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People's Postcode Lottery
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People's Postcode Lottery is a subscription lottery in Great Britain, run by Postcode Lottery Limited (Gambling Commission licence numbers 000-000829-N-102511 and 000-000829-R-10251[1]).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Process
3 Beneficiaries
4 Ambassadors
5 Postcode Challenge
6 Sponsorship
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The Postcode Lottery format was introduced by the Dutch company Novamedia BV, which launched its first postcode lottery in the Netherlands in 1989. Novamedia now runs six lotteries using cause marketing: Nationale Postcode Loterij, Vrienden Loterij and BankGiro Loterij in the Netherlands, Svenska Postkod Lotteriet in Sweden, People's Postcode Lottery in Great Britain and, since July 2016, Deutsche Postcode Lotterie in Germany. Together, they claim to have contributed over €7.9 billion to charitable organisations around the world.[2]
People's Postcode Lottery was launched in the north of England in 2005 as a pilot scheme. After a successful launch, it expanded into Scotland in 2007 and Wales in July 2010. The lottery uses cause marketing, claiming to have been established to raise money for charity and to increase awareness of the work of the various charities and causes supported by its players.
In 2017 Novamedia BV threatened to sue the Free Postcode Lottery (an alternative free service which raises money through advertising and offers daily prizes to registered users) on the basis that they were "passing themselves off" as the People's Postcode Lottery. This claim was made in spite of the fact that the free Postcode lottery was completely free while the Peoples Postcode lottery is a paid for subscription service.
Process[edit]
People's Postcode Lottery is a subscription lottery. Players sign up to pay monthly in advance by direct debit or debit card. There are ten draws each month with prizes every day.
A player's tickets are based on their playing postcode, which is most commonly their home postcode. A given postcode in Britain will usually represent a group of houses. If more than one resident has tickets in a winning postcode, all playing neighbours collect prizes.
In accordance with restrictions under the Gambling Act 2005, the maximum amount which can be won by a single ticket is £400,000 or 10% of the total draw proceeds.
Beneficiaries[edit]
A minimum of 32% goes to various trusts, which in turn provide funding to charities and community projects across Great Britain and internationally.[3] As an external lottery manager, People's Postcode Lottery manages several society lotteries promoted by different charities. Over 4,000 causes have received support.
Ambassadors[edit]
People's Postcode Lottery has a number of celebrity "ambassadors". In March 2018, these included David Attenborough, Clare Balding, Brian Blessed, Judi Dench, Shobna Gulati, Tim Healy, Stephen Jardine, Ellen MacArthur, Aggie MacKenzie, Carey Mulligan, John Stapleton and Emma Thompson[4]. Fiona Phillips became an ambassador for People's Postcode Lottery at the end of 2012, leading the organisation's DRTV campaigns.
Presenters Judie McCourt, Danyl Johnson, Jeff Brazier and Matt Johnson visit People's Postcode Lottery winners to present them with their cheques, attend Postcode Million events and take part in People's Postcode Lottery advertising campaigns.
Postcode Challenge[edit]
From 2008 to 2010, People's Postcode Lottery sponsored Postcode Challenge, a quiz show hosted by Angus Purden on STV.
Sponsorship[edit]
Novamedia has worked with a number of leading TV production companies and public and commercial broadcasters to support the promotion of its lotteries. Novamedia inspired and paid Endemol to produce TV game shows such as Deal or No Deal[citation needed] and 1 vs 100.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gambling Commission Account details
Jump up ^ Novamedia Website, About Charity Lotteries section[citation needed]
Jump up ^ People's Postcode Lottery - Charities webpage
Jump up ^ People's Postcode Lottery - Ambassadors webpage
External links[edit]
Official website
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The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
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For the stage adaptation of the book, see The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (play).
