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Atmospheric pressure
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Static pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere
"Air pressure" redirects here. For the pressure of air in other systems, see Pressure.
Atmospheric pressure, sometimes also called barometric pressure, is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet). In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hydrostatic pressure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point. As elevation increases, there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation. Pressure measures force per unit area, with SI units of Pascals (1 pascal = 1 newton per square metre, 1 N/m2). On average, a column of air with a cross-sectional area of 1 square centimetre (cm2), measured from mean (average) sea level to the top of Earth's atmosphere, has a mass of about 1.03 kilogram and exerts a force or "weight" of about 10.1 newtons or 2.37 lbf, resulting in a pressure at sea level of about 10.1 N/cm2 or 101 kN/m2 (101 kilopascals, kPa). A column of air with a cross-sectional area of 1 in2 (6.45 cm2) would have a mass of about 6.65 kg and a weight of about 65.4 N or 14.7 lbf, resulting in a pressure of 10.1 N/cm2 or 14.7 lbf/in2. In the United States, atmospheric pressure near sea level is commonly rounded to 15 lbf/in2, and expressed as "15 psi" (15 pounds per square inch.)
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism
2 Standard atmosphere
3 Mean sea level pressure
4 Altitude variation
5 Local variation
6 Records
7 Measurement based on depth of water
8 Boiling point of water
9 Measurement and maps
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
12.1 Experiments
Mechanism[edit]
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Atmospheric pressure is caused by the gravitational attraction of the planet on the atmospheric gases above the surface, and is a function of the mass of the planet, the radius of the surface, and the amount of gas and its vertical distribution in the atmosphere.[1][2] It is modified by the planetary rotation and local effects such as wind velocity, density variations due to temperature and variations in composition.[citation needed]
Standard atmosphere[edit]
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa (1.01325 bar), equivalent to 760 mmHg (torr), 29.92 inches Hg and 14.696 psi.[3]
Mean sea level pressure[edit]
15 year average mean sea level pressure for June, July, and August (top) and December, January, and February (bottom). ERA-15 re-analysis.
Kollsman-type barometric aircraft altimeter (as used in North America) displaying an altitude of 80 ft (24 m).
The mean sea level pressure (MSLP) is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level. This is the atmospheric pressure normally given in weather reports on radio, television, and newspapers or on the Internet. When barometers in the home are set to match the local weather reports, they measure pressure adjusted to sea level, not the actual local atmospheric pressure.
The altimeter setting in aviation is an atmospheric pressure adjustment.
Average sea-level pressure is 1013.25 mbar (101.325 kPa; 29.921 inHg; 760.00 mmHg). In aviation weather reports (METAR), QNH is transmitted around the world in millibars or hectopascals (1 hectopascal = 1 millibar), except in the United States, Canada, and Colombia where it is reported in inches (to two decimal places) of mercury. The United States and Canada also report sea level pressure SLP, which is adjusted to sea level by a different method, in the remarks section, not in the internationally transmitted part of the code, in hectopascals or millibars.[4] However, in Canada's public weather reports, sea level pressure is instead reported in kilopascals.[5]
In the US weather code remarks, three digits are all that are transmitted; decimal points and the one or two most significant digits are omitted: 1013.2 mbar (101.32 kPa) is transmitted as 132; 1000.0 mbar (100.00 kPa) is transmitted as 000; 998.7 mbar is transmitted as 987; etc. The highest sea-level pressure on Earth occurs in Siberia, where the Siberian High often attains a sea-level pressure above 1050 mbar (105 kPa; 31 inHg), with record highs close to 1085 mbar (108.5 kPa; 32.0 inHg). The lowest measurable sea-level pressure is found at the centers of tropical cyclones and tornadoes, with a record low of 870 mbar (87 kPa; 26 inHg) (see Atmospheric pressure records).
Altitude variation[edit]
A very local storm above Snæfellsjökull, showing clouds formed on the mountain by orographic lift
Variation in atmospheric pressure with altitude, computed for 15 °C and 0% relative humidity.
This plastic bottle was sealed at approximately 14,000 feet (4,300 m) altitude, and was crushed by the increase in atmospheric pressure —at 9,000 feet (2,700 m) and 1,000 feet (300 m)— as it was brought down towards sea level.
Pressure varies smoothly from the Earth's surface to the top of the mesosphere. Although the pressure changes with the weather, NASA has averaged the conditions for all parts of the earth year-round. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. One can calculate the atmospheric pressure at a given altitude.[6] Temperature and humidity also affect the atmospheric pressure, and it is necessary to know these to compute an accurate figure. The graph at right was developed for a temperature of 15 °C and a relative humidity of 0%.
