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Guerrilla warfare
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"Guerrilla" and "Guerrilla War" redirect here; they are not to be confused with Gorilla. For other uses, see Guerrilla (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Gorilla Warfare.
Spanish guerrilla resistance to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain in 1808, where the term "guerrilla" was first used in warfare.
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Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.[1] Guerrilla groups are a type of violent non-state actor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Strategy, tactics and methods
2.1 Strategy
2.2 Tactics
2.3 Unconventional methods
2.4 Growth during the 20th century
3 History
4 Counter-guerrilla warfare
4.1 Scholarship
4.1.1 Classic guidelines
4.1.2 Variants
5 Foco theory
6 Relationship to terrorism
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The Spanish word "guerrilla" is the diminutive form of "guerra" ("war"). The term became popular during the early-19th century Peninsular War, when the Spanish people rose against the Napoleonic troops and fought against a highly superior army using the guerrilla strategy. In correct Spanish usage, a person who is a member of a "guerrilla" unit is a "guerrillero" ([ɡeriˈʎeɾo]) if male, or a "guerrillera" if female.
The term "guerrilla" was used in English as early as 1809 to refer to the fighters (e.g., "The town was taken by the guerrillas"), and also (as in Spanish) to denote a group or band of such fighters. However, in most languages guerrilla still denotes the specific style of warfare. The use of the diminutive evokes the differences in number, scale, and scope between the guerrilla army and the formal, professional army of the state.[original research?]
Strategy, tactics and methods[edit]
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Boer guerrillas during the Second Boer War in South Africa
Soviet partisans operating under Sydir Kovpak in German-occupied Ukraine
Strategy[edit]
Guerrilla warfare is a type of asymmetric warfare: competition between opponents of unequal strength.[2] It is also a type of irregular warfare: that is, it aims not simply to defeat an enemy, but to win popular support and political influence, to the enemy's cost.[3] Accordingly, guerrilla strategy aims to magnify the impact of a small, mobile force on a larger, more-cumbersome one.[4] If successful, guerrillas weaken their enemy by attrition, eventually forcing them to withdraw.
See also: Asymmetric warfare
Tactics[edit]
Tactically, guerrillas usually avoid confrontation with large units of enemy troops, but seek and attack small groups of enemy personnel and resources to gradually deplete the opposing force while minimizing their own losses. The guerrilla prizes mobility, secrecy, and surprise, organizing in small units and taking advantage of terrain that is difficult for larger units to use. For example, Mao Zedong summarized basic guerrilla tactics at the beginning of the Chinese "Second Revolutionary Civil War" as:
"The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue."[5]:p. 124
At least one author credits the ancient Chinese work The Art of War with inspiring Mao's tactics.[6]:pp. 6–7 In the 20th century, other communist leaders, including North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh, often used and developed guerrilla warfare tactics, which provided a model for their use elsewhere, leading to the Cuban "foco" theory and the anti-Soviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan.[6]
Unconventional methods[edit]
In addition to traditional military methods, guerrilla groups may rely also on destroying infrastructure, using improvised explosive devices, for example. They typically also rely on logistical and political support from the local population, are often embedded within it (thereby using the population as a human shield), and many guerrilla groups are adept at public persuasion through propaganda.[7] Many guerrilla movements today also rely heavily on children as combatants, scouts, porters, spies, informants, and in other roles,[8] which has drawn international condemnation[9] (although many states also recruit children into their armed forces).[10]
See also: Human shield, Children in the military, and Propaganda
Growth during the 20th century[edit]
Irregular warfare, based on elements later characteristic of modern guerrilla warfare, has existed throughout the battles of many ancient civilizations. The growth of guerrilla warfare in the 20th century was inspired in part by theoretical works on guerrilla warfare, starting with the Manual de Guerra de Guerrillas by Matías Ramón Mella written in the 19th century and, more recently, Mao Zedong's On Guerrilla Warfare, Che Guevara's Guerrilla Warfare, and Lenin's text of the same name, all written after the successful revolutions carried by them in China, Cuba and Russia respectively. Those texts characterized the tactic of guerrilla warfare as, according to Che Guevara's text, being
"used by the side which is supported by a majority but which possesses a much smaller number of arms for use in defense against oppression".[11]
History[edit]
Main article: History of guerrilla warfare
Sebastiaan Vrancx and Jan Brueghel the Elder's painting depicts "An assault on a convoy" during the Dutch Revolt - effectively an instance of guerrilla warfare, though the term did not yet exist.
The Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in his The Art of War (6th century BC) or 600 BC to 501 BC, was the earliest to propose the use of guerrilla warfare.[12] This directly inspired the development of modern guerrilla warfare.[13] Guerrilla tactics were presumably employed by prehistoric tribal warriors against enemy tribes.[14] Evidence of conventional warfare, on the other hand, did not emerge until 3100 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Since the Enlightenment, ideologies such as nationalism, liberalism, socialism, and religious fundamentalism have played an important role in shaping insurgencies and guerrilla warfare. [15]
One of the most remarkable guerrilla warfare warriors was Viriatus, a Lusitanian who led the resistance against the Roman Empire by obtaining several victories between 147 BC and 139 BC in the region of Zamora, Spain. Because of the innovative tactics[example needed] he used during his command, he made himself the name of Terror Romanorum (Terror of the Romans).
Counter-guerrilla warfare[edit]
Main article: Counter-insurgency
Mass shootings of Vendée royalist rebels in western France, 1793
The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya, showing Spanish resisters being executed by Napoleon's troops during the Peninsular War.
