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Vikings (season 4)
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Vikings (season 4)
DVD cover art for both parts
Country of origin
Canada / Ireland
No. of episodes
20
Release
Original network
History
Original release
Part 1: February 18 (2016-02-18) – April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
Part 2: November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30) – February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5
List of Vikings episodes
The fourth season of the historical drama television series Vikings premiered on February 18, 2016 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.
The fourth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes;[1][2][3] the second half premiered on November 30, 2016. The season follows the battles between Ragnar and Rollo in Francia, Bjorn's raid into the Mediterranean, and the Viking invasion of England. It concluded in its entirety on February 1, 2017.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Special Guest
1.4 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Vikings characters
Main[edit]
Travis Fimmel as King Ragnar Lothbrok, the head of the Earldom of Kattegat who became king after Horik's death[3]
Katheryn Winnick as Queen Lagertha, a shieldmaiden and Ragnar's ex-wife; she controls the Earldom of Hedeby calling herself Earl Ingstad. Later, she becomes queen of Kattegat.[3]
Clive Standen as Duke Rollo, a warrior and Ragnar's brother; he was granted the title of Duke of Normandy by Emperor Charles.[3]
Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki, a gifted shipbuilder and a friend of Ragnar[3]
Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside, Ragnar and Lagertha's son, who has a relationship with Torvi[3]
Alyssa Sutherland as Queen Aslaug, Brynhildr's daughter and Ragnar's second wife[3]
Ben Robson as Earl Kalf, a Viking warrior; he shares the control of Hedeby with Lagertha.[3]
Lothaire Bluteau as Emperor Charles of West Francia[5]
John Kavanagh as The Seer, the seiðrmann of Kattegat
Peter Franzén as King Harald Finehair, a Viking ambitious to become the first King of Norway[3]
Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black, Harald's violent younger brother[3]
Kevin Durand as Harbard, a charismatic wanderer and storyteller[6]
Moe Dunford as Prince Aethelwulf, son of King Ecbert[a]
Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless, fourth son of Ragnar and Aslaug[a]
Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk, second son of Ragnar and Aslaug[a]
David Lindström as Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, third son of Ragnar and Aslaug[a]
Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe, eldest son of Ragnar and Aslaug[a]
Linus Roache as King Ecbert of Wessex, the ruthless king of Wessex
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund, a very religious warrior priest[7]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e In Part 1, Dunford, Høgh, Ilsø, Lindström, and Smith are credited as guests.
Recurring[edit]
George Blagden as Athelstan, an Anglo-Saxon monk and friend of Ragnar's. He was killed by Floki and appears in Ragnar and Ecbert's visions.
Dianne Doan as Yidu, Queen Aslaug's new slave[3]
Maude Hirst as Helga, Floki's long-suffering lover and wife
Owen Roe as Count Odo of Paris
Edvin Endre as Erlendur, son of King Horik and second husband of Torvi
Georgia Hirst as Torvi, wife of Erlendur and, later, wife of Bjorn
Morgane Polanski as Princess Gisla of West Francia, daughter of Emperor Charles, wedded to Duke Rollo
Stephen Rockett as young Hvitserk
Luke Shanahan as young Ubbe
Elijah O'Sullivan as young Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
James Quinn Markey as young Ivar the Boneless
Rosalie Connerty as Angrboda, daughter of Floki and Helga
Huw Parmenter as Roland, Count Odo's first-in-command and Therese's brother
Karen Hassan as Therese, Roland's sister and Count Odo's mistress
Amy Bailey as Queen Kwenthrith of Mercia
Jennie Jacques as Princess Judith of Northumbria, daughter of King Aelle, wedded to Aethelwulf
Seán T. Ó Meallaigh as Prudentius of Troyes, a monk serving at the court of King Ecbert
Des Carney as Waerferth the Scout, serving King Ecbert
Conor Ó Hanlon as infant Alfred, Princess Judith and Athelstan's son
Philip O'Sullivan as Bishop Edmund, serving at the court of King Ecbert
Nathan O'Toole as young Bjorn, Ragnar and Lagertha's son. He appears in Ragnar's visions.
Niall Cusack as Abbot Lupus, serving at the court of Emperor Charles
Ivan Kaye as King Aelle of Northumbria
Ruby O'Leary as Gyda, Ragnar and Lagertha's daughter. She appears in Ragnar's visions.
Josefin Asplund as Astrid, Lagertha's lover and advisor
Ida Marie Nielsen as Margrethe, one of Queen Aslaug's slaves
Anton Giltrap as Guthrum, Jarl Borg and Torvi's son
Charles Last as William, first son of Rollo and Gisla
Isaac O'Sullivan as child Alfred, Princess Judith and Athelstan's son
André Eriksen as Odin, appearing in visions
Sinead Gormally as Tanaruz, a Moorish child
Charlie Kelly as Egil, an agent of King Harald
Cathy White as Queen Ealhswith of Northumbria, King Aelle's wife
Caitlin Scott as Princess Blaeja, daughter of King Aelle
Jack Nolan as Earl Jorgensen, a Swedish warlord
Sophie Vavasseur as Princess Ellisif, the object of King Harald's affections
Gary Buckley as Earl Vik, Princess Ellisif's husband
Gary Murphy as Bishop Unwan, serving at the court of King Aelle
Special Guest[edit]
Josh Donaldson as Hoskuld, a Viking warrior of great skill[8]
Guest[edit]
Søren Pilmark as Stender, a farmer whose family was killed in Wessex. He was killed by Ragnar and appears in his dreams.
