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List of cities proper by population
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Population tables
of world cities
World's largest cities
World's largest cities proper
World's largest conurbations
World's largest agglomerations
World's largest urban areas
World megacities
World megalopolises
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t
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This article lists the most populous cities in the world defined according to a concept of city proper. A city proper is a locality defined according to legal or political boundaries and an administratively recognised urban status that is usually characterised by some form of local government.[1][2][3] Cities proper and their boundaries and population data may not include suburbs.[4]
World Urbanization Prospects, a UN publication, defines population of a city proper as "the population living within the administrative boundaries of a city or controlled directly from the city by a single authority." The book continues to say that "city proper as defined by administrative boundaries may not include suburban areas where an important proportion of the population working or studying in the city lives."[4] This definition does not give an accurate picture of the urban area or metropolitan area of cities. Using this strictly administrative definition, many cities will be included on this list that are smaller than their urban area. However, many Chinese cities included govern territories that extend well beyond the traditional "city proper" into suburban and rural areas.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cities proper by population
2 Notes
3 References
4 See also
5 External links
Cities proper by population[edit]
This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries. Please observe the definition of the list when adding or editing entries.
Rank
City
Image
Population
Definition
Total
area (km²)
Population
density (/km²)
Country
1 Shanghai 7007242568000000000♠24,256,800[6] Municipality 7003634050000000000♠6,340.5[7] 3,826 China
2 Beijing 7007215160000000000♠21,516,000[8] Municipality 7004164105400000000♠16,410.54[9] 1,311 China
3 Delhi 7007167879410000000♠16,787,941[10] Union territory 7003148400000000000♠1,484 11,313 India
4 Lagos 7007160603030000000♠16,060,303[a] Metropolitan City 7003117128000000000♠1,171.28[12] 13,712 Nigeria
5 Tianjin 7007152000000000000♠15,200,000[13] Municipality 7004117600000000000♠11,760[14] 1,293 China
6 Karachi 7007149103520000000♠14,910,352[15] Metropolitan Corporation[16] 7003352700000000000♠3,527 4,572 Pakistan
7 Chengdu 7007144275000000000♠14,427,500[17] Sub-provincial City 7004143120000000000♠14,312[18] 11,263 China
8 Istanbul 7007141604670000000♠14,160,467[19] Metropolitan Municipality[20] 7003546100000000000♠5,461[21] 2,593 Turkey
9 Tokyo 7007135137340000000♠13,513,734[22] Metropolis 7003219100000000000♠2,191[22] 6,168 Japan
10 Guangzhou 7007130805000000000♠13,080,500[23] Sub-provincial City 7003743440000000000♠7,434.4[24] 1,759 China
11 Mumbai 7007124423730000000♠12,442,373[25] Municipal Corporation[26] 7002603400000000000♠603.4 20,680 India
12 Moscow 7007123806640000000♠12,380,664[27] Federal City[28][29] 7003251012000000000♠2,510.12[30] 4,859 Russia
13 São Paulo 7007120381750000000♠12,038,175[31] Municipality City[32] 7003152111000000000♠1,521.11 7,914 Brazil
14 Lahore 7007111262850000000♠11,126,285[33] City District 7003177200000000000♠1,772[34] 5,673 Pakistan
15 Shenzhen 7007104674000000000♠10,467,400[35] Sub-provincial City 7003199164000000000♠1,991.64[36] 5,256 China
16 Jakarta 7007100753100000000♠10,075,310[37] DKI Jakarta[38] 7002664120000000000♠664.12 15,171 Indonesia
17 Seoul 7006999578400000000♠9,995,784[39] Special City 7002605210000000000♠605.21[40] 17,134 South Korea
18 Wuhan 7006978539200000000♠9,785,392[41] Sub-provincial City[42] 7003132761000099999♠1,327.61[43] 5,187 China
19 Kinshasa 7006973500000000000♠9,735,000[44][45][full citation needed] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[46] 7003111762000099999♠1,117.62[47] 8,710 Democratic Republic of the Congo
20 Cairo 7006927844100000000♠9,278,441[48] Governorate[49] 7003308510000000000♠3,085.1[50] 3,008 Egypt
21 Dhaka 7006890603900000000♠8,906,039[51] City Corporation; 41 thanas of Dhaka city not including 5 upazilas of Dhaka district 7002300000000000000♠300[52] 29,687 Bangladesh
22 Mexico City 7006887472400000000♠8,874,724[53] Federal District 7003148549000000000♠1,485.49[54] 5,974 Mexico
23 London 7006878789200000000♠8,787,892[55] Greater London Authority[56] 7003157215000000000♠1,572.15 5,590 United Kingdom
24 Xi'an 7006870560000000000♠8,705,600[57] Sub-provincial City[58] 7002832170000000000♠832.17 5,369 China
25 Tehran 7006869370600000000♠8,693,706[59] City Municipality[60] 7002450930000000000♠450.93[61] 18,083 Iran
26 Lima 7006869338700000000♠8,693,387[62] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[63] 7003267230000000000♠2,672.3 3,253 Peru
27 New York City 7006853767300000000♠8,537,673[64] City[65] 7002783840000000000♠783.84 10,892 United States
28 Bengaluru 7006844367500000000♠8,443,675[66] Municipal Corporation 7002741000000000000♠741.00 11,876 India
29 Bangkok 7006828092500000000♠8,280,925[67] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[68] 7003156874000000000♠1,568.74 5,279 Thailand
30 Ho Chi Minh City 7006822440000000000♠8,224,400[69] Metropolitan Municipality-Province 7003209550000000000♠2,095.5[69] 3,925 Vietnam
31 Dongguan 7006822020700000000♠8,220,207[70] Prefecture-level City 7003246940000000000♠2,469.4 3,329 China
32 Chongqing 7006818980000000000♠8,189,800[b] Central Chongqing[c]
Municipality 7003547300000000000♠5,473[d] 1,496 China
