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Occupation of the Ruhr
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French soldiers in the Ruhr in 1923
The Occupation of the Ruhr (German: Ruhrbesetzung) was a period of military occupation of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 in response to the Weimar Republic's failure to continue its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Occupation
3 Passive resistance
3.1 Sympathy for Germany
3.2 Poincaré
4 British perspective
5 Aftermath
5.1 Dawes Plan
5.2 German politics
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
8.1 French and German
Background[edit]
Map of the occupation of the Rhineland (1918–1919)
The Ruhr region had been occupied by Allied troops in the immediate aftermath of the First World War, during the Allied occupation of the Rhineland (1918–1919). Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), which formally ended the war, Germany accepted responsibility for the damages caused in the war and was obliged to pay war reparations to the various Allies, principally France. The total sum of reparations demanded from Germany—around 226 billion gold marks (US $878 billion in 2018)—was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission. In 1921, the amount was reduced to 132 billion (at that time, $31.4 billion (US $442 billion in 2018), or £6.6 billion (UK £284 billion in 2018)).[1] Even with the reduction, the debt was huge. As some of the payments were in raw materials, German factories were unable to function, and the German economy suffered, further damaging the country's ability to pay.[2]
By late 1922, the German defaults on payments had grown so regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission; the French and Belgian delegates urged occupying the Ruhr as a way of forcing Germany to pay more, while the British delegate urged a lowering of the payments.[3] As a consequence of a German default on timber deliveries in December 1922, the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, which led to the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923.[4] Particularly galling to the French was that the timber quota the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of their capacity the Germans made themselves and subsequently lowered.[5] The Allies believed that the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the will of the Allies to enforce the treaty.[5] The entire conflict was further exacerbated by a German default on coal deliveries in early January 1923, which was the thirty-fourth coal default in the previous thirty-six months.[6] The French Premier Raymond Poincaré was deeply reluctant to order the Ruhr occupation and took this step only after the British had rejected his proposals for non-military sanctions against Germany.[7] Frustrated at Germany not paying reparations, Poincaré hoped for joint Anglo-French economic sanctions against Germany in 1922 and opposed military action. However, by December 1922 he was faced with Anglo-American-German opposition and saw coal for French steel production and payments in money as laid out in the Treaty of Versailles draining away. Poincaré was exasperated with British opposition, and wrote to the French ambassador in London:
Judging others by themselves, the English, who are blinded by their loyalty, have always thought that the Germans did not abide by their pledges inscribed in the Versailles Treaty because they had not frankly agreed to them. ... We, on the contrary, believe that if Germany, far from making the slightest effort to carry out the treaty of peace, has always tried to escape her obligations, it is because until now she has not been convinced of her defeat. ... We are also certain that Germany, as a nation, resigns herself to keep her pledged word only under the impact of necessity.[8]
Occupation[edit]
French Chasseurs Alpins in Buer
Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr on 11 January 1923 to extract the reparations himself. The real issue during the Ruhrkampf (Ruhr struggle), as the Germans labelled the battle against the French occupation, was not the German defaults on coal and timber deliveries but the sanctity of the Versailles Treaty.[9] Poincaré often argued to the British that letting the Germans defy Versailles in regards to the reparations would create a precedent that would lead to the Germans dismantling the rest of the Versailles treaty.[10] Finally, Poincaré argued that once the chains that had bound Germany in Versailles were destroyed, it was inevitable that Germany would plunge the world into another world war.[10]
Initiated by French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré, the invasion took place on 11 January 1923. General Alphonse Caron’s 32nd infantry corps under the supervision of General Jean-Marie Degoutte carried out the operation.[11] Some theories state that the French aimed to occupy the centre of German coal, iron, and steel production in the Ruhr area valley simply to get the money. Some others state that France did it to ensure that the reparations were paid in goods, because the Mark was practically worthless because of hyperinflation that already existed at the end of 1922. France had the iron ore and Germany had the coal. Each state wanted free access to the resource it was short of, as together these resources had far more value than separately. (Eventually this problem was resolved in the post-World War II European Coal and Steel community.)
Following France's decision to invade the Ruhr,[12] the Inter-Allied Mission for Control of Factories and Mines (MICUM)[13] was set up as a means of ensuring coal repayments from Germany.[14]
Passive resistance[edit]
Protests by gymnasts from the Ruhr at the 1923 Munich Gymnastics Festival (The sign on the left reads "The Ruhr remains German"; the sign on the right reads "We never want to be vassals".)
The occupation was greeted by a campaign of passive resistance. Approximately 130 German civilians were killed by the French occupation army during the events, including during civil disobedience protests, e.g. against dismissal of German officials.[15][16] Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr, the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923.[9] Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921,[17] see 1920s German inflation. In the face of economic collapse, with high unemployment and hyperinflation, the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government, which was followed by a state of emergency. Despite this, civil unrest grew into riots and coup attempts targeted at the government of the Weimar Republic, including the Beer Hall Putsch. The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923.
Though the French did succeed in making their occupation of the Ruhr pay, the Germans through their passive resistance in the Ruhr and the hyperinflation that wrecked their economy, won the world's sympathy, and under heavy Anglo-American financial pressure (the simultaneous decline in the value of the franc made the French very open to pressure from Wall Street and the City), the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924, which substantially lowered German reparations payments.[18] Under the Dawes Plan, Germany paid only 1 billion marks in 1924, and then increasing amounts for the next three years, until the total rose to 2.25 billion marks by 1927.
