Inca. Native groups such as the Huanca, Cañari and Chachapoya fought alongside the Spanish as they opposed Inca rule. The basic policy of the Spanish towards local populations was that voluntary vassalage would yield safety and coexistence, while continued resistance would result in more deaths and destruction.[24]
Another significant effect on the people in South America was the spread of Christianity. As Pizarro and the Spanish subdued the continent and brought it under their control, they forcefully converted many to Christianity, claiming to have educated them in the ways of the "one true religion." With the depopulation of the local populations along with the capitulation of the Inca Empire, the Spanish missionary work after colonization began was able to continue unimpeded. It took just a generation for the entire continent to be under Christian influence.[5]
In fiction[edit]
Peter Shaffer's play The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964) dramatizes the conquest of the Incas. In the play, Pizarro, Atahualpa, Valverde and other historical figures appear as characters.
Matthew Reilly's novel Temple, is set at the siege of Cuzco. Many historical figures are mentioned, and a (fictional) brother of Pizarro is noted to be in pursuit of the protagonist. The conquest is also used as a "starting point of the cat."
The Inca are featured in the third Campaign in Age of Empires 3, having a Lost City hidden in the Andes. They are also in the Multiplayer, found primarily in the areas making up Chile and Argentina.
The conquest is parodied in The Simpsons TV series, in the chapter "Lost Verizon", written by John Frink.[25]
Pizarro and his fellow conquistadors feature as antagonists in the 1982 animated serial The Mysterious Cities of Gold.
Quotes[edit]
I wish Your Majesty to understand the motive that moves me to make this statement is the peace of my conscience and because of the guilt I share. For we have destroyed by our evil behaviour such a government as was enjoyed by these natives. They were so free of crime and greed, both men and women, that they could leave gold or silver worth a hundred thousand pesos in their open house. So that when they discovered that we were thieves and men who sought to force their wives and daughters to commit sin with them, they despised us. But now things have come to such a pass in offence of God, owing to the bad example we have set them in all things, that these natives from doing no evil have turned into people who can do no good.. I beg God to pardon me, for I am moved to say this, seeing that I am the last to die of the Conquistadors."
—  Mansio Serra Leguizamon[26]
When has it ever happened, either in ancient or modern times, that such amazing exploits have been achieved? Over so many climes, across so many seas, over such distances by land, to subdue the unseen and unknown? Whose deeds can be compared with those of Spain? Not even the ancient Greeks and Romans.
—  Francisco Xeres, Report on the Discovery of Peru
When I set out to write for the people of today and of the future, about the conquest and discovery that our Spaniards made here in Peru, I could not but reflect that I was dealing with the greatest matters one could possibly write about in all of creation as far as secular history goes. Where have men ever seen the things they have seen here? And to think that God should have permitted something so great to remain hidden from the world for so long in history, unknown to men, and then let it be found, discovered and won all in our own time!
—  Pedro Cieza de León, Chronicles of Peru
The houses are more than two hundred paces in length, and very well built, being surrounded by strong walls, three times the height of a man. The roofs are covered with straw and wood, resting on the walls. The interiors are divided into eight rooms, much better built than any we had seen before. Their walls are of very well cut stones and each lodging is surrounded by its masonry wall with doorways, and has its fountain of water in an open court, conveyed from a distance by pipes, for the supply of the house. In front of the plaza, towards the open country, a stone fortress is connected with it by a staircase leading from the square to the fort. Towards the open country there is another small door, with a narrow staircase, all within the outer wall of the plaza. Above the town, on the mountain side, where the houses commence, there is another fort on a hill, the greater part of which is hewn out of the rock. This is larger than the other, and surrounded by three walls, rising spirally.
—  Francisco Xeres, Massacre, Gold and Civil War
See also[edit]
South America portal
Peru portal
Spain portal
History of Peru
Inca Empire
Inca society
Indian reductions in the Andes
Spanish Empire
Ransom Room
Pambokancha, Inca religious site