At low altitudes above sea level, the pressure decreases by about 1.2 kPa for every 100 metres. For higher altitudes within the troposphere, the following equation (the barometric formula) relates atmospheric pressure p to altitude h
p = p 0 ⋅ ( 1 − L ⋅ h T 0 ) g ⋅ M R 0 ⋅ L ≈ p 0 ⋅ ( 1 − g ⋅ h c p ⋅ T 0 ) c p ⋅ M R 0 , {\displaystyle p=p_{0}\cdot \left(1-{\frac {L\cdot h}{T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {g\cdot M}{R_{0}\cdot L}}\approx p_{0}\cdot \left(1-{\frac {g\cdot h}{c_{p}\cdot T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {c_{p}\cdot M}{R_{0}}},}
p ≈ p 0 ⋅ exp  ( − g ⋅ M ⋅ h R 0 ⋅ T 0 ) {\displaystyle p\approx p_{0}\cdot \exp \left(-{\frac {g\cdot M\cdot h}{R_{0}\cdot T_{0}}}\right)}
where the constant parameters are as described below:
Parameter
Description
Value
p0 sea level standard atmospheric pressure 101325 Pa
L temperature lapse rate, = g/cp for dry air 0.0065 K/m
cp constant pressure specific heat ~ 1007 J/(kg•K)
T0 sea level standard temperature 288.15 K
g Earth-surface gravitational acceleration 9.80665 m/s2
M molar mass of dry air 0.0289644 kg/mol
R0 universal gas constant 8.31447 J/(mol•K)
Local variation[edit]
Hurricane Wilma on 19 October 2005; 882 hPa (12.79 psi) in the storm's eye
Atmospheric pressure varies widely on Earth, and these changes are important in studying weather and climate. See pressure system for the effects of air pressure variations on weather.
Atmospheric pressure shows a diurnal or semidiurnal (twice-daily) cycle caused by global atmospheric tides. This effect is strongest in tropical zones, with an amplitude of a few millibars, and almost zero in polar areas. These variations have two superimposed cycles, a circadian (24 h) cycle and semi-circadian (12 h) cycle.
Records[edit]
The highest adjusted-to-sea level barometric pressure ever recorded on Earth (above 750 meters) was 1084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg) measured in Tosontsengel, Mongolia on 19 December 2001.[7] The highest adjusted-to-sea level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata in Evenk Autonomous Okrug, Russia (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261 m, 856 ft) on 31 December 1968 of 1083.8 hPa (32.005 inHg).[8] The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[7]
The Dead Sea, the lowest place on Earth at 430 metres (1,410 ft) below sea level, has a correspondingly high typical atmospheric pressure of 1065 hPa.[9]
The lowest non-tornadic atmospheric pressure ever measured was 870 hPa (0.858 atm; 25.69 inHg), set on 12 October 1979, during Typhoon Tip in the western Pacific Ocean. The measurement was based on an instrumental observation made from a reconnaissance aircraft.[10]
Measurement based on depth of water[edit]
One atmosphere (101.325 kPa or 14.7 psi) is also the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fresh water of approximately 10.3 m (33.8 ft). Thus, a diver 10.3 m underwater experiences a pressure of about 2 atmospheres (1 atm of air plus 1 atm of water). Conversely, 10.3 m is the maximum height to which water can be raised using suction under standard atmospheric conditions.
Low pressures such as natural gas lines are sometimes specified in inches of water, typically written as w.c. (water column) or w.g. (inches water gauge). A typical gas-using residential appliance in the US is rated for a maximum of 14 w.c., which is approximately 35 hPa. Similar metric units with a wide variety of names and notation based on millimetres, centimetres or metres are now less commonly used.
Boiling point of water[edit]
Boiling water
Pure water boils at 100 °C (212 °F) at earth's standard atmospheric pressure. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure around the water.[11] Because of this, the boiling point of water is lower at lower pressure and higher at higher pressure. Cooking at high elevations, therefore, requires adjustments to recipes.[12] A rough approximation of elevation can be obtained by measuring the temperature at which water boils; in the mid-19th century, this method was used by explorers.[13]
Measurement and maps[edit]
An important application of the knowledge that atmospheric pressure varies directly with altitude was in determining the height of hills and mountains thanks to the availability of reliable pressure measurement devices. While in 1774 Maskelyne was confirming Newton's theory of gravitation at and on Schiehallion in Scotland (using plumb bob deviation to show the effect of "gravity") and accurately measure elevation, William Roy using barometric pressure was able to confirm his height determinations, the agreement being to within one meter (3.28 feet). This method became and continues to be useful for survey work and map making. This early “application of science” gave people insight into how science could easily be put to practical use.[14]
See also[edit]
Underwater diving portal
Atmosphere (unit)
Barometric formula
Barotrauma – physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding gas or liquid.
