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Penguins of Madagascar
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This article is about the animated feature film. For the Nickelodeon TV series, see The Penguins of Madagascar.
Penguins of Madagascar
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Eric Darnell
Simon J. Smith
Produced by
Mark Swift
Lara Breay[1]
Tripp Hudson[2]
Screenplay by
Michael Colton[3]
John Aboud[3]
Brandon Sawyer[3]
Story by
Alan J. Schoolcraft
Brent Simons
Michael Colton
John Aboud
Based on
Characters created
by Tom McGrath
and Eric Darnell
Starring
Tom McGrath
Chris Miller
Christopher Knights
Conrad Vernon
Benedict Cumberbatch
Ken Jeong
Annet Mahendru
Peter Stormare
John Malkovich
Music by
Lorne Balfe[4][5]
Edited by
Nick Kenway
Production
company
DreamWorks Animation
Pacific Data Images[6]
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
November 14, 2014 (2014-11-14) (China)
November 26, 2014 (2014-11-26) (United States)
Running time
92 minutes[7]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$132 million[8]
Box office
$373 million[9]
Penguins of Madagascar is a 2014 American 3D computer-animated comedy film,[10] produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is a spin-off of the Madagascar film series, and takes place right after the events of Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted,[11] following the penguins Skipper, Kowalski, Rico and Private in their own adventure.[10] Apart from the main characters, it is unrelated to the TV series The Penguins of Madagascar.[12]
The film was directed by Simon J. Smith and Eric Darnell,[13] and written by Michael Colton, John Aboud,[1] and Brandon Sawyer.[3] It stars the voices of Tom McGrath, Chris Miller, Conrad Vernon, Christopher Knights, Benedict Cumberbatch, John Malkovich, and Ken Jeong. The film was released on November 26, 2014.[1] It is the only film in the Madagascar franchise that was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was the final film produced by Pacific Data Images before its closure on January 22, 2015.[14] Despite earning $373 million on a $132 million budget, the film forced a write-down for the studio.[15]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Awards and nominations
6 Soundtrack
7 Video game
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In Antarctica, three young penguin brothers—Skipper, Kowalski, and Rico—defy the laws of nature to save an egg the other penguins believe to be doomed. After saving it from a pack of leopard seals and accidentally setting themselves adrift on an iceberg, the egg hatches into their new member, Private.
Ten years later (after the events of the previous film), the penguins decide to leave the circus to celebrate Private's birthday by breaking into the United States Gold Depository at Fort Knox in order to treat him to a discontinued snack called "Cheezy Dibbles" in the vending machine of their break room. Despite this, Private begins to feel out of place with the team, as he is constantly described as being the "secretary/mascot". Suddenly, they are abducted by the machine and sent to Venice, Italy by Dr. Octavius Brine, a renowned geneticist who removes his human disguise and reveals he is actually an octopus named Dave, who has grown resentful of penguins after their cuteness had him shunned from every zoo and aquarium across the globe.
Rico swallows Dave's collection of snowglobes along with a canister of a green substance called the Medusa Serum before the four escape and are chased through the canals and streets of Venice by Dave's henchmen. When cornered, they are rescued by a group of animals from an Arctic elite undercover interspecies task force agency called "The North Wind" consisting of their leader, a gray wolf whose name is classified (in which Skipper mistakenly calls him "Classified" throughout the film), a harp seal demolitionist named Short Fuse, a polar bear named Corporal, and an intelligent snowy owl named Eva, who Kowalski instantly falls in love with. Their mission is to help animals who can't help themselves and have been fighting Dave to protect the penguin population.
At their hideout, their communication systems are hacked by Dave, who reveals that he has an enormous supply of the Medusa Serum and that he intends to capture the penguins out of every zoo he was kicked out of. Viewing the penguins as a hindrance to their mission, Classified tranquilizes the group and sends the group to their most remote base (which happens to be on Madagascar) but the penguins awaken mid-flight and crash land in the Sahara Desert before making their way to Shanghai, China, which they mistake for Dublin, Ireland. Discovering Dave's next target in Shanghai using Dave's snowglobe collection, the penguins ship themselves to their current location and make their way to the zoo. Disguising himself as a mermaid-tailed penguin (a tourist attraction) to distract Dave from his real target, Private himself is captured along with the Shanghai penguins after the North Wind arrives to put a stop to Dave's plan. The penguins take the North Wind's high-tech plane to give chase, but inadvertently self-destruct the machine. They manage to track Private to an island though, using a tracking device planted on him when Classified darted them before planting them in a flight to Madagascar. Meanwhile, on the island, Dave demonstrates his way to genetically mutate the penguins into hideous monsters as an effort to make humans disgusted by them as revenge.