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
Front cover of first edition
(quote from Ian McEwan)
Author
Mark Haddon
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Mystery novel
Publisher
Jonathan Cape (UK)
Doubleday (US)
Anchor Canada (Canada)
Publication date
May 2003
Media type
Print (hardback and paperback)
Pages
226
ISBN
0-09-945025-9
OCLC
59267481
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time is a 2003 mystery novel by British writer Mark Haddon. Its title quotes the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1892 short story "The Adventure of Silver Blaze". Haddon and The Curious Incident won the Whitbread Book Awards for Best Novel and Book of the Year,[1] the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book,[2] and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize.[3] Unusually, it was published simultaneously in separate editions for adults and children.[4]
The novel is narrated in the first-person perspective by Christopher John Francis Boone, a 15-year-old boy who describes himself as "a mathematician with some behavioural difficulties" living in Swindon, Wiltshire. Although Christopher's condition is not stated, the book's blurb refers to Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, or savant syndrome. In July 2009, Haddon wrote on his blog that "Curious Incident is not a book about Asperger's... if anything it's a novel about difference, about being an outsider, about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way. The book is not specifically about any specific disorder," and that he, Haddon, is not an expert on autism spectrum disorder or Asperger syndrome.[5]
The book uses prime numbers to number the chapters, rather than the conventional successive numbers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Themes
3.1 Social disability
3.2 Metaphor
4 Reception
4.1 Awards
4.2 Critical reaction
4.3 Medical professionals' reviews
4.4 Texas community reactions
5 Adaptations
5.1 Stage
5.2 Film
6 References
7 External links
Plot
Christopher, a fifteen-year-old boy with an autism spectrum condition, lives with his father, who has told him that his mother, Judy, died two years ago. The boy discovers the dead body of the neighbour's dog, Wellington, speared by a garden fork. Mrs Shears, the dog's owner, calls the police, and Christopher comes under suspicion. When a policeman touches him, he hits the policeman, and is arrested, then released with a police caution. He decides to investigate the dog's death, despite his father's orders to stay out of other people's business. He is severely limited by his fears and difficulties when interpreting the world around him. Throughout his adventures, Christopher records his experiences in a book, which he calls a "murder mystery novel". During his investigation, Christopher meets people whom he has never before encountered, even though they live on the same street, including the elderly Mrs Alexander, who informs Christopher that his mother had an affair with Mr Shears and had been with him for a long time.
Christopher's father, Ed, discovers the book and confiscates it after a brief fight with the boy. While searching for the confiscated book, Christopher uncovers a trove of letters which his mother wrote to him, dated after her supposed death, which his father has also hidden. He is so shocked by his father lying about his mother's death that he is unable to move, curls up on the bed, vomits and groans for several hours until his father returns home. Ed realizes that Christopher has read the letters and cleans him up. He then confesses that he had indeed lied about Judy's death and also that it was he who killed Wellington, stating that it was a mistake resulting from his anger after a heated argument with Mrs Shears. Christopher, having lost all trust in his father and fearing that Ed might try to kill him since he had already killed the dog, decides to live with his mother and runs away. He remembers his mother's address from the letters and embarks on an adventurous trip to London, where his mother lives with Mr Shears.
After a long and event-filled journey, evading policemen and feeling ill from the overwhelmingly large amount of information and stimuli from the trains and crowds around him, he finally finds his way to his mother and Mr Shears's home, and waits outside until they arrive. Judy is delighted that Christopher has come to her; she is upset that Ed told Christopher that she was dead. Mr Shears does not want Christopher living with them and never did. Very soon after arriving, Christopher wants to return to Swindon in order to take his mathematics A-level. His mother leaves Mr Shears, their relationship having broken down because of their conflict about Christopher and Mr Shears's rejection of Christopher. Judy then moves into a rented room in Swindon. After an argument with Ed, she agrees to let Ed meet Christopher for daily brief visits. Christopher remains terrified of his father and makes repeated attempts to prevent him from talking. He hopes Ed will be imprisoned for killing Wellington, although his mother explains that for this to happen, Mrs Shears would have to press charges.