Ancient Peru
Reductions
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Spanish conquest of the Maya
Spanish conquest of Yucatán
Spanish conquest of the Muisca
Habsburg Spain
Paititi
Battle of Cajamarca
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gordon Brotherston (27 October 1995). "Indigenous Literatures and Cultures in Twentieth-Century Latin America". In Leslie Bethell. The Cambridge History of Latin America. X. Cambridge University Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-521-49594-3.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Storey; Randolph J. Widmer (2006). "The Pre-Columbian Economy". In Victor Bulmer-Thomas, John Coatsworth, Roberto Cortes-Conde. The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America: Volume 1, The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century (I ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-81289-4. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Kenneth J. Andrien (2001). Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness Under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825. University of New Mexico Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8263-2359-0. The largest of these great imperial states was the Inca Empire or Tawantinsuyu — the empire of the four parts — which extended from its capital in Cusco to include this entire Andean region of 984,000 square kilometers.
Jump up ^ Covey (2000).
^ Jump up to: a b c Means (1932).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Prescott, W.H., 2011, The History of the Conquest of Peru, Digireads.com Publishing, ISBN 9781420941142
^ Jump up to: a b c MacQuarrie (2007).
Jump up ^ Kubler (1945).
Jump up ^ Betanzos et al. (1996).
Jump up ^ Seed (1991).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Innes (1969).
Jump up ^ Jolas, Maria (1961). The Royal Commentaries of the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Orion Press.
Jump up ^ Jay O. Sanders. "The Great Inca Rebellion". Retrieved 30 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Jane Penrose (2005). Slings in the Iron Age. ISBN 978-1-84176-932-5. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Lockhart, James (1993). "Introduction". We People Here: Náhuatl accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 7–8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Leon, P., 1998, The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter, edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press, ISBN 9780822321460
Jump up ^ Carroll, Chris (July 2007). "Archaeology: Shot by a Conquistador". National Geographic. 212 (1): 18.
Jump up ^ Koch, Peter O. “The Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire”, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, 2008.
Jump up ^ Lockhart, James. Spanish Peru, University of Wisconsin Press.
Jump up ^ Belknap, Daniel F. and Sandweiss, Daniel H. “Effects of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 7986-7989.
Jump up ^ Newson (1985).
Jump up ^ The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs
Jump up ^ Lovell (1992).
Jump up ^ Gibson (1978).
Jump up ^ The Simpsons Archive, Season 20
Jump up ^ Woods, Michael (2001). Conquistadors. London: BBC Worldwide. p. 272. ISBN 0-563-55116-X.
Bibliography[edit]
Bauer, Brian S. (1991). "Pacariqtambo and the Mythical Origins of the Inca". Latin American Antiquity. 2 (1): 7–26. doi:10.2307/971893. JSTOR 971893.
Betanzos, Juan de; Hamilton, Roland; Buchanan, Dana (1996). Narrative of the Incas. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75560-0.
Covey, R. Alan (2000). "Inka Administration of the Far South Coast of Peru". Latin American Antiquity. 11 (2): 119–138. doi:10.2307/971851. JSTOR 971851.
Gibson, Charles (1978). "Conquest, Capitulation, and Indian Treaties". The American Historical Review. 83 (1): 1–15. doi:10.2307/1865900. JSTOR 1865900.
Hemming, John (1970). Conquest of the Incas. New York: Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-122560-5.
Innes, Hammond (1969). Conquistadors. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Kubler, George (1945). "The Behavior of Atahualpa, 1531–1533". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 25 (4): 413–427. doi:10.2307/2508231. JSTOR 2508231.
Kubler, George (1947). "The Neo-Inca State (1537–1572)". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 27 (2): 189–203. doi:10.2307/2508415. JSTOR 2508415.
Lockhart, James. Spanish Peru, 1532-1560 : a social history. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press, c1994.
Lockhart, James. The men of Cajamarca; a social and biographical study of the first conquerors of Peru, Austin, Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by the University of Texas Press [1972]