Sympathy for Germany[edit]
Front page of Chicago Daily Tribune, 6 March 1923, announcing French troops killing four resisting Germans
Internationally, the French invasion of Germany did much to boost sympathy for the German Republic although no action was taken in the League of Nations since it was technically legal under the Treaty of Versailles.[19] The French, with their own economic problems, eventually accepted the Dawes Plan and withdrew from the occupied areas in July and August 1925. The last French troops evacuated Düsseldorf and Duisburg along with the city's important harbour in Duisburg-Ruhrort, ending French occupation of the Ruhr region on 25 August 1925. According to Sally Marks, the occupation of the Ruhr "was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation, which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation, nor the franc's 1924 collapse, which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations".[20] Marks suggests the profits, after Ruhr-Rhineland occupation costs, were nearly 900 million gold marks.[21]
Poincaré[edit]
Despite his disagreements with Britain, Poincaré desired to preserve the Anglo-French entente and thus moderated his aims to a degree. His major goal was the winning of the extraction of reparations payments from Germany. His inflexible methods and authoritarian personality led to the failure of his diplomacy.[22]
British perspective[edit]
When on 12 July 1922, Germany demanded a moratorium on reparation payments, tension developed between the French government of Raymond Poincaré and the Coalition government of David Lloyd George. The British Labour Party demanded peace and denounced Lloyd George as a troublemaker. It saw Germany as the martyr of the postwar period and France as vengeful and the principal threat to peace in Europe. The tension between France and Britain peaked during a conference in Paris in early 1923, by which time the coalition led by Lloyd George had been replaced by the Conservatives. The Labour Party opposed the occupation of the Ruhr throughout 1923, which it rejected as French imperialism. The British Labour Party believed it had won when Poincaré accepted the Dawes Plan in 1924.[23]
Aftermath[edit]
French troops leaving Dortmund
Dawes Plan[edit]
To deal with the implementation of the Dawes Plan, a conference took place in London in July–August 1924.[24] The British Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, who viewed reparations as impossible to pay, successfully pressured the French Premier Édouard Herriot into a whole series of concessions to Germany.[24] The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps commented that “The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railroad Régie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year”.[25] The Dawes Plan was significant in European history as it marked the first time that Germany had succeeded in defying Versailles, and revised an aspect of the treaty in its favour.
The Saar region remained under French control until 1935.
German politics[edit]
In German politics, the French occupation of the Rhineland accelerated the formation of right-wing parties. Disoriented by the defeat in the war, conservatives in 1922 founded a consortium of nationalist associations, the "Vereinigten Vaterländischen Verbände Deutschlands" (VVVD, United Patriotic Associations of Germany). The goal was to forge a united front of the right. In the climate of national resistance against the French Ruhr invasion, the VVVD reached its peak strength. It advocated policies of uncompromising monarchism, corporatism and opposition to the Versailles settlement. However, it lacked internal unity and money and so it never managed to unite the right before it had faded away by the late 1920s, as the Nazis emerged.[26]
See also[edit]
NRW portal
History of the Ruhr
Allied occupation of the Rhineland
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Timothy W. Guinnane (January 2004). "Vergangenheitsbewältigung: the 1953 London Debt Agreement" (PDF). Center Discussion Paper no. 880. Economic Growth Center, Yale University. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
Jump up ^ The extent to which payment defaults were genuine or artificial is controversial, see World War I reparations.
Jump up ^ Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pp. 231–255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 pp. 239–240.
Jump up ^ Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pp. 231–255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 pp. 240–241.
^ Jump up to: a b Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pp. 231–255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 p. 240.
Jump up ^ Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pp. 231–255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 p. 241.
Jump up ^ Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pp. 231–255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 p. 244.
Jump up ^ Leopold Schwarzschild, World in Trance (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1943), p. 140.
^ Jump up to: a b Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pp. 231–255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 p. 245.
^ Jump up to: a b Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pp. 231–255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 pp. 244–245.
Jump up ^ Mordacq, Henri. Die deutsche Mentalitat. Funf Jahre B. am Rhein. p. 165.
Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 28
Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 42
Jump up ^ Fischer, p. 51
Jump up ^ "Anaconda Standard". 1923-02-10. Twenty Germans were said to have been killed and several French soldiers wounded when a mob at Rapoch attempted to prevent the expulsion of one hundred officials. Picture shows French guard being doubled outside the station at Bochum following a collision between German mob and the French
Jump up ^ "Hanover Evening Sun". 1923-03-15. Three Germans killed in Ruhr by French sentries
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Adam; When Money Dies: The Nightmare of Deficit Spending, Devaluation and Hyperinflation in Weimar Germany p. 38. ISBN 1-58648-994-1
Jump up ^ Marks, Sally "The Myths of Reparations" pp. 231–255 from Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 pp. 245–246.
Jump up ^ Walsh, p. 142
Jump up ^ Sally Marks, '1918 and After. The Postwar Era', in Gordon Martel (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered. Second Edition (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 26.
Jump up ^ Marks, p. 35, no. 57.
Jump up ^ Hines H. Hall, III, "Poincare and Interwar Foreign Policy: 'L'Oublie de la Diplomatie' in Anglo-French Relations, 1922–1924," Proceedings of the Western Society for French History (1982), Vol. 10, pp. 485–494.
Jump up ^ Aude Dupré de Boulois, "Les Travaillistes, la France et la Question Allemande (1922–1924)," Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique (1999) 113 #1 pp. 75–100.
^ Jump up to: a b Marks, "The Myths of Reparations" p. 248.
Jump up ^ Marks, "The Myths of Reparations" p. 249.
Jump up ^ James M. Diehl, "Von Der 'Vaterlandspartei' zur 'Nationalen Revolution': Die 'Vereinigten Vaterländischen Verbände Deutschlands (VVVD)' 1922–1932," [From "party for the fatherland" to "national revolution": the United Fatherland Associations of Germany (VVVD), 1922–32] Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (October 1985) 33 #4 pp. 617–639.
Sources[edit]
Fischer, Conan. The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (Oxford U.P., 2003); online review
Marks, Sally. "The Myths of Reparations," Central European History, Volume 11, Issue #3, September 1978 pp. 231–255.
