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Phosphorus pentoxide
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Phosphorus pentoxide
Names
Other names
Diphosphorus pentoxide
Phosphorus(V) oxide
Phosphoric anhydride
Tetraphosphorus decaoxide
Tetraphosphorus decoxide
Identifiers
CAS Number
1314-56-3 Y
16752-60-6 (P4O10) N
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:37376 Y
ChemSpider
14128 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.852
PubChem CID
14812
RTECS number TH3945000
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/P6o5 /c1-11-5-12(2)8-13(3,6-11)10-14(4,7-11)9-12 N
Key: DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES[show]
O=P13OP2(=O)OP(=O)(O1)OP(=O)(O2)O3
Properties
Chemical formula
P4O10
Molar mass 283.886 g mol−1
Appearance white powder
very deliquescent
pungent odour
Density 2.39 g/cm3
Melting point sublimes
Boiling point 360 °C (680 °F; 633 K)
Solubility in water
exothermic hydrolysis
Vapor pressure 1 mmHg @ 385 °C (stable form)
Hazards
Safety data sheet MSDS
EU classification (DSD) (outdated)
not listed
NFPA 704
0
3
3
W
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Preparation
3 Applications
4 Related phosphorus oxides
5 Hazards
6 Fiction
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Phosphorus pentoxide crystallizes in at least four forms or polymorphs. The most familiar one, a metastable form,[1] shown in the figure, comprises molecules of P4O10. Weak van der Waals forces hold these molecules together in a hexagonal lattice (However, in spite of the high symmetry of the molecules, the crystal packing is not a close packing[2]). The structure of the P4O10 cage is reminiscent of adamantane with Td symmetry point group.[3] It is closely related to the corresponding anhydride of phosphorous acid, P4O6. The latter lacks terminal oxo groups. Its density is 2.30 g/cm3. It boils at 423 °C under atmospheric pressure; if heated more rapidly it can sublimate. This form can be made by condensing the vapor of phosphorus pentoxide rapidly, the result is an extremely hygroscopic solid.[4]
The other polymorphs are polymeric, but in each case the phosphorus atoms are bound by a tetrahedron of oxygen atoms, one of which forms a terminal P=O bond involving the donation of the terminal oxygen p-orbital electrons to the antibonding phosphorus-oxygen single bonds. The macromolecular form can be made by heating the compound in a sealed tube for several hours, and maintaining the melt at a high temperature before cooling the melt to the solid.[4] The metastable orthorhombic, "O"-form (density 2.72 g/cm3, melting point 562 °C), adopts a layered structure consisting of interconnected P6O6 rings, not unlike the structure adopted by certain polysilicates. The stable form is a higher density phase, also orthorhombic, the so-called O' form. It consists of a 3-dimensional framework, density 3.5 g/cm3.[1][5] The remaining polymorph is a glass or amorphous form; it can be made by fusing any of the others.
part of an o′-(P2O5)∞ layer o′-(P2O5)∞ layers stacking
Preparation[edit]
P4O10 is prepared by burning elemental phosphorus with sufficient supply of air:
P4 + 5 O2 → P4O10
For most of the 20th century, phosphorus pentoxide was used to provide a supply of concentrated pure phosphoric acid. In the thermal process, the phosphorus pentoxide obtained by burning white phosphorus was dissolved in dilute phosphoric acid to produce concentrated acid.[6] Improvements in filter technology is leading to the "wet phosphoric acid process" taking over from the thermal process, obviating the need to produce white phosphorus as a starting material.[7] The dehydration of phosphoric acid to give phosphorus pentoxide is not possible as on heating metaphosphoric acid will boil without losing all its water.
Applications[edit]
Phosphorus pentoxide is a potent dehydrating agent as indicated by the exothermic nature of its hydrolysis:
P4O10 + 6 H2O → 4 H3PO4 (–177 kJ)
However, its utility for drying is limited somewhat by its tendency to form a protective viscous coating that inhibits further dehydration by unspent material. A granular form of P4O10 is used in desiccators.
Consistent with its strong desiccating power, P4O10 is used in organic synthesis for dehydration. The most important application is for the conversion of primary amides into nitriles:[8]
P4O10 + RC(O)NH2 → P4O9(OH)2 + RCN
The indicated coproduct P4O9(OH)2 is an idealized formula for undefined products resulting from the hydration of P4O10.