Lovell, W. George (1992). "'Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 82 (3): 426–443. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x.
Macquarrie, Kim (2007). The Last Days of the Incas. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6049-7.
Means, Philip A. (1932). Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru, 1530–1780. New York: Scribner.
Newson, Linda A. (1985). "Indian Population Patterns in Colonial Spanish America". Latin American Research Review. 20 (3): 41–74. JSTOR 2503469.
Seed, Patricia (1991). "'Failing to Marvel': Atahualpa's Encounter with the Word". Latin American Research Review. 26 (1): 7–32.
Wachtel, The Vision of the Vanquished: The Spanish Conquest of Peru Through Indian Eyes, 1530-1570, translated by Ben and Sid Reynolds. 1977.
External links[edit]
All Empires Online History Community
[show]
v
t
e
Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
Americas
Paleo-Indians
Genetic history
Archaeology of the Americas
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
North America
North American pre-Columbian cultures
Caddoan Mississippian
Chichimeca
Hopewell tradition
Coles Creek
Fremont
Marksville
Mississippian
Mogollon
Plaquemine
Plum Bayou
Poverty Point
Troyville
Weeden Island
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology
Capacha
Chalcatzingo
Cholula
Coclé
Epi-Olmec
Huastec
Izapa
Mezcala
Mixtec
Olmec
Pipil
Quelepa
Shaft tomb tradition
Teuchitlan
Purépecha
Teotihuacan
Tlatilco
Tlaxcaltec
Toltec
Totonac
Veracruz
Xochipala
Zapotec
South America
Andean civilizations
South American Indigenous people
El Abra
Cañaris
Chachapoya
Chancay
Chavín
Chimú
Chinchorro
Cultural periods of Peru
Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia)
Las Vegas
Lima
La Tolita (Tumaco)
Manteño-Guancavilca
Mapuche
Moche
Mollo
Nariño
Nazca
Norte Chico
Quimbaya
San Agustín
Shuar
Sican
Taíno
Tairona
Tiwanaku
Tierradentro
Valdivia
Wankarani
Wari
Zenú
Aztec
Maya
Muisca
Inca
Language
Nahuatl Mayan languages Muysccubun Quechua
Writing
Script Script Numerals Quipu
Religion
Religion Religion Religion Religion
Mythology
Mythology Mythology Mythology Mythology
Calendar
Calendar Calendar Calendar
Society
Society Society Economy (Women) Society
Infrastructure
Chinampas Architecture Architecture
Agriculture Architecture (road system)
Agriculture
History
History History History Inca history
Neo-Inca State
People
Moctezuma I
Moctezuma II
Cuitláhuac
Cuauhtémoc
K'inich Janaab' Pakal
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
Jasaw Chan K'awiil I Nemequene
Quemuenchatocha
Tisquesusa
Tundama
Zoratama Manco Cápac
Pachacuti
Atahualpa
Manco Inca Yupanqui
Túpac Amaru
Conquest
Spanish conquest
(Hernán Cortés) Spanish conquest
Spanish conquest of Yucatán
(Francisco de Montejo)
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
(Pedro de Alvarado) Spanish conquest
(Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada)
(Hernán Pérez de Quesada)
(List of conquistadors) Spanish conquest
(Francisco Pizarro)
See also
Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America
Portal:Mesoamerica
Columbian Exchange
Mesoamerican writing systems
Native American cuisine
Native American pottery
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Pre‑Columbian art
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
[show]
v
t
e
Peru articles
History
Timeline
Ancient cultures
Inca Empire
Spanish conquest
Neo-Inca State
Viceroyalty
War of Independence
Guano Era
War of the Pacific
Colombia–Peru War
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
Internal conflict
By topic
Demographic
Economic
Geography
Cities
Climate
Earthquakes
Flora
Mountains
Natural regions
Protected areas
Rivers
Wildlife
Politics
Constitution
Elections
electoral system
Government
Foreign relations
Human rights
LGBT
LGBT history
Law
enforcement
Military
Nationality law
Political parties
Alliance for the Future
APRA
National Unity
Possible Peru
Peruvian Nationalist Party
Popular Action
Union for Peru
Regions and provinces
Economy
Agriculture
Central Bank
Companies
Sol (currency)
Electricity
Stock Exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transport
Society
Crime
Demographics
Education
International rankings
Languages
List of Peruvians
Public holidays
Religion
Water supply and sanitation
Culture
Architecture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Llama
Literature
Machu Picchu
Media
Music
Religion
Sport
Symbols
Outline
Index
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Spanish Empire
[show]
Timeline
Catholic Monarchs
Habsburgs
Golden Age
Encomiendas
New Laws in favour of the indigenous
Expulsion of the Moriscos
Eighty Years' War
Portuguese Restoration War
Bourbons
Napoleonic invasion
Independence of Spanish continental Americas
Liberal constitution
Carlist Wars
Spanish–American War
German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
Spanish Civil War
Independence of Morocco (Western Sahara conflict)