O'Riordan, Elspeth Y. "British Policy and the Ruhr Crisis 1922–24," Diplomacy & Statecraft (2004) 15 #2 pp. 221–251.
O'Riordan, Elspeth Y. Britain and the Ruhr Crisis (London, 2001);
Walsh, Ben. History in Focus: GCSE Modern World History;
French and German[edit]
Stanislas Jeannesson, Poincaré, la France et la Ruhr 1922–1924. Histoire d'une occupation (Strasbourg, 1998);
Michael Ruck, Die Freien Gewerkschaften im Ruhrkampf 1923 (Frankfurt am Main, 1886);
Barbara Müller, Passiver Widerstand im Ruhrkampf. Eine Fallstudie zur gewaltlosen zwischenstaatlichen Konfliktaustragung und ihren Erfolgsbedingungen (Münster, 1995);
Gerd Krüger, Das "Unternehmen Wesel" im Ruhrkampf von 1923. Rekonstruktion eines misslungenen Anschlags auf den Frieden, in Horst Schroeder, Gerd Krüger, Realschule und Ruhrkampf. Beiträge zur Stadtgeschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (Wesel, 2002), pp. 90–150 (Studien und Quellen zur Geschichte von Wesel, 24) [esp. on the background of so-called 'active' resistance];
Gerd Krumeich, Joachim Schröder (eds.), Der Schatten des Weltkriegs: Die Ruhrbesetzung 1923 (Essen, 2004) (Düsseldorfer Schriften zur Neueren Landesgeschichte und zur Geschichte Nordrhein-Westfalens, 69);
Gerd Krüger, "Aktiver" und passiver Widerstand im Ruhrkampf 1923, in Günther Kronenbitter, Markus Pöhlmann, Dierk Walter (eds.), Besatzung. Funktion und Gestalt militärischer Fremdherrschaft von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2006), pp. 119–30 (Krieg in der Geschichte, 28);

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Goodbye, Mr. Chips
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Goodbye, Mr. Chips (disambiguation).
"Mr. Chips" redirects here. For other uses, see Mr. Chips (disambiguation).
Goodbye, Mr. Chips
Cover of the UK first edition
Author
James Hilton
Illustrator
Ethel 'Bip' Pares
Genre
Psychological fiction
Publisher
Little, Brown (USA)
Hodder & Stoughton (UK)
Publication date
June 1934 (1934-06) (USA)
October 1934 (1934-10) (UK)
OCLC
8462789
Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a schoolteacher, Mr. Chipping, written by the English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934. It has been adapted into two cinema films and two television presentations. The novella has remained an essential part of the English subject syllabus taught at Pakistan's higher secondary school level for the past 30 years, although its choice has received some criticism in the recent past due to perceived lack of relevance to the local society and education system.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Plot summary
3 Inspiration
4 Adaptations
4.1 1936 radio
4.2 1938 stage
4.3 1939 film
4.4 1939 radio
4.5 1969 film
4.6 1982 stage musical
4.7 1984 serial
4.8 2002 TV film
4.9 Parodies
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The story was originally issued in 1933, as a supplement to the British Weekly, an evangelical newspaper. It came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of The Atlantic. The success of the Atlantic Monthly publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little, Brown and Company, who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934. The Great Depression had elevated business risks for most publishing houses, and Little, Brown were no exception. They cautiously released a small first print run. Public demand for more was immediate, and Little, Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month. Public demand remained strong, and Little, Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months, with at least two reprintings per month.
The first British edition went to press in October 1934. The publishers were Hodder & Stoughton, who had observed the success of the book in the United States, and they released a much larger first print run. It sold 15,000 copies on the day of publication,[3] and they quickly found themselves going into reprints as the reading public's demand for the book proved insatiable. With the huge success of this book, James Hilton became a best-selling author.[4]
Plot summary[edit]
The novella tells the story of a beloved school teacher, Mr Chipping, and his long tenure at Brookfield School, a fictional minor British boys' public boarding school located in the fictional village of Brookfield, in the Fenlands. Mr Chips, as the boys call him, is conventional in his beliefs and exercises firm discipline in the classroom. His views broaden, and his pedagogical manner loosens after he marries Katherine, a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District. Katherine charms the Brookfield teachers and headmaster, and quickly wins the favour of Brookfield's pupils. Despite Chipping's mediocre credentials and his view that Greek and Latin (his academic subjects) are dead languages, he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by students and the school's governors. In his later years, he develops an arch sense of humour that pleases everyone.
Although the book is unabashedly sentimental, it depicts the sweeping social changes that Chips experiences throughout his life: he begins his tenure at Brookfield in September 1870, at the age of 22, as the Franco-Prussian War was breaking out; he dies in November 1933, at the age of 85, shortly after Adolf Hitler's rise to power.
Inspiration[edit]
The setting for Goodbye, Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School, Cambridge, where James Hilton was a pupil (1915–18). Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist, Mr. Chips, came from many sources, including his father, who was the headmaster of Chapel End School. Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W. H. Balgarnie, a master at The Leys (1900–30), who was in charge of the Leys Fortnightly (in which Hilton's first short stories and essays were published). Over the years, old boys wrote to Geoffery Houghton, a master at The Leys and a historian of the school, confirming the links between Chipping and Balgarnie, who eventually died at Porthmadog at the age of 82.[5] Balgarnie had been linked with the school for 51 years and spent his last years in modest lodgings nearby. Like Mr. Chips, Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian, but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits.[6]
Hilton wrote upon Balgarnie's death that "Balgarnie was, I suppose, the chief model for my story. When I read so many other stories about public school life, I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did, and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie."[6] The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname "Chops", a likely inspiration for Mr Chips' name.[6]
In Hilton's final novel, Time and Time Again (1953), protagonist Charles Anderson bears clear biographical similarities to Hilton himself.[citation needed] Early in the novel, Anderson briefly reminisces about attending Brookfield and knowing "Chips".