Cabin pressurization
Effects of high altitude on humans
High-pressure area
Atmosphere of Earth
International Standard Atmosphere - a tabulation of typical variation of principal thermodynamic variables of the atmosphere (pressure, density, temperature, etc.) with altitude, at middle latitudes.
Low-pressure area
NRLMSISE-00
Plenum chamber
Pressure
Subtropical ridge
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "atmospheric pressure (encyclopedic entry)". National Geographic. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Q & A: Pressure - Gravity Matters?". Department of Physics. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ International Civil Aviation Organization. Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993. ISBN 92-9194-004-6.
Jump up ^ Sample METAR of CYVR Nav Canada
Jump up ^ Montreal Current Weather, CBC Montreal, Canada, retrieved 2014-03-30
Jump up ^ A quick derivation relating altitude to air pressure Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. by Portland State Aerospace Society, 2004, accessed 05032011
^ Jump up to: a b World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 m, Wmo.asu.edu, 2001-12-19, archived from the original on 2012-10-17, retrieved 2013-04-15
Jump up ^ World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 m, Wmo.asu.edu, 1968-12-31, archived from the original on 2013-05-14, retrieved 2013-04-15
Jump up ^ Kramer, MR; Springer C; Berkman N; Glazer M; Bublil M; Bar-Yishay E; Godfrey S (March 1998). "Rehabilitation of hypoxemic patients with COPD at low altitude at the Dead Sea, the lowest place on earth" (PDF). Chest. 113 (3): 571–575. doi:10.1378/chest.113.3.571. PMID 9515826. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29. PMID 9515826
Jump up ^ Chris Landsea (2010-04-21). "Subject: E1), Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
Jump up ^ Vapour Pressure, Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, retrieved 2012-10-17
Jump up ^ High Altitude Cooking, Crisco.com, 2010-09-30, archived from the original on 2012-09-07, retrieved 2012-10-17
Jump up ^ Berberan-Santos, M. N.; Bodunov, E. N.; Pogliani, L. (1997). "On the barometric formula". American Journal of Physics. 65 (5): 404–412. Bibcode:1997AmJPh..65..404B. doi:10.1119/1.18555.
Jump up ^ Hewitt, Rachel, Map of a Nation – a Biography of the Ordnance Survey ISBN 1-84708-098-7
External links[edit]
1976 Standard Atmosphere from NASA
Source code and equations for the 1976 Standard Atmosphere
A mathematical model of the 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere
Calculator using multiple units and properties for the 1976 Standard Atmosphere
Calculator giving standard air pressure at a specified altitude, or altitude at which a pressure would be standard
Current map of global mean sea-level pressure
Atmospheric calculator and Geometric to Pressure altitude converter
Experiments[edit]
Movies on atmospheric pressure experiments from Georgia State University's HyperPhysics website – requires QuickTime
Test showing a can being crushed after boiling water inside it, then moving it into a tub of ice cold water.
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text:
R/T
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the vehicle badge. For other uses, see RT.