[show]
Territories
Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia
Milan
Union with Holy Roman Empire
Netherlands
Franche-Comté
Portugal
Philippines
East Pacific (Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Palau, Marshall, Micronesia, Moluccas)
Northern Taiwan
Tidore
Florida
New Spain (Western United States, Mexico, Central America, Spanish Caribbean)
Spanish Louisiana
Coastal Alaska
Haiti
Belize
Jamaica
Trinidad and Tobago
Venezuela, Northern and Western Guyana
New Granada (Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
Peru (Peru, Acre)
Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Falkland Islands)
Chile
Equatorial Guinea
Spanish North Africa (Ifni, Cape Juby, Spanish Morocco and Western Sahara)
[show]
Administration
Archivo de Indias
Council of the Indies
Cabildo
Trial of residence
Laws of the Indies
Royal Decree of Graces
Exequatur
Papal bull
School of Salamanca
[show]
Administrative subdivisions
Viceroyalties
New Spain
New Granada
Perú
Río de la Plata
Audiencias
Bogotá
Buenos Aires
Caracas
Charcas
Concepción
Cusco
Guadalajara
Guatemala
Lima
Manila
Mexico
Panamá
Quito
Santiago
Santo Domingo
Captaincies General
Chile
Cuba
Guatemala
Philippines
Puerto Rico
Santo Domingo
Venezuela
Yucatán
Provincias Internas
Governorates
Castilla de Oro
Cuba
New Andalusia (1501–1513)
New Andalusia
New Castile
New Toledo
Paraguay
Río de la Plata
[show]
Economy
Currencies
Dollar
Real
Maravedí
Escudo
Columnario
Trade
Manila galleon
Spanish treasure fleet
Casa de Contratación
Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
[show]
Military
Armies
Tercio
Army of Flanders
Spanish Armada
Indian auxiliaries
Legión
Warriors
Duke of Alba
Antonio de Leyva
Martín de Goiti
Alfonso d'Avalos
García de Toledo Osorio
Duke of Savoy
Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
John of Austria
Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
Pedro de Zubiaur
Ambrosio Spinola
Bernardo de Gálvez
Sailors
Christopher Columbus
Pinzón brothers
Ferdinand Magellan
Juan Sebastián Elcano
Juan de la Cosa
Juan Ponce de León
Miguel López de Legazpi
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
Sebastián de Ocampo
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Alonso de Ojeda
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Alonso de Salazar
Andrés de Urdaneta
Antonio de Ulloa
Ruy López de Villalobos
Diego Columbus
Alonso de Ercilla
Nicolás de Ovando
Juan de Ayala
Sebastián Vizcaíno
Juan Fernández
Felipe González de Ahedo
Conquistadors
Hernán Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
Hernán Pérez de Quesada
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
Pedro de Valdivia
Pedro de Alvarado
Martín de Ursúa
Diego de Almagro
Pánfilo de Narváez
Diego de Mazariegos
Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
Battles
Old World
Won
Bicocca
Landriano
Pavia
Tunis
Mühlberg
St. Quentin
Gravelines
Malta
Lepanto
Antwerp
Azores
Mons
Gembloux
Ostend
English Armada
Cape Celidonia
White Mountain
Breda
Nördlingen
Valenciennes
Ceuta
Bitonto
Bailén
Vitoria
Tetouan
Alhucemas
Lost
Capo d'Orso
Preveza
Siege of Castelnuovo
Algiers
Ceresole
Djerba
Tunis
Spanish Armada
Leiden
Rocroi
Downs
Passaro
Trafalgar
Somosierra
Annual
New World
Won
Tenochtitlan
Cajamarca
Cuzco
Bogotá savanna
Reynogüelén
Penco
Guadalupe Island
San Juan
Cartagena de Indias
Cuerno Verde
Pensacola
Lost
La Noche Triste
Tucapel
Chacabuco
Carabobo
Ayacucho
Guam
Santiago de Cuba
Manila Bay
Asomante
[show]
Spanish colonizations
Canary Islands
Aztec
Maya
Chiapas
Yucatán
Guatemala
Petén
El Salvador
Honduras
Nicaragua
Chibchan Nations
Colombia
Peru
Chile
[show]
Other civil topics
Spanish missions in the Americas
Architecture
Mesoamerican codices
Cusco painting tradition
Indochristian painting in New Spain
Quito painting tradition
Colonial universities in Latin America
Colonial universities in the Philippines
General Archive of the Indies
Colonial Spanish Horse
Castas
Old inquisition
Slavery in Spanish Empire
British and American slaves granted their freedom by Spain
Spain portal
Peru portal
History portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&oldid=815578696"
Categories:
Spanish conquests in the Americas
16th-century conflicts
Viceroyalty of Peru
Colonial Peru
Inca Empire
History of Peru
History of Ecuador
History of Bolivia
16th century in the Inca civilization
16th century in the Spanish Empire
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Articles with attributed pull quotes
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015
Use dmy dates from October 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Català
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
ქართული
Lietuvių
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 December 2017, at 18:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class colspan style