Skipper and Classified argue on the best means to rescue the captives and stop Dave, finally settling on Classified's plan of a frontal assault and Skipper agrees to act as a diversion. The North Wind manages to corner Dave in his lair only to be captured by Dave's henchmen as well as the other penguins. Dave demonstrates his mutation ray at full power on Private, apparently disintegrating him with the beam, but unbeknownst to them he escapes at the last minute by using a paper clip he swallowed earlier. Private rescues the North Wind members, who want to regroup due to lack of equipment, but Private, not wanting to leave anyone behind goes to stop Dave. As Dave's submarine docks at New York with the promise of returning the penguins he found to the zoo, he turns the ray on the rest of the penguins, mutating them all into hideous monsters. The city erupts into chaos as the brainwashed, mutated penguins run amok on the terrified human crowd. Getting Skipper, Kowalski and Rico back to their senses, Private decides to connect himself into the ray to return them to normal. After fending off more of Dave's henchmen, they manage to turn all the penguins back to normal in one huge blast.
Private is left partially mutated from the machine while the rest of the penguins are restored to normal. Despite his strange new look, the Penguins show their gratitude and new-found respect for Private. Dave (who was caught in the blast) has been turned into a pipsqueak version of himself and is trapped in a snow globe where he is admired by a little girl. Finally seeing one another as equals, Classified promises to grant the Penguins anything they want. In addition to Kowalski getting a kiss from Eva, the Penguins are given their own jet packs and they then fly off above the clouds looking for their next adventure.
In a mid-credits scene, the Penguins return to the circus and plug Mort into the ray and use him to revert Private back to normal. Mort does not appear to show any side effects from the ray until he manages to swallow King Julien whole, much to King Julien's delight.
Cast[edit]
John Malkovich and Benedict Cumberbatch talking at the Penguins of Madagascar panel at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International
Main article: List of Madagascar characters
Tom McGrath as Skipper, the leader of the penguins.[16]
Chris Miller as Kowalski, the brains of the penguins.[16]
Christopher Knights as Private, the rookie of the penguins.[16]
Conrad Vernon as Rico,[17] the loose cannon of the penguins.
Benedict Cumberbatch as Classified, a British gray wolf and team leader of the North Wind.[1][16]
Ken Jeong as Short Fuse, a Belgian explosive and demolitions expert harp seal and a member of the North Wind.[13]
Annet Mahendru as Eva, a Russian snowy owl and the North Wind's intelligence analyst.[16]
Peter Stormare as Corporal, a Norwegian polar bear and a member of the North Wind who serves as the muscle.[16]
John Malkovich as Dave, a villainous and disgruntled octopus who has the human disguise of Dr. Octavius Brine.[1][16][18]
Werner Herzog as a documentary filmmaker.[19]
Danny Jacobs as King Julien XIII, a ring-tailed lemur.
Andy Richter as Mort, a Goodman's mouse lemur.
Production[edit]
A direct-to-video film featuring the penguins had been in the works since 2005 when the first Madagascar film was released, with a release date initially planned for 2009.[20] The studio announced in March 2011 that the penguin characters would be given their own feature film to be directed by Simon J. Smith, the co-director of Bee Movie, produced by Lara Breay, and written by Alan J. Schoolcraft and Brent Simons, the writers of DreamWorks' Megamind.[21][22]
At the July 2012 Comic-Con, DreamWorks Animation announced that the film, titled The Penguins of Madagascar, would be released in 2015.[23] Robert Schooley, one of the producers of The Penguins series, said that the film would be unrelated to the TV series of the same name, but added that that could always change.[24] In early September 2012, 20th Century Fox, the studio's new distributor, and DreamWorks Animation announced a release date of March 27, 2015, and a new pair of writers, Michael Colton and John Aboud.[25] Benedict Cumberbatch and John Malkovich joined the cast in August 2013.[1] Malkovich, who had been offered the role of Dr. Octavius Brine three and a half years before the film's release, told an audience at the July 2014 Comic-Con that he thought that it "was a funny idea" to use his voice for an octopus.[12]
Release[edit]
On May 20, 2014, the film's release date was moved up to November 26, 2014, from its initial March 27, 2015, date, switching places with DreamWorks Animation's other film Home.[26] Jeffrey Katzenberg, DreamWorks Animation's CEO, reasoned that the film, coming from one of DWA's most successful franchises, would have an easier task to stand out around the Thanksgiving holiday season, while Home was to try to take advantage of a less competitive spring release window and repeat successful spring launches of some of DWA's original films including The Croods and How to Train Your Dragon.[27] The film was released two weeks earlier in China, on November 14, 2014.[28]