33 Nanjing 7006818782800000000♠8,187,828[75] Sub-provincial City 7003471385000000000♠4,713.85 1,737 China
34 Shenyang 7006810617100000000♠8,106,171[76] Sub-provincial City 7004129420000000000♠12,942 626 China
35 Bogotá 7006777684500000000♠7,776,845[77] Capital District[78] 7002859110000000000♠859.11[79][80] 9,052 Colombia
36 Ningbo 7006760568900000000♠7,605,689[81] Sub-provincial city 7003981623000000000♠9,816.23 775 China
37 Hong Kong 7006729860000000000♠7,298,600[82] Special Administrative Region[83] 7003110443000000000♠1,104.43[84] 6,608 China
38 Hanoi 7006723270000000000♠7,232,700[69] Metropolitan Municipality-Province 7003332450000000000♠3,324.5[69] 2,176 Vietnam
39 Baghdad 7006718088900000000♠7,180,889[85] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[86] 7003455500000000000♠4,555[87] 1,576 Iraq
40 Changsha 7006704411800000000♠7,044,118[88] Prefecture-level City[89] 7004118190000000000♠11,819 596 China
41 Hyderabad 7006673179000000000♠6,731,790[90] Municipal Corporation 7002621480000000000♠621.48[91] 10,832 India
42 Chennai 7006672700000000000♠6,727,000[92] Municipal Corporation[93] 7002426510000000000♠426.51[94] 15,772 India
43 Rio de Janeiro 7006649883700000000♠6,498,837[95] Municipality City 7003120027000000000♠1,200.27[96] 5,414 Brazil
44 Foshan 7006615162200000000♠6,151,622[97][98] Prefecture-level City 7003203462000000000♠2,034.62[99] 3,023 China
45 Santiago 7006574371900000000♠5,743,719[100] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[101] 7003124990000000000♠1,249.9 4,595 Chile
46 Riyadh 7006567662100000000♠5,676,621[102] Municipality City[103] 7003123398000000000♠1,233.98[104] 4,600 Saudi Arabia
47 Ahmedabad 7006557058500000000♠5,570,585[105] Municipal Corporation 7002475000000000000♠475 11,728 India
48 Singapore 7006553500000000000♠5,535,000[106] City State 7002719100000000000♠719.1[106] 7,697 Singapore
49 Shantou 7006539102800000000♠5,391,028[107] Prefecture-level City 7003206442000000000♠2,064.42 2,611 China
50 Saint Petersburg 7006528157900000000♠5,281,579[108] Federal City 7003143900000000000♠1,439[30] 3,608 Russia
51 Yangon 7006521400000000000♠5,214,000[109] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[110] 7002598750000000000♠598.75[111] 8,708 Myanmar
52 Abidjan 7006476500000000000♠4,765,000[44] Department/City District 7003211900000000000♠2,119[112] 2,249 Ivory Coast
53 Alexandria 7006461662500000000♠4,616,625[113] Governorate 7003230000000000000♠2,300[114][115] 2,007 Egypt
54 Kolkata 7006449669400000000♠4,496,694[116] Municipal Corporation 7002185000000000000♠185 24,306 India
55 Ankara 7006447080000000000♠4,470,800[117] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[118] 7003191092000000000♠1,910.92[119][120] 2,340 Turkey
56 Surat 7006446200200000000♠4,462,002[25] Municipal Corporation 7002326515000000000♠326.515[121] 13,666 India
57 Johannesburg 7006443482700000000♠4,434,827[122] Municipality City 7003164498000000000♠1,644.98 2,696 South Africa
58 Dar es Salaam 7006436454100000000♠4,364,541[123] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[124] 7003163112000000000♠1,631.12[125] 2,676 Tanzania
59 Suzhou 7006432706600000000♠4,327,066[126] Prefecture-level City[127] 7003164972000000000♠1,649.72[128] 2,623 China
60 Harbin 7006428070100000000♠4,280,701[129][130] Sub-provincial City 7003171820000000000♠1,718.2[131] 2,491 China
61 Giza 7006423998800000000♠4,239,988[132] Governorate[133] 7002289080000000000♠289.08 14,667 Egypt
62 Zhengzhou 7006412208700000000♠4,122,087[134] Sub-provincial City[135] 7003101566000000000♠1,015.66 4,059 China
63 Los Angeles 7006397632200000000♠3,976,322[64] Municipality City[136] 7003121385000099999♠1,213.85 3,276 United States
64 New Taipei City 7006395492900000000♠3,954,929[137] Special Municipality 7003205257000000000♠2,052.57[138] 1,927 Taiwan
65 Cape Town 7006374002600000000♠3,740,026[122] Municipality City 7003244497000099999♠2,444.97 1,530 South Africa
66 Yokohama 7006372616700000000♠3,726,167[22] Designated City 7002437490000000000♠437.49 8,517 Japan
67 Berlin 7006367100000000000♠3,671,000[139] City State 7002891750000000000♠891.75 4,117 Germany
68 Busan 7006359010100000000♠3,590,101[140] Metropolitan City 7002766120000000000♠766.12[140] 4,686 South Korea
69 Hangzhou 7006356039100000000♠3,560,391[141] Sub-provincial City 7002728190000000000♠728.19[141] 4,889 China
70 Xiamen 7006353134700000000♠3,531,347[142] Sub-provincial City 7003169900000000000♠1,699 2,078 China
71 Quanzhou 7006352084600000000♠3,520,846[143] Prefecture-level City 7003106200000000000♠1,062 3,315 China
72 Jeddah 7006345625900000000♠3,456,259[144] Municipality City 7003176500000000000♠1,765[145] 1,958 Saudi Arabia
73 Durban 7006344236100000000♠3,442,361[122] Municipality City 7003229131000000000♠2,291.31 1,502 South Africa
74 Kabul 7006341410000000000♠3,414,100[146] Municipality City 7002275000000000000♠275 12,415 Afghanistan
75 Casablanca 7006335981800000000♠3,359,818[147] Prefecture 7002387000000000000♠387 8,682 Morocco
76 Hefei 7006335207600000000♠3,352,076[148] Prefecture-level City[149] 7002838520000000000♠838.52 3,998 China
77 Pyongyang 7006325538800000000♠3,255,388[150] Direct-controlled Municipality 7003211300000000000♠2,113[151] 1,541 North Korea
78 Madrid 7006320724700000000♠3,207,247[152] Municipality City 7002605770000000000♠605.77 5,294 Spain
79 Faisalabad 7006320384600000000♠3,203,846[153] City District 7002214000000000000♠214 14,971 Pakistan
80 Ekurhuleni 7006317847000000000♠3,178,470[122] Municipality City 7003197531000000000♠1,975.31 1,609 South Africa
81 Nairobi 7006313836900000000♠3,138,369[154] Capital District 7002694900000000000♠694.9 4,829 Kenya
82 Zhongshan 7006312127500000000♠3,121,275[155] Prefecture-level City 7003178367000000000♠1,783.67 1,750 China