values:
/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Benalc%C3%A1zar
mw-redirect
Sebastián de Benalcázar

values:
/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_I
mw-redirect
Túpac Amaru I

values: 80 - Machu Picchu - Juin 2009 - edit.2.jpg

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size: 125%; padding: 0.3em 0; background: #7FB54E;

values: padding:0.1em;font-size: 115%; padding: 0.5em 0 0.3em 0;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: 16em;

values: margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;

values: background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;

values: padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;

values: Template:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns

values: Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns

values:
/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1517)
mw-redirect
Fall of Tlemcen (1517)

values:
/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1529)
mw-redirect
Capture of Algiers (1529)

values: Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua

values:
/wiki/Luz_de_Am%C3%A9rica
mw-redirect
Luz de América

values: Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Inca
mw-redirect
Túpac Inca

values: Edit section: Chronology of the last years of the Inca Empire

values: Template talk:Campaignbox Conquest of Peru

values: Spanish conquest of the Inca won four medals Empire (page does not exist)

values: Battle of Chuquinga (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Quechua_languages
mw-redirect
Quechua languages

values: Indo-Hispanic languages (page does not exist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)
mw-redirect
Hernando de Soto (explorer)

values:
/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain
mw-redirect
Charles I of Spain

values:
/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Mixtón Rebellion

values:
/wiki/Second_battle_of_Cuzco
mw-redirect
Second battle of Cuzco

values:
/wiki/Audiencia_Real
mw-redirect
Audiencia Real

values:
/wiki/Mita_(Inca)
mw-redirect
Mita (Inca)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)

values: Edit section: Effects of the conquest on people of the Empire

values:
/wiki/Age_of_Empires_3
mw-redirect
Age of Empires 3

values: Mansio Serra Leguizamon (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Portal:South_America
mw-redirect
Portal:South America