Dodge R/T vehicles badge
R/T is the performance marker used on Dodge automobiles since the 1960s (much like Chevrolet Super Sport). R/T stands for Road/Track (no "and"). R/T models usually come with R/T badging and a combination of upgraded suspension, tires, brakes, and often more powerful engines. Many models have also come with monotone paint and stripes as well as aggressive body kits. In 2004 the Chrysler SRT Division (Chrysler Corp. SRT Vehicles) replaced R/T as the high performance auto group for Dodge vehicles, though the trim level is still in use on many current models.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current Vehicles
2 Previous Vehicles
3 Other vehicles using R/T properties
4 Concept vehicles using R/T properties
5 Engines Gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Current Vehicles[edit]
Vehicle
Type
Engine
0–60 mph
(0–100 km/h)
Photo
Dodge Challenger R/T
2008-Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 375 hp (Manual) 372 hp (Automatic) 5.0 s[1]
Dodge Charger R/T
2011-Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 370 hp 5.3 s[2]
Dodge Durango R/T
2011-Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 360 hp 7.3 s[3]
Dodge Journey R/T
2012-Present V6 3.6 Chrysler Pentastar engine 283hp 6.2 s[4]
Previous Vehicles[edit]
Vehicle
Type
Engine
0–60 mph
(0–100 km/h)
Photo
Dodge Spirit R/T
1991-1992 I4 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp 5.8 s[5]
Dodge Daytona IROC R/T
1992-1993 I4 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp 6.0 s[6]
Dodge Neon R/T
1998-1999 I4 2.0 Chrysler Neon A588 engine 150 hp 7.5 s[7]
Dodge Neon R/T
2001-2004 I4 2.0 Chrysler Neon Magnum engine 150 hp 7.6 s[8]
Dodge Caliber R/T
2004-2007 I4 2.4 World engine 172 hp 10.1 s[9]
Dodge Stratus R/T
2001-2005 V6 3.0 Mitsubishi SOHC 6G72 engine 200 hp 7.4 s[10]
Dodge Intrepid R/T
2000-2002 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 242 hp
Dodge Avenger R/T
2008-2014 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGF engine 283 hp 6.0 s[11]
Dodge Nitro R/T
2008-2009 V6 4.0 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 255 hp 7.7 s[12]
Dodge Journey R/T
2009-2015 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 235 hp 8.0 s[13]
Dodge Stealth R/T
1991-1996 V6 3.0 Mitsubishi DOHC 6G72 engine 222 hp
3.0 Mitsubishi Twin-Turbo DOHC 6G72 engine 296-320 hp ---
5.3 s[14]
Dodge Coronet R/T
1967-1970 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Magnum 375 HP
6.1 s[15]
7.0 s[16]
Dodge Charger R/T
1968-1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP 5.3 s[17]
7.4 s[18]
Dodge Challenger R/T
1970-1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP ---
6.2 s[19]
Dodge Aspen R/T
1976-1980 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA 360 engine 170 hp 9.9 s[20]
Dodge Dakota R/T
1998-2003 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp 7.0 s[21]
Dodge Durango R/T
1999-2003 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp 8.2 s[22]
Dodge Magnum R/T
2004-2007 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340 hp 6.1 s[23]
Dodge Ram 1500 R/T
2005-2010 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 345 hp('06-07)/370 hp(08-10) 5.7 s[24]
Dodge Charger R/T
2006-2010 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340-350 hp('06-07)/368 hp(08-10)
Dodge Viper R/T10
1992-1997 V10 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 400 hp
Other vehicles using R/T properties[edit]
Vehicle
Type
Engine
0–60 mph
(0–100 km/h)
Photo
Dodge Coronet Super Bee
1968-1970 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP ---
Dodge Charger Daytona
1969 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP ---
Dodge Charger Super Bee
1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP
7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP ---
Dodge Ram 1500 SS/T
1996-1998 V8 5.9 Chrysler Hemi engine 240HP ---
Dodge Ram 1500 Rumble Bee
2004-2005 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP ---
Dodge Charger Daytona
2006-2009 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 350HP(06-07)/370HP(08-09) ---
Concept vehicles using R/T properties[edit]
Vehicle
Type
Engine
0–60 mph
(0–100 km/h)
Photo
Dodge Copperhead
1997 V6 2.7 Chrysler LH engine 180HP ---
Dodge Sidewinder
1997 V10 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 410HP ---
Dodge Charger R/T (1999 concept)
1999 V8 4.7 Chrysler engine 325HP ---
Dodge Super 8 Hemi
2005 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP ---
Engines Gallery[edit]
The Turbocharged 2.4L I4 Chrysler Neon Engine that used in Dodge Neon SRT-4 is also used in Dodge Stratus R/T.
The Chrysler 5.7 Hemi Engine is used in most of modern R/T V8 vehicles.
A picture of the 8.0 Chrysler LA Viper engine which is used in the Dodge Viper R/T10 and the concept Dodge Sidewinder.
The 7.2 Chrysler 440 SixPack engine, this was used in most of classic muscle cars made by Dodge and Plymouth.
A picture of the classic 7.0 Chrysler Hemi engine with a power of 425HP, the modern aftermarket - or custom - 426 Hemi produce nearly to 600 HP.