The story ends with Ed getting Christopher a Golden Retriever puppy, whom Christopher gets to name, and promising that he will rebuild trust with Christopher slowly, "no matter how long it takes". Christopher asserts that he will take further A-level exams and attend university. He completes his mathematics A-level with top grades despite having eaten and slept very little. Earlier in the story he talks about wanting to become an astronaut, but at the end he declares that his goal is to become a scientist. The book ends with Christopher optimistic about his future, having solved the mystery of the murdered dog, gone to London on his own, found his mother, written a book about his adventures, and achieved an A in his A-level maths exam.
Characters
Christopher John Francis Boone
The 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.
Ed Boone
Christopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.
Judy Boone
Christopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.
Siobhan
Christopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.
Roger Shears
One of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.
Eileen Shears
Mr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.
Mrs Alexander
An old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.
Rhodri
Ed Boone's employee.
Toby
Christopher's pet rat.
Wellington
Mrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.
Themes
Social disability
In a June 2003 interview with NPR's Terry Gross on her program Fresh Air, Haddon said about Christopher, "If he were diagnosed, he would be diagnosed as having Asperger's syndrome, which is a form of autism. I suppose you'd call it high-function autism in that he can function on, you know, a day-to-day basis, in a kind of rudimentary way. But he has a serious difficulty with life in that he really doesn't empathize with other human beings. He can't read their faces. He can't put himself in their shoes. And he can't understand anything more than the literal meaning of whatever's said to him, although I'm very careful in the book not to actually use the word 'Asperger's' or 'autism.' ... Because I don't want him to be labelled, and because, as with most people who have a disability, I don't think it's necessarily the most important thing about him... And as a good friend of mine said after reading the book, a friend who is himself a mathematician, it's not a novel about a boy who has Asperger's syndrome; it's a novel about a young mathematician who has some strange behavioural problems. And I think that's right."[6]
Haddon added, in the conversation with Terry Gross, "I have to say honestly that I did more research about the London Underground and the inside of Swindon Railway Station, where some of the novel takes place, than I did about Asperger's syndrome. I gave him kind of nine or 10 rules that he would live his life by, and then I didn't read any more about Asperger's because I think there is no typical person who has Asperger's syndrome, and they're as large and diverse a group of people as any other group in society. And the important thing is that I did a lot of imagining, that I did a lot of putting myself into his shoes in trying to make him come alive as a human being rather than getting him right, whatever that might mean."
Haddon states on his website that, although he had read "a handful of newspaper and magazine articles about, or by, people with Asperger's and autism" in preparation for writing the book, he knows "very little" about Asperger's syndrome and that Christopher Boone is inspired by two different people. According to Haddon, none of these people can be labelled as having a disability. Haddon added that he "slightly regret[s]" that the term Asperger's syndrome appeared on the cover of his novel.[5] In 2010, in an interview with The Independent, he was described as "now thoroughly irritated that the word Asperger's appeared on subsequent editions of the novel, because now everyone imagines that he is an expert and he keeps getting phone calls asking him to appear at lectures."[7]
In a critical essay on the novel, Vivienne Muller quotes some praise by experts on disability theory: "In its presentation of Christopher's everyday experiences of the society in which he lives, the narrative offers a rich canvas of experiences for an ethnographic study of this particular cognitive condition, and one which places a positive spin on the syndrome. The reader in this instance acts as ethnographer, invited to see what Mark Osteen claims is a 'quality in autistic lives that is valuable in and of itself' (cited in [S.] Adams 2005, p.1). Along similar lines, [Alex] McClimens writes that Haddon's novel is 'an ethnographic delight' and that 'Haddon's achievement is to have written a novel that turns on the central character's difference without making that difference a stigmatising characteristic' (2005, p.24)." Muller adds that the novel "works with a strong sense of the disabled speaking subject, drawing readers into Christopher's cognitive/corporeal space through an incremental layering of his perspectives and reactions... The narrative also bristles with diagrams, maps, drawings, stories, texts that inform Christopher's lexicon for mapping meaning in a world of bewildering signs and sounds." She also admires such elements as "the digressive stream-of-connectedness-and-disconnectedness way in which Christopher writes and thinks; the obsessive focus on minutiae; his musings about why animals behave the way they do; his quasi philosophizing on death and life and the afterlife; his ambition to be an astronaut..."[8]
