text:
The Miller's Daughter (Once Upon a Time)
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"The Miller's Daughter"
Once Upon a Time episode
Episode no.
Season 2
Episode 16
Directed by
Ralph Hemecker
Written by
Jane Espenson
Original air date
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
Guest appearance(s)
Joaquim de Almeida as King Xavier
Barbara Hershey as Cora/The Queen of Hearts
Rose McGowan as young Cora
Michael Raymond-James as Baelfire/Neal Cassidy
Zak Santiago as Prince Henry
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Queen Is Dead" Next →
"Welcome to Storybrooke"
Once Upon a Time (season 2)
List of Once Upon a Time episodes
"The Miller's Daughter" is the 16th episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series Once Upon a Time, and the show's 38th episode overall. It aired on March 10, 2013.
It was written by Jane Espenson and directed by Ralph Hemecker.
This episode centers around Cora as she tries to kill Mr. Gold, while flashbacks show her past with Rumplestiltskin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Opening Sequence
1.2 In the Characters' Past
1.3 In Storybrooke
2 Production
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Reviews
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Opening Sequence[edit]
A spinning wheel is featured in the forest.
In the Characters' Past[edit]
A young Cora (Rose McGowan) admonishes her father, a drunkard miller, and delivers flour to the palace in his stead. Princess Eva, a young woman, trips Cora, causing her to spill the flour. King Xavier (Joaquim de Almeida) refuses to pay for the flour and orders Cora to beg forgiveness on her knees.
That night, Cora sneaks into a masked ball held for King Xavier's son Prince Henry (Zak Santiago). She criticizes the event as an opportunity for the king to sell his son to a wealthy bride, and is overheard by Henry. The prince invites her to dance, but they are interrupted by the king, who recognizes Cora. He tells her that he is superior to her, despite his kingdom's financial woes, and that she has nothing to offer him. Cora boasts that she can turn straw to gold, but will deny the king this gift because of his insults. King Xavier presents her to the ball with her claim. Cora claims she needs time to prepare, so he has her locked in a tower full of straw to spin into gold by morning; she can marry Henry if she succeeds, but will be put to death if she fails.
As Cora considers jumping from the tower window, Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) appears. He demonstrates that he can spin straw into gold, and offers to do so in exchange for her first-born child; he reveals that "she is very important" in the future he has seen. Cora asks Rumplestiltskin to teach her how to spin gold herself; to which he agrees and she signs his contract. Rumplestiltskin teaches Cora that magic is channeled through emotion rather than thought, and that he uses the anger he felt at being forced to kiss a man's boots in front of his son. As Cora imagines forcing the royals to bow to her, the straw changes to gold in her hands. Cora presents the gold to the King and accepts Henry's resultant marriage proposal.
The day before her wedding, Cora questions her plans; she is unlikely to become queen as Henry is fifth in line to the throne, while Rumplestiltskin, with whom she has been having an affair, offers her love. They agree to amend the contract so Cora owes Rumplestiltskin his child. He also agrees to teach her how to take a heart, so that she can kill King Xavier. That night, she confronts the king. He reveals that he knows of her relationship with Rumplestiltskin; telling her that "love is weakness," he lays out her choice between love and power. Cora returns to her room carrying a heart in a box. Later, she meets Rumplestilskin and informs him that she did not take the king's heart, and that she is going to marry the prince instead of running away with Rumplestiltskin. The heart she removed was her own, to prevent it from being an obstacle. Rumplestiltskin tries to invoke their contract, but she points out that he only has a claim on his own child, which she will never bear.
Some time later, Princess Cora presents her and Henry's daughter to the court and names her Regina, "for one day, she will be queen." Everyone bows to Cora.
In Storybrooke[edit]
Rumplestiltskin's name is fading from the Dark One's dagger, signifying that Gold is dying. Since Gold's death would cause the Dark One's powers to cease to exist, Cora decides her only option is to kill Gold with the dagger and become the Dark One herself. Regina questions Cora's motives, as Henry would never forgive them if Cora openly murders Emma Swan's family. Cora insists she is protecting their family.
Neal (Michael Raymond-James) and Henry (Jared S. Gilmore) pilot the Jolly Roger into Storybrooke, while Emma (Jennifer Morrison) promises to save Mr. Gold from the poison Hook inflicted on him, as he is now family. Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) and David (Josh Dallas) meet them at the dock. Mary Margaret still intends to kill Cora, despite David's insistence that she couldn't live with herself if she did that. Ruby takes Henry to safety, while the others go to Gold's shop. There, Gold instructs Emma on creating a magical barrier with invisible chalk, and she and Neal bicker while she does so. Gold leads Mary Margaret to find that he has the magical candle that Cora had given her years earlier, which can save a life by causing another person's death. He asks her to use it to save him, and she agrees once she realizes she can use the candle to kill Cora. With Gold's guidance, Emma taps into her emotions to cast the protection spell.
Cora and Regina arrive at the shop and overcome the protection spell. While David, Neal, and Emma stand against them, Mary Margaret sneaks away to Regina's mausoleum and uses the candle to curse Cora's heart. Regina follows after Cora senses that someone is there. Emma and Neal retreat to the back room, where she casts a new protection spell. Believing he will die, Gold asks to call Belle (Emilie de Ravin). Although Belle still doesn't remember Gold, she is moved when he tells her he loves her, and that she is a hero for loving a monster like him. He says that she inspires him to be his best self. Neal is surprised to hear such heartfelt words from his father, who then also apologizes to him. Neal affirms that he is still angry, but he tearfully embraces Gold.
Regina discovers Mary Margaret at the mausoleum. Mary Margaret gives Regina Cora's heart, explaining that all of their problems are caused by Cora's inability to love Regina or anyone else without her heart inside her. David later finds Mary Margaret there in a state of shock over her own actions.
As Gold nears death, Cora breaks through Emma's spell and magically sends Emma and Neal away. Gold asks Cora if she ever loved him. She admits that she did, and that was why she had to remove her heart; he had become her weakness. Cora is about to kill him with the dagger when Regina restores her heart. Cora experiences a joyous moment of love for her daughter before succumbing to the poison of which Gold has been cured. She dies in Regina's arms, acknowledging with her last words that a loving relationship with her would have fulfilled her life in a way that power couldn't.[1] Gold reclaims the dagger. Mary Margaret rushes in to stop Regina, who accuses her: "You did this."
Production[edit]
"The Miller's Daughter" was written by consulting producer Jane Espenson, while being directed V alum Ralph Hemecker.