83 Pune 7006311543100000000♠3,115,431[105] Municipal Corporation 7002450690000000000♠450.69 6,913 India
84 Addis Ababa 7006310367300000000♠3,103,673[156] Metropolitan Municipality-Province[157] 7002526990000000000♠526.99 5,889 Ethiopia
85 Jaipur 7006307335000000000♠3,073,350[105] Municipal Corporation 7002485000000000000♠485 6,337 India
86 Buenos Aires 7006305430000000000♠3,054,300[158] Federal District 7002203000000000000♠203 15,046 Argentina
87 Wenzhou 7006303943900000000♠3,039,439[159] Prefecture-level City[160] 7003118788000000000♠1,187.88 2,559 China
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Metropolitan Lagos consists 16 out of Lagos State's 20 LGA, which excludes: Badagry, Epe, Ibeju-Lekki and Ikorodu.[11]
Jump up ^ Sum of the 2014 population estimates for the "urban-function core district" and "urban-function extended district" of Chongqing, which were 3,677,600 and 4,512,200 respectively.[71] See also the next note.
Jump up ^ The nine districts of Yuzhong, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nan'an, Dadukou, Banan, Yubei and Beibei together comprise the area commonly referred to as Central Chongqing (重庆主城区). The first six districts make up the "urban-function core district" (都市功能核心区) and the last three comprise the "urban-function extended district" (都市功能拓展区) defined by the Chongqing municipal government.[72][73][74]
Jump up ^ Sum of the areas of the "urban-function core district" and "urban-function extended district" of Chongqing.[72] See also the previous note.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Demographic Yearbook 2005, Volume 57. United Nations. 2008. p. 2; 756. ISBN 92-1-051099-2.
^ Jump up to: a b World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision. United Nations. 2004. ISBN 92-1-151396-0.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Ruth (29 January 2012). "The world's biggest cities: How do you measure them?". BBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
Jump up ^ 2014年上海市国民经济 [Shanghai Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014] (in Chinese). 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Land Area". Basic Facts. Shanghai Municipal People's Government. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
Jump up ^ 北京市2014年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014] (in Chinese). Beijing Bureau of Statistics. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Doing Business in China – Survey". Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "India: Delhi". citypopulation.de. citypopulation.de. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Population-Lagos State". Lagos State Government. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Jump up ^ The surface of the Metropolitan Lagos is 1171 square kilometres, but 171 square kilometres is water (lagoon).
Jump up ^ "2013年天津市国民经济和社会发展统计公报数据". Enorth.com.cn. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "CHINA: Administrative Division of Tianjin (天津市)".
Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. "Population of Major Cities - Census 2017" (PDF).
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Jump up ^ "3-2各市(州)年末常住人口、出生率、死亡率、自然增长率、城镇化率和人口密度(2014年)-tjsql.com". www.tjsql.com. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference 2010census was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2013". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ The city, considered capital of Istanbul Province, is administered by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM), which oversees the thirty-nine districts of the city-province (thirty-six urban districts and three rural districts).
Jump up ^ Sources have provided conflicting figures on the area of Istanbul. The most authoritative source on this figure ought to be the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (MMI), but the English version of its website suggests a few figures for this area. One page states that "Each MM is sub-divided into District Municipalities ("DM") of which there are 27 in Istanbul" [emphasis added] with a total area of 1,538.9 square kilometers (594.2 sq mi).[73] However, the Municipal History page appears to be the most explicit and most updated, saying that in 2004, "Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality's jurisdiction was enlarged to cover all the area within the provincial limits". It also states a 2008 law merged the Eminönü district into the Fatih district (a point that is not reflected in the previous source) and increased the number of districts in Istanbul to thirty-nine.[74] That total area, as corroborated on the Turkish version of the MMI website,[75] and a recently updated Jurisdiction page on the English site[76] is 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi)..
^ Jump up to: a b c "2015 Population Census". Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
Jump up ^ 2014年广州市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Guangzhou Economic and Social Development Statistics Bulletin 2014] (in Chinese). Guangzhou Daily. 22 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "土地面积、人口密度（2008年）". Statistics Bureau of Guangzhou. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Greater Mumbai (Maharashtra, India) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Mumbai City consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district (Island City) and Mumbai Suburban district (Western Suburban and Eastern Suburban), grouped into 24 wards, under the administration of Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). The remaining area belongs to Defence, Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC.
Jump up ^ "RUSSIA: Moscow".
Jump up ^ "Территориальное устройство". Moscow City Government. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013.