Adaptations[edit]
1936 radio[edit]
A 50-minute adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:00 on 23 July 1936, with Richard Goolden in the title part and a cast that included Norman Shelley, Ronald Simpson, Lewis Shaw and Hermione Hannen.[7] There was a repeat broadcast the following evening.[8]
1938 stage[edit]
Barbara Burnham adapted the book for a stage production in three acts, which was first performed at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 23 September 1938, with Leslie Banks as Mr. Chips and Constance Cummings as his wife Katherine.[9] It ran for over 100 performances[10] until 14 January 1939.[11]
1939 film[edit]
Main article: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)
This version stars Robert Donat, Greer Garson, Terry Kilburn, John Mills, and Paul Henreid. Donat won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the lead role, beating Clark Gable, James Stewart, Laurence Olivier, and Mickey Rooney.
While some of the incidents depicted in the various screen adaptations do not appear in the book, this film is generally faithful to the original story.
The exteriors of the buildings of the fictional Brookfield School were filmed at Repton School,[12][13] an independent school (at the time of filming, for boys only), located in the village of Repton, in Derbyshire, in the Midlands area of England, whilst the interiors, school courtyards and annexes, including the supposedly exterior shots of the Austrian Tyrol Mountains, were filmed at Denham Film Studios,[14] near the village of Denham in Buckinghamshire. Around 200 boys from Repton School stayed on during the school holidays so that they could appear in the film.[15]
1939 radio[edit]
A radio adaptation by the Lux Radio Theatre starring Laurence Olivier and Edna Best and presented by Cecil B. DeMille was first broadcast on November 20, 1939.
1969 film[edit]
Main article: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)
In 1969 a musical film version appeared, starring Peter O’Toole and Petula Clark, with songs by Leslie Bricusse and an underscore by John Williams. In this version the character of Katherine is greatly expanded, and the time setting of the story is moved forward several decades, with Chips’ career beginning in the early 20th century and later career covering World War II, rather than World War I. O’Toole and Clark's performances were widely praised. At the 42nd Academy Awards, O’Toole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy.
1982 stage musical[edit]
A stage musical based on the original novel, but using most of the Leslie Bricusse vocal score of the 1969 film, was mounted at the Chichester Festival and opened on 11 August 1982. The book was by Roland Starke and the production was directed by Patrick Garland and Christopher Selbie. Among the Chichester Festival cast were John Mills as Mr. Chips, Colette Gleeson as Kathie, Nigel Stock as Max, Michael Sadler and Robert Meadmore in supporting roles, and 20 local school boys, including Kevin Farrar who was selected by Bricusse to sing the final verse of the iconic "School Song", which features on the original cast album which was recorded on 'That's Entertainment Records' label TER 1025 at Abbey Roads Studios in London on 17/18 August 1982. JAY-jay Records also have a release of it.
1984 serial[edit]
In 1984 it was adapted as a television serial by the BBC. It starred Roy Marsden and Jill Meager and ran for six half-hour episodes. Many scenes were filmed at Repton School, Derbyshire, in an effort to remain faithful to the original film.[16]
2002 TV film[edit]
A television film adaptation was produced by STV Productions (then known as "SMG TV Productions") in 2002. It aired on the ITV Network in Britain and on PBS's Masterpiece Theatre in the United States. It starred Martin Clunes and Victoria Hamilton with Henry Cavill, William Moseley, Oliver Rokison and Harry Lloyd.[17]
Parodies[edit]
Goodbye, Mr. Chips was parodied in the British sketch comedy programmes Hale and Pace (as Piss Off, Mr. Chips) and Big Train.
See also[edit]
1934 in literature
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Goodbye Mr Chips!". Dawn.com. Dawn. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "A REJOINDER TO THE CRITICISM ON 'GOOD-BYE MR. CHIPS'". humsub.com.pk. HumSub. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Among The Fiction – Outstanding Sales". Reviews. The Times (46928). London. 4 December 1934. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "''Atlantic'' on education". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 April 2011. .
Jump up ^ "Milestones". Time. 30 July 1951. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Timothy Carroll (9 December 2002). "Who was the real Mr Chips?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Broadcasting – Mr. Goolden in a School Play". Arts and Entertainment. The Times (47434). London. 23 July 1936. p. 21.
Jump up ^ "Broadcasting". Arts and Entertainment. The Times (47435). London. 24 July 1936. p. 12.
Jump up ^ "Shaftesbury Theatre". Reviews. The Times (48108). London. 24 September 1938. p. 8.
Jump up ^ "The Theatres". Reviews. The Times (48189). London. 29 December 1938. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Art Exhibitions". Classified Advertising. The Times (48203). London. 14 January 1939. p. 10.
Jump up ^ "Movies made in the Midlands". Sunday Mercury. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Repton, Derbyshire". greatbritishlife.co.uk. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) on IMDb. Retrieved 11 April 2011
Jump up ^ "1930s: A year of tragedy and war worries". youandyesterday.com. Retrieved 14 March 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Other scenes were filmed at Christ College, Brecon; with many of the school's pupils taking roles in the production. BBC Derby
Jump up ^ Goodbye, Mr. Chips (2002 TV) on IMDb. Retrieved 11 April 2011
External links[edit]
Goodbye, Mr. Chips at Faded Page (Canada)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 182507999
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Army Service Uniform
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
U.S. Army soldiers modelling the class "A" service uniform in 2008.
U.S. Army soldiers modelling the class "B" service uniform in 2008.
The Army Service Uniform (ASU) is a military uniform worn by United States Army personnel in situations where formal dress is called for. It can be worn at most public and official functions, and as an analog for business dress. In combat situations, the Army Combat Uniform is used.
The blue ASU replaced the "Army Green" and "Army White" service uniforms. Originally created in 2008 as a secondary uniform to the former army "class A greens", in the autumn of 2010 it started being issued to all soldiers and now is worn army-wide as the official service uniform.