The film was released in RealD 3D and Digital 3D formats.[6] It was digitally remastered into the IMAX format, and released in select theaters across Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America.[29] A four-issue comic book series based on the film was published by Titan Comics. Written by Alex Matthews and drawn by Lucas Fereyra.[30]
Home media[edit]
Penguins of Madagascar was released on DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on March 17, 2015.[31] It topped the home video sales chart in its first week.[32]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Penguins of Madagascar grossed $83.4 million in North America and $290.2 million in foreign countries for a worldwide total of $373.6 million.[9] The film's production budget was $132 million, which, according to the DreamWorks Animation's president Ann Dally, excluded "incentive-based compensation."[8] By the end of 2014, the studio had to take a $57.1 million write-down, primarily related to the performance of Penguins of Madagascar and another DreamWorks Animation's film Mr. Peabody & Sherman.[15][33]
Penguins of Madagascar was released on November 26, 2014 in North America and Canada across 3,764 theatres. It earned $6.25 million on its opening day and $3.95 million the next day on Thanksgiving Day.[34] It earned $10.5 million on Black Friday.[35][36] The film underperformed during its opening weekend earning $25.4 million and debuting at #2 at the box office behind The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, for which 3D accounted for 24% of its opening-weekend gross.[37] The opening-weekend audience was evenly split among those under and over the age of 25, with 58% and female accounted 51%. In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave Penguins of Madagascar an average grade of A- on an A+ to F scale.[38]
The film was released in China on November 14,[28] two weeks ahead of its North American debut, and earned $11.3 million from 3,500 screens, debuting at number two at the Chinese box office behind Interstellar ($42 million).[39] In its opening weekend, the film earned $36.5 million from 47 markets.[40] Overall, the top openings were in Russia ($8.2 million), Korea ($6 million), Italy ($4.63 million), Germany ($4.2 million), and Australia ($3.68 million).[41][42] The film's opening in Germany was the second-highest for an animated film in 2014, behind How to Train Your Dragon 2.[41]
Critical response[edit]
The film has a 73% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 107 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's consensus was "Penguins of Madagascar is fast and brightly colored enough to entertain small children, but too frantically silly to offer real filmgoing fun for the whole family."[43] On Metacritic, the film achieved a score of 53 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[44]
Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, saying "While there are plenty of madcap antics to fill a feature, all that manic energy ultimately proves to be more exhausting than exhilarating."[45] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying "Granted, it's no classic, but a sassy script and good-natured voice work from Benedict Cumberbatch and John Malkovich should keep kids and grownups entertained over the holidays."[46] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a B, saying "Frenetic and frequently funny, Penguins Of Madagascar represents the DreamWorks Animation franchise style—which boils down to self-aware, but naïve, talking animals who learn kid-friendly life lessons—at its most palatable."[47] Ben Kenigsberg of The New York Times gave the film a positive review, saying "The lack of originality is offset by sheer silliness, including Classified and Skipper's Abbott and Costello-style argument over whether there's a long I in 'diversion.' The word fits the movie."[48]
Bill Zwecker of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Once again the Madagascar team have come up with a winner – a nice way to kick off the Thanksgiving and holiday filmgoing experience for the whole family."[49] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one out of four stars, saying "Penguins of Madagascar is a lazy, noisy ADHD-addled collection of animated clichés guaranteed to give anyone older than 5 a headache, even if you don't see it in optional 3-D."[50] Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C-, saying "Penguins of Madagascar aims primarily for the kiddies, racing from one frenetic action sequence to another like some haywire Walter Lantz cartoon."[51]
Awards and nominations[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award/Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
42nd Annie Awards[52] Outstanding Achievement for Animated Effects in an Animated Production Mitul Patel, Nicolas Delbecq, Santosh Khedkar and Yash Argawal Nominated
Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in an Animated Feature Production Ravi Kamble Nominated
Outstanding Achievement for Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Craig Kellman, Joe Moshier, Stevie Lewis and Todd Kurosawa Nominated
51st Cinema Audio Society Awards[53] Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Picture - Animated Tighe Sheldon, Paul N.J. Ottosson, Dennis Sands and Randy K. Singer Nominated
28th Kids' Choice Awards[54] Favorite Animated Movie Eric Darnell and Simon J. Smith Nominated