Steve Wall as Einar, a scheming troublemaker. He is killed by Lagertha.
Frankie McCafferty as Sinric, a polyglot drifter
Cillian O'Sullivan as Eirik, a Viking warrior in Paris, former second in command of Rollo. He is betrayed by him and killed by Franks.
Robban Follin as Berserker, an assassin recruited by Erlendur and Kalf to kill Bjorn. He is killed by Bjorn himself.
Declan Conlon as Lord Wigstan, Queen Kwenthrith's second cousin and the head of the Royal Family of Mercia
John Kavanagh as Pope Leo IV
Adam McNamara as Thorhall, a Danish Viking who delivers bad news to Queen Aslaug and Bjorn
Liam Clarke as Gudmund
Ed Murphy as Gardar
Jack Walsh as John Scotus Eriugena
Cameron Hogan as Magnus, Queen Kwenthrith and King Ragnar's supposed son
Tamaryn Payne as Widow Ordlaf, a lady of Sherborne
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Vikings episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Part 1
30
1 "A Good Treason" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)
Ragnar, wounded and near death, has a dream of walking towards the open gates of Valhalla, only to see them close before him. Aslaug asks the Seer if a woman would rule Kattegat, should Ragnar die. Bjorn has Floki arrested for killing Athelstan. When Ragnar awakens, he chastises Bjorn for imprisoning his friend. Bjorn wants to prove himself by surviving deep in the wilderness. Aslaug procures a new slave girl, Yidu. In Hedeby, Earl Kalf announces that he and Lagertha will share the Earldom, to the dislike of Einar. Kalf invites Einar and his men to vote to exile Lagertha, then turns on them, killing the dissidents and allowing Lagertha to kill Einar. In Paris, Rollo is living as a Frankish noble. He marries Princess Gisla, who weeps through the ceremony and holds a knife to his throat on their wedding night. Rollo rides to the Viking encampment outside Paris, and orders their massacre.
31
2 "Kill the Queen" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst February 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)
Bjorn has set off alone into the harsh Scandinavian winter. Helga frees Floki from his bonds. Ragnar confronts Helga, who admits what she has done, and he tells her that he understands. Ubbe accompanies the manhunt for Floki, and discovers him hiding in a stream. After he is captured, Ragnar chains Floki inside a damp cave. Ragnar finds Helga digging a grave in the frozen ground for her daughter. In Wessex, King Ecbert proposes to rescue Princess Kwenthrith of Mercia and her child, who are being held by rebel nobles. Aethelwulf engages in battle and rescues Kwenthrith. Aethelwulf does not know that his wife Judith is sleeping with his father. In Francia, Duke Rollo tries to assimilate by cutting his hair and dressing appropriately, but continues to be mocked by his new wife. He proposes building forts to stop the Vikings from sailing upriver.
32
3 "Mercy" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst March 3, 2016 (2016-03-03)
Ragnar and King Ecbert experience separate visions of Athelstan, who relays the words "mercy". Rollo starts to learn the language of Francia. Kalf hires a berserker to assassinate Bjorn, on behalf of Erlendur. Bjorn kills a bear that escaped his trap. Floki and Helga struggle with the death of their daughter. Ragnar approaches the cave and frees Floki. Lagertha sleeps with Kalf and he tells her he loves her. Aethelwulf returns with the rescued Queen Kwenthrith and her son Magnus. Judith's obsession with Athelstan continues. Wessex continues preparing its soldiers. In Francia, Count Odo prepares to defend Paris.
33
4 "Yol" Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
Floki visits the Seer who tells him that he has waited hundreds of years for Floki's arrival and licks Floki's hand in stead of the other way around. Aslaug asks him to teach Ivar the way of the gods. Ragnar grows closer to Yidu, and lets her live in his private lodge. She gives Ragnar "medicine" from her native China, which leads to a night of hallucination. In the wilderness, Bjorn meets the berserker and kills him. He discovers that the berserker has King Horik's ring. Bjorn arrives back in Hedeby and wants to leave with Erlendur's wife, Torvi. Rollo is served divorce papers, but has by now learned the language, which impresses Gisla. He gives her his armring to show allegiance to her. In Wessex, King Aelle confronts Judith over her affair with King Ecbert. Meanwhile during the Yol celebrations in Kattegat, King Harald Finehair arrives and declares that he wants to become King of all Norway. Ragnar then arrives to see Harald sitting in his hall.
34
5 "Promised" Helen Shaver Michael Hirst March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
Ragnar and Bjorn discuss whether they trust King Harald. Ragnar is addicted to Yidu's "medicine", and they discuss their secrets. Yidu says that her father is a Chinese Emperor, while Ragnar confesses the loss of his English settlement. King Harald's brother Halfdan arrives in Kattegat, and lets Ragnar know he is eager to kill Christians. Meanwhile, Torvi reveals to Bjorn that the ring he is carrying, which he took from the berserker, was Erlendur's. In Wessex, Aethelwulf and Judith argue, and Judith tells him they are married in name only. Aethelwulf with Queen Kwenthrith that they need to fight to restore her power in Mercia. In Paris, Therese and Roland reveal to Charles that Odo plans to overthrow him. In Hedeby, Lagertha reveals to Kalf she is pregnant, and Kalf asks her to marry him. Just before their wedding, Lagertha stabs and kills Kalf, and reclaims her status as Earl.