It is based on the older "dress blue" dress uniform. Older antecedents include the uniforms of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and the Union Army's during the American Civil War. Their influence is apparent in the overall blue theme, the officers' passants (shoulder-straps) and trouser design.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Timeline of changes
1.2 Details
2 Current dress/service uniform
2.1 History
2.2 Description
2.3 Dress ASU
2.3.1 Evening social events
2.4 Class "A" ASU
2.5 Class "B" ASU
2.6 Components
2.7 Accessory items
2.8 Insignia, awards, badges and accoutrements
2.9 Headgear
2.10 Miscellaneous
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
Timeline of changes[edit]
1774: Blue Continental Army coat, with state facing colors, and white waistcoat and breeches or overalls. (Historical Note/Ref: The origin of "blue" as the primary uniform color is earlier during the Colonial period of the Continental Association or First Continental Congress which met in Philadelphia, PA and adjourned on Oct 26, 1774.) George Washington was the appointed Presiding Officer.
While Washington was in Philadelphia, one hundred neighbors in Fairfax County (VA), under the tutelage of George Mason, had organized themselves into a voluntary militia—probably the first in the colony—electing Washington their commander. Borrowing the colors of the English Whig party, the Fairfax Independent Company wore blue uniforms with buff facings and white stockings.[1]
Washington used Thomas Webb’s A Military Treatise on the Appointments of the Army as a guide for outfitting this particular unit. Washington would soon accept the additional field command of another four independent companies: in Prince William, Fauquier, Richmond, and Spotsylvania Counties.[2]
1782: Red facings only with branch of service white (infantry) or yellow (artillery) metal buttons.
1810: French uniform coat with cut-in skirt fastened in front; sleeved roundabout jacket for fatigue and field service.
1813: Uniform coat devoid of buttonhole lace and facing colors.
1821: Congressional confirmation of army wear of national blue; practical gray wool pantaloons for the winter mud, a tradition of contrasting shades.
1829: Undress frock (full round skirt) coat in place of officer's civilian clothes.
1832: Branch of service cap insignia, gold or silver officer grade insignia on epaulettes and sky-blue trousers for all but staff and generals.
1835: Shoulder straps, used to hold fringed epaulettes, with undress, officer grade.
1851: French frock (full skirt) coat only uniform, trimmed in system of branch of service colors.
1854: New waist-length uniform jacket for mounted troops
1872: Blouse for garrison and field, uniform coat for dress, with epaulettes for generals.
1881: Dark blue flannel overshirt often in place of blouse on field service.
1885: Sky-blue kersey trousers, aniline dye richer shade than original vegetable dye.
1895: Officer's undress sack coat, with black trim; branch of service insignia and national cypher "U.S." on collar, with national eagle on cap.
1902: Olive drab wool and khaki cotton service uniforms introduced; blue retained only for dress, full dress, mess dress, and special evening dress, trimmed with branch of service color. New patterns of blue full dress and dress uniforms adopted for both officers and enlisted men [3] Leather color changed from black to russet. The M1902 visored cap is adopted.[4]
1907 and 1912: Minor changes prescribed for 1902 model blue dress and full dress uniforms.[5]
1911: Wool felt M1911 Campaign Hat adopted. Hat cords were in Branch colors for enlisted men, a gold metallic thread and black cord braid for Subaltern and Field Officers, and woven of gold metallic thread for General Officers.
1917: Wearing of blue dress, full dress and mess dress uniforms suspended for the duration of the war. Warrant Officers were authorized a hat cord of silver metallic thread and black cord braid for wear with the M1911 Campaign Hat. The side-folding cloth Overseas Cap was unofficially adopted by AEF personnel in a variety of styles influenced by similar Allied patterns.
1921: The M1911 Campaign Hat was redesigned.
1928: Return of pre-war blue dress uniforms with new visor cap, optional at expense of wearer.[6]
1938: Officer's blue roll-collar coat adopted, with branch of service-color trim and dress belt (from full dress coat).
1939: The side-folding Overseas Cap is universally adopted as the Garrison Cap.
1940: No blue uniform required during emergency (end of saber).
1941: The M1911 Campaign Hat is declared Limited Standard.
1947: President Harry S. Truman note on lack of dress uniform and return of pre-war pattern; evening dress uniform cuff with single gold lace and insignia of grade.
1953: Post-war officer and EM pattern with patch pockets; no traditional branch of service color trim on EM uniform and officers' trousers stripes.
1956: Distinctive uniform for bands and honor guards. Leather color changed from russet to black.
1957: Women's army blue uniform same cut as 1951 Taupe-121 uniform.
1959: Army blue uniforms for year-round wear.
1962: Women's army blue same as army green uniform, with new service hat.
1963: Mandatory possession of officer's army blue uniform.
1972: Officers' mess jacket cuff ornamentation simplified to resemble that of 1947 evening dress (grade insignia replaced branch insignia; single strand of gold lace replaced multiple ones which previously showed grade).
2008: the new blue army service uniform (ASU) is introduced for optional wear by soldiers.[7]
2010: blue ASU issued to all soldiers, beginning in autumn.
2015: Army green class A uniform officially retired; blue ASU worn army-wide after October 1.
Details[edit]
In the early days of the U.S. Army, the uniform worn in combat was essentially the same as that worn for everyday duties. This was the common practice with most armies of the time. This changed in modern times, as field uniforms were developed which were more suited for battle.