Polish guerrillas from Batalion Zośka dressed in captured German uniforms and armed with captured weapons, fighting in the Warsaw Uprising.
A Viet Cong base camp being burned, My Tho, South Vietnam, 1968
A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency[16] (COIN) operation involves actions taken by the recognized government of a nation to contain or quell an insurgency taken up against it.[17] In the main, the insurgents seek to destroy or erase the political authority of the defending authorities in a population they seek to control, and the counter-insurgent forces seek to protect that authority and reduce or eliminate the supplanting authority of the insurgents. Counter-insurgency operations are common during war, occupation and armed rebellions. Counter-insurgency may be armed suppression of a rebellion, coupled with tactics such as divide and rule designed to fracture the links between the insurgency and the population in which the insurgents move. Because it may be difficult or impossible to distinguish between an insurgent, a supporter of an insurgency who is a non-combatant, and entirely uninvolved members of the population, counter-insurgency operations have often rested on a confused, relativistic, or otherwise situational distinction between insurgents and non-combatants.
Scholarship[edit]
Theorists of counter-insurgency warfare have written extensively on the subject since the 1950s and 1960s but as early as the 1720s the third Marques of Santa Cruz de Marcenado (1684–1732) wrote that insurgencies were often the result of state failure and that the goal of those fighting the insurgents should be to seek the people's "heart and love".[18] The two most influential of scholars of counter-insurgency have been Westerners whose job it had been to fight insurgents (often colonized people). Robert Thompson fought during the Malayan Emergency and David Galula fought during the Algerian War. Together these officers advocated multi-pronged strategies to win over the civilian population to the side of the counter-insurgent.
Classic guidelines[edit]
The widely distributed and influential work of Sir Robert Thompson, counter-insurgency expert of the Malayan Emergency, offers several such guidelines. Thompson's underlying assumption was that the counter-insurgent was committed to improving the rule of law and bettering local governance.[19] Some governments, however, give such considerations short shrift. These governments are not interested in state-building and in extreme cases they have carried out counter-insurgency operations by using mass murder, genocide, terror, torture and execution. Historian Timothy Snyder has written, "In the guise of anti-partisan actions, the Germans killed perhaps three quarters of a million people, about 350,000 in Belarus alone, and lower but comparable numbers in Poland and Yugoslavia. The Germans killed more than a hundred thousand Poles when suppressing the Warsaw Uprising of 1944."[20]
In the Vietnam War, the Americans "defoliated countless trees in areas where the communist North Vietnamese troops hid supply lines and conducted guerrilla warfare",[21] (see Operation Ranch Hand). In the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the Soviets countered the U.S.–backed Mujahideen with a 'Scorched Earth' policy, driving over one third of the Afghan population into exile (over 5 million people), and carrying out widespread destruction of villages, granaries, crops, herds and irrigation systems, including the deadly and widespread mining of fields and pastures.[22][23]
Variants[edit]
Some writers on counter-insurgency warfare emphasize the more turbulent nature of today's guerrilla warfare environment, where the clear political goals, parties and structures of such places as Vietnam, Malaysia, and El Salvador are not as prevalent. These writers point to numerous guerrilla conflicts that center around religious, ethnic or even criminal enterprise themes, and that do not lend themselves to the classic "national liberation" template.
The wide availability of the Internet has also caused changes in the tempo and mode of guerrilla operations in such areas as coordination of strikes, leveraging of financing, recruitment, and media manipulation. While the classic guidelines still apply, today's anti-guerrilla forces need to accept a more disruptive, disorderly and ambiguous mode of operation. According to David Kilcullen:
Insurgents may not be seeking to overthrow the state, may have no coherent strategy or may pursue a faith-based approach difficult to counter with traditional methods. There may be numerous competing insurgencies in one theater, meaning that the counterinsurgent must control the overall environment rather than defeat a specific enemy. The actions of individuals and the propaganda effect of a subjective "single narrative" may far outweigh practical progress, rendering counterinsurgency even more non-linear and unpredictable than before. The counterinsurgent, not the insurgent, may initiate the conflict and represent the forces of revolutionary change. The economic relationship between insurgent and population may be diametrically opposed to classical theory. And insurgent tactics, based on exploiting the propaganda effects of urban bombing, may invalidate some classical tactics and render others, like patrolling, counterproductive under some circumstances. Thus, field evidence suggests, classical theory is necessary but not sufficient for success against contemporary insurgencies.[24]
Foco theory[edit]
Main article: Foco
A Tuareg rebel fighter in northern Niger, 2008
Why does the guerrilla fighter fight? We must come to the inevitable conclusion that the guerrilla fighter is a social reformer, that he takes up arms responding to the angry protest of the people against their oppressors, and that he fights in order to change the social system that keeps all his unarmed brothers in ignominy and misery.
—  Che Guevara[25]
In the 1960s, the Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara developed the foco (Spanish: foquismo) theory of revolution in his book Guerrilla Warfare, based on his experiences during the 1959 Cuban Revolution. This theory was later formalized as "focalism" by Régis Debray. Its central principle is that vanguardism by cadres of small, fast-moving paramilitary groups can provide a focus for popular discontent against a sitting regime, and thereby lead a general insurrection. Although the original approach was to mobilize and launch attacks from rural areas, many foco ideas were adapted into urban guerrilla warfare movements.