35
6 "What Might Have Been" Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
Ragnar announces his plan to raid Paris, and gives Ubbe and Hvitserk their arm-rings, so they can travel with him. Before they leave, Ragnar asks the Seer how he will die; he replies that Ragnar will die when "the blind man sees him". In Wessex, Ecbert sends Aethelwulf and Alfred on a pilgrimage to Rome. In Paris, Charles begs Rollo to not return to Ragnar, and Rollo assures him that he will not. Odo reveals to Therese that he will have Charles killed and overthrown. Meanwhile in Kattegat, after the warriors set sail, Harbard returns. A storm throws the Viking's ships off course. Ragnar, Lagertha, and Harald arrive in France, where they set up camp. Harald and Halfdan take their French prisoners and burn them alive, cheered on by Erlendur. Once the remaining ships arrive, the Vikings sail up river towards Paris. Ragnar takes more "medicine", and hallucinates. As the ships approach Paris, they see Rollo waiting with his new French allies.
36
7 "The Profit and the Loss" Ken Girotti Michael Hirst March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
Ragnar suggests attacking from both the river and by land. Rollo notices Lagertha's warriors become stuck in the marsh, and fires upon them and the ships. As the ships approach the forts, Rollo orders the Franks to raise a metal chain between them, which capsizes some ships. Lagertha's attack retreats, and the Franks begin to set the Viking ships on fire. Bjorn rescues Harald and Halfdan, and Ragnar saves Floki. As the Vikings retreat, Ragnar shouts to Rollo that he saved his life, when everyone wanted him dead. Meanwhile in Kattegat, Sigurd watches as Harbard and Aslaug kiss. In Wessex, Ecbert leaves for Mercia; he arrives to meet with Prince Wigstan, who tells him that the Mercians will not accept Kwenthrith as Queen. He tells Ecbert that he will hand Mercia over to him. In Paris, the Vikings return to their camp, which Roland has ambushed; Helga is alive but wounded, while Ragnar's sons and Yidu are hiding unharmed. Ragnar demands more "medicine" from Yidu. Floki has a vision of Harbard having sex with Aslaug. Bjorn demands a new plan from Ragnar. Ragnar replies that they will retreat tomorrow, while muttering to decapitated head.
37
8 "Portage" Ken Girotti Michael Hirst April 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
The Vikings retreat, and Ragnar's leadership is questioned by Harald. Ragnar tells Bjorn to land near a cliff, and reveals a new plan: they will take the ships overland, behind the Frankish forts. In Paris, Odo tells Charles they should not trust Rollo, and Roland agrees. Gisla reveals that she carries Rollo's child. Odo meets Therese, but she and Roland betray and execute him. Rollo is awarded the Iron Hand of Frankia. In Wessex, Ecbert returns after victory over Mercia, but tells Kwenthrith she is no longer Queen. Meanwhile in Kattegat, Aslaug sees Harbard with other women and is jealous. She confronts him, and he leaves. In France, Ragnar asks Yidu for more drugs, but she denies him. They argue and she threatens him with revealing his Wessex secret. Ragnar drowns her in a fit of rage. In Wessex, Kwenthrith sneaks into Ecbert's bed and threatens to kill him, but is then killed by Judith.
38
9 "Death All 'Round" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 14, 2016 (2016-04-14)
As the Vikings carry their ships overland, Harald and Halfdan kill a Frankish family. Lagertha has a miscarriage and is comforted by Ragnar. Aethelwulf and Alfred arrive in Rome, and the Pope makes Alfred a consul. In Wessex, Ecbert is crowned King of both Wessex and Mercia. King Aelle is displeased when Ecbert tells him they are no longer equals. In Kattegat, Sigurd discovers Siggy dead; he tells Aslaug, who shrugs off her death, and jokes with Ivar. In Paris, Charles appoints Roland its protector. The Vikings arrive outside Paris. Erlendur tells Torvi she must kill Bjorn, or he will kill her son; she approaches Bjorn with Erlendur's crossbow, but instead turns and kills Erlendur. Bjorn tells Ragnar that Paris cannot be taken without him. Ragnar replies he does not care about Paris, and that he is here for Rollo. As the Vikings sail for Paris, Ragnar mutters that he must kill Rollo.
39
10 "The Last Ship" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
A fleet of Frankish ships led by Rollo approaches the Vikings. In Paris, Charles has Roland and Therese executed, while Gisla prays for Rollo. The Vikings and Franks battle, and the Vikings defeat the first French wave. Rollo leads his remaining ships into battle. Halfdan, Floki, and Lagertha are wounded. Ragnar and Rollo begin to fight. The Franks gain the upper hand, and Ragnar tells Bjorn to take Lagertha and retreat. Ragnar charges Rollo, but is grabbed and thrown back into a ship, as they retreat. Rollo is greeted by Charles and Gisla, and acclaimed by Paris. Meanwhile, in Kattegat many years pass. Ragnar has disappeared. Thorhall delivers the news to Aslaug and Bjorn that the Norse settlement in England had been slaughtered, and also that Ragnar has a son named Magnus in Wessex. Bjorn tells his brothers. He plans to sail into the Mediterranean. Ragnar returns to Kattegat and challenges his sons to kill him, if they want to become the King.