Further information: Military uniform
During the Civil War era, army uniforms were relatively simple. Typically, the same uniform served as a garrison uniform and as a combat uniform. Combat soldiers in the Civil War wore a standard dark blue coat, just like personnel in garrisons or in army offices and headquarters. In the first half of the war, many states supplied their regiments with uniforms, resulting in distinctive jackets and buttons. Rank was indicated by a shoulder strap for officers, and chevrons on the sleeves for non-commissioned officers. Branch or specialty could be indicated by the color of the enlisted badge of rank, or the background color for officers' shoulder straps. Uniform standards were relaxed during the war years, especially on campaign, and men often wore a variety of hats in the field.[8]
The 1899 Army Uniform Regulations provided for a cotton khaki uniform for field service, drawing on the experience of the Spanish–American War when both blue and drab clothing had been worn.[9] From 1902 to 1917, the army had two uniforms: a service uniform of wool olive drab Melton cloth for use by soldiers in the field, and a blue dress uniform used for ceremonies and off-post wear by enlisted men.[10]
Lieutenant General Edmund B. Gregory, the Quartermaster General, looking back in 1946, pointed out that World War I uniforms had subtly changed from a comfortable loose-fitting four pocket field garment to a tight-fitting version suitable only for garrison wear. At the outbreak of World War II, the army had to develop new loose-fitting patterns which the men could live in, as well as muster on the parade ground. Gregory noted that this gradual change to a tight-fitting uniform in peacetime has been characteristic of the history of uniforms in all armies.[10]
Around 1940, soldiers began to use special uniforms designed for combat or field operations, with numerous special equipment and packs. The M-1941 Field Jacket was one of the first clothing items which was approved specifically for use in the field, and which was not meant to be part of a standard service uniform.[11]
After this, service uniforms started to become more elaborate, as they were not needed to be useful in combat, and could take on a unique appearance, with new features and embellishments. Units began to display their own special patches, and badges were added for various specialties.
Among the earliest unit patches was for the 81st Infantry Division. This unit trained at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. They created patches showing a wildcat, so that they could identify each other quickly in combat. Some officers questioned this, but General John Pershing decided it was a good idea, so the army started to implement it for all units.[12]
The first commendation ever used by the U.S. military was the original Purple Heart, designed personally by George Washington. It was originally a medal for valor, and at the time was the only one issued by the U.S. Army. It fell out of use after the American Revolution but was later revived and became the modern commendation for wounds in battle, which is how it is used today. World War I was the first time that the army began to award a variety of medals and decorations, except for the Medal of Honor, which was first awarded during the Civil War.
The Combat Infantryman Badge and the Expert Infantryman Badge were created in 1943 by the United States Secretary of War. The combat infantryman badge was originally awarded for valor in combat.[citation needed] In 1947, every soldier who earned it was given a Bronze Star, and since then, it is awarded for having participated in ground combat.[13]
Current dress/service uniform[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Blue service uniform for officers, as worn by General George W. Casey, Jr.
An ARNG sergeant in 2012 wearing the enlisted version of the ASU.
History[edit]
The Army currently uses the blue Army Service Uniform. According to Army Regulation 670-1: Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia, Army White, and Army Blue uniforms are considered Dress Uniforms. The Army Service Uniform seeks to combine these distinctions through wear stipulations.[14] Possession and use of the blue ASU is now mandatory for all soldiers as of October 1, 2015,[15] when the green class A was retired. As of fall 2010, enlisted soldiers receive the blue service uniform as part of their basic clothing bag issue when they enter the army during initial entry training. The army further provides active-duty enlisted soldiers an annual clothing allowance to maintain proper fit and appearance of their basic clothing bag issue items. The army includes a series of stipends in this annual clothing allowance towards the replacement of the green service uniform and all basic clothing bag items.
Commissioned officers are given a one-time stipend when commissioned to purchase their required uniform items. Officers then maintain proper fit and appearance of their uniform items throughout their career. The army requires officers to purchase and maintain only the blue service uniform.
To streamline the number of uniforms soldiers purchase and maintain throughout their careers, the army has phased out the green and white service uniforms and retained the blue service uniform as the army service uniform.
The ASU was announced in 2006 by then-Army Chief of Staff General Peter Schoomaker, and will serve as the U.S. Army's dress, garrison, and ceremonial uniform. Since the new army uniform is now standard, the only green uniform remaining in the U.S. military are the olive green Marine Corps service uniform.
The ASU made its "debut" at the 2007 State of the Union Address, when General Schoomaker wore his army blue uniform.
The ASU used the preexisting "army blue" uniform as a model. Accordingly, in terms of color the ASU resembles the campaign uniforms worn by soldiers during the Mexican–American War, American Civil War, Indian Wars, and the Spanish–American War prior to the introduction of khaki uniforms in the 1890s (phased out in 1985) and olive drab uniforms in 1902 (phased out and replaced with "army green" between 1955 and 1957), making the blue uniform a dress uniform. Dress uniforms of dark-blue tunics and light-blue trousers were worn by all ranks until 1917 and reintroduced in a modernized form (with open collar and tie) for officers and warrant officers in 1937.
Description[edit]
The ASU includes a midnight blue coat and low waist trousers for male soldiers; and a midnight blue coat, slacks and skirt for female soldiers. The fabric for the ASU is heavier and more wrinkle resistant than previously manufactured uniforms and will consist of 55% wool and 45% polyester material. The ASU coat has a tailored, athletic cut to improve uniform fit and appearance. The ASU includes an improved heavier and wrinkle resistant short and long-sleeved white shirt with permanent military creases and shoulder loops. The JROTC version replaces the white shirt with the prototype grey shirt and gold braid is not worn on the blue trousers or on the sleeves of the class A coat. Compared to the Army's previous uniforms, the ASU does not include a garrison cap; soldiers will continue to wear the Army's berets.