Relationship to terrorism[edit]
There is no commonly accepted definition of "terrorism",[26][27][28] and the term is frequently used as a political tactic by belligerents to denounce opponents whose status as terrorists is disputed.[29]
An attempt at a global definition appears in the working draft of Comprehensive Convention Against International Terrorism, which defines terrorism as a type of act, rather than as a type of group.[30] Specifically, "terrorism" in the draft refers to the threatened or actual intentional injury to others and serious damage to property resulting in major economic loss, "when the purpose of the conduct, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a Government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act".[30]
Since the definition encompasses the actions of some guerrilla movements (and of some state actors) and not others, disagreements remain and the treaty has yet to be agreed.[31] For example, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has called for acts of terrorism to be distinguished from "the legitimate struggle of peoples under foreign occupation and colonial or alien domination in the exercise of their right to self-determination in accordance with the principles of international law".[31] Similarly, terrorism has been described by some academics as a label given by oppressive regimes to groups and ideological standings which oppose them, and therefore a coherent definition of the word has never legitimately been arrived at.
See also: Terrorism and Violent non-state actor
See also[edit]
Asymmetric warfare
Cyberwarfare
Fabian strategy
Freedom Fighters
History of guerrilla warfare
List of guerrilla movements
List of guerrillas
List of revolutions and rebellions
Militia
Paramilitary
Violent non-state actor
Special forces
Unconventional warfare
"Yank" Levy
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Simandan, D., 2017. Competition, contingency, and destabilization in urban assemblages and actor-networks. Urban Geography, pp.1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1382307
Jump up ^ Tomes, Robert (Spring 2004). "Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare" (PDF). Parameters. US Army War College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2010.
Jump up ^ The Irregular Warrior, 4 October 2015 [1]
Jump up ^ Van Creveld, Martin (2000). "Technology and War II:Postmodern War?". In Charles Townshend. The Oxford History of Modern War. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 356–358. ISBN 0-19-285373-2. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Mao Tse-tung, "A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire", Selected Works, Eng. ed., FLP, Peking, 1965, Vol. I.
^ Jump up to: a b McNeilly, Mark. Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare, 2003, p. 204. "American arming and support of the anti-Soviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan is another example."
Jump up ^ Detsch, J (2017-07-11). "Pentagon braces for Islamic State insurgency after Mosul". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
Jump up ^ Child Soldiers International (2016). "A law unto themselves? Confronting the recruitment of children by armed groups". Retrieved 19 January 2018.
Jump up ^ United Nations Secretary-General (2017). "Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017". www.un.org. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
Jump up ^ Child Soldiers International (2012). "Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers". Retrieved 19 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Guevara, Ernesto; Loveman, Brian; Thomas m. Davies, Jr (1985). Guerrilla Warfare. ISBN 9780842026789.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Thomas M., Encyclopedia of the developing world, 1989, p. 728. "One of the earliest proponents of guerrilla war tactics is the Chinese master of warfare, Sun Tzu."
Jump up ^ Snyder, Craig. Contemporary security and strategy, 1999, p. 46. "Many of Sun Tzu's strategic ideas were adopted by the practitioners of guerrilla warfare."
Jump up ^ Lawrence H. Keeley, War Before Civilization, p.75, Oxford University Press, 1997
"Primitive (and guerrilla) warfare consists of war stripped to its essentials: the murder of enemies; the theft or destruction of their sustenance, wealth, and essential resources; and the inducement in them of insecurity and terror. It conducts the basic business of war without recourse to ponderous formations or equipment, complicated maneuvers, strict chains of command, calculated strategies, time tables, or other civilized embellishments."
Jump up ^ Boot, Max (2013). Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present. Liveright. pp. 10–11, 55. ISBN 978-0-87140-424-4.
Jump up ^ See American and British English spelling differences#Compounds and hyphens
Jump up ^ An insurgency is a rebellion against a constituted authority (for example an authority recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (Oxford English Dictionary second edition 1989 "insurgent B. n. One who rises in revolt against constituted authority; a rebel who is not recognized as a belligerent.")
Jump up ^ Excerpts from Santa Cruz's writings, translated into English, in Beatrice Heuser: The Strategy Makers: Thoughts on War and Society from Machiavelli to Clausewitz (Santa Monica, CA: Greenwood/Praeger, 2010), ISBN 978-0-275-99826-4, pp. 124-146.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Robert (1966). Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam, Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0-7011-1133-X
Jump up ^ Snyder, Timothy. "Holocaust: The Ignored Reality"
Jump up ^ Failoa, Anthony (13 November 2006). "In Vietnam, Old Foes Take Aim at War's Toxic Legacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Kakar, Hassan. The Story of Genocide in Afghanistan
Jump up ^ Malhuret, Claude. Report from Afghanistan
Jump up ^ Kilcullen, David. "Counter-insurgency Redux"
Jump up ^ Guevara, Ernesto; Davies, Thomas M. Guerrilla Warfare, Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, ISBN 0-8420-2678-9, p. 52
Jump up ^ Emmerson, B (2016). "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism" (PDF). www.un.org. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
Jump up ^ Halibozek, Edward P.; Jones, Andy; Kovacich, Gerald L. (2008). The corporate security professional's handbook on terrorism (illustrated ed.). Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann). pp. 4–5. ISBN 0-7506-8257-4. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Williamson, Myra (2009). Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7403-0.
Jump up ^ Sinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel (7 May 2012). The Psychology of Terrorism Fears. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-538811-4.
^ Jump up to: a b United Nations General Assembly (2005). "Draft comprehensive convention against international terrorism" (PDF). www.un.org. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
^ Jump up to: a b European Parliament (2015). "Understanding definitions of terrorism" (PDF). www.europa.eu. Retrieved 2018-01-24.