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
Ratings and viewership were slightly up from the previous episode. The Miller's Daughter had an 18-49 rating of 2.3/6 and was seen by 7.64 million viewers.[2]
Reviews[edit]
The episode received excellent reviews from critics. Praise went to Espenson's script, the new take on the tale of Rumpelstiltskin, and the performances of Carlyle, Hershey, and especially McGowan, who many reviewers felt should have been nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series but wasn't.
Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club gave this episode an "A-" and wrote, "There are a lot of very talented writers working on Once Upon A Time, but this show’s limitations prevent them from reaching their full potential. Jane Espenson did great work on Buffy The Vampire Slayer and Battlestar Galactica, but her episodes of this series have been largely lackluster. That is, until 'The Miller’s Daughter,' which is easily one of the strongest episodes OUAT has ever had. Exploring Cora’s past and shutting the door on her present-day exploits, this episode is full of significant plot developments and emotional character moments, with a very strong connection between the fairyback and Storybrooke scenes." He also praised the performance from Rose McGowan calling her "inspired casting as young Cora, and not just because of how much she looks like Barbara Hershey. She has an icy demeanor that is perfect for the youthful version of this season’s Big Bad, hiding her potential power behind a suit of armor that protects from the cruel nobility she delivers flour to. When she’s tripped by a princess and forced to bow and apologize, she’s filled with the rage that is essential for making magic happen. She sneaks into a ball that is intended to find the prince a wife, but the king sees through her disguise and threatens her until she says that she can spin straw into gold. She’s locked in the tower, setting the stage for Rumplestiltskin to appear and give Cora a taste of the power that will drive her over the edge."[3]
Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated this episode 9.5 out of 10.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Once Upon a Time : The Miller's Daughter | Season 2 Episode 16 Recap - ABC.com". 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
Jump up ^ Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon a Time', 'Family Guy', 'Celebrity Apprentice' & 'The Mentalist' Adjusted Up; 'Red Widow' Adjusted Down Retrieved March 13, 2013
Jump up ^ Once Upon a Time "The Miller's Daughter" S2/E16 Retrieved March 14, 2013
Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/03/11/once-upon-a-time-the-millers-daughter-review
External links[edit]
"The Miller's Daughter" on IMDb
"The Miller's Daughter" at TV.com
[hide]
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Once Upon a Time episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Thing You Love Most"
"Snow Falls"
"The Price of Gold"
"That Still Small Voice"
"The Shepherd"
"The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter"
"Desperate Souls"
"True North"
"7:15 A.M."
"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree"
"Skin Deep"
"What Happened to Frederick"
"Dreamy"
"Red-Handed"
"Heart of Darkness"
"Hat Trick"
"The Stable Boy"
"The Return"
"The Stranger"
"An Apple Red as Blood"
"A Land Without Magic"
Season 2
"Broken"
"We Are Both"
"Lady of the Lake"
"The Crocodile"
"The Doctor"
"Tallahassee"
"Child of the Moon"
"Into the Deep"
"Queen of Hearts"
"The Cricket Game"
"The Outsider"
"In the Name of the Brother"
"Tiny"
"Manhattan"
"The Queen Is Dead"
"The Miller's Daughter"
"Welcome to Storybrooke"
"Selfless, Brave and True"
"Lacey"
"The Evil Queen"
"Second Star to the Right"
"And Straight On 'til Morning"
Season 3
"The Heart of the Truest Believer"
"Lost Girl"
"Quite a Common Fairy"
"Nasty Habits"
"Good Form"
"Ariel"
"Dark Hollow"
"Think Lovely Thoughts"
"Save Henry"
"The New Neverland"
"Going Home"
"New York City Serenade"
"Witch Hunt"
"The Tower"
"Quiet Minds"
"It's Not Easy Being Green"
"The Jolly Roger"
"Bleeding Through"
"A Curious Thing"
"Kansas"
"Snow Drifts"
"There's No Place Like Home"
Season 4
"A Tale of Two Sisters"
"White Out"
"Rocky Road"
"The Apprentice"
"Breaking Glass"
"Family Business"
"The Snow Queen"
"Smash the Mirror"
"Fall"
"Shattered Sight"
"Heroes and Villains"
"Darkness on the Edge of Town"
"Unforgiven"
"Enter the Dragon"
"Poor Unfortunate Soul"
"Best Laid Plans"
"Heart of Gold"
"Sympathy for the De Vil"
"Lily"
"Mother"
"Operation Mongoose"
Season 5
"The Dark Swan"
"The Price"
"Siege Perilous"
"The Broken Kingdom"
"Dreamcatcher"
"The Bear and the Bow"
"Nimue"
"Birth"
"The Bear King"
"Broken Heart"
"Swan Song"
"Souls of the Departed"
"Labor of Love"
"Devil's Due"
"The Brothers Jones"
"Our Decay"
"Her Handsome Hero"
"Ruby Slippers"
"Sisters"
"Firebird"
"Last Rites"
"Only You"
"An Untold Story"
Season 6
"The Savior"
"A Bitter Draught"
"The Other Shoe"
"Strange Case"
"Street Rats"
"Dark Waters"
"Heartless"
"I'll Be Your Mirror"
"Changelings"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Tougher Than the Rest"
"Murder Most Foul"
"Ill-Boding Patterns"
"Page 23"
"A Wondrous Place"
"Mother's Little Helper"
"Awake"
"Where Bluebirds Fly"
"The Black Fairy"
"The Song in Your Heart"
"The Final Battle"
Season 7
"Hyperion Heights"
“A Pirate's Life”
“The Garden of Forking Paths“
“Beauty”
“Greenbacks”
“Wake Up Call”
“Eloise Gardener”
“Pretty in Blue”
“One Little Tear”
“The Eighth Witch”
Wonderland
"Down the Rabbit Hole"
"Trust Me"
"Forget Me Not"
"The Serpent"
"Heart of Stone"
"Who's Alice"
"Bad Blood"
"Home"
"Nothing to Fear"
"Dirty Little Secrets"
"Heart of the Matter"
"To Catch a Thief"
"And They Lived..."
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Capital market
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange (Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser in Dutch), the foremost centre of European capital markets in the 17th century. The Dutch were the first in history to use a fully-fledged capital market (including the bond market and stock market) to finance publicly traded companies.[1][2][3][4][5]
The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange, one of the largest secondary capital markets in the world. As of 2013, most of the NYSE's trades are executed electronically, but its hybrid structure allows some trading to be done face to face on the floor.