Jump up ^ The federal city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs, which are in turn subdivided into districts (raions).
^ Jump up to: a b "Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Federal Registration, Cadastre&Cartography Service. Russia Landuse National Report 2008, p.187-188 (in Russian)" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016" (in Portuguese). IBGE. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Administratively, the Municipality of São Paulo is divided into 31 subprefectures, each in turn divided into 96 districts. Locally, districts may contain one or more neighborhoods (bairros). The city of São Paulo recognizes ten geographical areas used to reference locations in the city.
Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. "Population of Major Cities - Census 2017" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shenzhen Statistics". Shenzhen Government Online. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Shenzhen General Info". Shenzhen Government Online. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Data Jumlah Penduduk DKI Jakarta (2014)". Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "INDONESIA: Administrative Division". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Seoul Statistics (Land Area)". Seoul Metropolitan Government. Retrieved 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "武汉市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报--湖北省统计局 (Main Data from Wuhan 2010 Census)". Hubei Provincial Statistics Bureau. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Wuhan has direct jurisdiction over 13 districts (eight urban/five rural). The city proper (urban) based on the districts of Jiang'an, Jianghan, Qiaokou, Hanyang, Wuchang and Qingshan considered "core districts" + Inner suburbs (districts): Hongshan, Dongxihu.
Jump up ^ Wuhan Statistical Yearbook 2010 Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. p. 15
^ Jump up to: a b "Demographia World Urban Areas (2014)" (PDF). Demographia. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Evenements: "Avec une population de 9,5 millions, Kinshasa est la troisième plus grande ville sur le continent africain, de taille égale à Johannesburg. Le Kinois (habitants de Kinshasa) sont connus pour leur sens de l'humour, leur musique et leur amour pour la danse."(2013)". Ville de Kinshasa.
Jump up ^ The province of Kinshasa is divided into twenty-four districts, administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Kinshasa. But the districts (communes) of Maluku and Nsele (N'Sele) are rural and not part of the city proper. The city proper (urban area) of Kinshasa is generally considered to be formed by twenty-two "communes".
Jump up ^ According to the Constitution of Democratic Republic of the Congo, the province of Kinshasa covers 9965.21 km2. Maluku and N'Sele (total area 8847.59 km2) are entirely rural, with a very very low density.
Jump up ^ "Egypt". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ In April 2011, Prime Minister Essam Sharaf abolished the Helwan Governorate and reincorporated its territory into the Cairo Governorate. The total area of the governorate is 3085.1 square kilometers, the city area is 453 square kilometers, but the Egyptian government considered the Cairo Governorate is that a whole city and all statistics relate to the "governorate".
Jump up ^ "EGYPT: Cairo". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-dhaka.php. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Brinkhoff, Thomas. "Bangladesh: Districts and Cities". CityPopulation. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "MEXICO: Mexico City (2014)". CityPopulation.De. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005 Archived 2 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 26 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland". ONS. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Jump up ^ The 33 local authorities are the 32 London borough councils and the City of London Corporation.
Jump up ^ "西安市2015年国民经济和社会发展统计公报". http://www.xatj.gov.cn/. Retrieved 2016-05-12. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ The sub-provincial city of Xi'an has direct jurisdiction over 9 districts (区 qu) and 4 counties (县 xian). The city proper based on the districts of Xīnchéng, Bēilín and Liánhú considered "core districts" + Inner suburbs (districts): Bàqiáo, Wèiyāng and Yàntǎ.
Jump up ^ "IRAN: Tehran City (Census 2016-09-24)". CITY POPULATION.DE. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "TEHRAN: Administrative Districts". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "About Teheran". Tehran Municipality. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "PERU: Lima population". La Republica.
Jump up ^ The province of Lima is divided into forty three "districts of Lima" which are administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima.
^ Jump up to: a b "Census Estimates (2016)". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Jump up ^ New York City is composed of five boroughs: Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island
Jump up ^ "Bangalore (Karnataka, India) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Table 1 Population by sex, household type and household by type, average size of private household by region and area: 2010". Statistic tables, NSO website. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Bangkok is subdivided into 50 districts (khet เขต, also sometimes wrongly called amphoe อำเภอ as in the other provinces, derived from Pali khetta, cognate to Sanskrit kṣetra), which are further subdivided into 169 khwaeng แขวง, roughly equivalent to tambon ตำบล in the other provinces.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2014 Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine., General Statistics Office Of Vietnam
Jump up ^ "China – Guangdong Province (2010)". GeoHive. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
Jump up ^ 2014年重庆市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Chongqing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014] (in Chinese). Chongqing Bureau of Statistics. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Position of Five Function Districts in Chongqing". Chongqing Municipal Government. 22 September 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ 五大功能区域: 都市功能核心区 [Five Functional Districts: Urban-function Core District]. CQNEWS Corporation. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Te Kan (9 November 2007). "New city group in the making". China Daily. Beijing. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Census (2014)". Nanjing Municipal Bureru Statistucs. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "2010年沈阳市第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China". National Bureau of Statistics of China.
Jump up ^ "Estimaciones y proyecciones de hogares y viviendas". DANE (2014). Archived from the original on 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ The Capital District of Bogotá is divided into twenty districts, administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Bogotá.
Jump up ^ "Límites". Bogota Government Corporation.
Jump up ^ The district of Sumapaz is completely rural (no city services) and is not part of the city proper. The area was an important pilgrimage arheoligic site for the Muisca indigenous peoples in pre-Columbian times and for visiting the Sumapaz National Park. The district of Sumapaz represents 0.1% of the population (48% "area") of Bogotá Municipality.
Jump up ^ "Ningbo 2011 population report issued". Ningbo Municipal People's Government. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Statistics". Census and Statistics Department. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
Jump up ^ The only legally defined city in Hong Kong is the City of Victoria but it serves almost no administrative function.