The army encourages soldiers and leaders who own the current army blue uniform to wear it, when appropriate, as their dress, class "A", or class "B" Uniform. The fielding of the new uniform policy establishes a class "B" uniform category for the current army blue uniform as part of its bridging strategy. The class "B" uniform category defines those ASU items worn without the service coat.[16]
Dress ASU[edit]
The dress blue ASU for males includes the blue coat and trousers and a long-sleeved white shirt with black tie. The dress blue ASU for females includes the blue coat, skirt, and a long-sleeved white shirt with black neck tab. Currently, females in army bands, honor guards, and female chaplains are authorized to wear army blue slacks in the performance of their duties. The black beret and service cap are authorized for wear with this uniform. Combat boots and organizational items, such as brassards, military police accessories and distinctive unit insignia are not worn. All other accessories and insignia authorized for wear with the class "A" service uniform are authorized for wear on the dress blue ASU.[citation needed]
Evening social events[edit]
When the dress blue ASU is worn for social events in the evening (i.e. after retreat), men may wear a black bow tie rather than a black four-in-hand necktie, and commanders may direct that headgear is not required.[citation needed]
ALARACT 202/2008 specifies that the "dress blue ASU" for men includes a "black bowtie." It makes no mention of the black four-in-hand necktie in connection with the "dress blue ASU." Since, according to paragraph 10 of the same ALARACT and paragraph 27-19a of AR 670-1, the bow tie is worn only after retreat, this text suggests that the "dress blue ASU" is not conceived of as a uniform order for the daytime, that the "dress blue ASU" for males is not an all-hours uniform including an evening variant with bow tie, and that the "class A ASU" is the highest order of dress for daytime wear.
Class "A" ASU[edit]
The class "A" ASU includes the army blue coat and trousers/skirt/slacks, a short or long sleeved white shirt and four-in-hand necktie (male)/neck tab (female) (for accessories and other items authorized for wear on the class "A" ASU, see ASU accessory items authorized for wear).
New blue ASU class "A" uniform with jump boots.
This uniform also exists in the army JROTC program in a modified version. The main difference is that the AJROTC version mostly resembles the original trial version of the army service uniform which consisted of a grey, long or short sleeved shirt and the blue trousers without the gold stripe sewn on. The blue class A coat is exactly the same as the current issue coat except that the gold edge trimming is not worn on the sleeves of the blue coat, the main blue shade of army blue 450 is the same as on the current army service uniform and the official headgear authorized is the grey beret with a black center flash with gold trim. The official designation of the uniform is the "AJROTC cadet service uniform," or The ASU as well. The new cadet army service uniform will completely replace the cadet army green uniform by October 2015. Most AJROTC units possessed the new blue uniform by October 2014.
Class "B" ASU[edit]
New blue ASU class "B" uniform with jump boots.
The class "B" ASU includes the army blue trousers/skirt/slacks, a short or long sleeve white shirt. Soldiers will wear the four-in-hand necktie with the long sleeve white shirt when it is worn without the class "A" coat. Until the new ASU items are available, soldiers who have the low waist trousers with belt loops, or slacks, have the option of wearing a commercial short sleeve white shirt with shoulder loops in the open collar configuration or with a four-in-hand necktie (black neck tab for female soldiers). Soldiers have the option of wearing a commercial long sleeve white shirt with shoulder loops and a four-in-hand necktie (black neck tab for female soldiers). Soldiers who have the current commercial white shirt without shoulder loops must wear as appropriate, the black wind breaker, black pullover or black cardigan sweaters with this uniform.[citation needed]
Soldiers who have the high waist blue trousers worn with suspenders (designed to wear with the blue mess uniform) may wear these trousers with the current ASU during this transition period. These high waist trousers must be worn with the service coat, black wind breaker, black pullover or black cardigan sweaters.[citation needed]
Components[edit]
The ASU consists of the following items:
Coat, army blue shade 450
Trousers, army blue shade 451, low Waist With Belt Loops (male soldiers)
Slacks, Low Waist (female soldiers)
Skirt (female soldiers)
Accessory items[edit]
Source:[7]
Belt and buckle[17]
Black combat boots (optional for wear with class "A" and class "B" uniforms for soldiers authorized to wear the tan, green, or maroon berets, those assigned to air assault coded positions, and military police soldiers performing MP duties.)[18]
Black bow tie (worn after retreat)[19]
Buttons[20]
Black cape (officer only)[21]
Blue cape (officer only)[22]
Chaplain's apparel[23]
Gold cuff links and studs[24]
Black all-weather coat[25]
Black leather dress gloves (worn with black all weather coat or black wind breaker)[26]
White dress gloves[27]
Black handbag[28]
Black shoulder bag[29]
Black clutch[30]
Drill sergeant hat (authorized for wear with class "A" and class "B" uniforms)[31]
Judge's apparel[32]
Military police accessories (not authorized with the formal class "A" ASU)
Black necktie (worn on duty)[33]
Neck tabs[34]
Black scarf (only with black all weather coat or black windbreaker)[35]
White long-sleeve shirt[36]
White short-sleeve shirt[37]
Black shoes[38]
Black pumps[39]
Black cushioned socks (worn with boots only)[40]
Black dress socks (worn with trousers/slacks)[41]
Sheer stockings[42]
Black pullover sweater[43]
Black unisex Cardigan[44]
White undershirt[45]
Black umbrella (female soldiers may carry and use an umbrella, only during inclement weather, when wearing the dress blue ASU. Umbrellas are not authorized in formations or when wearing field or utility uniforms)
Black windbreaker (only with class "B" uniform)[46]
Insignia, awards, badges and accoutrements[edit]
Service aiguillettes (officers only) (not authorized on the class "B" ASU)[47]
Airborne background trimming[48]
Branch of service scarf (not authorized on the enlisted formal class "A" service uniform)[49]
Branch insignia (not authorized on the class "B" ASU)[50]
Brassards (not authorized on the dress blue ASU)[51]
Combat service identification badge (CSIB). Worn when available in place of the Green uniforms shoulder sleeve insignia. The CSIB will be worn centered on the wearer's right breast pocket of the ASU coat for male soldiers; female soldiers wear the CSIB on the right side parallel to the waistline on the ASU coat. The CSIB is ranked fifth in order of precedence below the Presidential, Vice-Presidential, Secretary of Defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badges. The CSIB can also be worn on the shirt when wearing the class "B" versions of the ASU[52]
Decorations and ribbons[53]
Distinctive items authorized for infantrymen[54]
Distinctive unit insignia (enlisted only) (authorized for wear on the class "A" and class "B" uniforms only)[55]
Foreign badges[56]
Fourragere lanyards[57]
Gold Star lapel pin[58]
Headgear insignia[59]
Rank insignia[60]
Officer candidate and warrant officer candidate insignia.[61]
Nameplate[62]
Organizational flash[63]
Overseas service bars (optional)[64]
Distinctive regimental insignia (optional)[65]
Service stripes (enlisted personnel only)[66]
Unit awards[67]
U.S. badges (identification, marksmanship, combat and special skill)[68]
U.S. Insignia (not authorized on the class "B" ASU)[69]
Headgear[edit]
Black, maroon, tan, or green beret. (Compared to the former green uniform, a garrison cap is no longer issued.)