A capital market is a financial market in which long-term debt (over a year) or equity-backed securities are bought and sold.[6] Capital markets channel the wealth of savers to those who can put it to long-term productive use, such as companies or governments making long-term investments.[a] Financial regulators like the Bank of England (BoE) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversee capital markets to protect investors against fraud, among other duties.
Modern capital markets are almost invariably hosted on computer-based electronic trading systems; most can be accessed only by entities within the financial sector or the treasury departments of governments and corporations, but some can be accessed directly by the public.[b] There are many thousands of such systems, most serving only small parts of the overall capital markets. Entities hosting the systems include stock exchanges, investment banks, and government departments. Physically, the systems are hosted all over the world, though they tend to be concentrated in financial centres like London, New York, and Hong Kong also.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
1.1 Versus money markets
1.2 Versus bank loans
2 Examples
2.1 Government on primary markets
2.2 Company on primary markets
2.3 Secondary market trading
3 Size
3.1 Forecasting and analyses
4 Capital controls
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Definition[edit]
A capital market can be either a primary market or a secondary market. In primary markets, new stock or bond issues are sold to investors, often via a mechanism known as underwriting. The main entities seeking to raise long-term funds on the primary capital markets are governments (which may be municipal, local or national) and business enterprises (companies). Governments issue only bonds, whereas companies often issue both equity and bonds. The main entities purchasing the bonds or stock include pension funds, hedge funds, sovereign wealth funds, and less commonly wealthy individuals and investment banks trading on their own behalf. In the secondary markets, existing securities are sold and bought among investors or traders, usually on an exchange, over-the-counter, or elsewhere. The existence of secondary markets increases the willingness of investors in primary markets, as they know they are likely to be able to swiftly cash out their investments if the need arises.[7]
A second important division falls between the stock markets (for equity securities, also known as shares, where investors acquire ownership of companies) and the bond markets (where investors become creditors).[7]
Versus money markets[edit]
Finance
Markets[show]
Bond
Commodity
Derivatives
Foreign exchange
Money
Over-the-counter
Private equity
Real estate
Spot
Stock
Participants
Investor
institutional
Retail
Speculator
Instruments[show]
Cash
Credit line
Deposit
Derivative
Futures contract
Loan
Option (call
exotic
put)
Security
Stock
Time deposit
(certificate of deposit)
Corporate[show]
Accounting
Audit
Capital budgeting
Credit rating agency
Risk management
Financial statement
Leveraged buyout
Mergers and acquisitions
Structured finance
Venture capital
Personal[show]
Credit / Debt
Employment contract
Financial planning
Retirement
Student loan
Public[show]
Government spending
Final consumption expenditure
Operations
Redistribution
Transfer payment
Government revenue
Taxation
Deficit spending
Budget (balance)
Debt
Non-tax revenue
Warrant of payment
Banks and banking[show]
Central bank
Deposit account
Fractional-reserve banking
Loan
Money supply
Lists of banks
Regulation · Standards[show]
Bank regulation
Basel Accords
International Financial Reporting Standards
ISO 31000
Professional certification
Fund governance
Accounting scandals
Economic history[show]
Private equity and venture capital
Recession
Stock market bubble
Stock market crash
v
t
e
The money markets are used for the raising of short-term finance, sometimes for loans that are expected to be paid back as early as overnight. In contrast, the "capital markets" are used for the raising of long-term finance, such as the purchase of shares/equities, or for loans that are not expected to be fully paid back for at least a year.[6]
Funds borrowed from money markets are typically used for general operating expenses, to provide liquid assets for brief periods. For example, a company may have inbound payments from customers that have not yet cleared, but need immediate cash to pay its employees. When a company borrows from the primary capital markets, often the purpose is to invest in additional physical capital goods, which will be used to help increase its income. It can take many months or years before the investment generates sufficient return to pay back its cost, and hence the finance is long term.[7]
Together, money markets and capital markets form the financial markets, as the term is narrowly understood.[c] The capital market is concerned with long-term finance. In the widest sense, it consists of a series of channels through which the savings of the community are made available for industrial and commercial enterprises and public authorities.
Versus bank loans[edit]
Regular bank lending is not usually classed as a capital market transaction, even when loans are extended for a period longer than a year. First, regular bank loans are not securitized (i.e. they do not take the form of a resaleable security like a share or bond that can be traded on the markets). Second, lending from banks is more heavily regulated than capital market lending. Third, bank depositors tend to be more risk-averse than capital market investors. These three differences all act to limit institutional lending as a source of finance. Two additional differences, this time favoring lending by banks, are that banks are more accessible for small and medium-sized companies, and that they have the ability to create money as they lend. In the 20th century, most company finance apart from share issues was raised by bank loans. But since about 1980 there has been an ongoing trend for disintermediation, where large and creditworthy companies have found they effectively have to pay out less interest if they borrow directly from capital markets rather than from banks. The tendency for companies to borrow from capital markets instead of banks has been especially strong in the United States. According to the Financial Times, capital markets overtook bank lending as the leading source of long-term finance in 2009, which reflects the risk aversion and bank regulation in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.[8]
Compared to in the United States, companies in the European Union have a greater reliance on bank lending for funding. Efforts to enables companies to raise more funding through capital markets are being coordinated through the EU's Capital Markets Union initiative.[9][10][11][12]
Examples[edit]
Government on primary markets[edit]
One Churchill Place, Barclays headquarters in Canary Wharf, London. Barclays is a major player in the world's primary and secondary bond markets.
When a government wants to raise long-term finance it will often sell bonds in the capital markets. In the 20th and early 21st centuries, many governments would use investment banks to organize the sale of their bonds. The leading bank would underwrite the bonds, and would often head up a syndicate of brokers, some of whom might be based in other investment banks. The syndicate would then sell to various investors. For developing countries, a multilateral development bank would sometimes provide an additional layer of underwriting, resulting in risk being shared between the investment bank(s), the multilateral organization, and the end investors. However, since 1997 it has been increasingly common for governments of the larger nations to bypass investment banks by making their bonds directly available for purchase online. Many governments now sell most of their bonds by computerized auction. Typically, large volumes are put up for sale in one go; a government may only hold a small number of auctions each year. Some governments will also sell a continuous stream of bonds through other channels. The biggest single seller of debt is the U.S. government; there are usually several transactions for such sales every second,[d] which corresponds to the continuous updating of the U.S. real-time debt clock.[13][14][15]
Company on primary markets[edit]
When a company wants to raise money for long-term investment, one of its first decisions is whether to do so by issuing bonds or shares. If it chooses shares, it avoids increasing its debt, and in some cases the new shareholders may also provide non-monetary help, such as expertise or useful contacts. On the other hand, a new issue of shares will dilute the ownership rights of the existing shareholders, and if they gain a controlling interest, the new shareholders may even replace senior managers. From an investor's point of view, shares offer the potential for higher returns and capital gains if the company does well. Conversely, bonds are safer if the company does poorly, as they are less prone to severe falls in price, and in the event of bankruptcy, bond owners may be paid something, while shareholders will receive nothing.