Part 2
40
11 "The Outsider" Daniel Grou Michael Hirst November 30, 2016 (2016-11-30)
Ubbe steps forward to challenge Ragnar, but instead they embrace. Ragnar asks his sons to come with him to England, but Bjorn refuses, as he plans to raid the Mediterranean with Floki, Harald, and Hvitserk. Ubbe and Sigurd promise to stay and protect their mother and Kattegat, now an important trade center. Ivar sees his brothers sharing the slave girl Margrethe, and wants her as well. After failing to sleep with her, he threatens to kill her but instead cries as she tells him that being Ragnar's son is more difficult than being a common man. Ragnar visits Floki and tells him that he loves him. In Hedeby, Ragnar apologizes to Lagertha after she refuses to accompany him to England. Ragnar finds a large tree while riding back to Kattegat and tries to hang himself. However, ravens chew through the rope to save him. Back in Kattegat, Ragnar finds Ivar in the throne room and persuades Ivar to come with him to England.
41
12 "The Vision" Daniel Grou Michael Hirst December 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)
Ragnar asks warriors to accompany him to England; however they refuse saying the gods have deserted him. Ragnar talks to Bjorn about his plan to sail past France, and Bjorn says he will seek diplomacy with Rollo. Sigurd chides Ivar that their mother and brothers pity him. Harald and Halfdan arrive to sail with Bjorn. Bjorn notes of Harald's conquest of Rogaland, but Harald assures him that he cannot overthrow Ragnar. Lagertha arrives, and agrees with Aslaug to perform a sacrifice to the gods for their sons. Lagertha tells Aslaug she cannot forgive her for taking Ragnar, and that she will never be Queen of Kattegat. Ragnar digs up old treasure, and bribes some older warriors to sail with him to England. Ragnar meets Aslaug and thanks her for letting their sons love him. Aslaug has a vision of Ivar drowning and warns him he will die if he goes to England. Bjorn, Hvisterk, Floki, and Harald set sail for the Mediterranean. Ragnar and Ivar sail for England, but their ships capsize in a violent storm.
42
13 "Two Journeys" Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 14, 2016 (2016-12-14)
Ragnar, Ivar, and a few other survivors are washed up on the beach in England. Some blame Ragnar for their misfortune. Aethelwulf finds Ragnar's black raven banner on the beach, and alerts King Ecbert, who reassures him that Ragnar is simply one man. In Francia, Bjorn's fleet arrives and he asks Rollo for safe passage, but is imprisoned along with Floki, Harald, and Halfdan. Harald and Halfdan chastise Bjorn for having trusted Rollo. Later, Rollo meets Bjorn and agrees to allow them free passage, if he can sail with them. In Hedeby, Lagertha imprisons Ubbe and Sigurd, and attacks Kattegat, intending to replace Aslaug on the throne. Bjorn's ships set sail, but they stop and submerge Rollo by keelhauling him. Bjorn lets Rollo up, and Rollo laughs as they sail on. In Wessex, Ragnar tells Ivar they must go to the Royal Villa and abandon the others; they kill their fellow Vikings while they are asleep. Ragnar and Ivar arrive at the Royal town and give themselves up.
43
14 "In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning" Sarah Harding Michael Hirst December 21, 2016 (2016-12-21)
In Kattegat, Aslaug renounces herself as Queen, promising Lagertha that her sons will not seek revenge. In exchange, she wants safe passage to leave. Lagertha initially agrees, but then kills Aslaug. Ubbe and Sigurd arrive to find Lagertha in the great hall. Ubbe challenges Lagertha's warriors in an attempt to kill her, but fails. Astrid tells Ubbe and Sigurd that they will die if they harm Lagertha. In Wessex, Ragnar and Ivar are seized by Aethelwulf. Ecbert arrives and promises no harm will come to Ivar, then introduces Ragnar to Magnus. Ragnar states he and Kwenthrith never had sex and Magnus is expelled. Ecbert admits ordering Aethelwulf to kill the Norse settlers, expresses regret, and frees Ragnar from his cage. The two drunkenly discuss the afterlife and the death of Athelstan, which Ragnar says weighs on his conscience. Ragnar asks Ecbert to kill him, but Ecbert refuses. Instead, Ecbert agrees to hand Ragnar over to King Aelle and arrange safe passage for Ivar to go home. Ragnar promises that his sons will seek vengeance against Northumbria, not Wessex.
44
15 "All His Angels" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 28, 2016 (2016-12-28)
Ecbert has arranged a ship to take Ivar home. Ragnar speaks with Ivar alone and says goodbye, knowing he will be handed over to Aelle and die. Ragnar tells Ivar to take revenge on Ecbert, and to be ruthless. Ragnar gives Athelstan's cross to his son Alfred, and tells Ecbert that in the end, Athelstan chose Christ. On the road, Ragnar has visions of his younger days and of a discussion with the Seer, where he denounces his belief in the gods. Ragnar arrives in Northumbria and is tortured by Aelle. Ecbert travels there in disguise to attend Ragnar's execution. Ragnar says that he dies without apology and welcomes death, and will await his sons in Valhalla to hear stories of their triumphs. Ragnar is then dropped into a pit of snakes where he dies. Ivar returns to Kattegat, to discover that his mother has been killed by Lagertha. Across the fjord, a longship carrying a black cloaked figure, missing his right eye, approaches.