Service cap (male/female; corporals and above)
Stetson (U.S. Cavalry)
Miscellaneous[edit]
Officer and non-commissioned officers will wear trousers with a gold braid sewn on the outside of seam of each trouser leg of the new blue ASU. The braid will be sewn from the bottom of the waistband to the bottom of the trouser leg (soldiers assigned to the Old Guard are authorized the gold braid regardless of grade).
On the new ASU, service stripes are authorized for wear on the left sleeve for enlisted soldiers and Overseas Service Bars on the right sleeve for both officers and enlisted soldiers. The new service stripes and Overseas Service Bars are similar in size to the ones currently worn on the army green uniform. The new service stripes and Overseas Service Bars will be gold in color and trimmed in blue to match the ASU. During the transition to the new ASU, the traditional larger service stripes on the optional white and blue (short jacket) mess dress uniform will be maintained.
The current (old) blue uniform ( with large service stripes) remains authorized for wear until the final quarter of Fiscal Year 2014.
Soldiers who have the current (old) blue uniform are not required to remove the existing large service stripes.
Privates through specialists who now own the current blue trousers are not required to remove the existing gold braid on their trouser legs.
Until the last quarter of Fiscal Year 2014 official photos can be in either the army green service uniform or the blue ASU.
The wear out date for the army green service uniform with accessories is the 4th quarter of Fiscal Year 2015.
All new insignia worn on the ASU will be designed and developed by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry
The grey shirt initially developed for the army service uniform is only authorized for army JROTC units.
The gold braid is only authorized for the active army and is not authorized for wear on the JROTC cadet ASU. I.e. the trousers or the coat sleeves.
See also[edit]
War portal
Army Combat Uniform
Military uniform
Uniforms of the United States Army
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chernow, Ron (5 October 2010). Washington: A Life. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59420-266-7. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Chernow, p.174
Jump up ^ Randy Steffen. The Horse Soldier, Vol. 3, page 95. ISBN 0-8061-2394-X.
Jump up ^ Jacques Noel Jacobsen, Sections 29 and 30, "Regulations and Notes for the Uniform of the Army of the United States 1902
Jump up ^ Jacques Noel Jacobsen, Parts I & II, "Regulations and Notes for the Uniform of the Army of the United States 1912
Jump up ^ Randy Steffen. The Horse Soldier, Vol. 4, page 66. UE443.S83.
^ Jump up to: a b AR 670-1, Wear and Appearance of the Army Uniform Insignia
Jump up ^ Philip Haythornthwaite, plates 1-33, Uniforms of the Civil War, ISBN 0-02-549200-4
Jump up ^ Randy Steffen, page 69 Volume III, "The Horse Soldier 1776-1943"
^ Jump up to: a b The Army Dressed Up Archived 2008-04-17 at the Wayback Machine., 1952, Dr. Stephen J. Kennedy, The Quartermaster Review, January/February 1952, Army Clothing History page, Army Quartermaster Foundation, Inc. Website, accessed 4-9-08.
Jump up ^ Hwang, Tiffany US Army Field Jacket Development in Response to Material Shortages and the Exigencies of World War II in Momentum Vol 1 Issue 1 Article 3 18 April 2012
Jump up ^ Pride important for US soldiers Archived December 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., by Lee Berry, Univ. of Mississippi.
Jump up ^ TIOH Bronze Star page Archived November 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://ciehub.info/ref/AR/670-1_2005-02-03.pdf
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
Jump up ^ ALARACT 202/2008.
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-2B AND 2D, AND 27-25)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-3)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-19A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-4)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-6A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-6B)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-7)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-10)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-8)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-12B)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-12C)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-13B)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-13D)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-13A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-14A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-15)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-19C)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-18)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-21A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-22C)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-22A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-23A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-23F AND 23G)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-24A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-24B)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-24D)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-27)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-26A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-28)
Jump up ^ (PARA 27-30)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-25) AND (28-26)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-31B)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-20)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-10 AND 28-12A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-29)
Jump up ^ (PARA 29-18)
Jump up ^ (PARA 29-7, 29-8 AND 29-9)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-30)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-22)
Jump up ^ (PARA 29-19)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-11)
Jump up ^ (PARA 29-7)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-3)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-5, 28-6, 28-7 AND 28-8)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-14 AND 28-15)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-24C)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-31A)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-28)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-23)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-27)
Jump up ^ (PARA 29-11)
Jump up ^ (PARA 29- 13, 29-16, 29-17 AND 29-18)
Jump up ^ (PARA 28-4)
Further reading[edit]
http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/2015/10/01/rip-green-service-uniform-1954-2015/73142376/
External links[edit]
Army service uniform website
Army page
Army Clothing History articles from the Quartermaster Foundation
http://www.history.army.mil/html/museums/uniforms/survey_uwa.pdf
[show]
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Armor
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(OTV
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Equipment
carrier
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uniforms
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