When a company raises finance from the primary market, the process is more likely to involve face-to-face meetings than other capital market transactions. Whether they choose to issue bonds or shares,[e] companies will typically enlist the services of an investment bank to mediate between themselves and the market. A team from the investment bank often meets with the company's senior managers to ensure their plans are sound. The bank then acts as an underwriter, and will arrange for a network of brokers to sell the bonds or shares to investors. This second stage is usually done mostly through computerized systems, though brokers will often phone up their favored clients to advise them of the opportunity. Companies can avoid paying fees to investment banks by using a direct public offering, though this is not a common practice as it incurs other legal costs and can take up considerable management time.[13][16]
Secondary market trading[edit]
An electronic trading platform being used at the Deutsche Börse. Most 21st century capital market transactions are executed electronically; sometimes a human operator is involved, and sometimes unattended computer systems execute the transactions, as happens in algorithmic trading.
Most capital market transactions take place on the secondary market. On the primary market, each security can be sold only once, and the process to create batches of new shares or bonds is often lengthy due to regulatory requirements. On the secondary markets, there is no limit to the number of times a security can be traded, and the process is usually very quick. With the rise of strategies such as high-frequency trading, a single security could in theory be traded thousands of times within a single hour.[f] Transactions on the secondary market do not directly raise finance, but they do make it easier for companies and governments to raise finance on the primary market, as investors know that if they want to get their money back quickly, they will usually be easily able to re-sell their securities. Sometimes, however, secondary capital market transactions can have a negative effect on the primary borrowers: for example, if a large proportion of investors try to sell their bonds, this can push up the yields for future issues from the same entity. An extreme example occurred shortly after Bill Clinton began his first term as President of the United States; Clinton was forced to abandon some of the spending increases he had promised in his election campaign due to pressure from the bond markets. In the 21st century, several governments have tried to lock in as much as possible of their borrowing into long-dated bonds, so they are less vulnerable to pressure from the markets. Following the financial crisis of 2007–08, the introduction of quantitative easing further reduced the ability of private[clarification needed] agents to push up the yields of government bonds, at least for countries with a central bank able to engage in substantial open market operations.[13][15][16][17]
A variety of different players are active in the secondary markets. Individual investors account for a small proportion of trading, though their share has slightly increased; in the 20th century it was mostly only a few wealthy individuals who could afford an account with a broker, but accounts are now much cheaper and accessible over the internet. There are now numerous small traders who can buy and sell on the secondary markets using platforms provided by brokers which are accessible via web browsers. When such an individual trades on the capital markets, it will often involve a two-stage transaction. First they place an order with their broker, then the broker executes the trade. If the trade can be done on an exchange, the process will often be fully automated. If a dealer needs to manually intervene, this will often mean a larger fee. Traders in investment banks will often make deals on their bank's behalf, as well as executing trades for their clients. Investment banks will often have a division (or department) called "capital markets": staff in this division try to keep aware of the various opportunities in both the primary and secondary markets, and will advise major clients accordingly. Pension and sovereign wealth funds tend to have the largest holdings, though they tend to buy only the highest grade (safest) types of bonds and shares, and some of them do not trade all that frequently. According to a 2012 Financial Times article, hedge funds are increasingly making most of the short-term trades in large sections of the capital market (like the UK and US stock exchanges), which is making it harder for them to maintain their historically high returns, as they are increasingly finding themselves trading with each other rather than with less sophisticated[clarification needed] investors.[13][15][16][18]
There are several ways to invest in the secondary market without directly buying shares or bonds. A common method is to invest in mutual funds[g] or exchange-traded funds. It is also possible to buy and sell derivatives that are based on the secondary market; one of the most common type of these is contracts for difference – these can provide rapid profits, but can also cause buyers to lose more money than they originally invested.[13]
Size[edit]
All figures given are in billions of US$ and are sourced to the IMF. There is no universally recognized standard for measuring all of these figures, so other estimates may vary. A GDP column is included as a comparison.
Year[19]
Stocks
Bonds
Bank assets[20]
Total of stocks,
bonds and
bank assets[21]
World GDP
2013[22]
62,552.00 99,788.80 120,421.60 282,762.40 74,699.30
2012[23]
52,494.90 99,134.20 116,956.10 268,585.20 72,216.40
2011[24]
47,089.23 98,388.10 110,378.24 255,855.57 69,899.22
Forecasting and analyses[edit]
A great deal of work goes into analysing capital markets and predicting their future movements. This includes academic study; work from within the financial industry for the purposes of making money and reducing risk; and work by governments and multilateral institutions for the purposes of regulation and understanding the impact of capital markets on the wider economy. Methods range from the gut instincts of experienced traders, to various forms of stochastic calculus and algorithms such as Stratonovich-Kalman-Bucy filtering.[25][26][27][28][29]
Capital controls[edit]
Main article: Capital control
Capital controls are measures imposed by a state's government aimed at managing capital account transactions – in other words, capital market transactions where one of the counter-parties[h] involved is in a foreign country. Whereas domestic regulatory authorities try to ensure that capital market participants trade fairly with each other, and sometimes to ensure institutions like banks do not take excessive risks, capital controls aim to ensure that the macroeconomic effects of the capital markets do not have a negative impact. Most advanced nations like to use capital controls sparingly if at all, as in theory allowing markets freedom is a win-win situation for all involved: investors are free to seek maximum returns, and countries can benefit from investments that will develop their industry and infrastructure. However, sometimes capital market transactions can have a net negative effect: for example, in a financial crisis, there can be a mass withdrawal of capital, leaving a nation without sufficient foreign-exchange reserves to pay for needed imports. On the other hand, if too much capital is flowing into a country, it can increase inflation and the value of the nation's currency, making its exports uncompetitive. Countries like India employ capital controls to ensure that their citizens' money is invested at home rather than abroad.[30]
See also[edit]
Center for Audit Quality (CAQ)
Committee on Capital Markets Regulation (United States)
Financial market
Financial regulation
Stock exchange
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The idea of governments making investments may be less familiar than the case involving companies. A government can make investments that are expected to develop a nation's economy, by improving a nation's physical infrastructure, such as by building roads, or by improving public education.
