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Vascular tissue
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Cross section of celery stalk, showing vascular bundles, which include both phloem and xylem.
Detail of the vasculature of a bramble leaf.
This article is about vascular tissue in plants. For transport in animals, see Circulatory system.
Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant.
The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender. Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant, it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes. The individual cells of phloem are connected end-to-end, just as the sections of a pipe might be. As the plant grows, new vascular tissue differentiates in the growing tips of the plant. The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular tissue, maintaining its connection throughout the plant. The vascular tissue in plants is arranged in long, discrete strands called vascular bundles. These bundles include both xylem and phloem, as well as supporting and protective cells. In stems and roots, the xylem typically lies closer to the interior of the stem with phloem towards the exterior of the stem. In the stems of some Asterales dicots, there may be phloem located inwardly from the xylem as well.
Between the xylem and phloem is a meristem called the vascular cambium. This tissue divides off cells that will become additional xylem and phloem. This growth increases the girth of the plant, rather than its length. As long as the vascular cambium continues to produce new cells, the plant will continue to grow more stout. In trees and other plants that develop wood, the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth. Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem, woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem. The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth.
In leaves, the vascular bundles are located among the spongy mesophyll. The xylem is oriented toward the adaxial surface of the leaf (usually the upper side), and phloem is oriented toward the abaxial surface of the leaf. This is why aphids are typically found on the underside of the leaves rather than on the top, since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Xylem
Phloem
Cork cambium
Vascular cambium
Vascular plant
Stele (biology)
Circulatory system
External links[edit]
Intro to Plant Structure Contains diagrams of the plant tissues, listed as an outline.
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Most common words in English
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Studies that estimate and rank the most common words in English examine texts written in English. Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against the Oxford English Corpus (OEC), a very large collection of texts from around the world that are written in the English language. A text corpus is a large collection of written works that are organised in a way that makes such analysis easier.
In total, the texts in the Oxford English Corpus contain more than 2 billion words.[1] The OEC includes a wide variety of writing samples, such as literary works, novels, academic journals, newspapers, magazines, Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, blogs, chat logs, and emails.[2]
Another English corpus that has been used to study word frequency is the Brown Corpus, which was compiled by researchers at Brown University in the 1960s. The researchers published their analysis of the Brown Corpus in 1967. Their findings were similar, but not identical, to the findings of the OEC analysis.
According to The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists, the first 25 words in the OEC make up about one-third of all printed material in English, and the first 100 words make up about half of all written English.[3] According to a study cited by Robert McCrum in The Story of English, all of the first hundred of the most common words in English are of Anglo-Saxon origin.[4]
Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms, while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme (the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary). For example, the lexeme be (as in to be) comprises all its conjugations (is, was, are, were, etc.), and contractions of those conjugations.[5] Note also that these top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50% of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 100 most common words
1.1 Parts of speech
1.1.1 Nouns
1.1.2 Verbs
1.1.3 Adjectives
1.1.4 Prepositions
1.1.5 Others
2 See also
2.1 Word lists
3 References
4 External links
100 most common words
Based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus (a large collection of texts in the English language), the 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below.[1]
The table also includes frequencies from other corpora, note that as well as usage differences, lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus - for example splitting the prepositional use of "to" from the use as a particle. Also the COCA list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank.