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong Geographic" (PDF). The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Demographic Statistics of Iraq (2009)". Central Statistical Government of Iraq. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
Jump up ^ The province of Baghdad is divided into nine district, administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad. The districts are distributed into 89 Neighborhood Councils.
Jump up ^ There are many disputes about Baghdad city (urban) area. The city of Baghdad has the special status of provincial. The demographic information reported to the city proper are non-existent or are the estimates, projections inconclusive. The Metropolitan Municipality of Baghdad is a city "federal district – province". Is similar to the case of Cairo Governorate.
Jump up ^ Hunan Statistical Bureau (2011-5-13): Hunan Major data communique of National Census 2010 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Based on the following districts: Furong, Tianxin, Yuelu, Kaifu, Yuhua; see Administration
Jump up ^ "Greater Hyderabad (Maharashtra, India) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Greater Hyderabad Municipal corporation 2010". GHMC. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chennai: India Smart Cities Challenge". Official website of Smart Cities Challenge, India. Retrieved 2016-07-19. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Chennai city is governed by the Chennai Corporation, dividing into three regions – fifteen districts: North (Tiruvottiyur, Manali, Madhavaram, Tondiarpet and Royapuram), South (Valasaravakkam, Alandur, Adyar, Perungudi and Sholinganallur) and Central (Thiru-Vi-Ka Nagar, Ambattur, Anna Nagar, Teynampet and Kodambakkam), which covers 200 wards. Of the total land area, reserved forests cover 2.71 km2 and is concentrated in and around the Guindy National Park region, one of the few national parks in the world located within a city.
Jump up ^ "Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "IBGE divulga as estimativas populacionais dos municípios em 2016" (in Portuguese). IBGE. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2013)". Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "佛山2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报[1]". City of Foshan. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Districts of Changcheng, Nanhai, Shunde; see Foshan#Administration
Jump up ^ "About Foshan". City of Foshan. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chile – Santiago (Census 2012)". Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
Jump up ^ The province of Santiago is divided into thirty-two districts, administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Santiago. But the district of Lo Barnechea is rural (mountains) and is not part of the city proper. The city proper (urban area) of Santiago is generally considered to be formed by thirty-one districts (Province of Santiago), the district of Puente Alto (Province of Cordillera), and the district of San Bernardo (Province of Maipo).
Jump up ^ "Composition of Population (2012)" (PDF). Arriyadh Development Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Riyadh is divided into 15 branch municipalities, in addition to the Diplomatic Quarter. Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amounting to over 130 in total, though some districts are divided between more than one branch municipality. The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, Irqah, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, and Al-Shimal ("the North").
Jump up ^ Arriyadh Development Authority (Investment_Arriyadh_2013)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). censusindia. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population & Land Area (Mid-Year Estimates)". Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "现将汕头市2010年第六次全国人口普查分区县常住人口[2]数据公布如下：". 汕头市2010年第六次全国人口普查 主要数据公报[1]. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Rosstat. Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2017 г. (in Russian)
Jump up ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas (2014)" (PDF). Demographia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). The city proper is divided into four districts: Western District, Eastern District, Southern District and Northern District. The districts combined have a total of 33 townships.
Jump up ^ Third Regional EST Forum, Presentation of Myanmar. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Presentation". District Autonome D'Abidjan. Archived from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Estimated Population by Governorate". CAPMAS. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved September 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Egypt: Administrative Units". GeoHive. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ The city of Alexandria has an area of approximately 400 square kilometres. Egyptian officials provides information at governorate level. In the case of "city proper" provides information at intervals of many years. It is impossible to assess the population (official) reported in the city proper area.
Jump up ^ "Kolkata (West Bengal, India) - Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts - City Population". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Turkey: Ankara City". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
Jump up ^ The province of Ankara is divided into twenty five districts, administered by the Metropolitan Municipality of Ankara. The city proper (urban area) of Ankara is generally considered to be formed by eight districts (Sincan, Yenimahalle, Etimesgut, Keçiören, Pursaklar, Altındağ, Mamak, Çankaya). Here, Gölbaşı district is excluded, because it is rural.
Jump up ^ Yenimahalle district, whose area is not given by citypopulation.de, covers 274 km2
Jump up ^ "Districts of Turkey". statoids. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Demographics: Surat Municipal Corporation Archived 4 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Census (2011)". Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Pinda, Mizengo Peter. "Welcome to the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census WebPage". Census General Report (pdf); available by clicking “Population Distribution by Administrative Units”. National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Dar es Salaam is divided into five districts, governed as municipal councils, and so all of the city's suburbs or wards are affiliated with them.
Jump up ^ "TANZANIA:Administrative Division". Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Suzhou (Statistics 2013)" (PDF). Sztjj.gov.cn. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Gūsū, Wúzhōng, Sūzhōu Gōngyèyuán (Industrial Park), Xiàngchéng and Sūzhōu Gāo Xīnjìshù Chǎnyè Kāifāqū (New District)
Jump up ^ Sztjj.gov.cn
Jump up ^ "黑龙江省2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报". National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ All city proper districts except Sōngběi; namely Dàolǐ, Nángǎng, Dàowài, Píngfáng, Xiāngfang; see Harbin#Administrative divisions
Jump up ^ "中国年鉴信息网--中国规模最大、实力最强的研究报告提供商！". Harbin Yearbook. China Yearbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "EGYPT: Greater Cairo (2006)". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
Jump up ^ All districts that are listed as being in Greater Cairo and are contiguous; namely Ad-Duqī, Al-Ahrām; Al-'Ajūzah; Al-Badrashayn; Al-Ḥawāmidiyah; Al-Jīzah; Al-Jīzah; Al-'Umrāniyah; Al-Warrāq; Awsīm; Būlāq al-Dakrūr; Imbābah; Kirdāsah.