See also[edit]
Chrysler Group SRT Vehicles
Mercedes-AMG
Chevrolet SS Vehicles
BMW M Power
References[edit]
Jump up ^ dodge Challenger R/T 2011 0-60 m/h - MotorTrend
Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R/T 2011 0-60 m/h - MotorTrend
Jump up ^ Dodge Durango R/T 2011 0-60 m/h - MotorTrend
Jump up ^ Dodge Journey R/T 2012 0-60 m/h
Jump up ^ Dodge Spirit R/T 0-60 m/h - OnlineHome.us
Jump up ^ Dodge Daytona IROC R/T 0-60 m/h - moparautos.com
Jump up ^ Dodge Neon 1998 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Neon R/T 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Caliber R/T 0-60 m/h - InsideLine
Jump up ^ Dodge Stratus R/T 0-60 m/h - ModernRacer
Jump up ^ Dodge Avenger R/T 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Nitro R/T 0-60 m/h - InsideLine
Jump up ^ Dodge JourneyR/T 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Stealth R/T 0-60 m/h - AllPar
Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R/T Hemi 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R/T SixPack 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R/T Hemi 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R/T SixPack 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Challenger R/T SixPack 0-60 m/h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dodge Aspen R/T 0-60 m/h - Automobile-Catalog
Jump up ^ Dodge Dakota R/T 0-60 m/h - TruckTrend
Jump up ^ Dodge Durango R/T 2000 0-60 m/h - ConceptCarz
Jump up ^ Dodge Magnum R/T 0-60 m/h - Read&Track
Jump up ^ Dodge Ram R/T 0-60 m/h - MotorTrend
External links[edit]
Official Dodge Website
[show]
v
t
e
FCA US LLC
Marques
Current
Chrysler
Dodge
Jeep
Ram
Fiat Automobiles (USA)
Defunct
AMC (1966–1988)
Commer (1905–1979)
Barreiros (1959–1978)
DeSoto (1928–1961)
Eagle (1988–1998)
Fargo (1920–1972)
Hillman (1907–1976)
Humber (1898–1975)
Imperial (1955–1975, 1981–1983)
Karrier (1908–1977)
Plymouth (1928–2001)
Singer (1905–1970)
Simca (1934–1977)
SRT (2013–2014)
Sunbeam (1901–1976)
Valiant (1960–1966)
Divisions and
subsidiaries
Current
Chrysler Australia
Chrysler Capital
Chrysler Canada
Dodge
Jeep
Mopar
Ram Trucks
Street & Racing Technology (SRT)
Road Track (R/T)
Defunct
Chrysler-Plymouth (1928–2001)
American Motors Corporation (1954–88)
Chrysler Australia (1951–81)
Chrysler Europe (1967–81)
Chrysler UK (1970–81)
Envi (2007–09)
Former
Eurostar Automobilwerk
Global Electric Motorcars
Chrysler First Financial Services Corporation
Joint ventures and
alliances
Current
United States Council for Automotive Research
Defunct
Diamond-Star Motors
DaimlerChrysler–Mitsubishi alliance
Global Engine Alliance
People
Walter Chrysler
Lee Iacocca
Bob Lutz
C. Robert Kidder
Thomas W. LaSorda
Sergio Marchionne
Louis Rhodes
Places
Chrysler Building
Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center
Factories
Proving grounds
Products
Engines (Hemi, Pentastar, WGE)
Platforms
Transmissions
Vehicles
Other
Big Three
Cerberus Capital Management
Chrysler Classic Racing
Daimler-Chrysler (1998–2007)
History (Chapter 11 reorganization)
Parent
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R/T&oldid=829206813"
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text:
The Breakfast Club
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes. For other uses, see The Breakfast Club (disambiguation).
The Breakfast Club
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Hughes
Produced by
Ned Tanen
John Hughes
Written by
John Hughes
Starring
Emilio Estevez
Paul Gleason
Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy
Music by
Keith Forsey
Gary Chang
Cinematography
Thomas Del Ruth
Edited by
Dede Allen
Production
company
A&M Films
Channel Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
February 15, 1985 (1985-02-15)
Running time
97 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1 million[2]
Box office
$51.5 million[3]
The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written, produced, and directed by John Hughes, starring Emilio Estevez, Paul Gleason, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy. The storyline follows five teenagers, each members of different high school cliques, who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes, while facing a strict disciplinarian.
The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15, 1985. It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget. Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time, as well as one of Hughes' most memorable and recognizable works. The media referred to the film's five main actors as members of a group called the "Brat Pack."
The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School, the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes' friends. Thus, those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of "The Breakfast Club." In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[4][5]
The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
3.3 Poster
4 Themes
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Box office
6.3 Accolades
7 Legacy
8 Soundtrack
8.1 Track listing
8.2 Critical reception
9 References
9.1 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
On Saturday, March 24, 1984, five students report at 7:00 a.m. for all-day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer, Illinois. While not complete strangers, each of them comes from a different clique, and they seem to have nothing in common: the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish, the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark, the geekish intellect Brian Johnson, the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds, and the rebellious delinquent John Bender.