Further reading
Asprey, Robert. War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History
Beckett, I. F. W. (15 September 2009). Encyclopedia of Guerrilla Warfare (Hardcover). Santa Barbara, California: Abc-Clio Inc. ISBN 0874369290. ISBN 9780874369298
Derradji Abder-Rahmane, The Algerian Guerrilla Campaign Strategy & Tactics, the Edwin Mellen Press, New York, USA, 1997.
Hinckle, Warren (with Steven Chain and David Goldstein): Guerrilla-Krieg in USA (Guerrilla war in the USA), Stuttgart (Deutsche Verlagsanstalt) 1971. ISBN 3-421-01592-9
Keats, John (1990). They Fought Alone. Time Life. ISBN 0-8094-8555-9
MacDonald, Peter. Giap: The Victor in Vietnam
Maclean, Fitzroy. Disputed Barricade: The Life and Times of Josip Broz Tito
Peers, William R.; Brelis, Dean. Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America's Most Successful Guerrilla Force. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963.
Thomas Powers, "The War without End" (review of Steve Coll, Directorate S: The CIA and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Penguin, 2018, 757 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 7 (19 April 2018), pp. 42–43. "Forty-plus years after our failure in Vietnam, the United States is again fighting an endless war in a faraway place against a culture and a people we don't understand for political reasons that make sense in Washington, but nowhere else." (p. 43.)
Schmidt, LS. 1982. "American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945". M.S. Thesis. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. 274 pp.
Weber, Olivier, Afghan Eternity, 2002
Guerrilla Warfare; Kings of Revolution, Peter Polack, Casemate,ISBN:9781612006758.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guerrilla warfare.
Look up guerrilla in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
abcNEWS: The Secret War on YouTube - Pakistani militants conduct raids in Iran
abcNEWS Exclusive: The Secret War - Deadly guerrilla raids in Iran
Insurgency Research Group - Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy.
Guerrilla warfare on Spartacus Educational
Encyclopædia Britannica, Guerrilla warfare
Mao on guerrilla warfare
Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare
Casebook on Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare United States Army Special Operations Command
Counter Insurgency Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS)India
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Squamous cell carcinoma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Squamous cell carcinomas, also known as epidermoid carcinoma are a number of different types of cancer that result from squamous cells.[1] These cells form the surface of the skin lining of hollow organs in the body and line the respiratory and digestive tracts.[1]
Common types include:
Squamous cell skin cancer: A type of skin cancer
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung: A type of lung cancer
Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma: A type of thyroid cancer
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A type of esophageal cancer
Despite sharing the name squamous cell carcinoma, the SCCs of different body sites can show differences in their presented symptoms, natural history, prognosis, and response to treatment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Head and neck cancer
1.2 Thyroid
1.3 Esophagus
1.4 Lung
1.5 Penis
1.6 Prostate
1.7 Vagina and cervix
1.8 Bladder
2 Classification
2.1 Tissue of origin
2.2 Morphology
2.3 Microscopic appearance
3 References
Types[edit]
Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) has been associated with SCC of the oropharynx, lung,[2] fingers[3] and anogenital region.
Head and neck cancer[edit]
A large head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue as seen on CT imaging
Biopsy of a highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. Haematoxylin & eosin stain.
Main article: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Ninety percent[4] of cases of head and neck cancer (cancer of the mouth, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, throat and associated structures) are due to squamous cell carcinoma.
Thyroid[edit]
Main article: Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma
Primary squamous cell thyroid carcinoma shows an aggressive biological phenotype resulting in poor prognosis for patients.[5]
Esophagus[edit]
Esophageal cancer may be due to either squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or adenocarcinoma (EAC). SCCs tend to occur closer to the mouth, while adenocarcinomas occur closer to the stomach. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing, solids worse than liquids) and painful swallowing are common initial symptoms. If the disease is localized, surgical removal of the affected esophagus may offer the possibility of a cure. If the disease has spread, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used.
Lung[edit]
Main article: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
Photograph of a squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour is on the left, obstructing the bronchus (lung). Beyond the tumour, the bronchus is inflamed and contains mucus.
When associated with the lung, it is typically a centrally located large cell cancer (non-small cell lung cancer or NSCLC). It often has a paraneoplastic syndrome causing ectopic production of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), resulting in hypercalcemia, however paraneoplastic syndrome is more commonly associated with small cell lung cancer.
It is primarily due to smoking.[6]
Penis[edit]
Human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV 16 & 18, are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Three carcinoma in situ are associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis:
1) Bowen's disease which presents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around 1/3 progress to squamous cell carcinoma
2) Erythroplasia of Queyrat, a variation of Bowen's disease, presenting as erythroplakia on the glans
3) Bowenoid papulosis, which histologically resembles Bowen disease, but presents as reddish papules.[7]
Prostate[edit]
When associated with the prostate, squamous cell carcinoma is very aggressive in nature. It is difficult to detect as there is no increase in prostate specific antigen levels seen; meaning that the cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
Vagina and cervix[edit]
Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma spreads slowly and usually stays near the vagina, but may spread to the lungs and liver. This is the most common type of vaginal cancer.
Bladder[edit]
Most bladder cancer is transitional cell, but bladder cancer associated with Schistosomiasis is often squamous cell carcinoma.