Jump up ^ Sub-provincial City (Census 2010)
Jump up ^ The city proper based on the districts of Zhōngyuán, Èrqī, Guǎnchéng Huízú, Jīnshuǐ and Huìjì
Jump up ^ Los Angeles City is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods.
Jump up ^ "TAIWAN: Administrative Division (Census 2013)". CityPopulation.De. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Taipei City". New Taipei City Government. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Berlins Einwohnerzahl wächst 2016 weiter" (PDF). Statistics Agency Berlin-Brandenburg. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016. , Retrieved 1 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b 杭州市 2010年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (in Chinese). Hangzhou Municipal Statistic Bureau. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Xiamen (Sub-provincial city, Fujian)". citypopulation.de. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Following sections: Licheng District, Fengze District, Shishi City, Jinjiang City; see Quanzhou#Administrative divisions
Jump up ^ "Saudi Census-2010". Central Departament of Statistics Saudi Government. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Area and Population". Jeddah Municipality. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Afghanistan (2013)". GeoHive. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Morocco: Grand Casablanca - Settat". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "合肥市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报: 合肥市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公 报[1]". Baidu. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
Jump up ^ The prefecture-level city of Hefei administers 9 county-level divisions, including 4 districts, 1 County-city and 4 counties. The city proper based on the districts of Luyang, Yaohai, Shushan and Baohe considered "core districts".
Jump up ^ United Nations Statistics Division; Preliminary results of the 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea conducted on 1–15 October 2008 (pdf-file) Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 1 March 2009.
Jump up ^ PYONGYANG Archived 17 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Municipal Register: Last data published: Population at 1st January (2013)". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE – Spain). Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. "Population of Major Cities - Census 2017" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Kenya (Census 2009)". Geohive. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Population Size of Towns by Sex, Region, Zone and Wereda: July 2013" (PDF). Central Statistical Agency – CSA. Retrieved July 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "based on the districts of Akaki Kaliti-Sub City, Nefas Silk-Lafto-Sub City, Kolfe Keraniyo-Sub City, Gulele-Sub City, Lideta-Sub City, Kirkos-Sub City, Arada-Sub City, Addis Ketema-Sub City, Yeka-Sub City, Bole-Sub City considered "districts"".
Jump up ^ "Argentina: Provinces and Agglomerations". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "1103-浙江省温州市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报: 温州市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报". Baidu. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Based on the following districts: Lucheng, Longwan, Ouhai; see Administration
See also[edit]
List of agglomerations by population
List of cities by population density
List of metropolitan areas by population
List of population concern organizations
External links[edit]
The worlds biggest cities: How do you measure them? – BBC article
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West Indies)
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Global city
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† Aggregate urban areas are entire continuous built-up areas, grouping together contiguous cities (known as conurbations), whereas urban agglomerations are the built-up areas of individual cities.
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South Pole
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Geographic South Pole. For other uses, see South Pole (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 90°S 180°E / 90°S 180°E / -90; 180
The Geographic South Pole. (The flag used on the flagpole is interchangeable.)
Image taken by NASA showing Antarctica and the South Pole in 2005.
South Geographic Pole
South Magnetic Pole (2007)
South Geomagnetic Pole (2005)
South Pole of Inaccessibility
The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole.
Situated on the continent of Antarctica, it is the site of the United States Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the South Magnetic Pole, the position of which is defined based on the Earth's magnetic field. The South Pole is at the center of the Southern Hemisphere.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Ceremonial South Pole
1.2 Historic monuments
2 Exploration
2.1 Pre-1900
2.2 1900–1950
2.3 1950–present
3 Climate and day and night
4 Time
5 Flora and fauna
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Geography[edit]
The Ceremonial South Pole in 1998.
The Ceremonial South Pole as of February 2008.
For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, the Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small "wobbles" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.
The geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as 0°. At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to "grid north", which points northwards along the prime meridian.[1] Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the North Pole.
The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.[2]
The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north,[3] down towards the Weddell Sea. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time.
The Geographic South Pole is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on New Year's Day to compensate for the movement of the ice.[4] The sign records the respective dates that Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole, followed by a short quotation from each man, and gives the elevation as "9,301 FT.".[5][6] A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site.[4]
Ceremonial South Pole[edit]
The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the South Pole Station. It is located some meters from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short bamboo pole, surrounded by the flags of the original Antarctic Treaty signatory states.[citation needed]
Historic monuments[edit]
Argentina soldiers saluting the flag after erecting the pole in 1965
Amundsen's Tent: The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[7] The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.6 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (56 ft) below the present surface.[8]
Argentine Flagpole: A flagpole erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 1) following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[9]
Exploration[edit]
See also: History of Antarctica, List of Antarctic expeditions, Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, and Farthest South
Pre-1900[edit]
In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica, with the very first[clarification needed] being the Russian expedition led by Faddey Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.[10] The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice.[11]
The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century. American naval officer Charles Wilkes claimed (correctly) that Antarctica was a new continent, basing the claim on his exploration in 1839–40,[12] while James Clark Ross, in his expedition of 1839–43, hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole. (He was unsuccessful.)[13]
1900–1950[edit]
Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911. From left to right: Amundsen, Hanssen, Hassel and Wisting (photo by fifth member Bjaaland).
British explorer Robert Falcon Scott on the Discovery Expedition of 1901–04 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole. Scott, accompanied by Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached 82°16′ S.[14] Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition (Nimrod Expedition) in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached 88°23' S – 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole – before being forced to turn back.[15]
The first men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian Roald Amundsen and his party on December 14, 1911. Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole King Haakon VII Vidde in honour of King Haakon VII of Norway. Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, initially unaware of Amundsen's secretive expedition. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold.