11th St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards[55] Best Animated Film Nominated
Soundtrack[edit]
Penguins of Madagascar: Music from the Motion Picture
Film score by Lorne Balfe
Released
November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25)
Recorded
2014
Genre
Film score
Length
52:46
Label
Relativity Music Group
Producer
Hans Zimmer
DreamWorks Animation chronology
How to Train Your Dragon 2
(2014) How to Train Your Dragon 22014 Penguins of Madagascar
(2014) Penguins of Madagascar2014
Lorne Balfe composed the original score for the film,[56] making it his first solo debut in a DreamWorks Animation film. Balfe wrote the additional music for the previous two Madagascar films and helped Madagascar composer Hans Zimmer with the score for Megamind. The soundtrack was released on November 25, 2014, by Relativity Music Group.[56] Relativity also released an EP, Penguins of Madagascar: Black & White Christmas Album, which featured five holiday songs.[56]
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Penguins of Madagascar" 4:10
2. "Antarctica" 3:31
3. "Demersus" 2:53
4. "Sclateri" 3:25
5. "Adeliae" 3:31
6. "Forsteri" 2:52
7. "Patagonicus" 3:03
8. "Magellanicus" 1:24
9. "Private’s Theme" 2:34
10. "Robustus" 3:36
11. "Eudyptula Minor" 1:35
12. "Chrysolophus" 2:51
13. "Chrysocome" 1:59
14. "Antipodes" 1:20
15. "Schlegeli" 2:46
16. "Mendiculus" 3:14
17. "Papua" 1:56
18. "Humboldti" 2:52
19. "He Is Dave" (featuring Antony Genn) 3:14
Video game[edit]
A video game based on the film, titled Penguins of Madagascar, and published by Little Orbit, was released on November 25, 2014 for Nintendo 3DS, Wii, and Wii U.[57]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penguins of Madagascar.
Official website
Penguins of Madagascar on IMDb
Penguins of Madagascar at Box Office Mojo
Penguins of Madagascar at Rotten Tomatoes
Penguins of Madagascar at Metacritic
[show]
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Madagascar
Films
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Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
Penguins of Madagascar
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The Penguins of Madagascar
Episodes
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All Hail King Julien
Episodes
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Madagascar 3: The Video Game
Penguins of Madagascar
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[show]
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Feature
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Ricardio the Heart Guy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Ricardio the Heart Guy"
Adventure Time episode
Ricardio plots to cut out Princess Bubblegum's heart. Ricardio is one of the few individuals in the Adventure Time universe to have a highly detailed face, which has been compared to the moon in 1902 silent film Le Voyage dans la Lune.
Episode no.
Season 1
Episode 7
Directed by
Larry Leichliter (director)
Patrick McHale (creative director)
Nick Jennings (art director)
Written by
Bert Youn
Sean Jimenez
Story by
Merriwether Williams
Tim McKeon
Adam Muto
Production code
692-007[1]
Original air date
April 26, 2010
Running time
11 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
George Takei as Ricardio
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Jiggler" Next →
"Business Time"
Adventure Time (season 1)
List of Adventure Time episodes
"Ricardio the Heart Guy" is the seventh episode of the first season of the American animated television series Adventure Time. The episode was written and storyboarded by Bert Youn and Sean Jimenez, from a story by Merriwether Williams, Tim McKeon, and Adam Muto. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on April 26, 2010. The episode guest stars George Takei as the title character, Ricardio.
The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In this episode, Finn believes that Princess Bubblegum's (voiced by Hynden Walch) new friend, a heart named Ricardio, is evil, and is proven right after learning that Ricardio is the heart of the Ice King (voiced by Tom Kenny). Ricardio reveals that he wants to "make out" with Bubblegum's heart, but he is defeated by Finn and Jake.
Ricardio would become a minor recurring villain, reappearing in the fourth season entry "Lady & Peebles". After the episode aired, series composer Casey James Basichis posted a video explaining his inspiration and the method in which he produced the music featured in the episode. Basichis largely scored the episode with opera music, because he felt the genre suited Ricardio. "Ricardio the Heart Guy" was watched by 1.91 million people and received largely positive critical attention, with many reviews praising Takei's voice work.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
After the Ice King captures Princess Bubblegum, Finn and Jake manage to save her. Bubblegum is so happy that she decides to throw a party for Finn as a thank you. Finn makes a Paper Crane for Bubblegum as a gift, but Jake says that Finn has a crush on her, which Finn denies. When they arrive at the party, however, no one notices them; everyone, including Bubblegum, is too preoccupied with a heart-shaped man named Ricardio. He and Bubblegum begin discussing scientific topics on the dance floor, which leaves Finn feeling jealous.