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Peru
mw-redirect
Ancient Peru

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F971893

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/971893

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F971851

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/971851

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1865900

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1865900

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2508231

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2508231

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2508415

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2508415

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2503469

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #FEEFD6;width:10em

values: Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: List of archaeological periods (North America)

values: List of Indigenous peoples of South America

values:
/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru
mw-redirect
Cultural periods of Peru

values:
/wiki/Shuar_people
mw-redirect
Shuar people

values: background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;

values:
col
navbox-list navbox-even
background: #FEEFD6;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #FEEFD6;

values: Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America

values: Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: Painting in the Americas before European colonization

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Peruvian_cultures
mw-redirect
Ancient Peruvian cultures

values:
/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Peru
mw-redirect
Natural regions of Peru

values:
/wiki/Judicial_System_of_Peru
mw-redirect
Judicial System of Peru

values:
/wiki/Peruvian_arts
mw-redirect
Peruvian arts

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest

values:
/wiki/Archivo_de_Indias
mw-redirect
Archivo de Indias

values: width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;

values:
/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain
mw-redirect
Viceroyalty of New Spain

values: text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background: white; text-align: left; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco
mw-redirect
Real Audiencia of Cusco

values: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

values: García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca

values: Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy

values: Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases

values:
/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando
mw-redirect
Nicolás de Ovando

values: Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations

values: Template:Spanish missions in the Americas

values: List of colonial universities in Hispanic America

values: List of the oldest schools in the Philippines

values: Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Spanish conquests in the Americas

values: Category:16th century in the Inca civilization

values: Category:16th century in the Spanish Empire

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with attributed pull quotes

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Spaanse verowering van die Inka-ryk – Afrikaans

values: الغزو الإسباني لإمبراطورية إنكا – Arabic

values: Conquesta espanyola de l'Imperi inca – Catalan

values: Concas na Spáinneach ar Impireacht na nInceach – Irish

values: Conquista española do Imperio Inca – Galician

values: Penaklukan Kerajaan Inka oleh Spanyol – Indonesian

values: ინკების დაპყრობა ესპანელების მიერ – Georgian

values: Шпанско освојување на царството на Инките – Macedonian

values: Penaklukan Empayar Inka oleh Sepanyol – Malay

values: Испанское завоевание инков – Russian

values: İnka İmparatorluğu'nun İspanyollar tarafından fethi – Turkish

values: Іспанське завоювання інків – Ukrainian

values: 西班牙征服印加帝国 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire rootpage-Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire skin-vector action-view