Classification[edit]
Cancer can be considered a very large and exceptionally heterogeneous family of malignant diseases, with squamous cell carcinomas comprising one of the largest subsets.[8][9][10] All squamous cell carcinoma lesions are thought to begin via the repeated, uncontrolled division of cancer stem cells of epithelial lineage or characteristics.[citation needed] Squamous cell carcinomas arise from squamous cells, which are flat cells that line many areas of the body. Accumulation of these cancer cells causes a microscopic focus of abnormal cells that are, at least initially, locally confined within the specific tissue in which the progenitor cell resided. This condition is called squamous cell carcinoma in situ, and it is diagnosed when the tumor has not yet penetrated the basement membrane or other delimiting structure to invade adjacent tissues. Once the lesion has grown and progressed to the point where it has breached, penetrated, and infiltrated adjacent structures, it is referred to as "invasive" squamous cell carcinoma. Once a carcinoma becomes invasive, it is able to spread to other organs and cause the formation of a metastasis, or "secondary tumor".
Tissue of origin[edit]
The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) system lists a number of morphological subtypes and variants of malignant squamous cell neoplasms, including:[11]
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (Code 8050/3)
Verrucous squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8051/3)
Papillary squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8052/3)
Squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8070/3)
Large cell keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8071/3)
Large cell nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8072/3)
Small cell keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8073/3)
Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma(Code 8074/3)
Adenoid/pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma(Code 8075/3)
Intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma (Code 8081/3)
Lymphoepithelial carcinoma (Code 8082/3)
Other variants of squamous cell carcinoma are recognized under other systems, such as:
Keratoacanthoma
Morphology[edit]
Bowen's disease is a sunlight-induced skin disease, and is considered to be an early form of squamous cell carcinoma.
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Keratoacanthoma is a low-grade malignancy of the skin. It originates in the pilo-sebaceous glands, and is similar in clinical presentation and microscopic analysis to squamous cell carcinoma, except that it contains a central keratin plug. Statistically, it is less likely to become invasive than squamous cell carcinoma.
Marjolin's ulcer is a type of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from a non-healing ulcer or burn wound. More recent evidence, however, suggests that there may be genetic differences between squamous cell carcinoma and marjolin's ulcer which were previously underappreciated.[12]
Microscopic appearance[edit]
One method of classifying squamous cell carcinomas is by their appearance under microscope. Subtypes may include:
Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma' (also known as "pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma"), characterized by a tubular microscopic pattern and keratinocyte acantholysis.[13]
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by a predilection for the tongue base.[13]
Clear-cell squamous cell carcinoma (also known as "clear-cell carcinoma of the skin") is characterized by keratinocytes that appear clear as a result of hydropic swelling.[13]
Signet-ring-cell squamous cell carcinoma (occasionally rendered as "signet-ring-cell squamous cell carcinoma") is a histological variant characterized by concentric rings composed of keratin and large vacuoles corresponding to markedly dilated endoplasmic reticulum.[13] These vacuoles grow to such an extent that they radically displace the cell nucleus toward the cell membrane, giving the cell a distinctive superficial resemblance to a "signet ring" when viewed under a microscope.
Spindle-cell squamous cell carcinoma (also known as "spindle-cell carcinoma"[14]) is a subtype characterized by spindle-shaped atypical cells.[13]
SCC is a histologically distinct form of cancer. It arises from the uncontrolled multiplication of cells of epithelium, or cells showing particular cytological or tissue architectural characteristics of squamous cell differentiation, such as the presence of keratin, tonofilament bundles, or desmosomes, structures involved in cell-to-cell adhesion.
Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma
Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma
Clear-cell squamous cell carcinoma
Spindle-cell squamous cell carcinoma
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Yu Y, Yang A, Hu S, Yan H (June 2009). "Correlation of HPV-16/18 infection of human papillomavirus with lung squamous cell carcinomas in Western China". Oncol. Rep. 21 (6): 1627–32. doi:10.3892/or_00000397. PMID 19424646.
Jump up ^ "Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of the Finger". Retrieved 2010-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Types of head and neck cancer - Understanding - Macmillan Cancer Support". Retrieved 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ MI Syed; M Stewart; S Syed; S Dahill; C Adams; DR Mclellan; LJ Clark. (2011). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: primary or secondary disease?". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 125 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1017/S0022215110002070. PMID 20950510.
Jump up ^ al.], [edited by] Ruth A. Hannon ... [et (2010). Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states (1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 660. ISBN 978-1-60547-781-7. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Robbins, Stanley; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 688. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.
Jump up ^ Berman JJ (November 2004). "Tumor taxonomy for the developmental lineage classification of neoplasms". BMC Cancer. 4 (1): 88. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-4-88. PMC 535937  . PMID 15571625.
Jump up ^ Berman JJ (March 2004). "Tumor classification: molecular analysis meets Aristotle". BMC Cancer. 4 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-4-10. PMC 415552  . PMID 15113444.
Jump up ^ Travis, William D; Brambilla, Elisabeth; Muller-Hermelink, H Konrad; et al., eds. (2004). Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart (PDF). World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press. ISBN 92-832-2418-3. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
Jump up ^ World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Second Edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1990.
Jump up ^ Sinha S, Su S, Workentine M, Agabalyan N, Cheng M, Gabriel V, Biernaskie J (January 2017). "Transcriptional Analysis Reveals Evidence of Chronically Impeded ECM Turnover and Epithelium-to-Mesenchyme Transition in Scar Tissue Giving Rise to Marjolin's Ulcer". J Burn Care Res. 38 (1): e14–e22. doi:10.1097/BCR.0000000000000432. PMID 27679957.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Freedberg, Irwin M.; et al., eds. (2003). Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (6th ed.). New York, NY [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill. p. 743. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
Jump up ^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squamous_cell_carcinoma&oldid=815844474"
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Dixieland
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This article is about a style of jazz music. For the 2015 film, see Dixieland (film). For the nickname for the US South, see Dixie. For other uses, see Dixieland (disambiguation).