45
16 "Crossings" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
Lagertha in Norway and Aethelwulf in Wessex consider the consequences of Ragnar's death, while his sons start to plan their revenge. Lagertha orders defences to be built around Kattegat. Ivar challenges Lagertha to single combat, but is refused, and promises that he will kill Lagertha one day. Meanwhile, Bjorn and Rollo reach Spain, and raid Algeciras, as Halfdan and Harald start plotting to overthrow the Lothbroks as part of their conquest of all of Norway. Floki is intrigued by his first contact with Islam and forces the Vikings to spare men praying in a mosque. After Floki refuses to have another child with Helga, Helga adopts a Moorish child, Tanaruz, as her daughter. The man in the black cloak – an incarnation of the god Odin – brings news of Ragnar's death to his sons. The Seer tells Lagertha he foresees that she will be killed by one of Ragnar's sons, while Ivar prepares a new sword and dreams of his revenge.
46
17 "The Great Army" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 11, 2017 (2017-01-11)
Ubbe, Sigurd and Ivar decide to gather a large army and return to England to avenge Ragnar. Before returning to Gisla and his children, Rollo offers land in Normandy to any norsemen willing to settle. Halfdan introduces Harald to Egil, the bastard son of an earl. Judith visits her family in Northumbria and tries to convince King Aelle to ally with Ecbert against the coming attack. However, her father shows no intention to reforge an alliance with Wessex. Ubbe frees Margrethe and tells her that he would like to marry her. In Wessex, Ecbert continues to groom Alfred as future king and warns him not to trust others, but think for himself. An armada of Swedish Vikings, led by Earl Jorgensen, arrives to join the Lothbroks. Ivar and Ubbe attempt to kill Lagertha, but are stopped by Bjorn, who makes clear that his brothers will have to kill him before Lagertha. Torvi advises Bjorn not to join Ivar, which causes Bjorn to lash out against her. Bjorn leaves her in a fit of rage and has an encounter with Astrid. Floki presents Ivar with a war chariot which will enable him to lead troops in combat.
47
18 "Revenge" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 18, 2017 (2017-01-18)
As the great army assembles, Bjorn and Ivar argue over its leadership. Harald spots Ellisif, the woman he fell in love with years ago, who he had wanted to impress by conquerIng Norway. But she has since married a Danish earl, of lower status than him. Ubbe and Margrethe are married, but Ubbe agrees to share her with Hvitserk. Helga wants to join the great army with Tanaruz, but Floki is not happy with her decision. Harald and Halfdan have Egil infiltrate Kattegat. Halfdan suggests Harald kill Ellisif to regain his honor, but Harald refuses because she is the only woman he loves. Earl Jorgensen volunteers to be sacrificed to assure victory in the coming war, while Bjorn and Astrid continue their affair. Athelwulf confronts Ecbert about his affair with Judith and questions Ecbert's love for him and his ability as a king. Ecbert asks him to lead the defence against the Norse invaders. As the great army lands in Northumbria, King Aelle's much smaller army is overrun, Aelle is captured, and killed by the blood eagle.
48
19 "On the Eve" Ben Bolt Michael Hirst January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25)
Kattegat is attacked by Egil and his men, but they are repulsed and Egil is captured. Torvi is severely injured. Under torture, Egil confesses to Lagertha that he had been paid by King Harald to attack her. Meanwhile in Mercia, terrified villagers flee before the advancing heathen army. Harald pretends to forgive Ellisif, then kills her husband Vik. Ellisif later pretends to forgive Harald, seduces him, and is about to kill him but is instead killed by Halfdan. Tanaruz runs away from Helga, but Floki manages to find her and convince her to return. Prince Aethelwulf gathers a large army in Wessex and moves to intercept the advancing Vikings in Repton. Before they meet, Ivar persuades Bjorn to scout a potential battlefield and plan to use the terrain to defeat the Saxons. The Vikings then harass the Saxons on the battlefield with archers hidden in the surrounding woods. Prince Aethelwulf decides to move his forces toward the Viking's ships, but the Vikings then ambush them in a tight valley. In panic and frustration, Aethelwulf orders a charge.
49
20 "The Reckoning" Ben Bolt Michael Hirst February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01)
The Saxons charge into the Norse shieldwall, and suffer heavy losses. Aethelwulf orders a retreat, and flees to Ecbert's capital to ready its evacuation. Ecbert refuses to leave, and cedes the crown of Wessex to his son. The bishop Edmund refuses to abandon Ecbert. The Vikings arrive and in the ensuing sack, Hvitserk kills Edmund, Ecbert is captured and Tanaruz stabs Helga and then commits suicide. Ivar demands the blood eagle for Ecbert, but Bjorn reminds his brothers of Ragnar's dream of settlement, and agrees to allow Ecbert to choose his own death in exchange for signing over East Anglia. Ecbert then kills himself in his Roman bath. After burying Helga, Floki takes to the sea. Bjorn shares his wish to raid the Mediterranean, while Ivar proposes continued raids in England. In an argument over what action to take next, Sigurd starts to insult Ivar and mock his impotence, and Ivar then kills Sigurd by throwing an axe. In Sherborne, Bishop Heahmund oversees a funeral, and then has sex with the widow of the deceased.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Vikings is an Irish-Canadian co-production presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The fourth season was developed and produced by Octagon Films for the first sixteen episodes, TM Productions for the last four episodes, and Take 5 Productions. Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first eight and for the last four episodes, and Sanne Wohlenberg for the ninth to sixteenth episodes. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers.[9]
The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Joan Bergin, visual effects supervisor Dominic Remane, stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, fourth, seventh, fifteenth and eighteenth episodes, Christopher Donaldson for the second, fifth and eighth episodes, Tad Seaborn for the third, sixth, ninth, eleventh, thirteenth, sixteenth and nineteenth episodes, and Don Cassidy for the tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, seventeenth and twentieth episodes, and cinematographers Pj Dillon for the first eight and last four episodes, and Owen McPolin for the ninth to sixteenth episodes.[9]
Music[edit]
The musical score for the fourth season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with Einar Selvik. The opening sequence is again accompanied by the song "If I Had a Heart" by Fever Ray.