In a survey of children's books which "teach about emotional life," Laura Jana wrote, "On the one hand, this is a story of how an undeniably quirky teenage boy clings to order, deals with a family crisis, and tries to make sense of the world as he sees it. But it also provides profound insight into a disorder—autism—that leaves those who have it struggling to perceive even the most basic of human emotions. In so doing, The Curious Incident leaves its readers with a greater appreciation of their own ability to feel, express, and interpret emotions. This mainstream literary success made its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list for fiction at the same time it was being touted by experts in Asperger's syndrome and autism-spectrum disorder as an unrivaled fictional depiction of the inner workings of an autistic teenage boy."[9]
Metaphor
Christopher often comments on his inability to appreciate some metaphors and similes. He gives as an example a quote that he found in "a proper novel": "I am veined with iron, with silver and with streaks of common mud. I cannot contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus." Haddon told Terry Gross, "Funnily enough, it's actually a quote from Virginia Woolf. It's Virginia Woolf on an off day, in the middle, I think, of The Waves. An author whom I love actually, but who sometimes got a little too carried away."[6]
Reception
Awards
The book was joint winner of the 2004 Boeke Prize, won the 2003 Whitbread Book of the Year award and sold more than two million copies.[7] Haddon also was one of the winners of the 2004 Alex Awards, which "honor the 10 top adult books with appeal for adolescents."[10]
As well as winning the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, Haddon earned the Book Trust teenage fiction award.[4][11] The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time was also long-listed for the Man Booker Prize, and "many observers were surprised that it did not advance to the shortlist." John Carey, chairman of the Booker panel of judges, told The Guardian, "We have several clashes of opinion among the judges but I found Haddon's book about a boy with Asperger's syndrome breathtaking."[11]
Critical reaction
A survey in Great Britain, conducted by the BBC's literacy campaign for World Book Day, found Curious Incident to be among "the top five happy endings, as voted on by readers" in novels (the others were Pride and Prejudice, To Kill a Mockingbird, Jane Eyre and Rebecca, the last of which Curious outranked).[12]
School Library Journal praised it as a "rich and poignant novel."[13] The San Jose Mercury News said, "Haddon does something audacious here, and he does it superbly. He shows us the way consciousness orders the world, even when the world doesn't want to be ordered," adding that "the great achievement of this novel is that it transcends its obvious cleverness. It's more than an exercise in narrative ingenuity. Filled with humor and pain, it verges on profundity in its examination of those things—customs, habits, language, symbols, daily routines, etc.—that simultaneously unite and separate human beings."[14] A reviewer for The Christian Century described it as "an absorbing, plausible book": "The reader becomes absorbed not only in the mystery of a murdered dog and a missing mom, but also in the mysterious world of an autistic child."[15]
A reviewer for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution wrote that the story is "a touching evolution, one that Haddon scripts with tenderness and care... a unique window into the mind of a boy who thinks a little differently, but like many kids his age, doesn't quite know how to feel."[16] Professor Roger Soder called it "visceral" and a "delightful story," declaring, "All of us in our Spokane Book Club are special education professionals and so have considerable experience with kids with this disability, and we found the story believable."[17]
Medical professionals' reviews
Dr. Alex McClimens, whom Muller quoted above, also wrote, "This magnificent essay in communication is compulsory reading for anyone with the slightest interest in autistic spectrum disorders. This book is also required reading for those who simply enjoy a fascinating story... we are offered a first person narrative to match anything by contemporary writers. Mark Haddon has created a true literary character and his handling of the teenage Asperger's heroic adventure is brilliantly crafted. He uses the literal mind-set of his hero to mask the true direction of the plot."[18] Reviewer Paul Moorehead calls the book "a fairly ripping adventure story" and writes, "It's also quite a feat of writing. The actual use of language is somewhat austere—an unavoidable consequence of having a boy with autism as a narrator—but it has its own beauty, and it works. So persuasive and so effective is the construction of Christopher, not only is he a character you're rooting for, he's also the character in the story you understand the best. It's startling how believably and comfortably this story puts you into what you might have thought were likely to be some pretty alien shoes."[19]