Jump up ^ As an example, in the United States, any American citizen with an internet connection can create an account with Treasury Direct and use it to buy bonds in the primary market, though sales to individuals form only a tiny fraction of the total volume of bonds sold. Various private companies provide browser-based platforms that allow individuals to buy shares and sometimes even bonds in the secondary markets.
Jump up ^ Note however that the term "financial markets" is also often used to refer all the different sorts of markets in the financial sector, including those that are not directly concerned with raising finance, such as commodity markets and foreign exchange.
Jump up ^ Even if there is no activity from big players, U.S. citizens might be making small investments through channels like Treasury Direct.
Jump up ^ Sometimes the company will consult with the investment bank for advice before they make this decision.
Jump up ^ This is far more likely to occur with shares, as exchanges that allow the automated trading of bonds are not as common, and bonds are generally traded less frequently.
Jump up ^ A mutual fund itself will sometimes purchase securities from the primary markets as well as the secondary.
Jump up ^ i.e., either the buyer or the seller.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brooks, John: The Fluctuation: The Little Crash in '62, in Business Adventures: Twelve Classic Tales from the World of Wall Street. (New York: Weybright & Talley, 1968)
Jump up ^ Neal, Larry (2005). “Venture Shares of the Dutch East India Company,”, in Goetzmann & Rouwenhorst (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 165–175
Jump up ^ Shiller, Robert (2011). Economics 252, Financial Markets: Lecture 4 – Portfolio Diversification and Supporting Financial Institutions (Open Yale Courses). [Transcript]
Jump up ^ Macaulay, Catherine R. (2015). “Capitalism's renaissance? The potential of repositioning the financial 'meta-economy'”. (Futures, Volume 68, April 2015, p. 5–18)
Jump up ^ Petram, Lodewijk: The World's First Stock Exchange: How the Amsterdam Market for Dutch East India Company Shares Became a Modern Securities Market, 1602–1700. Translated from the Dutch by Lynne Richards. (Columbia University Press, 2014, ISBN 9780231163781)
^ Jump up to: a b O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 283. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Privatization and Capital Market Development: Strategies to Promote Economic Growth, Michael McLindon (1996)
Jump up ^ Lena Komileva (2009-09-16). "Market Insight: Can the rally end the crisis?". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2012-09-06. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ "EU's capital markets union 2.0, explained". POLITICO. 2017-06-08. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
Jump up ^ "What is the capital markets union?". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
Jump up ^ "EU Capital Markets Union". Financial Times. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
Jump up ^ White, Lucy (2018-04-24). "EU's Dombrovskis ignites fresh row over City's market access post-Brexit". Retrieved 2018-04-25. Regarding Capital Markets Union, the European Commission's plan to improve access to non-bank financing across the EU, he said the "departure of the UK makes this project even more important and even more urgent. It will have to compensate for the EU's largest financial centre not being in the EU and not being in the single market any more"
^ Jump up to: a b c d e An Introduction to International Capital Markets: Products, Strategies, Participants , Andrew M. Chisholm, (2009), Wiley, see esp Chapters 1, 4 & 8
Jump up ^ "U.S. National Debt Clock : Real Time". usdebtclock.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c William C. Spaulding (2011). "The Primary Bond Market". thisMatter.com. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c William C. Spaulding (2011). Investment Banking—Issuing and Selling New Securities. thisMatter.com. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Jump up ^ Gillian Tett (September 28, 2014). "After a life of trend spotting, Bill Gross missed the big shift". The Financial Times. Retrieved October 14, 2014. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Jonathan Ford (2012-08-24). "The hedge funds are playing a loser's game". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2012-09-06. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Refer to the references used for each year to find a breakdown of capital market size for individual countries and regions.
Jump up ^ Bank assets are mainly regular bank loans. The IMF reports used to source these figures do recognize the distinction between capital markets and regular bank lending, but bank assets are traditionally included in their tables on overall capital market size.
Jump up ^ The table may slightly overstate the total size of the capital markets, as in some cases the IMF data used to source the reports may double-count stocks and bonds as bank assets.
Jump up ^ IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2014
Jump up ^ IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2013
Jump up ^ IMF Global Financial Stability Report Oct 2012
Jump up ^ Clive Cookson (2016-09-19). "Man v machine: 'Gut feelings' key to financial trading success". Financial Times. Retrieved 2016-09-19. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Paul Wilmott (2007). Paul Wilmott Introduces Quantitative Finance. Wiley. ISBN 0470319585.
Jump up ^ Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov (2016). Forecast in capital markets. Saarbrucken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3-659-91698-4.
Jump up ^ Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov (2017). Investment in capital markets. Saarbrucken, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3-330-05708-1.
Jump up ^ Viktor O. Ledenyov; Dimitri O. Ledenyov (2018). Business cycles in economics. Dusseldorf, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-613-8-38864-7.
Jump up ^ Carmen Reinhart & Kenneth Rogoff (2010). This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press. pp. passim, esp. 66 , 92–94, 205 , 403. ISBN 0-19-926584-4.
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G0 phase
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Many mammal cells, such as this 9x H neuron, remain permanently or semipermanently in G0.
The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle. Classically, cells were thought to enter G0 primarily due to environmental factors, like nutrient deprivation, that limited the resources necessary for proliferation. Thus it was thought of as a resting phase. It's now known that G0 cannot be painted with a single broad brushstroke. For example, most adult neuronal cells, among the most metabolically active cells in the body, are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase. Neurons reside in this state, not because of stochastic or limited nutrient supply, but because it's part of their internal genetic programming.
G0 was first suggested as a cell state based on early cell cycle studies. When the first studies defined the four phases of the cell cycle using radioactive labeling techniques, it was discovered that not all cells in a population proliferate at similar rates.[1] A population’s “growth fraction” – or the fraction of the population that was growing – was actively proliferating, but other cells existed in a non-proliferative state. Some of these non-proliferating cells could respond to extrinsic stimuli and proliferate by re-entering the cell cycle.[2] Early contrasting views either considered non-proliferating cells to simply be in an extended G1 phase or in a cell cycle phase distinct from G1 – termed G0.[3] Subsequent research pointed to a restriction point (R-point) in G1 where cells can enter G0 before the R-point but are committed to mitosis after the R-point.[4] These early studies provided evidence for the existence of a G0 state to which access is restricted.