Additional non-original music by Norwegian music group Wardruna is featured in the episodes "In the Uncertain Hour Before the Morning" and "Crossings". The featured tracks are "Bjarkan", "Laukr" and "Algir — Tognatale". The episode "All His Angels" also features an original song titled "Snake Pit Poetry", written by Einar Selvik and performed by Hilda Örvarsdóttir.[9] The track was released as a single on October 20, 2017 together with a second version solely performed by Selvik.[10]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.3/10 based on twelve reviews.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich. "Vikings Gets Supersized Season 4, Premiere Date, 'Last Supper'-y Poster – TVLine". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Mathew, Ilin (July 3, 2015). "'Vikings' Season 4 Spoilers: Queen Aslaug to be Leader; Will Rollo Follow Ragnar's Footsteps?". International Business Times. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "History's Hit Drama Series "Vikings" Returns for Season Four on Thursday, February 18 at 10 PM ET/PT". The Futon Critic. December 17, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise. "'Vikings' Sets Season 4 Midseason Premiere; Moves To Wednesday". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "Breaking News - "Vikings" - History's Hit Drama Series Sails Again for Season Three Thursday, February 19 at 10 p.m. ET — TheFutonCritic.com".
Jump up ^ Hayner, Chris E. (July 13, 2015). "Kevin Durand heading back to 'Vikings' to create Season 4 chaos". Zap2It.com. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tsoumbakos, Rachel (January 10, 2017). "'VIKINGS,' SEASON 5: JONATHAN RHYS MEYERS ROLE IS FINALLY REVEALED". Inquisitr.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Michael Clair (February 17, 2016). "Watch Josh Donaldson transformed into a Viking before your very eyes". MLB. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vikings. Season 4. February 2016 – February 2017. Event occurs at 2:00 approximately. History.
Jump up ^ "Snake Pit Poetry — Single". iTunes. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "VIKINGS: SEASON 4". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Vikings on IMDb
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Premier League Golden Boot
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Premier League Golden Boot
Thierry Henry has won the most Golden Boot awards with four.
Awarded for
The leading goalscorer in a given Premier League season.
Sponsored by
Barclays
Country
England
Presented by
The Football Association
First awarded
1993
Last awarded
2017
Currently held by
Harry Kane
The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, from 1994 to 2001 it was called the Carling Golden Boot and from 2001 to 2004, the Barclaycard Golden Boot; as of 2015, it is referred to as the Barclays Golden Boot.[1][2] In addition to the trophy, winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice,[3][4] although Robin van Persie was given £30,000 after scoring 26 goals in the 2012–13 season.[5][6]
The Premier League was founded in 1992, when the clubs of the First Division left The Football League and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements.[2] The newly formed league had no sponsor for its inaugural season until Carling agreed to a four-year £12 million deal that started the following season,[7] and it was simply known as the Premier League in its first year.[2] As a result, the award was called the "Premier League Golden Boot" when Teddy Sheringham received the inaugural award in 1993.[8] Originally consisting of 22 teams, the league contracted to 20 teams after the 1994–95 season; this reduced the number of games played from 42 to 38.[2]
Thierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions, more than any other player. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners, respectively, when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999.[9] Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons.[10] Phillips, Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the Premier League Golden Boot,[10][11] with Henry achieving this on two occasions (2004 and 2005).[12] Shearer, Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs.[13]
Andy Cole and Shearer – with 34 goals in 1993–94 and 1994–95, respectively – scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot,[10][A] while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright, with 19 goals in 2008–09.[8] The all-time record for lowest number of goals scored to be bestowed the award, however, is 18 goals; this was achieved during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons, when the award was shared between three players both times.[15] The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010–11,[16] when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award.[17] Harry Kane recorded the highest goals-to-games ratio to win the award, scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016–17 for a rate of 0.97.[18]
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners
2 Awards won by nationality
3 Awards won by club
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Winners[edit]
Teddy Sheringham won the inaugural Premier League Golden Boot in 1993.
Cristiano Ronaldo, the 2008 winner, is one of four players to win the European Golden Shoe alongside the Golden Boot.
Dwight Yorke, the 1999 co-recipient, is the first winner of the Golden Boot from outside Europe.