Finn begins to think that Ricardio is a villain, but Jake just notes that Finn is jealous. However, the two spy on Ricardio to see if he is evil or not. They see Ricardio going into a dumpster and acquiring a rope and broken bottles. Then they see him throwing the Ice King into the dumpster, so they decide to question Ricardio about being a super-villain. Finn punches Ricardio right when Bubblegum comes. Mad and upset, she takes Ricardio away. However, the Ice King soon crawls toward Finn and Jake, looking sickly. He reveals that Ricardio is actually his own heart, which gained sentience after the Ice King performed a failed love spell. Ricardio desires to cut out Bubblegum's heart and make it his bride.
Finn and Jake race to Bubblegum's castle and find her tied to a chair, with Ricardio about to rip her heart out. Finn and Jake then fight Ricardio and manage to beat him up. The Ice King crawls into the castle and places Ricardio back into his chest. Later during dinner, Bubblegum tells Finn that he does not need to be jealous anymore, but Finn denies that he was jealous in the first place.
Production[edit]
The episode guest stars George Takei.
"Ricardio the Heart Guy" was written and storyboarded by Bert Youn and Sean Jimenez, from a story by Merriwether Williams, Tim McKeon, and Adam Muto. Directed by Larry Leichliter, the episode introduces the recurring villain Ricardio, played by George Takei, a character that Tom Kenny later called "the valentine from Hell".[2] Takei later reprised the role in the season four episode "Lady and Peebles".[3] Initial drafts of the character featured him looking more like an anthropomorphic heart, complete with arteries and ventricles.[4] Ricardio is one of the few individuals in the Adventure Time universe to have a highly detailed face; during the commentary for the episode, his design was compared to that of the face on the moon in the 1902 French silent film Le Voyage dans la Lune, based on H.G. Wells's 1901 novel The First Men in the Moon.[5]
After the episode aired, series composer Casey Basichis posted a video explaining his inspiration and method of producing the music featured in the episode. According to the video, Basichis created a "skeleton" of the score in his shower using his voice and a ukulele; the audio was captured on a phone. Originally, the score was going to have a "New York City, taxi, and jazz" feel, but Basichis was unhappy with the genre choice, and changed the feel.[6] For the music that played while the Ice King interacted with Ricardio, Basichis was inspired by the score from the original seven-minute short. In addition, opera singer Karen Vuong lent her voice to the episode. According to Basichis, Vuong was able to record her vocals successfully in one take. Basichis chose opera because he knew it had a reputation for being "sickeningly intellectual" and "preoccupied with murder", traits that he felt suited Ricardio.[6]
Reception[edit]
"Ricardio the Heart Guy" first aired on Cartoon Network on April 26, 2010. The episode was watched by 1.91 million viewers, and scored a 1.3/2 percent Nielsen household rating, meaning that it was seen by 1.3 percent of all households and 2 percent of all households watching television at the time of the episode's airing.[7] The episode first saw physical release as part of the 2011 Adventure Time: My Two Favorite People DVD, which included 12 episodes from the series' first two seasons.[8] It was later re-released as part of the complete first season DVD in July 2012; commentary for the episode was also included on the DVD.[9][10]
The episode garnered mostly positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN, in a review of the My Two Favorite People DVD, noted that while "the idea of a walking, talking heart named Ricardio […] who plans to cut out Princess Bubblegum's heart is potent nightmare fuel", the show nevertheless "finds a way to make that grim idea accessible and fun."[11]
Takei's appearance as Ricardio gained critical favor. Charlie Anders of io9 named Takei's appearance in the episode as one of his "greatest moments", noting, "how could we have missed that Takei did the voice for this sleazy science-talking heart on Adventure Time, our new favorite show?"[12] Tyler Foster of DVD Talk called Ricardio one of the highlights of the season.[13] The A.V. Club reviewer Oliver Sava, in a review for "Lady & Peebles", wrote that Ricardio is "always welcome on this series, largely due to Takei’s delightful voice work."[3] Furthermore, he praised the way that Takei delivered his lines, noting that "there’s a theatrical smarminess to his vocals that is a stark contrast to the Ice King’s nasality", and that "Takei always sounds like he’s having a great time reading the ridiculous lines that are written for him."[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Seibert, Fred (August 14, 2009). "Writing Pick-Up". Frederator Studios. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kenny, Tom (Actor). 2012. "Ricardio the Heart Guy" [Commentary track], Adventure Time Season One [DVD], Los Angeles, CA: Cartoon Network.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sava, Oliver (August 20, 2012). "'Lady and Peebles' | Adventure Time | TV Club". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Seibert, Fred (February 3, 2009). "'Ricardo the Heart Guy' Story Notes". Frederator. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ricardio the Heart Guy" [Commentary track], Adventure Time Season One [DVD], Los Angeles, CA: Cartoon Network.