Reviewer David Ellis, naming Curious Incident an "ambitious and innovative novel," wrote that Haddon "manages to avoid the opposing pitfalls of either offending people with autism and their families or turning Christopher into an object of pity. Instead of becoming the focus of the plot, the autism enhances it. The unemotional descriptions amplify many moments of observational comedy, and misfortunes are made extremely poignantly." He concludes that Christopher's story is "far more enjoyable and likely to stay with you for far longer than any medical textbook."[20]
Texas community reactions
The novel was selected as a recommended book for the 2006 Galveston Reads program, a literacy encouragement program in Galveston County, Texas. Kimball Brizendine, the Mayor of Friendswood, issued a proclamation declaring "Galveston County Reads Day" and encouraging "all citizens, teens to seniors" to read the novel. Five days later, he retracted the statement, declaring that it was "not [his] intention to endorse this readership [sic] for our younger readers." The journal American Libraries reported, "City Council member Chris Peden went a step further, asserting to the January 28 Galveston County Daily News that while he hadn't read Curious Incident in its entirety, he had noted that the 'F word' appeared on page four and that 'later in the book, the [lead character] says there is no God and there is no life after death. Clearly, these are not ideas we should promote to kids'."[21]
In August, 2007, some parents in Bryan, Texas, "were appalled to see what their kids were reading" and protested the inclusion of the book in high school libraries, with one parent claiming that Curious Incident and another book (Catalyst by Laurie Halse Anderson) were "unsuitable for not just some but all high school students."[22]
Adaptations
Stage
Main article: The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (play)
A stage adaptation, by Simon Stephens and directed by Marianne Elliott,[23] premiered at the National Theatre on 2 August 2012.[24] It starred Luke Treadaway as Christopher, Nicola Walker as his mother Judy, Paul Ritter as his father Ed, Una Stubbs as Mrs Alexander and Niamh Cusack as Siobhan.[25] The production, which ran until late October 2012, was broadcast live to cinemas worldwide on 6 September 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme.[26]
The show transferred to the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue, London, from March 2013. On 19 December 2013, during a performance of The Curious Incident at the Apollo, parts of the ceiling fell down injuring around 80 of the over 700 patrons inside.[27] The production re-opened at the Gielgud Theatre on 24 June 2014.[28] The new West End cast was led by Sion Daniel Young as Christopher Boone, with Rebecca Lacey as Siobhan, Nicolas Tennant as Ed, Mary Stockley as Judy, Jacqueline Clarke as Mrs Alexander, Indra Ové as Mrs Shears, Stephen Beckett as Roger Shears, Matthew Trevannion as Mr Thompson, Pearl Mackie as No. 40/Punk Girl, Sean McKenzie as Reverend Peters and Kaffe Keating plays alternate Christopher. They were joined by Mark Rawlings, Penelope McGhie, Naomi Said and Simon Victor.[29]
An adaptation and translation into Spanish by María Renée Prudencio played at the Teatro de los Insurgentes in Mexico City in June 2014. The character of Christopher was played by Luis Gerardo Méndez and by Alfonso Dosal on alternate days. An Israeli adaptation (translation into Hebrew by Daniel Efrat) has been staged at the Beit Lessin Theater in Tel Aviv since March 2014, starring Nadav Netz as Christopher. Netz won the Best Actor category at the 2015 Israeli Theater Awards for the role.[30]
Film
The film rights for the novel were optioned by Brad Grey and Brad Pitt for Warner Brothers.[31][32] In 2011 Steve Kloves was attached to write and direct the project, but as of 2017 it has not yet been produced.[33][34]
References
Jump up ^ "Ethan Frome" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "2004 Commonwealth Writers Prize Awarded". State Library of Victoria. 15 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ The Guardian Children's Fiction Prize 2003 (top page). guardian.co.uk. 6 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Ezard, John (13 November 2003). "Curious incident of writer's literary hat trick: Whitbread list means Haddon could be three time winner". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Asperger's & Autism". Mark Haddon. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gross, Terry (26 June 2003). "Interview: Mark Haddon Talks About His New Book, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". NPR. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Mark Haddon: The Curious Incident of the Novelist Turned Playwright". The Independent. UK. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Muller, Vivienne (December 2006). "Constituting Christopher: Disability Theory and Mark Haddon's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time". Papers: Explorations into Children's Literature. 16 (2): 118+.