In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole, but his ship, the Endurance, was frozen in pack ice and sank 11 months later. The overland journey was never made.
US Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, with the assistance of his first pilot Bernt Balchen, became the first person to fly over the South Pole on November 29, 1929.
1950–present[edit]
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. The ceremonial pole and flags can be seen in the background, slightly to the left of centre, below the tracks behind the buildings. The actual geographic pole is a few more metres to the left. The buildings are raised on stilts to prevent snow build up.
It was not until 31 October 1956 that humans once again set foot at the South Pole, when a party led by Admiral George J. Dufek of the US Navy landed there in an R4D-5L Skytrain (C-47 Skytrain) aircraft. The US Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was established by air over 1956–1957 for the International Geophysical Year and has been continuously staffed since then by research and support personnel.[2]
After Amundsen and Scott, the next people to reach the South Pole overland (albeit with some air support) were Edmund Hillary (January 4, 1958) and Vivian Fuchs (January 19, 1958) and their respective parties, during the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation, including those by Havola, Crary and Fiennes. First group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson, Lois Jones, Eileen McSaveney, Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill in 1969.[16] In 1978 Michele Eileen Raney becomes the first woman to winter at the South Pole.[17]
Subsequent to the establishment, in 1987, of the logistic support base at Patriot Hills Base Camp, the South Pole became more accessible to non-government expeditions.
On December 30, 1989, Arved Fuchs and Reinhold Messner were the first to traverse Antarctica via the South Pole without animal or motorized help, using only skis and the help of wind.[18][19] Two women, Victoria E. Murden and Shirley Metz reached the pole by land on January 17, 1989.[20]
The fastest unsupported journey to the Geographic South Pole from the ocean is 24 days and one hour from Hercules Inlet and was set in 2011 by Norwegian adventurer Christian Eide,[21] who beat the previous solo record set in 2009 by American Todd Carmichael of 39 days and seven hours, and the previous group record also set in 2009 of 33 days and 23 hours.[22]
The fastest solo (female), unsupported and unassisted trek to the south pole was performed by Hannah McKeand from the UK in 2006. She made the journey in 39 days 9hrs 33mins. She started on the 19th November 2006 and finished on the 28 December 2006.[23]
In the 2011/12 summer, separate expeditions by Norwegian Aleksander Gamme and Australians James Castrission and Justin Jones jointly claimed the first unsupported trek without dogs or kites from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole and back. The two expeditions started from Hercules Inlet a day apart, with Gamme starting first, but completing according to plan the last few kilometres together. As Gamme traveled alone he thus simultaneously became the first to complete the task solo.[24][25][26]
Climate and day and night[edit]
See also: Climate of Antarctica, Midnight sun, and Polar night
During the southern winter (March–September), the South Pole receives no sunlight at all, and from May 11 to August 1, between extended periods of twilight, it is completely dark (apart from moonlight). In the summer (September–March), the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle. However, it is always low in the sky, reaching a maximum of 23.5° in December. Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow. This lack of warmth from the sun, combined with the high altitude (about 2,800 metres (9,200 ft)), means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth (though it is not quite the coldest; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the Vostok Station, also in Antarctica, which lies at a higher elevation).[27] Temperatures at the South Pole are much lower than at the North Pole, primarily because the South Pole is located at altitude in the middle of a continental land mass, while the North Pole is at sea level in the middle of an ocean, which acts as a reservoir of heat.
The South Pole is at an altitude of 9,300 feet (2,800 m) but feels like 11,000 feet (3,400 m).[28]. Centrifugal force from the spin of the planet pulls the atmosphere toward the equator. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole because of the elevation difference.[29] The North Pole is a few feet from sea level.
In midsummer, as the sun reaches its maximum elevation of about 23.5 degrees, high temperatures at the South Pole in January average at −25.9 °C (−15 °F). As the six-month "day" wears on and the sun gets lower, temperatures drop as well: they reach −45 °C (−49 °F) around sunset (late March) and sunrise (late September). In midwinter, the average temperature remains steady at around −58 °C (−72 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on Christmas Day, 2011,[30] and the lowest was −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) on June 23, 1982[31][32][33] (for comparison, the lowest temperature directly recorded anywhere on earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station on July 21, 1983, though −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) was measured indirectly by satellite in East Antarctica between Dome A and Dome F in August 2010[34]).
The South Pole has a desert climate, receiving very little precipitation. Air humidity is near zero. However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about 20 cm (8 in) per year.[35] The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen–Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it. More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against the sides of them.