^ Jump up to: a b "Adventure Time: Composing Ricardio Behind the Scenes". YouTube. May 3, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (April 27, 2010). "WWE Raw and NBA Playoff Action Lead Monday Cable". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ Leichliter, Larry et al. (2011). Adventure Time: My Two Favorite People (DVD). Warner Home Video. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ Leichliter, Larry et al. (2012). Adventure Time: The Complete First Season (DVD). Warner Home Video. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ "Oh My Glob! Adventure Time Season 1 Comes to DVD". Wired. Condé Nast. July 6, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt (September 22, 2011). "My Two Favorite People Review". IGN. News Corporation. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Anders, Charlie (December 23, 2011). "George Takei's Greatest and Weirdest Moments". io9. Gawker Media. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Foster, Tyler (July 10, 2012). "Adventure Time: The Complete First Season". DVD Talk. Internet Brands. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
External links[edit]
"Ricardio the Heart Guy" on IMDb
"Ricardio the Heart Guy" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Adventure Time episodes
Pilot
Season 1
"Tree Trunks"
"The Enchiridion!"
"Ricardio the Heart Guy"
"Evicted!"
Season 2
"It Came from the Nightosphere"
"The Eyes"
"Guardians of Sunshine"
"Death in Bloom"
"Mortal Folly" / "Mortal Recoil"
Season 3
"Hitman"
"Too Young"
"Fionna and Cake"
"What Was Missing"
"Holly Jolly Secrets"
"Another Way"
"Incendium"
Season 4
"Hot to the Touch"
"Five Short Graybles"
"Web Weirdos"
"Dream of Love"
"Return to the Nightosphere" / "Daddy's Little Monster"
"In Your Footsteps"
"Hug Wolf"
"Princess Monster Wife"
"Goliad"
"Beyond This Earthly Realm"
"Gotcha!"
"Princess Cookie"
"Card Wars"
"Sons of Mars"
"Burning Low"
"BMO Noire"
"King Worm"
"Lady & Peebles"
"You Made Me"
"Who Would Win"
"Ignition Point"
"The Hard Easy"
"Reign of Gunters"
"I Remember You"
"The Lich"
Season 5
"Finn the Human" / "Jake the Dog"
"Bad Little Boy"
"Simon & Marcy"
"A Glitch Is a Glitch"
"Puhoy"
"James Baxter the Horse"
"Wizards Only, Fools"
"Be More"
"Sky Witch"
"Frost & Fire"
"Time Sandwich"
"Root Beer Guy"
"Rattleballs"
"The Red Throne"
"Betty"
"Bad Timing"
"Billy's Bucket List"
Season 6
"Wake Up" / "Escape from the Citadel"
"Food Chain"
"Furniture & Meat"
"Something Big"
"Is That You?"
"Jake the Brick"
"Dentist"
"Evergreen"
"Astral Plane"
"The Diary"
"Walnuts & Rain"
"Jermaine"
Season 7
Stakes
"Bad Jubies"
"Crossover"
"The Hall of Egress"
Season 8
"Normal Man"
Islands
Season 9
Elements
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Blood volume
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Blood volume is the volume of blood (both red blood cells and plasma) in the circulatory system of any individual.
Contents
[hide]
1 Humans
1.1 Semi-automated system
2 Other animals
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Humans[edit]
A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters, with females generally having less blood volume than males.[1] Blood volume is regulated by the kidneys.
Blood volume (BV) can be calculated given the hematocrit (HC; the fraction of blood that is red blood cells) and plasma volume (PV), with the hematocrit being regulated via the blood oxygen content regulator:
B V = P V 1 − H C {\displaystyle BV={\frac {PV}{1-HC}}}
Blood volume measurement may be used in people with congestive heart failure, chronic hypertension, renal failure and critical care.
The use of relative blood volume changes during dialysis is of questionable utility.[2]
Total Blood Volume can be measured manually via the Dual Isotope or Dual Tracer Technique, a classic technique, available since the 1950s.[3] This technique requires double labeling of the blood; that is 2 injections and 2 standards (51Cr-RBC for tagging red blood cells and I-HAS for tagging plasma volume)as well as withdrawing and re-infusing patients with their own blood for blood volume analysis results. This method may take up to 6 hours for accurate results.