Alternatively, when combined with a carboxylic acid, the result is the corresponding anhydride:[9]
P4O10 + RCO2H → P4O9(OH)2 + [RC(O)]2O
The "Onodera reagent", a solution of P4O10 in DMSO, is employed for the oxidation of alcohols.[10] This reaction is reminiscent of the Swern oxidation.
The desiccating power of P4O10 is strong enough to convert many mineral acids to their anhydrides. Examples: HNO3 is converted to N2O5; H2SO4 is converted to SO3; HClO4 is converted to Cl2O7; CF3SO3H is converted to (CF3)2S2O5.
Related phosphorus oxides[edit]
Between the commercially important P4O6 and P4O10, phosphorus oxides are known with intermediate structures.[11]
Hazards[edit]
Phosphorus pentoxide is not flammable. It reacts vigorously with water and water-containing substances like wood or cotton, liberates much heat and may even cause fire. It is corrosive to metal and is very irritating – it may cause severe burns to the eye, skin, mucous membrane, and respiratory tract even at concentrations as low as 1 mg/m3.[12]
Fiction[edit]
In Anthony Burgess' The Wanting Seed, phosphorus pentoxide is a highly prized compound.[clarification needed]
In Detective Comics #825, Batman notices that phosphorus pentoxide was at the scene of a fire, indicating that the villain Dr. Phosphorus was involved.
In Aldous Huxley's Point Counter Point, Lord Edward bemoans societal loss of phosphorous pentoxide to his assistant Illidge.
In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, Henry Foster tells Lenina about the recovery of phosphorus pentoxide.
In The Tunnel, (season 1, episode 6), a victim was consumed by a fire started with phosphorus pentoxide.
See also[edit]
Eaton's reagent
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
Jump up ^ Cruickshank, D.W.J. (1964). "Refinements of Structures Containing Bonds between Si, P, S or Cl and O or N: V. P4O10". Acta Crystallogr. 17 (6): 677–9. doi:10.1107/S0365110X64001669.
Jump up ^ D. E. C. Corbridge "Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-89307-5.
^ Jump up to: a b . Catherine E. Housecroft; Alan G. Sharpe (2008). "Chapter 15: The group 15 elements". Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Pearson. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
Jump up ^ D. Stachel, I. Svoboda and H. Fuess (June 1995). "Phosphorus Pentoxide at 233 K". Acta Crystallogr. C. 51 (6): 1049–1050. doi:10.1107/S0108270194012126.
Jump up ^ Threlfall, Richard E., (1951). The story of 100 years of Phosphorus Making: 1851 - 1951. Oldbury: Albright & Wilson Ltd
Jump up ^ Podger, Hugh (2002). Albright & Wilson: The Last 50 Years. Studley: Brewin Books. ISBN 1-85858-223-7
Jump up ^ Meier, M. S. "Phosphorus(V) Oxide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289.
Jump up ^ Joseph C. Salamone, ed. (1996). Polymeric materials encyclopedia: C, Volume 2. CRC Press. p. 1417. ISBN 0-8493-2470-X.
Jump up ^ Tidwell, T. T. "Dimethyl Sulfoxide–Phosphorus Pentoxide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289.
Jump up ^ Luer, B.; Jansen, M. "Crystal Structure Refinement of Tetraphosphorus Nonaoxide, P4O9" Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 1991, volume 197, pages 247-8.