Contents
[hide]
1 Diversity of G0 states
2 Examples of reversible G0 phase
2.1 Tissue stem cells
2.2 Mature hepatocytes
3 Examples of irreversible G0 phase
3.1 Senescent cells
3.2 Differentiated muscle
3.3 Differentiated bone
3.4 Differentiated nerve
4 References
Diversity of G0 states[edit]
Three G0 states exist and can be categorized as either reversible (quiescent) or irreversible (senescent and differentiated). Each of these three states can be entered from the G1 phase before the cell commits to the next round of the cell cycle. Quiescence refers to a reversible G0 state where subpopulations of cells reside in a 'quiescent' state before entering the cell cycle after activation in response to extrinsic signals. Quiescent cells are often identified by low RNA content, lack of cell proliferation markers, and increased label retention indicating low cell turnover.[5][6] Senescence is distinct from quiescence because senescence is an irreversible state that cells enter in response to DNA damage or degradation that would make a cell's progeny nonviable. Such DNA damage can occur from telomere shortening over many cell divisions as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure, oncogene activation, and cell-cell fusion. While senescent cells can no longer replicate, they remain able to perform many normal cellular functions.[7][8][9][10] Senescence is often a biochemical alternative to the self-destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis. In contrast to cellular senescence, quiescence is not a reactive event but part of the core programming of several different cell types. Finally, differentiated cells are stem cells that have progressed through a differentiation program to reach a mature – terminally differentiated – state. Differentiated cells continue to stay in G0 and perform their main functions indefinitely.
Examples of reversible G0 phase[edit]
Tissue stem cells[edit]
Stem cells are cells with the unique ability to produce differentiated daughter cells and to preserve their stem cell identity through self-renewal.[11] In mammals, most adult tissues contain tissue-specific stem cells that reside in the tissue and proliferate to maintain homeostasis for the lifespan of the organism. These cells can undergo immense proliferation in response to tissue damage before differentiating and engaging in regeneration. Some tissue stem cells exist in a reversible, quiescent state indefinitely until being activated by external stimuli. Many different types of tissue stem cells exist, including muscle stem cells (MuSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and many others.
Stem cell quiescence has been recently suggested to be composed of two distinct functional phases, G0 and an ‘alert’ phase termed GAlert.[12] Stem cells are believed to actively and reversibly transition between these phases to respond to injury stimuli and seem to gain enhanced tissue regenerative function in GAlert. Thus, transition into GAlert has been proposed as an adaptive response that enables stem cells to rapidly respond to injury or stress by priming them for cell cycle entry. In muscle stem cells, mTORC1 activity has been identified to control the transition from G0 into GAlert along with signaling through the HGF receptor cMet.[12]
Mature hepatocytes[edit]
While a reversible quiescent state is perhaps most important for tissue stem cells to respond quickly to stimuli and maintain proper homeostasis and regeneration, reversible G0 phases can be found in non-stem cells such as mature hepatocytes.[13] Hepatocytes are typically quiescent in normal livers but undergo limited replication (less than 2 cell divisions) during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. However, in certain cases, hepatocytes can experience immense proliferation (more than 70 cell divisions) indicating that their proliferation capacity is not hampered by existing in a reversible quiescent state.[13]
Examples of irreversible G0 phase[edit]
Senescent cells[edit]
Often associated with aging and age-related diseases in vivo, senescent cells can be found in many renewable tissues, including the stroma, vasculature, hematopoietic system, and many epithelial organs. Resulting from accumulation over many cell divisions, senescence is often seen in age-associated degenerative phenotypes. Senescent fibroblasts in models of breast epithelial cell function have been found to disrupt milk protein production due to secretion of matrix metalloproteinases.[14] Similarly, senescent pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells caused nearby smooth muscle cells to proliferate and migrate, perhaps contributing to hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries and eventually pulmonary hypertension.[15]
Differentiated muscle[edit]
During skeletal myogenesis, cycling progenitor cells known as myoblasts differentiate and fuse together into non-cycling muscle cells called myocytes that remain in a terminal G0 phase.[16] As a result, the fibers that make up skeletal muscle (myofibers) are cells with multiple nuclei, referred to as myonuclei, since each myonucleus originated from a single myoblast. Skeletal muscle cells continue indefinitely to provide contractile force through simultaneous contractions of cellular structures called sarcomeres. Importantly, these cells are kept in a terminal G0 phase since disruption of muscle fiber structure after myofiber formation would prevent proper transmission of force through the length of the muscle. Muscle growth can be stimulated by growth or injury and involves the recruitment of muscle stem cells – also known as satellite cells – out of a reversible quiescent state. These stem cells differentiate and fuse to generate new muscle fibers both in parallel and in series to increase force generation capacity.
Cardiac muscle is also formed through myogenesis but instead of recruiting stem cells to fuse and form new cells, heart muscle cells – known as cardiomyocytes – simply increase in size as the heart grows larger. Similarly to skeletal muscle, if cardiomyocytes had to continue dividing to add muscle tissue the contractile structures necessary for heart function would be disrupted.
Differentiated bone[edit]
Of the four major types of bone cells, osteocytes are the most common and also exist in a terminal G0 phase. Osteocytes arise from osteoblasts that are trapped within a self-secreted matrix. While osteocytes also have reduced synthetic activity, they still serve bone functions besides generating structure. Osteocytes work through various mechanosensory mechanisms to assist in the routine turnover over bony matrix.
Differentiated nerve[edit]
Outside of a few neurogenic niches in the brain, most neurons are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase. These fully differentiated neurons form synapses where electrical signals are transmitted by axons to the dendrites of nearby neurons. In this G0 state, neurons continue functioning until senescence or apoptosis.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Howard, Alma; Pelc, S.R. (2009). "Synthesis of Desoxyribonucleic Acid in Normal and Irradiated Cells and Its Relation to Chromosome Breakage". International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine. 49 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1080/09553008514552501. ISSN 0020-7616.
Jump up ^ Baserga, Renato (2008). "BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE CELL CYCLE: A REVIEW". Cell Proliferation. 1 (2): 167–191. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1968.tb00957.x. ISSN 0960-7722.