Semi-automated system[edit]
Blood Volume may also be measured semi-automatically. The Daxor BVA-100 consists of an automated well counter interfaced with a computer.[4] It is able to report Total Blood Volume (TBV), Plasma Volume (PV) and Red Cell Volume (RCV) using the indicator dilution principle, microhematocrit centrifugation and the Ideal Height and Weight Method.[3] The indicator or tracer, is an I-131 albumin injection. An equal amount of the tracer is injected into a known and unknown volume. Clinically, the unknown volume is the patient’s blood volume, with the tracer having been injected into the patient’s blood stream and tagged to the blood plasma. Once the tracer is injected a technician takes five blood samples which undergo microhematocrit centrifugation to extrapolate true blood volume at time 0. The concentration of the I-131 in the blood is determined from the blood radioactivity against the standard, which has a known I-131 dilution in a known volume. The unknown volume is inversely proportional to the concentration of the indicator in the known volume; the larger the unknown volume, the lower the tracer concentration, thus the unknown volume can be calculated. The microhematocrit data along with the I-131 indicator data provide a normalized hematocrit number, more accurate than hematocrit or peripheral hematocrit measurements.[5] Measurements are taken 5 times in 6 minute intervals so that the BVA-100 can calculate the albumin transudation time to understand the flux of liquid through capillary membranes.
Other animals[edit]
Animal
Blood volume
(ml/kg)[6]
Cat 55 (47-66)
Cow 55 (52-57)[7]
Dog 86 (79-90)
Ferret 75
Gerbil 67
Goat 70
Guinea pig 75 (67-92)
Hamster 78
Horse 76
Human 77
Monkey (rhesus) 54
Mouse 79 (78-80)
Pig 65
Rabbit 56 (44-70)
Rat 64 (50-70)
Sheep 60
Marmoset 60-70[8]
The table at right shows circulating blood volumes, given as volume per kilogram, for healthy adults and some animals.[6] However, it can be 15% less in obese and old animals.[6]
See also[edit]
Volume status
Hypovolemia
Hypervolemia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lee, Lan Na (1998). "Volume of Blood in a Human". The Physics Factbook. Archived from the original on 2012-11-01.
Jump up ^ Dasselaar, JJ; van der Sande, FM; Franssen, CF (2012). "Critical evaluation of blood volume measurements during hemodialysis". Blood purification. 33 (1-3): 177–82. doi:10.1159/000334142. PMID 22269777.
^ Jump up to: a b Yu, Mihae (2011). "A Prospective Randomized Trial Using Blood Volume Analysis in Addition to Pulmonary Artery Catheter, Compared with Pulmonary Catheter Alone, to Guide Shock Resuscitation in Critically Ill Surgical Patients". Shock. 35 (3): 220–228. doi:10.1097/shk.0b013e3181fc9178.
Jump up ^ Manzone, T. A.; Dam, H. Q.; Soltis, D.; Sagar, V. V. (11 May 2007). "Blood Volume Analysis: A New Technique and New Clinical Interest Reinvigorate a Classic Study". Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology. 35 (2): 55–63. doi:10.2967/jnmt.106.035972  . PMID 17496003.
Jump up ^ Park, Junki; Puri, Sonika; Mattoo, Aditya; Modersitzki, Frank; Goldfarb, David (2012). "Radioisotope Blood Volume Measurement in Hemodialysis Patients". American Society of Nephrology.
^ Jump up to: a b c A Compendium of Drugs Used for Laboratory Animal Anesthesia, Analgesia, Tranquilization and Restraint Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. at Drexel University College of Medicine. Retrieved April 2011
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Monica ; Plasma and Blood Volume in the Cow Using the T-1824 Hematocrit Method American Journal of Physiology - June 1953 vol. 173 no. 3 421-427
Jump up ^ Wolfensohn & Lloyd, 2003, Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare, 3rd Edition
External links[edit]
Klabunde, Richard E. (25 April 2014). "Blood Volume". Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
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National symbols of Wales
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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Culture of Wales
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The national symbols of Wales include a diversity of official and unofficial images and other symbols.
Contents
[hide]
1 Flags
2 Heraldry
3 Plants and Animals
4 Other Symbols
5 References
Flags[edit]
Main article: List of Welsh flags
The Flag of Wales incorporates the red dragon, now a popular Welsh symbol, along with the Tudor colours of green and white. It was used by Henry VII at the battle of Bosworth in 1485 after which it was carried in state to St. Paul's Cathedral. The red dragon was then included in the Tudor royal arms to signify their Welsh descent. It was officially recognised as the Welsh national flag in 1959. The British Union Flag incorporates the flags of Scotland, Ireland and England but does not have any Welsh representation. Technically, however, it is represented by the flag of England due to the Laws in Wales act of 1535 which annexed Wales following the 13th century conquest.
The flag of the Princely House of Aberffraw, blazoned Quarterly or and gules, four lions passant guardant two and two counterchanged langued and armed Azure.[1] The flag was first associated with Llywelyn the Great, who received the fealty of all other Welsh lords at the Council of Aberdyfi in 1216, becoming de jure Prince of Wales, according to historian Dr. John Davies. From the 11th century onwards, the Aberffraw family claimed primacy as princes of Wales as the senior descendants of Rhodri the Great, and included Owain Gwynedd, who was known as princeps Wallensium (Prince of the Welsh), and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.