text:
Jason Paige
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jason Paige
Born
(1969-01-06) January 6, 1969 (age 49)
Nationality
American
Alma mater
New York University
Occupation
Singer, writer, record producer, actor
Jason Paige (born January 6, 1969) is an American singer, writer, record producer, stage, film, and television actor. Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon television series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 References
4 External links
Early life and education[edit]
He is an alumnus of Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School and the Experimental Theatre Wing at New York University.
Career[edit]
Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon anime. He also sings "Viridian City" and sings as a background vocalist for the Pokémon 2.B.A. Master soundtrack. In an interview with the New York Post in 2016, Paige did not expect the song to become popular. In fact, he said that he "didn’t really know much about Pokémon when I did the demo, other than [that] a scene in the cartoon caused a giant bout of epileptic seizures in Japan", referring to the infamous episode "Dennō Senshi Porygon."[1] As a vocalist Paige toured for a year as the lead singer for the band Blood Sweat & Tears[citation needed]. He has sung and beat-boxed with Aerosmith on tour and on the Howard Stern re-mix of the hit single “Pink”[citation needed]. Paige sang backgrounds for Michael Jackson and is the rap soloist for the song "Black or White", which was performed at Michael Jackson's 30th Anniversary concert at Madison Square Garden[citation needed]. His one-man show is filled with socio-political sexual-logical musical parody, con-fessions, and impersonations.
He can be heard singing backgrounds on The Art of McCartney tribute CD behind Billy Joel, Roger Daltrey, Kiss, Smokey Robinson and others, On the Elite Beat Agents soundtrack, he sings "Canned Heat" and "Walkie Talkie Man." Paige can also be heard on hundreds of various jingles, including Mountain Dew's "Bohemian Rhapsody" and Pepto-Bismol's "Nausea Heartburn Indigestion". He has written a number of songs for the TV series Rob & Big. His voice can also be heard in the Disney TV movie, The Color of Friendship, “The Jersey Boys”, “Annie” with Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy in the last “Muppet Movie” and a character or two in “Sausage Party”. He has also performed with famous artists such as Foreigner, The Scorpions, Meat Loaf, Frankie Valli, Liza Minnelli, and Enrique Iglesias, Oleta Adams, among many others. He has written and produced for Shoshana Bean, Becky Baeling, Mike Weaver and Suzie McNeil.
As an actor, he can be seen as Peter in An Argentinian in New York, as a choir singer in A Walk to Remember, as the voice over for Buttmeister in Meet the Spartans, as a medic in Make Yourself at Home, as a student in Election, and as a parent in The Hustler. From 1995 to 2000, he produced and starred in his own musical comedy sketch show, The What's Up Show, which showed on Manhattan cable TV.
On the stage, he appeared in the 2010 production of Rent at the Hollywood Bowl,[2] as Joe in Frank Zappa's Joe's Garage at the Open Fist Theatre Company, and as Travis in Ty Taylor's The Existents at the Open Fist Theatre Company. He has also done productions of The Who's Tommy, Godspell, Jesus Christ Superstar, and Hair. He has performed at Scott Nevins and Ryan O'Connor's Musical Mondays in Los Angeles, as well as Rockwell's[3] For The Record series in the Coen Brothers, Baz Luhrmann, John Hughes, The Marshalls, Quentin Tarantino, Robert Zemeckis, Pau Thomas Anderson and Scorsese shows. He won a Broadwayworld.com award and an Ovation nomination for his portrayal of Frankie in Fortherecordlive's production of "Scoresese an American Crime Drama" produced at The Wallis Annenberg in October 2016.
He has co-written two musicals, “BOX” and “Writing Pictures” produced at Hartford’s Bushnell Theatre for Black History Month, based on Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom's Cabin. And "A Tribute To Irwin Price" Performed at Open Fist Theater.
During the 2012 primary election, Paige himself sang a parody of the Pokémon Theme in support of the Republican candidate Ron Paul.[4] In an interview with Spin Magazine in 2016, Paige said he was inspired by Paul's message of liberty.[5] Later that year, Paige completed a year-long run as the lead singer for Blood, Sweat & Tears[1] and recorded a rock interpretation of the carol Silent Night for an episode of the YouTube series Hellbenders.[6] He is a long time member of Broadway Inspirational Voices and has appeared at Mandalay Bay's LIGHT in For The Record Baz named after the director Baz Luhrmann.[7][8]