Jump up ^ Jana, Laura A. (February 2005). "Feelings 101: Teaching about Emotional Life through Literature". Contemporary Pediatrics. 22 (2): 87.
Jump up ^ "Adult Books that Appeal to Teens". Reading Today. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. 22 (1): 7. August–September 2004. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Sarvas, Mark (27 January 2004). "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". The Modern Word. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Happy Endings". Reading Today. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. 23 (5): 4. April–May 2006. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Haddon, Mark. The Curious Incident of the Dog on Night-Time". School Library Journal. 50 (4): S64. April 2004. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Matthews, Charles (22 June 2003). "Narrator is Autistic – Reasoning is Artistic". San Jose Mercury News.
Jump up ^ "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". The Christian Century. 122 (25): 23. 13 December 2005. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Freeman, John (29 June 2003). "BOOKS: Whodunit Unveils Autistic Boy's Mind". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Jump up ^ Soder, Roger (June 2005). "Books for Summer Reading". Phi Delta Kappan. Phi Delta Kappa. 86 (10): 777. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ McClimens, Alex (May 2005). "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (Adult version)". Learning Disability Practice. Royal College of Nursing. 8 (4): 24.
Jump up ^ Moorehead, Paul (25 April 2006). "Comfortable in Alien Shoes". Canadian Medical Association Journal. Canadian Medical Association. 174 (9): 1307. doi:10.1503/cmaj.060083.
Jump up ^ Ellis, David S. J. (February 2004). "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time". Student BMJ. British Medical Association. 12: 84. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Curious Incident Triggers Curious Reaction in Texas". American Libraries. American Library Association. 37 (3): 19. March 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Roggenkamp, Karen. "Challenges to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime". Commerce, TX: Texas A&M University. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time – Cast & Creative". NationalTheatre.org.uk.
Jump up ^ "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". NationalTheatre.org.uk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Geoghegan, Kev (5 August 2012). "National Theatre adapts Mark Haddon's Curious Incident". BBC News Online. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Live Homepage". National Theatre. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "London's Apollo Theatre's roof collapses". BBC News. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/97103/curious-incident-dog-night-time/ at Gielgud Theatre 2013, London Theatre 1, 23 June 2015
Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/108677/production-images-for-the-curious-incident-of-the-dog-in-the-night-time/ Production photographs June 2015, London Theatre 1, 23 June 2015
Jump up ^ Beit Lessin Theater play page (Hebrew)
Jump up ^ Thompson, Bill (26 June 2003). "Actress shows off her knack for comedy". The Post and Courier. Charleston, South Carolina. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Connelly, Brendon (24 April 2011). "Wonderful Novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Being Adapted into a Film by Harry Potter Writer". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra. "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time". Movies.nytimes.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Guardian and Observer Film Season 2010's Power 100: David Heyman". Guardian.co.uk. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
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Five-Year Plans of India
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From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister. Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last deputy chairman of the commission (resigned on 26 May 2014). The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017.[1] Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans.[2] The new government led by Narendra Modi, elected in 2014, has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog (an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 First Plan (1951–1956)
3 Second Plan (1956–1961)
4 Third Plan (1961–1966)
5 Fourth Plan (1969–1974)
6 Fifth Plan (1974–1978)
7 Rolling Plan (1978–1980)
8 Sixth Plan (1980–1985)
9 Seventh Plan (1985–1990)
10 Annual Plans (1990–1992)
11 Eighth Plan (1992–1997)
12 Ninth Plan (1997–2002)
13 Tenth Plan (2002–2007)
14 Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)
15 Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)
16 See also
17 References
18 External links
History[edit]
Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs. Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China and India both continue to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (guihua), rather than a plan (jihua), to signify the central government’s more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[3]
The First Five-Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence. Thus, it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country (but less than the Second Plan, which focused on heavy industries). It built a particular system of mixed economy, with a great role for the public sector (with an emerging welfare state), as well as a growing private sector (represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan).