Dixieland, sometimes referred to as hot jazz or traditional jazz, is a style of jazz based on the music that developed in New Orleans at the start of the 20th century.
One of the first uses of the term "Dixieland" with reference to music was in the name of the Original Dixieland Jass Band (which shortly thereafter changed the spelling of its name to "Original Dixieland Jazz Band"). Their 1917 recordings fostered popular awareness of this new style of music. At that time, there was no issue of subgenres of jazz, so "Dixieland" referred to the band and not the music. A revival movement for traditional jazz, formed in reaction to the orchestrated sounds of the swing era and the perceived chaos of the new bebop sounds of the 1940s (referred to as "Chinese music" by Louis Armstrong), pulled "Dixieland" out from the somewhat forgotten band's name for the music they championed. The revival movement included elements of the Chicago style that developed during the 1920s, such as the use of a string bass instead of a tuba, and chordal instruments, in addition to the original format of the New Orleans style. That reflected the fact that virtually all of the recorded repertoire of New Orleans musicians was from the period when the format was already evolving beyond the traditional New Orleans format. "Dixieland" may in that sense be regarded as denoting the jazz revival movement of the late 1930s to the 1950s as much as any particular subgenre of jazz. The essential elements that were accepted as within the style were the traditional front lines consisting of trumpets, trombones, and clarinets, and ensemble improvisation over a 2-beat rhythm.
Contents
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1 Revival
2 History
3 Etymology
4 Modern Dixieland
4.1 Chicago style
4.2 West Coast revival
4.3 Dutch "Old-style jazz"
5 Styles influenced by traditional jazz
6 Partial list of Dixieland musicians
7 Festivals
8 Periodicals
9 Quotations
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Revival[edit]
The Dixieland revival renewed the audience for musicians who had continued to play in traditional jazz styles and revived the careers of New Orleans musicians who had become lost in the shuffle of musical styles that had occurred over the preceding years. Younger black musicians largely shunned the revival, largely because of a distaste for tailoring their music to what they saw as nostalgia entertainment for white audiences with whom they did not share such nostalgia.[1][2] The Jim Crow associations of the name "Dixieland" also did little to attract younger black musicians to the revival.
The Dixieland revival music during the 1940s and 1950s gained a broad audience that established traditional jazz as an enduring part of the American cultural landscape, and spawned revival movements in Europe. Well-known jazz standard tunes such as "Basin Street Blues" and "When the Saints Go Marching In" are known even to non-jazz fans thanks to the enduring popularity of traditional jazz. The Vietnam-era protest song "Feel Like I'm Fixin' to Die Rag" is based on tonal centers and the "B" refrain from the New Orleans standard "Muskrat Ramble". Traditional jazz is a major tourist attraction for New Orleans to the present day. It has been an influence on the styles of more modern players such as Charles Mingus and Steve Coleman.
New Orleans music combined earlier brass band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime, and blues with collective, polyphonic improvisation. The "standard" band consists of a "front line" of trumpet (or cornet), trombone, and clarinet, with a "rhythm section" of at least two of the following instruments: guitar or banjo, string bass or tuba, piano, and drums. The Dixieland sound is created when one instrument (usually the trumpet) plays the melody or a variation on it, and the other instruments improvise around that melody. This creates a more polyphonic sound than the heavily arranged big band sound of the 1930s or the straight melodies (with or without harmonizing) of bebop in the 1940s.
The "West Coast revival," which used banjo and tuba, began in the late 1930s in San Francisco. The Dutch "old-style jazz" was played with trumpets, trombones and saxophones accompanied by a single clarinet, sousaphone and a section of Marching percussion usually including a washboard.
History[edit]
A traditionalist jazz band plays at a party in New Orleans in 2005. Shown here are Chris Clifton, on trumpet; Brian O'Connell, on clarinet; Les Muscutt, on banjo; Chuck Badie, on string bass; and Tom Ebert, on trombone.
Dixieland is the name given to early jazz by traditional jazz revivalists, starting in the 1940s and 1950s. The name is a reference to the "Old South", specifically anything south of the Mason-Dixon line. The term encompasses earlier brass band marches, French Quadrilles, biguine, ragtime, and blues with collective, polyphonic improvisation. While instrumentation and size of bands can be very flexible, the "standard" band consists of a "front line" of trumpet (or cornet), trombone, and clarinet, with a "rhythm section" of at least two of the following instruments: guitar or banjo, string bass or tuba, piano, and drums. Louis Armstrong's All-Stars was the band most popularly identified with Dixieland during the 1940s, although Armstrong's own influence was to move the music beyond the traditional New Orleans style.
The definitive Dixieland sound is created when one instrument (usually the trumpet) plays the melody or a recognizable paraphrase or variation on it, and the other instruments of the "front line" improvise around that melody. This creates a more polyphonic sound than the arranged ensemble playing of the big band sound or the straight "head" melodies of bebop.
During the 1930s and 1940s, the earlier group-improvisation style fell out of favor with the majority of younger black players, while some older players of both races continued on in the older style. Though younger musicians developed new forms, many beboppers revered Armstrong and quoted fragments of his recorded music in their own improvisations.
The Dixieland revival in the late 1940s and 1950s brought many semi-retired musicians a measure of fame late in their lives as well as bringing retired musicians back onto the jazz circuit after years of not playing (e.g., Kid Ory and Red Nichols). Many Dixieland groups of the revival era consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier. Other musicians continued to create innovative performances and new tunes. For example, in the 1950s a style called "Progressive Dixieland" sought to blend polyphonic improvisation with bebop-style rhythm. Spike Jones & His New Band and Steve Lacy played with such bands. This style is sometimes called "Dixie-bop". Lacy went on to apply that approach to the music of Thelonious Monk, Charles Mingus, Duke Ellington, and Herbie Nichols.