Jump up ^ Patt, Harvey; Quastler, Henry (1963). "Radiation Effects on Cell Renewal and Related Systems". Physiological Reviews. 43 (3): 357–396.
Jump up ^ Pardee, Arthur (1974). "A Restriction Point for Control of Normal Animal Cell Proliferation". PNAS. 71 (4): 1286–1290. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.4.1286. PMC 388211  . PMID 4524638.
Jump up ^ Hüttmann, A (2001). "Functional heterogeneity within rhodamine123lo Hoechst33342lo/sp primitive hemopoietic stem cells revealed by pyronin Y". Experimental Hematology. 29 (9): 1109–1116. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00684-1. ISSN 0301-472X.
Jump up ^ Fukada, So-ichiro; Uezumi, Akiyoshi; Ikemoto, Madoka; Masuda, Satoru; Segawa, Masashi; Tanimura, Naoki; Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Miyagoe-Suzuki, Yuko; Takeda, Shin'ichi (2007). "Molecular Signature of Quiescent Satellite Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle". Stem Cells. 25 (10): 2448–2459. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0019. ISSN 1066-5099.
Jump up ^ Hayflick L; Moorhead PS (December 1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Exp. Cell Res. 25: 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.
Jump up ^ Campisi, Judith (February 2013). "Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer". Annual Review of Physiology. 75: 685–705. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183653. PMC 4166529  . PMID 23140366.
Jump up ^ Rodier, F.; Campisi, J. (14 February 2011). "Four faces of cellular senescence". The Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (4): 547–556. doi:10.1083/jcb.201009094.
Jump up ^ Burton, Dominick G. A.; Krizhanovsky, Valery (31 July 2014). "Physiological and pathological consequences of cellular senescence". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71 (22): 4373–4386. doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1691-3.
Jump up ^ Weissman, Irving L (2000). "Stem Cells". Cell. 100 (1): 157–168. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81692-X. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 10647940.
^ Jump up to: a b Rodgers, Joseph T.; King, Katherine Y.; Brett, Jamie O.; Cromie, Melinda J.; Charville, Gregory W.; Maguire, Katie K.; Brunson, Christopher; Mastey, Namrata; Liu, Ling; Tsai, Chang-Ru; Goodell, Margaret A.; Rando, Thomas A. (2014). "mTORC1 controls the adaptive transition of quiescent stem cells from G0 to GAlert". Nature. 510: 393–6. doi:10.1038/nature13255. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4065227  . PMID 24870234.
^ Jump up to: a b Fausto, Nelson (2004). "Liver regeneration and repair: Hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells". Hepatology. 39 (6): 1477–1487. doi:10.1002/hep.20214. ISSN 0270-9139.
Jump up ^ Downward, Julian; Coppé, Jean-Philippe; Patil, Christopher K; Rodier, Francis; Sun, Yu; Muñoz, Denise P; Goldstein, Joshua; Nelson, Peter S; Desprez, Pierre-Yves; Campisi, Judith (2008). "Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell-Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor". PLoS Biology. 6 (12): e301. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060301. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 2592359  . PMID 19053174.
Jump up ^ Noureddine, H.; Gary-Bobo, G.; Alifano, M.; Marcos, E.; Saker, M.; Vienney, N.; Amsellem, V.; Maitre, B.; Chaouat, A.; Chouaid, C.; Dubois-Rande, J.-L.; Damotte, D.; Adnot, S. (2011). "Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence Is a Pathogenic Mechanism for Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Lung Disease". Circulation Research. 109 (5): 543–553. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.241299. ISSN 0009-7330. PMC 3375237  . PMID 21719760.
Jump up ^ page 395, Biology, Fifth Edition, Campbell, 1999
[hide]
v
t
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Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
E2F
Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases and
checkpoints
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase)
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
Spindle checkpoint
Postreplication checkpoint
Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
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text:
All the world's a stage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Shakespeare monologue. For the live album by Rush, see All the World's a Stage (album). For the television episode, see All the World's a Stage (Ugly Betty).
The line "all the world's a stage [...]" from Shakespeare's First Folio[1]
Richard Kindersley's sculpture The Seven Ages Of Man in London
"All the world's a stage" is the phrase that begins a monologue from William Shakespeare's As You Like It, spoken by the melancholy Jaques in Act II Scene VII. The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play, and catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to as the seven ages of man:[2] infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, Pantalone and old age, facing imminent death. It is one of Shakespeare's most frequently quoted passages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Origins
2.1 World as a stage
2.2 Ages of man
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Text[edit]
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first, the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
Then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lined,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank, and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
Origins[edit]
The Seven Ages of Man by William Mulready, 1838, illustrating the speech
World as a stage[edit]
The comparison of the world to a stage and people to actors long predated Shakespeare. Richard Edwardes's play Damon and Pythias, written in the year Shakespeare was born, contains the lines, "Pythagoras said that this world was like a stage / Whereon many play their parts; the lookers-on, the sage".[3] When it was founded in 1599 Shakespeare's own theatre, The Globe, may have used the motto Totus mundus agit histrionem (All the world plays the actor), the Latin text of which is derived from a 12th-century treatise.[4] Ultimately the words derive from quod fere totus mundus exercet histrionem (because almost the whole world are actors) attributed to Petronius, a phrase which had wide circulation in England at the time.
In his own earlier work, The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare also had one of his main characters, Antonio, comparing the world to a stage:
I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano;
A stage where every man must play a part,
And mine a sad one.
—  Act I, Scene I
In his work The Praise of Folly, first printed in 1511, Renaissance humanist Erasmus asks, "For what else is the life of man but a kind of play in which men in various costumes perform until the director motions them off the stage."[5]
Ages of man[edit]
Likewise the division of human life into a series of ages was a commonplace of art and literature, which Shakespeare would have expected his audiences to recognize. The number of ages varied: three and four being the most common among ancient writers such as Aristotle. The concept of seven ages derives from mediaeval philosophy, which constructed groups of seven, as in the seven deadly sins, for theological reasons. The seven ages model dates from the 12th century.[6] King Henry V had a tapestry illustrating the seven ages of man.[7]
According to T. W. Baldwin, Shakespeare's version of the concept of the ages of man is based primarily upon Palingenius' book Zodiacus Vitae, a school text he would have studied at the Stratford Grammar School, which also enumerates stages of human life. He also takes elements from Ovid and other sources known to him.[8]
See also[edit]
The Seven Ages of Man (painting series)
Ages of Man
Riddle of the Sphinx
Six Ages of the World
Solomon Grundy
Mere Oblivion (short film)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ William Shakespeare (1623). Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies. London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount. p. 194. OCLC 606515358.