Key
Player (X)
Name of the player and number of times they had won the award at that point (if more than one)
Games
The number of Premier League games played by the winner that season[B]
Rate
The winner's goals-to-games ratio that season
Indicates multiple award winners in the same season
Indicates player also won the European Golden Shoe in the same season
§
Denotes the club were Premier League champions in the same season
Premier League Golden Boot winners
Season
Player
Nationality
Club
Goals
Games[C]
Rate
Ref(s)
1992–93
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
England Tottenham Hotspur[D] 22 41 0.54 [8]
1993–94
Cole, AndyAndy Cole
England Newcastle United 34 40 0.85 [8]
1994–95
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
England
Blackburn Rovers§
34 42 0.81 [8][21]
1995–96
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer (2)
England Blackburn Rovers 31 35 0.89 [8][21]
1996–97
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer (3)
England Newcastle United 25 31 0.81 [8][21]
1997–98
Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
England Blackburn Rovers 18 35 0.51 [8]
1997–98
Dublin, DionDion Dublin
England Coventry City 18 36 0.50 [8][22]
1997–98
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
England Liverpool 18 36 0.50 [8]
1998–99
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen (2)
England Liverpool 18 30 0.60 [8]
1998–99
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Trinidad and Tobago
Manchester United§
18 33 0.55 [23]
1998–99
Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Netherlands Leeds United 18 36 0.50 [8]
1999–2000
Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
England Sunderland 30 36 0.83 [10][24]
2000–01
Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (2)
Netherlands Chelsea 23 35 0.66 [25]
2001–02
Henry 1 !Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
France
Arsenal§
24 33 0.73 [23]
2002–03
Nistelrooy, Ruud vanRuud van Nistelrooy
Netherlands
Manchester United§
25 34 0.74 [26]
2003–04
Henry 2 !Henry, ThierryThierry Henry (2)
France
Arsenal§
30 37 0.81 [12][23]
2004–05
Henry 3 !Henry, ThierryThierry Henry (3)
France Arsenal 25 32 0.78 [12]
2005–06
Henry 4 !Henry, ThierryThierry Henry (4)
France Arsenal 27 32 0.84 [8]
2006–07
Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
Ivory Coast Chelsea 20 36 0.56 [27]
2007–08
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Portugal
Manchester United§
31 34 0.91[E] [3][11]
2008–09
Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
France Chelsea 19 36 0.53 [29]
2009–10
Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba (2)
Ivory Coast
Chelsea§
29 32 0.91[E] [30]
2010–11
Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
Argentina Manchester City 20 31 0.65 [31]
2010–11
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
Bulgaria
Manchester United§
20 32 0.63 [31]
2011–12
Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie
Netherlands Arsenal 30 38[F] 0.79 [33]
2012–13
Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie (2)
Netherlands
Manchester United§
26 38 0.68 [5]
2013–14
Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
Uruguay Liverpool 31 33 0.94 [34]
2014–15
Aguero, SergioSergio Agüero
Argentina Manchester City 26 33 0.79 [35]
2015–16
Kane, HarryHarry Kane
England Tottenham Hotspur 25 38 0.65 [36]
2016–17
Kane, HarryHarry Kane (2)
England Tottenham Hotspur 29 30 0.97 [37]
Awards won by nationality[edit]
Country
Total
England
7001120000000000000♠12
Netherlands
7000500000000000000♠5
France
7000500000000000000♠5
Argentina
7000200000000000000♠2
Ivory Coast
7000200000000000000♠2
Trinidad and Tobago
7000100000000000000♠1
Portugal
7000100000000000000♠1
Bulgaria
7000100000000000000♠1
Uruguay
7000100000000000000♠1
Awards won by club[edit]
Alan Shearer (left) and Robin van Persie (right) won consecutive Golden Boot awards with two clubs.
Club
Total
Arsenal
7000500000000000000♠5
Manchester United
7000500000000000000♠5
Chelsea
7000400000000000000♠4
Blackburn Rovers
7000300000000000000♠3
Liverpool
7000300000000000000♠3
Tottenham Hotspur
7000300000000000000♠3
Manchester City
7000200000000000000♠2
Newcastle United
7000200000000000000♠2
Coventry City
7000100000000000000♠1
Leeds United
7000100000000000000♠1
Sunderland
7000100000000000000♠1
See also[edit]
English football portal
Association football portal
English football first tier top scorers
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals
List of top Premier League goal scorers by season
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Cole and Shearer won the Golden Boot when the Premier League still operated a 42-game season. Shearer, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez scored the most goals in a 38-game season with 31 goals in 1995–96, 2007–08 and 2013–14, respectively.[2][3][14]
Jump up ^ This does not necessarily match the total number of games in a season.
Jump up ^ From the 1995–96 season onwards, the Premier League was reduced from 22 teams to 20,[19] thus reducing the number of games in a league season from 42 to 38.
Jump up ^ Teddy Sheringham scored his first goal of the 1992–93 season as a Nottingham Forest player,[20] while the rest of his goals were scored for Tottenham Hotspur following his transfer in August 1992.