Etymology[edit]
While the term Dixieland is still in wide use, the term's appropriateness is a hotly debated topic in some circles. For some it is the preferred label (especially bands on the USA's West coast and those influenced by the 1940s revival bands), while others would rather use terms like Classic jazz or Traditional jazz. Some of the latter consider Dixieland a derogatory term implying superficial hokum played without passion or deep understanding of the music and because "Dixie" is a reference to pre Civil War Southern States. Many black musicians have traditionally rejected the term as a style distinctive from traditional jazz, characterized by the staccatic playing in all-white groups such as The Original Dixieland Jazz Band in contrast to the slower, syncopated back-beat style of playing characterized by musicians like King Oliver or Kid Ory.
Dixieland is often today applied to bands playing in a traditional style. Bands such as those of Eddie Condon and Muggsy Spanier were tagged with the Dixieland label.
Modern Dixieland[edit]
Today there are three main active streams of Dixieland jazz:
Chicago style[edit]
Further information: Music of Chicago
"Chicago style" is often applied to the sound of Chicagoans such as Jimmy McPartland, Eddie Condon, Muggsy Spanier, and Bud Freeman. The rhythm sections of these bands substitute the string bass for the tuba and the guitar for the banjo. Musically, the Chicagoans play in more of a swing-style 4-to-the-bar manner. The New Orleanian preference for an ensemble sound is deemphasized in favor of solos. Chicago-style dixieland also differs from its southern origin by being faster paced, resembling the hustle-bustle of city life. Chicago-style bands play a wide variety of tunes, including most of those of the more traditional bands plus many of the Great American Songbook selections from the 1930s by George Gershwin, Jerome Kern, Cole Porter, and Irving Berlin. Non-Chicagoans such as Pee Wee Russell and Bobby Hackett are often thought of as playing in this style. This modernized style came to be called Nicksieland, after Nick's Greenwich Village night club, where it was popular, though the term was not limited to that club.
West Coast revival[edit]
The "West Coast revival" is a movement that was begun in the late 1930s by Lu Watters and his Yerba Buena Jazz Band in San Francisco and extended by trombonist Turk Murphy. It started out as a backlash to the Chicago style, which is closer in development towards swing. The repertoire of these bands is based on the music of Joe "King" Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, and W.C. Handy. Bands playing in the West Coast style use banjo and tuba in the rhythm sections, which play in a two-to-the-bar rhythmic style.
Famous traditional Dixieland tunes include: "When the Saints Go Marching In", "Muskrat Ramble", "Struttin' with Some Barbecue", "Tiger Rag", "Dippermouth Blues", "Milenberg Joys", "Basin Street Blues", "Tin Roof Blues", "At the Jazz Band Ball", "Panama", "I Found a New Baby", "Royal Garden Blues" and many others. All of these tunes were widely played by jazz bands of the pre-WWII era, especially Louis Armstrong. They came to be grouped as Dixieland standards beginning in the 1950s.
Dutch "Old-style jazz"[edit]
Largely occurring at the same time as the "New Orleans Traditional" revival movement in the United States, traditional jazz music made a comeback in the Low Countries. However, most Dutch jazz bands (such as The Ramblers) had long since evolved into the Swing-era while the few remaining traditional jazz bands (such as the Dutch Swing College Band) did not partake in the broader traditional revival movement, and continued to play ragtime and early jazz, greatly limiting the number of bands aspiring jazz musicians could join or (as they were using instruments unavailable to most Dutch musicians such as double basses and the piano) were forced to improvise, resulting in a new form of jazz ensemble generally referred to "Oude Stijl" ("Old Style") jazz in Dutch.
Influenced by the instrumentation of the two principal orchestral forms of the wind band in the Netherlands and Belgium, the "harmonie" and the "fanfare", traditional Dutch jazz bands do not feature a piano and contain no stringed instruments apart from the banjo. They include multiple trumpets, trombones and saxophones accompanied by a single clarinet, sousaphone and a section of Marching percussion usually including a washboard.
The music played by Dutch jazz bands includes both the original New Orleans tunes, as well as the songs of the revival era. In terms of playing style, Dutch jazz bands occupy a position between revivalist and original New Orleans jazz, with more solos than the latter but without abandoning the principle of ensemble playing. With the average band containing up to 15-players, Dutch jazz bands tend to be the largest ensembles to play traditional jazz music.
Styles influenced by traditional jazz[edit]
Musical styles showing influences from traditional jazz include later styles of jazz, rhythm and blues, and early rock and roll. Traditional New Orleans second-line drumming and piano playing are prominent in the music of Fats Domino. The New Orleans drummer Idris Muhammad adapted second-line drumming to modern jazz styles and gained crossover influence on the R&B style of James Brown. Charles Mingus paid homage to traditional jazz styles with compositions such as Eat Dat Chicken and My Jellyroll Soul. The contemporary New Orleans Brass Band styles, such as the Dirty Dozen Brass Band, The Primate Fiasco, the Hot Tamale Brass Band and the Rebirth Brass Band have combined traditional New Orleans brass band jazz with such influences as contemporary jazz, funk, hip hop, and rap. The M-BASE (Multi-Basic Array of Synchronous Extemporization) improvisational concept used by ensembles including Cassandra Wilson, Geri Allen, Greg Osby, Steve Coleman, Graham Haynes, Kevin Eubanks and others is an extension of the polyphonic improvisation of New Orleans jazz.