Jump up ^ Shakespeare's Seven Ages of Man. By William Shakespeare. Van Voorst, 1848. (Also, L. Booth and S. Ayling, 1864 Version.)
Jump up ^ Joseph Quincy Adams, Chief Pre-Shakespearean Dramas: A Selection of Plays Illustrating the History of the English Drama from Its Origin down to Shakespeare, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston; New York, 1924, p. 579.
Jump up ^ Marjorie B. Garber (2008). Profiling Shakespeare. Routledge. p. 292.
Jump up ^ John Masters (1956). The Essential Erasmus. The New American Library. p. 119.
Jump up ^ J. A. Burrow (1986). The Ages of Man: A Study in Medieval Writing and Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Jump up ^ PROME, 1423 October, item 31, entries 757–797, quoted in Ian Mortimer, 1415 – Henry V's Year of Glory, p. 45, footnote 2.
Jump up ^ Thomas Whitfield Baldwin (1944). William Shakspere's Small Latine and Lesse Greeke. 1. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. pp. 652–673.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of all the world's a stage at Wiktionary
[show]
v
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William Shakespeare's As You Like It
Characters
Rosalind
Orlando
Celia
Jaques
Touchstone
Screen
1912
1936
1978 (TV)
1994 (TV)
2006
Related
"All the world's a stage"
[show]
v
t
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William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice
Characters
Shylock
Antonio
Portia
Jessica
Sources
Gesta Romanorum (late 13th century)
Il Pecorone (late 14th century) by Giovanni Fiorentino
The Jew of Malta (1590) by Christopher Marlowe
On screen
1914
1916
1923
Shylock (1941)
1961
1969
1980 (TV)
2004
One Man Band (unfinished)
Adaptations
Le marchand de Venise (1935, opera)
Shylock (1987, musical)
The Merchant of Venice (1982, opera)
Derivative works
Serenade to Music (1938)
Shylock (1996)
Yasser (2001)
The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002)
Related
"All that glitters is not gold"
"All the world's a stage"
"Between you and I"
Quibble
Letter and spirit of the law
"Ding Dong Bell"
"The quality of mercy"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_the_world%27s_a_stage&oldid=836528606"
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text:
That Ain't No Way to Go
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"That Ain't No Way To Go"
Single by Brooks & Dunn
from the album Hard Workin' Man
B-side
"I Can't Put Out This Fire"
Released
March 28, 1994
Format
CD Single, 7"
Recorded
1992–1993
Genre
Country
Length
3:37
Label
Arista 12669
Songwriter(s)
Kix Brooks
Don Cook
Ronnie Dunn
Producer(s)
Don Cook
Scott Hendricks
Brooks & Dunn singles chronology
"Rock My World (Little Country Girl)"
(1993) "That Ain't No Way To Go"
(1994) "She's Not the Cheatin' Kind"
(1994)
"Rock My World (Little Country Girl)"
(1993) "That Ain't No Way To Go"
(1994) "She's Not the Cheatin' Kind"
(1994)
"That Ain't No Way To Go" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in March 1994 the fifth and final single from their album Hard Workin' Man. The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart.[1] It was written by Kix Brooks, Ronnie Dunn and Don Cook.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Chart performance
2.1 Charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 References
4 External links
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Piers Plowden and premiered in April 1994.
Chart performance[edit]
The song debuted at number 55 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated April 9, 1994. It charted for 20 weeks on that chart, and reached Number One on the chart dated June 11, 1994, holding the top spot for one week, and becoming the duo's sixth Number One single.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[2] 3
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1994)
Position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[4] 59
US Country Songs (Billboard)[5] 11
Preceded by
"Don't Take the Girl"
by Tim McGraw Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks
number-one single
June 11, 1994 Succeeded by
"Wink"
by Neal McCoy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 56.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2506." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. June 20, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brooks & Dunn Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994". RPM. December 12, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 1994: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Brooks & Dunn singles
Brand New Man
"Brand New Man"
"My Next Broken Heart"
"Neon Moon"
"Boot Scootin' Boogie"
"Lost and Found"
Hard Workin' Man
"Hard Workin' Man"
"We'll Burn That Bridge"
"She Used to Be Mine"
"Rock My World (Little Country Girl)"
"That Ain't No Way to Go"
Waitin' on Sundown
"She's Not the Cheatin' Kind"
"I'll Never Forgive My Heart"
"Little Miss Honky Tonk"
"You're Gonna Miss Me When I'm Gone"
"Whiskey Under the Bridge"
Borderline
"My Maria"
"I Am That Man"
"Mama Don't Get Dressed Up for Nothing"
"A Man This Lonely"
"Why Would I Say Goodbye"
The Greatest Hits Collection
"Honky Tonk Truth"
"He's Got You"
If You See Her
"If You See Him/If You See Her" (with Reba McEntire)
"How Long Gone"
"Husbands and Wives"
"I Can't Get Over You"
"South of Santa Fe"
Tight Rope
"Missing You"
"Beer Thirty"
"You'll Always Be Loved by Me"
Steers & Stripes
"Ain't Nothing 'bout You"
"Only in America"
"The Long Goodbye"
"My Heart Is Lost to You"
"Every River"
Red Dirt Road
"Red Dirt Road"
"You Can't Take the Honky Tonk Out of the Girl"
"That's What She Gets for Loving Me"
The Greatest Hits Collection II
"That's What It's All About"
"It's Getting Better All the Time"
Hillbilly Deluxe
"Play Something Country"
"Believe"
"Building Bridges" (with Sheryl Crow and Vince Gill)
"Hillbilly Deluxe"
Cowboy Town
"Proud of the House We Built"
"God Must Be Busy"
"Put a Girl in It"
"Cowgirls Don't Cry" (with Reba McEntire)
#1s... and Then Some
"Indian Summer"
"Honky Tonk Stomp" (with Billy Gibbons)
See also
Discography
This 1990s country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_Ain%27t_No_Way_to_Go&oldid=725891807"
Categories:
1994 singles
1993 songs
Brooks & Dunn songs
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Songs written by Ronnie Dunn
Songs written by Kix Brooks
Songs written by Don Cook
Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks
Song recordings produced by Don Cook
Arista Nashville singles
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