[hide]Climate data for The South Pole
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
−14.4
(6.1) −20.6
(−5.1) −26.7
(−16.1) −27.8
(−18) −25.1
(−13.2) −28.8
(−19.8) −33.9
(−29) −32.8
(−27) −29.3
(−20.7) −25.1
(−13.2) −18.9
(−2) −12.3
(9.9) −12.3
(9.9)
Average high °C (°F)
−26.0
(−14.8) −37.9
(−36.2) −49.6
(−57.3) −53.0
(−63.4) −53.6
(−64.5) −54.5
(−66.1) −55.2
(−67.4) −54.9
(−66.8) −54.4
(−65.9) −48.4
(−55.1) −36.2
(−33.2) −26.3
(−15.3) −45.8
(−50.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−28.4
(−19.1) −40.9
(−41.6) −53.7
(−64.7) −57.8
(−72) −58.0
(−72.4) −58.9
(−74) −59.8
(−75.6) −59.7
(−75.5) −59.1
(−74.4) −51.6
(−60.9) −38.2
(−36.8) −28.0
(−18.4) −49.5
(−57.1)
Average low °C (°F)
−29.6
(−21.3) −43.1
(−45.6) −56.8
(−70.2) −60.9
(−77.6) −61.5
(−78.7) −62.8
(−81) −63.4
(−82.1) −63.2
(−81.8) −61.7
(−79.1) −54.3
(−65.7) −40.1
(−40.2) −29.1
(−20.4) −52.2
(−62)
Record low °C (°F)
−41.1
(−42) −58.9
(−74) −71.1
(−96) −75.0
(−103) −78.3
(−108.9) −82.8
(−117) −80.6
(−113.1) −79.3
(−110.7) −79.4
(−110.9) −72.0
(−97.6) −55.0
(−67) −41.1
(−42) −82.8
(−117)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
0.3
(0.012) 0.6
(0.024) 0.2
(0.008) 0.1
(0.004) 0.2
(0.008) 0.1
(0.004) Trace Trace 0.1
(0.004) 0.1
(0.004) 0.1
(0.004) 0.3
(0.012) 2.3
(0.091)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.6
Average snowy days
22.0 19.6 13.6 11.4 17.2 17.3 18.2 17.5 11.7 16.7 16.9 20.6 203.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours
406.1 497.2 195.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.1 390.6 558.0 616.9 2,698.2
Mean daily sunshine hours
13.1 17.6 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 12.6 18.6 19.9 7.4
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net (temperatures, 1981–2010, extremes 1957–present)[36]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (precipitation 1957–1988 and sun 1978–1993),[37] NOAA (snowy days data, 1961–1988)[38]
Time[edit]
In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the South Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no a priori reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone, but as a matter of practical convenience the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station keeps New Zealand Time (UTC+12). This is because the US flies its resupply missions ("Operation Deep Freeze") out of McMurdo Station, which is supplied from Christchurch, New Zealand.
Flora and fauna[edit]
Due to its exceptionally harsh climate, there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole. Remarkably, though, off-course south polar skuas and snow petrels are occasionally seen there.[39]
In 2000 it was reported that microbes had been detected living in the South Pole ice.[40]
See also[edit]
Antarctica portal
List of Antarctic expeditions
North Pole
South Pole Telescope
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Moving the South Pole", NASA Quest
^ Jump up to: a b Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs
Jump up ^ "Where is the real Pole really?". Retrieved 2008-03-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marker makes annual move", page 6, Antarctic Sun. January 8, 2006; McMurdo Station, Antarctica.
Jump up ^ "Sign at the (ever moving) actual geographical South Pole (a few feet away from the Ceremonial Pole)". Pierre R. Schwob Physics/Astronomy. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ Kiefer, Alex (January 1994). "South Pole Marker". Retrieved 2008-03-24.
Jump up ^ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
Jump up ^ [1] Polar Record / Volume 47 / Issue 03 / July 2011
Jump up ^ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Terence (1971). "Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica". Polar Record. 15 (99): 887–889. doi:10.1017/S0032247400062112.
Jump up ^ Hurtigruten. "General Information". hurtigruten.com/us/. Hurtigruten. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
Jump up ^ Van Doren, Charles Lincoln; McHenry, Robert (1971). Webster's Guide to American History: A Chronological, Geographical, and Biographical Survey and Compendium. Merriam-Webster. p. 1326. ISBN 978-0-87779-081-5.
Jump up ^ Berkman, Paul Arthur (2002). Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica. Academic Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-12-091560-6.
Jump up ^ Berkman, Paul Arthur (2002). Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica. Academic Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-12-091560-6.
Jump up ^ Simpson-Housley, Paul (2002). Antarctica: Exploration, Perception and Metaphor. Taylor & Francis. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-203-03602-0.
Jump up ^ "First Women at Pole". South Pole Station. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Famous Firsts". The Antarctic Sun. United States Antarctic Program. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Südtirol – Diese Seite existiert nicht". Suedtirol.info. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-08-13. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Antarctic Firsts". Antarctic Circle. 4 October 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Explorersweb (2011-01-13). "Breaking news: Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record". explorersweb.com. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Canadians break speed record trekking to South Pole". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2014. The Jim Patison Group. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
Jump up ^ "Ice Trek Expeditions". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Crossing the Ice". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Wilson, nå er vi framme!". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ Science question of the week, Goddard Space Flight Center.
Jump up ^ The USAP Portal: Science and Support in Antarctica - Course Material
Jump up ^ Why is the South Pole colder than the North Pole? - Scientific American
Jump up ^ Matthew A. Lazzara (2011-12-28). "Preliminary Report: Record Temperatures at South Pole (and nearby AWS sites…)". Retrieved 2011-12-28.
Jump up ^ Your stay at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs
Jump up ^ "How cold is the Antarctic?". NIWA. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Antarctic Weather". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Jump up ^ "NASA-USGS Landsat 8 Satellite Pinpoints Coldest Spots on Earth", NASA, December 9, 2013
Jump up ^ Initial environmental evaluation – development of blue-ice and compacted-snow runways, National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, April 9, 1993
Jump up ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Amundsen–Scott" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Klimatafel von Amundsen - Scott / Südpol-Station (USA) / Antarktis" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Amundsen–Scott Climate Normals 1961−1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Mark Sabbatini, "Non-human life form seen at Pole", The Antarctic Sun, 5 January 2003.
Jump up ^ "Snow microbes found at South Pole", BBC News, 10 July 2000
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Pole.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South Pole.
NOAA South Pole Webcam
360° Panoramas of the South Pole
Images of this location are available at the Degree Confluence Project
South Pole Photo Gallery
Poles by the Australian Antarctic Division
The Antarctic Sun – Online news source for the U.S. Antarctic Program
Big Dead Place
UK team makes polar trek history – BBC News article on first expedition to Pole of Inaccessibility without mechanical assistance
Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908 South Pole Expedition, and read more about the recording on [australianscreen online].
The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2007
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VIAF: 315128179
GND: 4527930-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Pole&oldid=819515646"
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https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvinaba
Suvinaba – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values: דרום פאלוס – Yiddish

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