They gather in the high school library, where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak, move from their seats, or sleep until they are released at 3:00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand-word essay, in which each must describe "who you think you are." He then leaves, returning only occasionally to check on them. John, who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon, ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students, teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire. Allison is initially quiet, except for an occasional random outburst. Over the course of the day, Vernon gives John several weekends' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet, but he escapes and returns to the library.
The students pass the hours by talking, arguing, and, at one point, smoking marijuana that John retrieves from his locker. Gradually, they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets: Allison is a compulsive liar; Andrew cannot easily think for himself; John comes from an abusive household; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way. They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents, which are a key cause for their personal issues as well: Allison's parents ignore her due to their own problems; Andrew's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible; John's father verbally and physically abuses him; Brian's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades; and Claire's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments. The students realize that, even with their differences, they face similar pressures and complications in their lives.
Despite their differences in social status, the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses. Claire gives Allison a makeover, to reveal just how pretty she really is, which sparks romantic interest in Andrew. Claire decides to break her "pristine" virgin appearance by kissing John in the closet and giving him a hickey. Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention, their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards.
As the detention nears its end, the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left. Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave. As the students part ways outside the school, Allison and Andrew kiss, as do Claire and John. Allison rips Andrew's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep, and Claire gives John one of her diamond earrings, which he attaches to his earlobe. Vernon reads the essay, in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are, using simple definitions and stereotypes. One by one, the five students' voices add, "But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain, and an athlete, and a basket case, a princess, and a criminal." Brian signs the letter as "The Breakfast Club." John raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home.
Cast[edit]
Judd Nelson as John Bender
Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish
Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark
Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson
Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds
Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon
John Kapelos as Carl Reed
Ron Dean as Mr. Clark
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes' 1984 film Sixteen Candles. Towards the end of filming, Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club. Hall became the first to be cast, agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson. Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds, but she was "really upset" because she wanted to play Claire Standish. She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part.[7] The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy.
Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender. However, when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke, Estevez was recast. Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender, which was the last role to be cast, though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson. Hughes eventually cast Cusack, but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began, because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role. At one point, Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off-camera, and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him.[7][8]
Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos.[9]
Filming[edit]
In 1999, Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience.[10] Hughes ultimately convinced the film's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot, he could greatly minimize their risk. Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut. Hughes opted for an insular, largely one room set and wrote it about high school students, who would be played by younger actors.[11]
Principal photography began on March 28, 1984, and ended in May. Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines, Illinois, shuttered in 1981. The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes' 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School. The library at Maine North High School, considered too small for the film, prompted the crew to build the set in the school's gymnasium.[12] The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence.[13] On the Ferris Bueller's Day Off DVD commentary (featured on the 2004 DVD version), Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money, and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film. The first print was 150 minutes in length.[14]
During a cast reunion in honor of the film's 25th anniversary, Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director's Cut existed but Hughes' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts.[8]
In 2015 the first draft of the film's script was discovered in a Maine South High School cabinet as district employees were moving offices to a new building.[15]
Poster[edit]
The film's poster, featuring the five characters huddled together, was photographed by Annie Leibovitz toward the end of shooting. The shot of five actors gazing at the camera influenced the way teen films were marketed from that point on.[16] The poster refers to the five "types" of the story using slightly different terms than those used in the film, and in a different sequence, stating "They were five total strangers with nothing in common, meeting for the first time. A brain, a beauty, a jock, a rebel and a recluse."
Themes[edit]
The main theme of the film is the constant struggle of the American teenager to be understood, by adults and by themselves. It explores the pressure put on teenagers to fit into their own realms of high school social constructs, as well as the lofty expectations of their parents, teachers, and other authority figures. On the surface, the students have little in common with each other. However, as the day rolls on, they eventually bond over a common disdain for the aforementioned issues of peer pressure and parental expectations.[17][18] Stereotyping is another theme. Once the obvious stereotypes are broken down, the characters "empathize with each other's struggles, dismiss some of the inaccuracies of their first impressions, and discover that they are more similar than different."[19]
The main adult character, Mr. Vernon, is not portrayed in a positive light. He consistently talks down to the students and flaunts his authority throughout the film. Bender is the only one who stands up to Vernon.[17]
Release[edit]
The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7, 1985. Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas on February 15, 1985 in the United States.