Jump up ^ Phosphorus pentoxide MSDS
External links[edit]
OSHA
Spec sheet
Definition
Website of the Technische Universität Darmstadt and the CEEP about Phosphorus Recovery
[show]
v
t
e
Phosphorus compounds
PBr3
PBr5
PCl3
PCl5
PF3
PF5
PI3
InP
PH3
PN
P3N5
P2O3
P2O4
P2O5
P4S3
P4S10
AlP
Ca3P2
Zn3P2
CuP2
HfP
FeP
Fe3P
BP
YP
[show]
v
t
e
Oxides
Mixed oxidation states
Antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4)
Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4)
Europium(II,III) oxide (Eu3O4)
Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4)
Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O4)
Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4)
Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag2O2)
Triuranium octoxide (U3O8)
Carbon suboxide (C3O2)
Mellitic anhydride (C12O9)
Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide (Pr6O11)
Terbium(III,IV) oxide (Tb4O7)
+1 oxidation state
Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O)
Dicarbon monoxide (C2O)
Dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O)
Gallium(I) oxide (Ga2O)
Lithium oxide (Li2O)
Potassium oxide (K2O)
Rubidium oxide (Rb2O)
Silver oxide (Ag2O)
Thallium(I) oxide (Tl2O)
Sodium oxide (Na2O)
Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O)
+2 oxidation state
Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO)
Barium oxide (BaO)
Beryllium oxide (BeO)
Cadmium oxide (CdO)
Calcium oxide (CaO)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Chromium(II) oxide (CrO)
Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO)
Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
Europium(II) oxide (EuO)
Germanium monoxide (GeO))
Iron(II) oxide (FeO)
Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Manganese(II) oxide (MnO)
Mercury(II) oxide (HgO)
Nickel(II) oxide (NiO)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Palladium(II) oxide (PdO)
Silicon monoxide (SiO)
Strontium oxide (SrO)
Sulfur monoxide (SO)
Disulfur dioxide (S2O2)
Tin(II) oxide (SnO)
Titanium(II) oxide (TiO)
Vanadium(II) oxide (VO)
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
+3 oxidation state
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3)
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3)
Boron trioxide (B2O3)
Cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3)
Dibromine trioxide (Br2O3)
Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3)
Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3)
Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy2O3)
Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3)
Europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3)
Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd2O3)
Gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3)
Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3)
Indium(III) oxide (In2O3)
Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3)
Lanthanum oxide (La2O3)
Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu2O3)
Manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3)
Neodymium(III) oxide (Nd2O3)
Nickel(III) oxide (Ni2O3)
Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6)
Praseodymium(III) oxide (Pr2O3)
Promethium(III) oxide (Pm2O3)
Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh2O3)
Samarium(III) oxide (Sm2O3)
Scandium oxide (Sc2O3)
Terbium(III) oxide (Tb2O3)
Thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3)
Thulium(III) oxide (Tm2O3)
Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3)
Tungsten(III) oxide (W2O3)
Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3)
Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3)
Yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3)
+4 oxidation state
Americium dioxide (AmO2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon trioxide (CO3)
Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2)
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2)
Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)
Germanium dioxide (GeO2)
Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2)
Lead dioxide (PbO2)
Manganese dioxide (MnO2)
Neptunium(IV) oxide (NpO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Osmium dioxide (OsO2)
Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO2)
Praseodymium(IV) oxide (PrO2)
Protactinium(IV) oxide (PaO2)
Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO2)
Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO2)
Selenium dioxide (SeO2)
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Tellurium dioxide (TeO2)
Terbium(IV) oxide (TbO2)
Thorium dioxide (ThO2)
Tin dioxide (SnO2)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO2)
Uranium dioxide (UO2)
Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2)
Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)
+5 oxidation state
Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5)
Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5)
Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)
Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5)
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
Protactinium(V) oxide (Pa2O5)
Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5)
Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5)
+6 oxidation state
Chromium trioxide (CrO3)
Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)
Rhenium trioxide (ReO3)
Selenium trioxide (SeO3)
Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Tellurium trioxide (TeO3)
Tungsten trioxide (WO3)
Uranium trioxide (UO3)
Xenon trioxide (XeO3)
Iridium trioxide (IrO3)
+7 oxidation state
Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7)
Manganese heptoxide (Mn2O7)
Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re2O7)
Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc2O7)
+8 oxidation state
Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)
Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4)
Xenon tetroxide (XeO4)
Iridium tetroxide (IrO4)
Hassium tetroxide (HsO4)
Related
Oxocarbon
Suboxide
Oxyanion
Ozonide
Peroxide
Superoxide
Oxides are sorted by oxidation state. Category:Oxides
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_pentoxide&oldid=816094955"
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text:
Baseball metaphors for sex
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 11 March 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
Among American adolescents, baseball metaphors for sex are often used as euphemisms for the degree of physical intimacy achieved in sexual encounters or relationships.[1] In the metaphor, first prevalent in the aftermath of World War II, sexual activities are described as if they are actions in a game of baseball.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Details and popularity
2 Sex education
3 Alternative views
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Details and popularity[edit]
Among the most commonly used metaphors are the bases describing levels of physical intimacy (generally from a heterosexual perspective). Definitions vary, but the following are typical usages of the terms:[4]
First base – mouth-to-mouth kissing, especially French kissing;
Second base – skin-to-skin touching/kissing of the breasts; in some contexts, it may instead refer to touching any erogenous zones through the clothes (i.e., not actually touching the skin), or manual stimulation of the genitals;
Third base – touching below the waist (without sexual intercourse); in some contexts, it may instead refer to oral stimulation of the genitals;
Home run (home base or scoring) – "full" sexual intercourse.