Word
Parts of speech
OEC rank
COCA rank[6]
Dolch level
the Article 1 1 Pre-primer
be Verb 2 2 primer
to Preposition 3 7, 9 Pre-primer
of Preposition 4 4 Grade 1
and Conjunction 5 3 Pre-primer
a Article 6 5 Pre-primer
in Preposition 7 6, 128, 3038 Pre-primer
that Conjunction et al. 8 12, 27, 903 primer
have Verb 9 8 primer
I Pronoun 10 11 Pre-primer
it Pronoun 11 10 Pre-primer
for Preposition 12 13, 2339 Pre-primer
not Adverb et al. 13 28, 2929 Pre-primer
on Preposition 14 17, 155 primer
with Preposition 15 16 primer
he Pronoun 16 15 primer
as Adverb, conjunction, et al. 17 33, 49, 129 Grade 1
you Pronoun 18 14 Pre-primer
do Verb, noun 19 18 primer
at Preposition 20 22 primer
this Determiner, adverb, noun 21 20, 4665 primer
but Preposition, adverb, conjunction 22 23, 1715 primer
his Possessive pronoun 23 25, 1887 Grade 1
by Preposition 24 30, 1190 Grade 1
from Preposition 25 26 Grade 1
they Pronoun 26 21 primer
we Pronoun 27 24 Pre-primer
say Verb et al. 28 19 primer
her Possessive pronoun 29, 106 42 Grade 1
she Pronoun 30 31 primer
or Conjunction 31 32 Grade 2
an Article 32 (a) Grade 1
will Verb, noun 33 48, 1506 primer
my Possessive pronoun 34 44 Pre-primer
one Noun, adjective, et al. 35 51, 104, 839 Pre-primer
all Adjective 36 43, 222 primer
would Verb 37 41 Grade 2
there Adverb, pronoun, et al. 38 53, 116 primer
their Possessive pronoun 39 36 Grade 2
what Pronoun, adverb, et al. 40 34 primer
so Conjunction, adverb, et al. 41 55, 196 primer
up Adverb, preposition, et al. 42 50, 456 Pre-primer
out Preposition 43 64, 149 primer
if Conjunction 44 40 Grade 3
about Preposition, adverb, et al. 45 46, 179 Grade 3
who Pronoun, noun 46 38 primer
get Verb 47 39 primer
which 48 58 Grade 2
go Verb, noun 49 35 Pre-primer
me Pronoun 50 61 Pre-primer
when 51 57, 136 Grade 1
make Verb, noun 52 45
can 53 37, 2973
like 54 74, 208, 1123, 1684, 2702
time 55 52
no 56 93, 699, 916, 1111, 4555
just Adjective 57 66, 1823
him Pronoun 58 68
know Verb, noun 59 47
take Verb, noun 60 63
people Noun 61 62
into 62 65
year Noun 63 54
your Possessive pronoun 64 69
good Adjective 65 110, 2280
some 66 60
could Verb 67 71
them 68 59
see Verb 69 67
other 70 75, 715, 2355
than 71 73, 712
then 72 77
now 73 72, 1906
look Verb 74 85, 604
only 75 101, 329
come Verb 76 70
its Possessive pronoun 77 78
over Preposition 78 124, 182
think 79 56
also 80 87
back 81 108, 323, 1877
after Preposition 82 120, 260
use Verb, noun 83 92, 429
two 84 80
how 85 76
our Possessive pronoun 86 79
work Verb, noun 87 117, 199
first 88 86, 2064
well Adverb 89 100, 644
way 90 84, 4090
even 91 107, 484
new Adjective et al. 92 88
want 93 83
because 94 89, 509
any 95 109, 4720
these 96 82
give Verb 97 98
day 98 90
most 99 144, 187
us Pronoun 100 113
Parts of speech
The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech.[1] The list labeled "Others" includes pronouns, possessives, articles, modal verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions.
Nouns
time
person
year
way
day
thing
man
world
life
hand
part
child
eye
woman
place
work
week
case
point
government
company
number
group
problem
fact
Verbs
be
have
do
say
get
make
go
know
take
see
come
think
look
want
give
use
find
tell
ask
work
seem
feel
try
leave
call
Adjectives
good
new
first
last
long
great
little
own
other
old
right
big
high
different
small
large
next
early
young
important
few
public
bad
same
able
Prepositions
to
of
in
for
on
with
at
by
from
up
about
into
over
after
Others
the
and
a
that
I
it
not
he
as
you
this
but
his
they
her
she
or
an
will
my
one
all
would
there
their
See also
Languages portal
Basic English
Frequency analysis, the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters
Letter frequencies
Oxford English Corpus
Swadesh list, a compilation of basic concepts for the purpose of historical-comparative linguistics
Zipf's law, a theory stating that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in a frequency table
Word lists
Dolch Word List, a list of frequently used English words
General Service List
Word lists by frequency
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Oxford English Corpus: Facts about the language". OxfordDictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. What is the commonest word?. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Oxford English Corpus". AskOxford.com. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words.