First Plan (1951–1956)[edit]
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The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five-Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications.
The total planned budget of Rs.2069 crore (2378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: irrigation and energy (27.2%), agriculture and community development (17.4%), transport and communications (24%), industry (8.4%), social services (16.6%), rehabilitation of landless farmers (4.1%), and for other sectors and services (2.5%). The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence, India was facing basic problems—deficiency of capital and low capacity to save.
The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields, boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the Bhakra, Hirakud, Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley dams. The World Health Organization (WHO), with the Indian government, addressed children's health and reduced infant mortality, indirectly contributing to population growth.
At the end of the plan period in 1956, five Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The University Grants Commission (UGC) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan was quasi successful for the government.
Second Plan (1956–1961)[edit]
The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the Mahalanobis model, an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods.[4][5]
Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively. Coal production was increased. More railway lines were added in the north east.
The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes. In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.
The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs.48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous.
"The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.[6]"
Third Plan (1961–1966)[edit]
The Third Five-year Plan, stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief Sino-Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965–1966, India fought a War with Pakistan. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of dams continued. Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built. Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat.
Many primary schools were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities.
State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for secondary and higher education. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.
The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.[6]
Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created.
Fourth Plan (1969–1974)[edit]
At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister. The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was becoming dire as the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development. India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test (Pokhran-1) in Rajasthan on May 18, 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal. The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war.
The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.[6]
Fifth Plan (1974–1978)[edit]
The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on employment, poverty alleviation (Garibi Hatao), and justice. The plan also focused on self-reliance in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission.[7][citation needed]
The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic. Tourism also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1974 to 1979.
The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people.
The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%.[6]
Rolling Plan (1978–1980)[edit]
The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made.The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed. The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy. The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country’s economy. The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year, it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress.
Sixth Plan (1980–1985)[edit]
The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation. Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living. This was the end of Nehruvian socialism. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee. Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation. In contrast to China's strict and binding one-child policy, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force[citation needed]. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high birth rate.
The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.7%.[6] The only Five-Year Plan which was done twice.[clarification needed]
Seventh Plan (1985–1990)[edit]
The Seventh Five-Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.
The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice".
As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy.
Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year.
Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below:
Balance of payments (estimates): Export – ₹330 billion (US$5.1 billion), Imports – (-)₹540 billion (US$8.3 billion), Trade Balance – (-)₹210 billion (US$3.2 billion)
Merchandise exports (estimates): ₹606.53 billion (US$9.3 billion)
Merchandise imports (estimates): ₹954.37 billion (US$14.6 billion)
Projections for balance of payments: Export – ₹607 billion (US$9.3 billion), Imports – (-) ₹954 billion (US$14.6 billion), Trade Balance- (-) ₹347 billion (US$5.3 billion)
Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.
The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.[8] and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%.
Annual Plans (1990–1992)[edit]
The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992–1997.
Eighth Plan (1992–1997)[edit]
1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five-year plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in foreign exchange (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about US$1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh (later Prime Minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of liberalization, privatisation and globalization (LPG) in India.
Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of Panchayati rajs, Nagar Palikas, NGOs, decentralisation and people's participation.
Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay.
The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%.
To achieve the target of an average of 5.6% per annum, investment of 23.2% of the gross domestic product was required. The incremental capital ratio is 4.1. The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources, with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6% of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6% of gross domestic production.[9]
Ninth Plan (1997–2002)[edit]
The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured the states' ability to proceed on the path of faster development. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country. In addition, the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country. New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans (SAPs) were evolved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy.