Additionally,
Strikeout – a failure to engage in any form of foreplay or other sexual activity;
Additionally, there are two metaphors used to refer to men who have sex with men:
Pitching – the man performing anal sex
Catching – the man receiving anal sex
Other similar metaphors include:
Switch hitter – a bisexual individual, referencing a player who can bat from either side
Playing for the other team – usually indicating a person is gay or lesbian
Playing for both teams – usually indicating a person is bisexual
The metaphors are found variously in popular American culture, with one well-known example in the Meat Loaf song "Paradise by the Dashboard Light", which describes a young couple "making out", with a voice-over commentary, by baseball announcer Phil Rizzuto, of a portion of a baseball game as a metaphor for the couple's activities.[5] A similar example can be found in Billy Joel's song "Zanzibar" in which he compares himself to Pete Rose and sings the lines "Me, I'm trying just to get to second base and I'd steal it if she only gave the sign. She's gonna give the go ahead, the inning isn't over yet for me."[6]
David Letterman chronicled many of these in his "Top Ten Baseball Euphemisms for Sex" — a recurring theme on the Top Ten Lists featured on the late-night talk shows he hosted before his retirement.[7]
Sex education[edit]
Educators have found the baseball metaphor an effective instructional tool when providing sex education to middle school students.[8] Leman and Bell, in their book A Chicken's Guide to Talking Turkey With Your Kids About Sex, make use of it to aid parents in the discussion of puberty with their children, dividing the topics into "first base" ("Changes from the neck up"), "second base" ("Changes from the neck to the waist"), "third base" ("Changes from the waist down"), and "home plate" ("The Big 'It'").[9]
Alternative views[edit]
This sequence of "running the bases" is often regarded as a script, or pattern, for young people who are experimenting with sexual relationships. The script may have slightly changed since the 1960s. Kohl and Francoeur state that with the growing emphasis in the 1990s on safe sex to expand sex beyond heterosexual penetrative intercourse, the "home run" has taken on the additional dimension of oral sex. Richters and Rissel conversely state that "third base" is now sometimes considered to comprise oral sex as part of the accepted pattern of activities, as a precursor to "full" (i.e. penetrative) sex.[10][11]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Sexuality portal
Glossary of English-language idioms derived from baseball
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hellermann, Steven L.; Markovits, Andrei S. (2001). Offside: Soccer and American Exceptionalism. Princeton University Press. p. 66. ISBN 069107447X.
Jump up ^ Romaine, Suzanne (1999). Communicating Gender. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 210. ISBN 0-8058-2926-1.
Jump up ^ Jezer, Marty (1982). The Dark Ages, Life in the United States, 1945–1960. South End Press. p. 248. ISBN 0-89608-127-3.
Jump up ^ Levkoff, Logan (2012). "Sex Talk Among Teens". Third Base Ain't What it Used to Be: What Your Kids Are Learning About Sex Today—and How to Teach Them to Become Sexually Healthy Adults. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781453262924.
Dalzell, Tom (2008). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. ISBN 9781134194780.
Rutter, Virginia & Schwartz, Pepper (2012). The Gender of Sexuality: Exploring Sexual Possibilities. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742570030.
Jump up ^ Pearlman, Jeff (2007-08-29). "Phil and Meat Loaf will always have "Paradise"". ESPN. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
Jump up ^ Bielen, Ken (2011). The Words and Music of Billy Joel. Praeger. p. 50. ISBN 9780313380167.
Jump up ^ Letterman, David (2001-09-19). Top Ten Baseball Euphemisms for Sex. Late Show with David Letterman. Retrieved 2010-04-30. (Search the "Top Ten" archive by the show date here.)
Jump up ^ Hall, Alvin L.; Altherr, Thomas L. (2002). "Eros at the Bat: American Baseball and Sexuality in Historical Context". The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture 1998. McFarland & Company. pp. 157–182. ISBN 0-7864-0954-1.
Jump up ^ Leman, Kevin; Bell, Kathy Flores (2004). A Chicken's Guide to Talking Turkey With Your Kids About Sex. Zondervan. ISBN 031025096X.
Jump up ^ Juliet Richters and Chris Rissel (2005). Doing it Down Under: The Sexual Lives of Australians. Allen & Unwin. p. 32. ISBN 1-74114-326-8.
Jump up ^ Kohl, James V.; Francoeur, Robert T. (2002). The Scent of Eros: Mysteries of Odor in Human Sexuality. iUniverse. pp. 153–154. ISBN 059523383X.
External links[edit]
Dale, David (2004-02-10). "Strike me lucky, it just isn't cricket". The Sun-Herald.
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values: استعارات البيسبول لممارسة الجنس – Arabic

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