Jump up ^ Bill Bryson, The Mother Tongue: English and How It Got That Way, Harper Perennial, 2001, page 58
Jump up ^ Benjamin Zimmer. June 22, 2006. Time after time after time.... Language Log. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Word frequency: based on 450 million word COCA corpus". www.wordfrequency.info. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
External links
Look up frequency lists in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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The Black Stallion (film)
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The Black Stallion
1979 poster
Directed by
Carroll Ballard
Produced by
Fred Roos
Francis Ford Coppola
Tom Sternberg
Screenplay by
Melissa Mathison
Jeanne Rosenberg
William D. Wittliff
Based on
The Black Stallion
by Walter Farley
Starring
Kelly Reno
Mickey Rooney
Teri Garr
Music by
Carmine Coppola
Cinematography
Caleb Deschanel
Edited by
Robert Dalva
Production
company
American Zoetrope
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
October 17, 1979 (1979-10-17)
Running time
118 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2.7 million
Box office
$37.8 million[1]
The Black Stallion is a 1979 American adventure film based on the 1941 classic children's novel The Black Stallion by Walter Farley. But the film starts in 1946, five years after the book was published. It tells the story of Alec Ramsey, who is shipwrecked on a deserted island with a wild Arabian stallion whom he befriends. After being rescued, they are set on entering a race challenging two champion horses.
The film is adapted by Melissa Mathison, Jeanne Rosenberg and William D. Wittliff. It is directed by Carroll Ballard. The movie stars Kelly Reno, Mickey Rooney, Teri Garr, Hoyt Axton, and the Arabian horse Cass Ole. The film features music by Carmine Coppola, the father of Hollywood producer Francis Ford Coppola, who was the executive producer of the film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Horses
3 Awards and honors
3.1 Academy Awards
3.2 Golden Globe Awards
3.3 British Academy Awards
3.4 LA Film Critics Awards
3.5 Others
4 Sequel, prequel and television series
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1946 Alec Ramsey is aboard the steamer Drake off the coast of North Africa, where he sees a wild black stallion being forced into a makeshift stable compartment and heavily restrained by ropes leading to his halter. Captivated by the horse, Alec later sneaks to the horse to feed him some sugar cubes, but he is caught by the horse's supposed owner, who tells him in Arabic to stay away from Shetan and shoves the boy away.
Later in their cabin, Alec's father shows Alec his winnings from a card game and gives him a pocket knife and a small statue of Bucephalus, and tells the story of how Alexander the Great became Bucephalus' master. Later that night, Alec is thrown out of his bunk; he grabs his knife and his Bucephalus statue and joins his father on the other side of the cabin. His father puts Alec into a life jacket and they struggle with the rest of the passengers to get on deck. The ship is in flames and has started to sink. Alec's father leaves him by the compartment holding The Black to go help the crew. In the chaos, Alec opens the compartment hatch but is attacked by Shetan's owner who cuts Alec's life jacket off him so he can take it for himself. Alec's father rescues Alec from his attacker but the life jacket is lost and father & son are separated. The black stallion breaks free from his compartment and then jumps into the sea. Alec himself is swept overboard by a gigantic wave. Once in the water, he swims toward the stallion and managed to grab hold of the ropes that were previously restraining the stallion.
Alec wakes on the shore of a deserted island and starts to explore. He finds the stallion caught in his restraints with the ropes stuck between the rocks. With his knife, Alec manages to free the stallion once again and the stallion runs away. For a time, the two keep their distance. Alec discovers means to survive by catching fish and seaweed. As Alec suddenly faces a cobra eye to eye, the Black comes to the rescue and kills the snake, only to run off again.
By now, Alec decides to try to get closer to the horse and offer him some seaweed. The hungry stallion finds himself unable to resist, but visibly struggles with his distrust for humans. Eventually, the hunger wins and he takes Alec's offer; their bond has been sealed and the two are now inseparable. Alec even manages to ride the unbroken horse, after many times falling off the horse. One day, a fishing ship arrives, rescuing both Alec and the stallion.
Back home in Flushing, NY, Alec is given a hero's welcome. The Black has a temporary home in Alec's backyard, but a garbage man not knowing that there is a wild horse in the backyard is chased by the Black, who races off down the street after being spooked by a passing car. Alec chases after him through every part of town, but loses track of him. The next day, Alec meets Snoe (and Napoleon) who tell him where the Black is. Alec finds the stallion in the barn of Henry Dailey, a retired jockey and racehorse trainer, who apparently spent all night catching the Black. Henry allows Alec to keep the Black in his barn.
When Alec wonders how fast the Black is, Alec and Henry decide to train the Black for the racetrack, while Henry teaches Alec how to be a jockey. The Black surprises Henry with his speed. Henry immediately starts plotting to get the Black into a match race between two of the country's current champions, to be held at Santa Anita, California. To do that, he sets up a secret demonstration at night where the press can witness his speed, keeping the identity of Alec and the Black secret. The news about the mystery horse is soon widespread and the Black is entered into the race.