Home media[edit]
In 2003, the film was released on DVD as part of the "High School Reunion Collection."[20] In 2008, a "Flashback Edition" DVD was released with several special features, including an audio commentary with Anthony Michael Hall and Judd Nelson.[21] A 25th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray was released in 2010,[22] and the same disc was re-released with a DVD and digital copy in 2012 as part of Universal's 100th Anniversary series.[23][24] On March 10, 2015, the 30th Anniversary Edition was released. This release was digitally remastered and restored from the original 35mm film negatives for better picture quality on DVD, Digital HD and Blu-ray.[25]
On October 16, 2017, The Criterion Collection announced that the film will be released in a special edition in January 2018.[26]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received high critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 88% approval rating based on 60 reviews, with an approval rating of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus states, "The Breakfast Club is a warm, insightful, and very funny look into the inner lives of teenagers."[27] Review aggregator Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 62% based on 11 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews."[28]
Kathleen Carroll from the New York Daily News stated, "Hughes has a wonderful knack for communicating the feelings of teenagers, as well as an obvious rapport with his exceptional cast - who deserves top grades."[29]
Box office[edit]
In February 1985, the film debuted at #3 at the box office (behind blockbuster film Beverly Hills Cop and Witness starring Harrison Ford).[30] Grossing $45,875,171 domestically and $51,525,171 worldwide, the film is a box office success, given its alleged $1 million budget.[31]
Accolades[edit]
Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Paul Gleason and Ally Sheedy won a Silver Bucket of Excellence Award at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards in 2005.
Award
Nominee
Result
Silver Bucket of Excellence Award Anthony Michael Hall
Judd Nelson
Paul Gleason
Molly Ringwald
Ally Sheedy Won
Legacy[edit]
The Breakfast Club is known as the "quintessential 1980s film" and is considered as one of the best films of the decade.[32] In 2008, Empire magazine ranked it #369 on their The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time list.[33] It then rose 331 places to rank at #38 on their 2014 list.[34] Similarly, The New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list[35] and Entertainment Weekly ranked the film number 1 on its list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[36] In the 2001 parody film Not Another Teen Movie, Gleason reprised his role as Assistant Principal Vernon in a short scene that parodies The Breakfast Club.[37]
In 2005, the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards. For the event, MTV attempted to reunite the original cast. Sheedy, Ringwald, and Hall appeared together on stage, with Kapelos in the audience; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates. Estevez could not attend because of other commitments, and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on-stage reunion, prompting Hall to joke that the two were "in Africa with Dave Chappelle." Yellowcard performed Simple Minds' anthem for the film, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," at the awards. At the 82nd Academy Awards (March 7, 2010), Sheedy, Hall, Ringwald, and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes—who had died a few months prior—along with other actors who had worked with him, including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink, Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone.
Soundtrack[edit]
The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
February 19, 1985
Recorded
1984
Genre
Rock, new wave
Length
38:02
Label
A&M Records
Producer
various artists
Singles from The Breakfast Club (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
"Don't You"
Released: February 20, 1985 (US), April 8, 1985 (UK)
Audio sample
Simple Minds—Don't You (Forget About Me)
file
help
The Breakfast Club soundtrack album was released on February 19, 1985 by A&M Records. The album peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The song "Don't You (Forget About Me)" performed by Scottish rock band Simple Minds was released on February 20, 1985 in the United States and on April 8, 1985 in the United Kingdom as a single and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Track listing[edit]
"Don't You (Forget About Me)" – Simple Minds
"Waiting" – E.G. Daily
"Fire in the Twilight" – Wang Chung
"I'm the Dude" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Heart Too Hot to Hold" – Jesse Johnson and Stephanie Spruill
"Dream Montage" (instrumental) – Gary Chang
"We Are Not Alone" – Karla DeVito
"Reggae" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
"Didn't I Tell You?" – Joyce Kennedy
"Love Theme" (instrumental) – Keith Forsey
Critical reception[edit]
In a June 25, 1985 review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau gave the album a "D−" and said that it has "utterly negligible" songs, and he commended Simple Minds for trying to distance themselves from their song, "Don't You (Forget About Me)," best known for being played during the film's opening and closing credits.[38] In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the soundtrack three out of five stars and wrote that, apart from Simple Minds' "undisputed masterpiece," the album is largely "disposable" and marred by "'80s artifacts" and "forgettable instrumentals."[39]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club". Bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 80's: 'The Breakfast Club'". Retrieved September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gross data for the film The Breakfast Club from movie data base site Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps (December 14, 2016). "'Breakfast Club,' 'Rushmore' Among Films Added to National Film Registry". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan (December 14, 2016). "National Film Registry honors 'Breakfast Club,' 'Rushmore' and other teen angst movies". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Breakfast Club 30". BreakfastClub30.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Itzkoff, Dave (September 17, 2010). "She Won't Forget About Him: Molly Ringwald Remembers John Hughes". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Julie (September 21, 2010). "'The Breakfast Club' Cast Reunites, But Where's Emilio? 'Working on 'Mighty Ducks 5". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 56–57.