The flag of Owain Glyndŵr, Prince of Wales, which combined the flags of Powys and Deheubarth, blazoned Quarterly or and gules, four lions rampant two and two counterchanged. The red lion on a yellow field represented Powys, and the yellow lion on a red field represented Deheubarth. Owain was the senior heir of both Powys and Deheubarth. The flag harkened back to the Aberffraw flag, linking Owain's rule with the Aberffraw princes of Wales in an effort to legitimize his rule. It is currently in use by the National Eisteddfod of Wales, Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg and widely amongst pro-independence groups.
The Flag of Saint David is sometimes used as an alternative to the national flag (and used in part of Crusaders' crest), and is flown on St David's Day.
Heraldry[edit]
Main article: Welsh heraldry
The Red Dragon, part of the national flag design, is also a popular Welsh symbol. The oldest recorded use of the dragon to symbolise Wales is from the Historia Brittonum, written around 820, but it is popularly supposed to have been the battle standard of King Arthur and other ancient Celtic leaders. This myth is likely to have originated from the tale of Merlin's vision of a Red (The Native Britons) and a White (The Saxon Invaders) dragon battling, with the red dragon being victorious. Following the annexation of Wales by England, the red dragon was used as a supporter in the English monarch's coat of arms. The red dragon is often seen as a shorthand for all things Welsh, being used by many indigenous public and private institutions (e.g.: The Welsh Assembly Government, Visit Wales, numerous local authorities including Blaenau Gwent, Cardiff, Carmarthenshire, Rhondda Cynon Taf, and sports bodies, including the Sport Wales National Centre, the Football Association of Wales, Newport Gwent Dragons, London Welsh RFC, etc.)
The Prince of Wales's feathers, the heraldic badge of the Prince of Wales is sometimes adapted by Welsh bodies for use in Wales. The symbolism is explained on the article for Edward, the Black Prince, who was the first Prince of Wales to bear the emblem; see also John, King of Bohemia. The Welsh Rugby Union uses such a design for its own badge. The national sport is often considered rugby union, though football is very popular too.
The Coat of Arms of the Principality of Wales which are the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd are used by Charles, Prince of Wales in his personal standard. They are also the basis for the Royal Badge of Wales issued in 2008 for the use of the National Assembly for Wales.
Plants and Animals[edit]
The leek is the national emblem of Wales.[2] According to legend the patron saint of Wales, Saint David, ordered his Welsh soldiers to identify themselves by wearing the leek on their helmets in an ancient battle against the Saxons that took place in a leek field. The origin is also dramatized in Shakespeare's Henry V when the Welsh captain Fluellen remarked that Welsh soldiers fought a battle "in a garden where leeks did grow" for England in the time of Edward III. Its still worn on St David's Day each March 1.
The daffodil is the national flower of Wales, and is worn on St David's Day each March 1. In Welsh, the daffodil is known as "Peter's leek", Welsh: cenhinen Bedr.
The Sessile Oak, also called the Welsh Oak is the national tree of Wales.
The red kite is sometimes named as the national symbol of wildlife in Wales.[3]
Other Symbols[edit]
Dame Wales, as a National personification, as depicted by Joseph Morewood Staniforth symbolising the maternal voice of the Welsh 'mam'
Patriotic anthems for "the land of Song" include the national anthem "Hen Wlad fy Nhadau" (English: Land of My Fathers), "Men of Harlech", the national hymn "Cwm Rhondda", (English: Bread of heaven) "Delilah", "Calon Lan" and "Sosban Fach".
Traditional Welsh costume, such as the Welsh hat and bedgown, is now recognised as the national dress of Wales. It was originally worn by rural women throughout Europe and Britain, it survived longest in Wales up until the 1880s. Today it is worn by women at events such as Royal visits, by choirs, at church and chapel, for photographs and occasionally at eisteddfodau. It was first worn by girls as a celebration on Saint David's Day just before the First World War.
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ The arms and flag have four squares alternating in gold and red (representing the Royal House of Aberffraw and iron, or Mars the god of War). Each square has a lion of the opposite colour. The lion is looking at the observer and has 3 paws on the ground and one raised high in the air ("passant guardant"); the tongue is stuck-out ("langued") and the claws outstretched claws ("armed"). Both are blue ("Azur". This represents primacy in Wales).
Jump up ^ Ben Johnson. "The Leek - National emblem of the Welsh". Historic UK. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ The RSPB: Red kite voted Wales' Favourite Bird
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