In response to the massive popularity of the Pokémon Go mobile game, Paige re-recorded the theme during the height of the game's popularity in July 2016.[9] Later that month, Paige sang another parody of theme song featuring Dwayne Johnson as a Pokémon.[10] He performed the song in Los Angeles as well.[5] In October 2016 He released his anthem "a tribute to Pokemon Go" as a sister theme to the original.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Phull, Hardeep (15 July 2016). "The Pokémon theme's surprising singer is back in the hot seat". New York Post. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Rockwell". Rockwell-la.com. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
Jump up ^ Sheets, Connor (8 May 2012). "Ron Paul 2012 Supporter Remakes 'Pokemon' Song For Campaign [VIDEO]". Retrieved 14 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Josephs, Brian (July 21, 2016). "'Pokémon Theme' Singer Jason Paige Still Wants to Be the Very Best". Retrieved July 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "HELLBENDERS - A Hellbenders Christmas". YouTube. 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
Jump up ^ Leach, Robin (21 May 2015). "Cirque takes on cabaret-style show with 'Baz' at Light in Mandalay Bay". Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Weatherford, Mike (30 June 2015). "'Baz' is an irony-free zone, but a big one to cover". Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Payne, Chris (July 28, 2016). "Watch the Original 'Pokemon' Theme Singer Give It a Go in 2016". Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dosh, Kristi (July 25, 2016). "The Rock Gets His Own Pokemon Go-Inspired Character". Retrieved July 26, 2016.
External links[edit]
Jason Paige on IMDb
Official Website
YouTube channel
Authority control
MusicBrainz: fb4aeed3-43ad-4f05-b01e-d9482d44b96e
[hide]
v
t
e
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Dave Gellis
Glenn McClelland
Jon Ossman
Carl Fischer
Barry Danielian
Charley Gordon
Ken Gioffre
Joel Rosenblatt
Bo Bice
Al Kooper
Randy Brecker
Jerry Weiss
Fred Lipsius
Dick Halligan
Steve Katz
Jim Fielder
Bobby Colomby
David Clayton-Thomas
Lew Soloff
Dave Bargeron
Bobby Doyle
Joe Henderson
Lou Marini Jr.
Larry Willis
Georg Wadenius
Jerry Fisher
Tom Malone
Ron McClure
Luther Kent
Jaco Pastorius
Steve Khan
Mike Stern
Don Alias
Roy McCurdy
Barry Finnerty
Neil Stubenhaus
Gregory Herbert
Steve Conte
Dave Panichi
Glenn McClelland
Jerry Sokolov
Franck Amsallem
Ted Kooshian
Dave Pietro
Rob Paparozzi
Jason Paige
Bernard Purdie
Studio albums
Child Is Father to the Man
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Blood, Sweat & Tears 3
Blood, Sweat & Tears 4
New Blood
No Sweat
Mirror Image
New City
More Than Ever
Brand New Day
Nuclear Blues
Live albums
In Concert
Live and Improvised
Live
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Found Treasures
The Collection
Super Hits
Rare, Rarer & Rarest
Soundtracks
The Owl and the Pussy Cat
Singles
"You've Made Me So Very Happy"
"Spinning Wheel"
"And When I Die"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Paige&oldid=830268583"
Categories:
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male musical theatre actors
American record producers
New York University alumni
Living people
1969 births
American male singers
American singers
Hidden categories:
BLP articles lacking sources from July 2016
All BLP articles lacking sources
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Nederlands
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 March 2018, at 20:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources

values:
/wiki/Epileptic_seizures
mw-redirect
Epileptic seizures

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special

values:
/wiki/Coen_Brothers
mw-redirect
Coen Brothers

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012

values:
nofollow
http://rockwell-la.com/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0656713/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.jasonpaige.com/
external text

values:
Blood,_Sweat_&_Tears
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Blood, Sweat & Tears (Blood, Sweat & Tears album)

values: Mirror Image (Blood, Sweat & Tears album)

values: More Than Ever (Blood, Sweat & Tears album)

values: Brand New Day (Blood, Sweat & Tears album)

values: Greatest Hits (Blood, Sweat & Tears album)

values: The Collection (Blood, Sweat & Tears album) (1993)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:American male musical theatre actors

values: Category:BLP articles lacking sources from July 2016

values: Category:All BLP articles lacking sources

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

values: Category:Place of birth missing (living people)

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Jason_Paige
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jason_Paige rootpage-Jason_Paige skin-vector action-view