Jump up ^ "Premiere, December 1999, Oral history "Breakfast Club"". comcast.net.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. p. 47.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. p. 58.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 59, 69.
Jump up ^ Dameron, Emerson (August 11, 2009). "John Hughes: The Director's Cut". Newcity Film. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Johnson (April 21, 2015). "Original 'Breakfast Club' screenplay found in District 207 cabinet during move". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Three Rivers Press. pp. 79-80, 325-326.
^ Jump up to: a b Loukides, Paul (1996). Beyond the Stars 5: Themes and Ideologies in American Popular Film. Popular Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9780879727017.
Jump up ^ Barsanti, Chris (2010). Filmology: A Movie-a-Day Guide to the Movies You Need to Know. Adams Media. p. 49.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club". Oup.com. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (High School Reunion Collection): Molly Ringwald, Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Ally Sheedy, John Kapelos, Paul Gleason, John Hughes, Ned Tanen: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (Flashback Edition): Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Molly Ringwald, Ally Sheedy, Judd Nelson, Paul Gleason, Mercedes Hall, John Kapelos, Ron Dean, Perry Crawford, Fran Gargano, John Hughes, Tim Gamble, Jackie Burch, Thomas del Ruth: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (25th Anniversary Edition) [Blu-ray]: Emilio Estevez, Paul Gleason, Anthony Michael Hall, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, Ally Sheedy, John Hughes: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy) : Universal's 100th Anniversary". Amazon.com. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Celebrating 100 years of iconic movie moments". Universal 100th. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club 30th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nordine, Michael (October 16, 2017). "The Criterion Collection Announces January 2018 Titles, Including 'The Breakfast Club' and 'I, Daniel Blake'". IndieWire. Penske Business Media, LLC. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club (1985)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Breakfast Club Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Cathleen (February 15, 1985). "'The Breakfast Club' is an endearing teenage comedy: 1985 review". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office: February 15-18, 1985—4-day President's Day Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo
Jump up ^ Dunkleberger, Amy (2007). So You Want to Be a Film Or TV Screenwriter?. Enslow Publishers, Inc. p. 73.
Jump up ^ "Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time — Empire — www.empireonline.com". Empire.
Jump up ^ "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. April 29, 2003. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Weekly's The 50 Best High School Movies". AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Scott, A. O. (December 14, 2001). "FILM REVIEW; Pretty in Prank: A Spoof of a Lampoon of a Satire of..." The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (June 25, 1985). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Breakfast Club [Original Soundtrack]". AllMusic. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Ringwald, Molly (April 6, 2018). "What About "The Breakfast Club"? - Revisiting the movies of my youth in the age of #MeToo". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
External links[edit]
1980s portal
Film in the United States portal
Comedy portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Breakfast Club
The Breakfast Club on IMDb
The Breakfast Club at the TCM Movie Database
The Breakfast Club at Box Office Mojo
The Breakfast Club at Rotten Tomatoes
The Breakfast Club at Metacritic
[hide]
v
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John Hughes
Director
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Sixteen Candles (1984)
The Breakfast Club (1985)
Weird Science (1985)
Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Curly Sue (1991)
Writer only
National Lampoon's Class Reunion (1982)
Mr. Mom (1983)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Nate and Hayes (1983)
National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985)
Pretty in Pink (1986)
Some Kind of Wonderful (1987)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989)
Home Alone (1990)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Dutch (1991)
Beethoven (1992)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Dennis the Menace (1993)
Baby's Day Out (1994)
Miracle on 34th Street (1994)
101 Dalmatians (1996)
Flubber (1997)
Home Alone 3 (1997)
Reach the Rock (1998)
Just Visiting (2001)
Maid in Manhattan (2002, story)
Drillbit Taylor (2008, original character)
Related
Don't You Forget About Me (2009 documentary)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Breakfast_Club&oldid=838348610"
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Клуб «Сніданок» – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Breakfast_Club rootpage-The_Breakfast_Club skin-vector action-view