Budget
The Ninth Five-Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of ₹859,200 crore (US$130 billion). The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw a hike of 48% in terms of plan expenditure and 33% in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. In the total outlay, the share of the center was approximately 57% while it was 43% for the states and the union territories.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country. The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity. The Ninth Five-Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society.
Objectives
The main objective of the Ninth Five-Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country. Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five-Year Plan were:
Population control.
Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development.
Reduction of poverty.
Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor.
Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities.
Primary education to all children in the country.
Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like Scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes and other backward classes.
Developing self-reliance in terms of agriculture.
Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices.
Strategies
Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy.
New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country.
Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth.
Combination of public and private support to increase employment.
Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self-reliance.
Providing services like electricity, telecommunication, railways etc.
Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country.
Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions/bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process.
Performance
The Ninth Five-Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4% against a target of 6.5%
The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1% against the target of 4.2%
The industrial growth in the country was 4.5% which was higher than that of the target of 3%
The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8%.
An average annual growth rate of 6.7% was reached.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio-economic development of the country. However, for a well-planned economy of any country, there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation. A combined effort of public, private, and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India's economy.
The target growth was 7.1% and the actual growth was 6.8%.
Tenth Plan (2002–2007)[edit]
The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan:
Attain 8% GDP growth per year.
Reduction of poverty rate by 5% by 2007.
Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force.
Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.
20-point program was introduced.
Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%.
The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities.
Expenditure of ₹43,825 crore (US$6.7 billion) for tenth five years.
Out of total plan outlay, ₹921,291 crore (US$140 billion) (57.9%) was for central government and ₹691,009 crore (US$110 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories.
Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)[edit]
it was in the period of Manmohan Singh as a prime minister.
It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18-23 years of age group by 2011-12.
It focused on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and IT education institutions.
Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty reduction).
Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein.
Empowerment through education and skill development.
Reduction of gender inequality.
Environmental sustainability.
To increase the growth rate in agriculture, industry and services to 4%, 10% and 9% respectively.
Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1.
Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009.
Increase agriculture growth to 4%.
Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)[edit]
Main article: 12th Five-Year Plan (India)
The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.[10]
With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible. The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi.
"It is not possible to think of an average of 9% [in the 12th plan]. I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible,” Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the 12th Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%.
“When I say feasible... that will require major effort. If you don’t do that, there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012–13) is 6.5 to 7 percent.”
He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country’s NDC for its approval.
The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Ahluwalia said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period". Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan. The commission had said, while using the Tendulkar poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5%points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993–95 to 2004–05.[11] The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks. The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US$1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five-year plan, which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product). The UID (Unique Identification Number) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan.
The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan were:
To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non farm sector.
To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment.
To enhance access to higher education.
To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0-3 years.
To provide electricity to all villages.
To ensure that 50% of the rural population have accesses to proper drinking water.
To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year.
To provide access to banking services to 90% of households.
See also[edit]
Five-year plans of China
Five-Year Plans of Romania
Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union
Common minimum programme
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Planning Commission, Government of India : Five Year Plans. Planningcommission.nic.in. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
Jump up ^ Planning Commission (24 February 1997). "A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-09-17.
Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall "Five Year Plans" in Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Vol. 7 pp. 156–160
Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir, India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity (London and New York: Routledge 2008), Chapter 2.
Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e L. N. Dash (2000). World bank and economic development of India. APH Publishing. p. 375. ISBN 81-7648-121-1.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm
Jump up ^ Agrawal, A N (1995). Indian Economy: Problems of development and planning. pune: Wishwa Prakashan. p. 676.
Jump up ^ "National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan". Indian Express. 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
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values: भारत की पंचवर्षीय योजनाएँ – Hindi

values: ಭಾರತ ದೇಶದ ಪಂಚ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳು – Kannada

values: പഞ്ചവത്സര പദ്ധതികൾ (ഇന്ത്യ) – Malayalam

values: भारतीय पंचवार्षिक योजना – Marathi

values: ஐந்தாண்டு திட்டங்கள் ஒரு அறிமுகம்(இந்தியா) – Tamil

values: పంచవర్ష ప్రణాళికలు – Telugu

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