The race is the most anticipated horse-racing event of the year. Before the two champions and the Black enter the starting gate, the Black gets into a fight with one of his opponents, wounding his leg. Alec does not see the wound until he is in the gate. As he dismounts, the bell rings and the horses take off. Alec desperately tries to stay on his horse and trying to stop him. He falls behind, but the Black won't stop. When Alec regains his balance, the Black is well on his way to catch up with his opponents. Alec now encourages the Black to run as fast as he can, remembering the wild rides on the island, as they catch up. The Black eventually wins by two lengths.
Cast[edit]
Kelly Reno as Alec Ramsay
Mickey Rooney as Henry Dailey
Teri Garr as Mrs. Ramsay, Alec's mother
Hoyt Axton as Mr. Ramsay, Alec's father
Clarence Muse as Snoe
Michael Higgins as Jim Neville
Ed McNamara as Jake
Doghmi Larbi as Arab
John Burton as Jockey No. 1
John Buchanan as Jockey No. 2
Kristen Vigard as Becky
Fausto Tozzi as Rescue Captain
John Karlsen as Archeologist
Leopoldo Trieste as Priest
Frank Cousins as African Chieftain
Don Hudson as Zaurog
Marne Maitland as Drake Captain
Tom Dahlgren as Veterinarian
Horses[edit]
Cass Ole, a champion Arabian stallion, was featured in most of the movie's scenes, with Fae Jur, another black Arabian stallion, being his main double. Fae Jur's main scene is the one where Alec is trying to gain the trust of the Black on the beach. Two other stunt doubles were used for running, fighting and swimming scenes.
El Mokhtar, an Egyptian Arabian racehorse, was the producers' first choice to portray the Black, but they were unable to secure his services for the film from his owners, who declined any offers. He does appear in The Black Stallion Returns, alongside Cass Ole, by which time the studio bought out the syndicate of owners in order to secure El Mokhtar's services.
Napoleon was portrayed by Junior, who previously appeared in National Lampoon's Animal House as Trooper, Niedermeyer's horse.[2]
Awards and honors[edit]
Academy Awards[edit]
The film received two nominations for the Academy Awards:
Mickey Rooney was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.
Robert Dalva was nominated for Best Film Editing.
In addition, Alan Splet was awarded with a Special Achievement Award for sound editing.
Golden Globe Awards[edit]
Carmine Coppola was nominated for Best Original Score at the Golden Globe Awards. He later won the award in this category for his score of Apocalypse Now.
British Academy Awards[edit]
Caleb Deschanel was nominated for Best Cinematography by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards.
LA Film Critics Awards[edit]
The film received two awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for Best Cinematography (Caleb Deschanel) and Best Music (Carmine Coppola).
Others[edit]
The film also won the 1979 National Society of Film Critics award for Best Cinematography.
In 2002, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" .[3]

Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
2001: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[4]
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[5]
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #64[6]
Sequel, prequel and television series[edit]
The film was followed in 1983 by a sequel, The Black Stallion Returns, which also starred Reno. There was also a television series called The Adventures of the Black Stallion which aired from 1990 to 1993 and starred Mickey Rooney and Richard Ian Cox. In 2003, a 50-minute prequel called The Young Black Stallion, was shot and released for IMAX theaters.
See also[edit]
The Black Stallion books
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Black Stallion, Box Office Information". The Numbers. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Junior". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
Jump up ^ Cannady, Sheryl (2002-12-17). "Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Black Stallion on IMDb
The Black Stallion at AllMovie
The Black Stallion at Rotten Tomatoes
The Black Stallion at Box Office Mojo
The Black Stallion at the TCM Movie Database
[show]
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Cass Ole
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The Black Stallion (1979)
Never Cry Wolf (1983)
Nutcracker: The Motion Picture (1986)
Wind (1992)
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The Proud Family (soundtrack)
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The Proud Family
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
April 20, 2004
August 16, 2005 (Re-release)
Genre
Soul, hip hop, hip hop soul
Label
Walt Disney
The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name. A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show, popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys, Jhené Aiko, India Arie, and Solange Knowles & Destiny's Child (who perform the theme song), and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays.
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