Partial list of Dixieland musicians[edit]
Some of the artists historically identified with Dixieland are mentioned in List of jazz musicians. Some of the best-selling and famous Dixieland artists of the post-WWII era:
Louis Armstrong All-Stars, organized in the late 1940s, featured at various times Earl "Fatha" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Barrett Deems and Danny Barcelona.
Kenny Ball, who had a top-40 hit with "Midnight in Moscow" in the early 1960s, is a leader of the British Trad movement.
Eddie Condon, guitarist who led bands and ran a series of nightclubs in New York City and had a popular radio series. Successor bands played until the 1970s, and their mainstream style is still heard today, especially in touring bands led by cornetist Ed Polcer who was a co-owner of Condon's last nightclub in New York.
Jim Cullum Jazz Band, led by cornetist Jim Cullum, based in San Antonio, Texas. Founded in 1962 in partnership with his late father, was originally known as the Happy Jazz Band. The Jim Cullum Jazz Band is currently featured on the long-running USA public radio series, Riverwalk Jazz. Cullum's Landing Jazz Club has been in continuous operation on the San Antonio Riverwalk since 1963.
The Mission City Hot Rhythm Cats, co-led by cornetist David Jellema and former Jim Cullum Jazz Band trombonist Mike Pittsley, is a relatively new 6-piece San Antonio-based traditional jazz band composed of many former JCJB members.
Steamboat Willie, a veteran musician of Dixieland, jazz and ragtime music still playing at the Cafe Beignet in New Orleans today.
The Dukes of Dixieland, the Assunto family band of New Orleans. A successor band continues on in New Orleans today.
Pete Fountain, late clarinetist who led popular bands in New Orleans.
Al Hirt, trumpeter who had a string of top-40 hits in the 1960s, led bands in New Orleans until his death.
Ward Kimball, leader of the Firehouse Five Plus Two based in Los Angeles.
George Lewis was a New Orleans clarinetist featured at Preservation Hall in the 1960s, also led his own band.
Turk Murphy, trombonist who led a band at Earthquake McGoons and other San Francisco venues from the late 1940s through the 1970s.
Chris Tyle, cornetist, trumpeter, drummer, clarinetist, saxophonist, leader of the Silver Leaf Jazz Band. Also known as a jazz writer and educator. A member of the Jazz Journalists Association.
Chris Barber, trombonist and bandleader, influential figure in the European dixieland and traditional jazz revival after world war II
Festivals[edit]
The International Dixieland Festival in Dresden
In the United States, the largest traditional jazz festival, the Sacramento Jazz Jubilee, was held in Sacramento, California annually on Memorial Day weekend, with about 100,000 visitors and about 150 bands from all over the world. It ended in 2017 after 44 years. Other smaller festivals and jazz parties arose in the late 1960s as the rock revolution displaced many of the jazz nightclubs.
The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival in New Orleans, Louisiana features jazz and many other genres by local, national, and internationally known artists.
In Tarragona, Catalonia, the Tarragona International Dixieland Festival (Catalan: Festival Internacional Dixieland de Tarragona), Spain's only dixieland festival, has been held annually the week before Easter, since 1994, with 25 bands from all over the world and 100 performances in streets, theatres, cafés and hotels.[3]
In Dresden, Germany, a week-long international Dixieland festival has been held every year since 1970, the Internationales Dixieland Festival Dresden. The event culminates in a parade with floats.
In Davenport, Iowa, the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival is held on the Mississippi River waterfront each summer celebrating Dixieland music and the life of cornetist Bix Beiderbecke, a 1920s musician from Davenport. It is combined with a prestigious road race, the "Bix 7".
In Ghent, Belgium, every year during the second week of July there is an international Jazz festival, the Gent Jazz Festival.
Periodicals[edit]
There are several active periodicals devoted to traditional jazz: The Mississippi Rag, the Jazz Rambler, and the American Rag published in the US; and to an extent Jazz Journal published in Europe.
Quotations[edit]
Arguably the happiest of all music is Dixieland jazz. The sound of several horns all improvising together on fairly simple chord changes with definite roles for each instrument but a large amount of freedom, cannot help but sound consistently joyful.
—  Scott Yanow[4]
By the mid-1930s the word 'Dixieland' was being applied freely to certain circles of white musicians. First by the trade press, then by the public. By the end of the decade it all but lost any direct 'Southern' association.
—  Richard Sudhalter[5]
See also[edit]
Jazz portal
List of Dixieland standards
Music of Chicago
Second Line
Trad jazz
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Baraka, Amiri (1999). Blues People: Negro Music in White America. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0688184742.
Jump up ^ Davis, Miles & Troupe, Quincy (1990). Miles: The Autobiography. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-63504-2.
Jump up ^ "Festival Internacional de Dixieland — Ajuntament de Tarragona". tarragona.cat.
Jump up ^ Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 124. ISBN 1-904041-96-5.
Jump up ^ Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London: Flame Tree Publishing. p. 132. ISBN 1-904041-96-5.
External links[edit]
Jazz History Database
Dixieland Jazz – John P. Birchall
Listen to Australian Graeme Bell's 'Swanston St Shamble' and 'Two Day Jag' on australianscreen online
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values: ディキシーランド・ジャズ – Japanese

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland
Dixieland – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland
Dixieland – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland
Dixieland – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Диксиленд – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland
Dixieland – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland
Dixieland – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixieland
Dixieland – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: Диксиленд – Ukrainian

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