^ Jump up to: a b When rounding to three significant figures, Ronaldo's goal ratio in the 2007–08 season was 0.912, while Drogba's 2009–10 ratio was 0.906.[28]
Jump up ^ Arsenal's official website incorrectly lists Van Persie as having played 37 games in the 2011–12 season. He played all 38 games, as confirmed by the Premier League.[32]
References[edit]
General
"Van Persie wins Premier League Golden Boot (1992–2012 Golden Boot Award winners list)". Arsenal.com. Arsenal FC. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
"A brief history of the English top division – List of Honours (List of Premier League champions)". ESPN FC. ESPN Internet Ventures. 1 July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Premier League Awards". Premier League. Archived from the original on 10 December 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "History of the Premier League". Premier League. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards". BBC Sport. BBC. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Van Nistelrooy has final say". The Daily Telegraph. 14 May 2003. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Robin van Persie retains Barclays Golden Boot Award". Premier League. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Joe (22 May 2013). "Van Persie picks up Premier League Golden Boot". Goal.com. Perform Group. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Jones, Peter (19 January 2001). "Why Carling called time on Premiership". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Top Ten – Golden Boot". Sky Sports. May 2010. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Ascough, Phil, ed. (7 May 2012). Kissing the Badge: How much do you know about 20 years of the Premier League?. A & C Black. ISBN 9781408178539. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Whooley, Declan (23 December 2013). "Will Luis Suarez break the Premier League goal scoring record this season?". Irish Independent. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Pontes, Carlos (14 September 2008). "Ronaldo receives Golden Boot in his native Madeira". Reuters. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Golden Shoe fits for Thierry Henry". Arsenal.com. Arsenal FC. 31 May 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Premier League 2012–13: the season in numbers". The Guardian. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Stat attack: Liverpool's season in numbers". Liverpool Echo. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Dumont, Albert (24 May 2009). "Nicolas Anelka Wins Premier League Golden Boot". Goal.com. Perform Group. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Carr, Paul (23 May 2011). "Statistical breakdown of EPL season". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, James (2 June 2011). "Dimitar Berbatov's bizarre season". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tottenham striker Harry Kane wins the Premier League's Golden Boot for the second season in a row". The Independent. 21 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Roller-coaster years". BBC Sport. BBC. 7 May 2001. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Player Profile – Teddy Sheringham". Premier League. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Van Persie follows in Shearer's footsteps". FIFA.com. FIFA. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Lomas, Mark (24 May 2010). "Dublin: Rooney the cream of the crop". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Question Nobody asked". Irish Independent. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Phillips nets Golden prize". BBC Sport. BBC. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chelsea clinch Uefa Cup spot". BBC Sport. BBC. 19 May 2001. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Van Nistelrooy nets Golden Boot". BBC Sport. BBC. 11 May 2003. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Drogba collects Golden Boot award". BBC Sport. BBC. 18 May 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Prentice, David (23 December 2013). "Suarez, MacKay, Dalglish... now how about some appreciation for Rodgers?". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Herman, Martyn (24 May 2009). "Anelka tops Premier League scoring charts". Reuters. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Terry calls for fresh investment to build on success". The Irish Times. 11 May 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2013. (subscription required)
^ Jump up to: a b "Berbatov, Tevez share Premier League 'golden boot' on drama-filled last day". The Sofia Echo. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Player Profile – Robin Van Persie". Premier League. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Van Persie wins Premier League Golden Boot". Arsenal.com. Arsenal FC. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Luis Suarez & Tony Pulis win Barclays Premier League awards". BBC Sport. BBC. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Aguero and Hart seal Golden Awards double for Man City". Premier League. 25 May 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tottenham's Harry Kane clinches Premier League Golden Boot". Sky Sports. 15 May 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tottenham striker Harry Kane wins the Premier League's Golden Boot for the second season in a row". The Independent. 21 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Premier League Golden Boot
1993: Sheringham
1994: Cole
1995: Shearer
1996: Shearer
1997: Shearer
1998: Dublin, Owen & Sutton
1999: Hasselbaink, Owen & Yorke
2000: Phillips
2001: Hasselbaink
2002: Henry
2003: Van Nistelrooy
2004: Henry
2005: Henry
2006: Henry
2007: Drogba
2008: Ronaldo
2009: Anelka
2010: Drogba
2011: Berbatov & Tevez
2012: Van Persie
2013: Van Persie
2014: Suárez
2015: Agüero
2016: Kane
2017: Kane
[show]
v
t
e
Premier League
Seasons
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
Clubs
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AFC Bournemouth
Arsenal
Brighton & Hove Albion
Burnley
Chelsea
Crystal Palace
Everton
Huddersfield Town
Leicester City
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Manchester City
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Former
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As the crow flies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A crow flying
For other uses, see As the Crow Flies (disambiguation).
As the crow flies, similar to in a beeline, is an idiom for the most direct path between two points. This meaning is attested from the early 19th century,[1][2] and appeared in Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist:
We cut over the fields at the back with him between us – straight as the crow flies – through hedge and ditch.[1]
According to BBC Focus, "'As the crow flies' is a pretty common saying but it isn't particularly accurate".[3] Crows do not swoop in the air like swallows or starlings, but they often circle above their nests.[3] Crows do conspicuously fly alone across open country, but neither crows nor bees (as in “beeline”) fly in particularly straight lines.[3] Before modern navigational methods were introduced, Crows were kept upon ships and released when land was sought. Crows instinctively fly towards land. (See the sea - Nautical language.)[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 See also
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links
See also[edit]
Geodesic
Great-circle distance
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Robert (2008). Allen's Dictionary of English Phrases. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141917689.
Jump up ^ Knowles, Elizabeth (2006). The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Oxford University Press, UK. ISBN 9780191578564.
^ Jump up to: a b c Villazon, Luis. “Do crows actually fly in a straight line?”, BBC Focus (August 30, 2017).
Jump up ^ http://see-the-sea.org/nautical/naut-body.htm
Further reading[edit]
Dundes, Alan (2004). "As the Crow Flies: A Straightforward Study of Lineal Worldview in American Folk Speech". In Lau, Kimberley J.; et al. What Goes Around Comes Around: The Circulation of Proverbs in Contemporary Life. Utah State University Press. pp. 171–187. ISBN 978-0-87421-592-2.
Winfield, Charles H. (1882). Adjudged Words and Phrases: Being a Collection of Adjudicated Definitions of Terms Used in the Law, with References to Authorities. Jersey City, NJ: J.J. Griffiths. p. 45. OCLC 3364516.
External links[edit]
Look up as the crow flies in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"As the crow flies" The Phrase Finder.
"As the crow flies" World Wide Words.

This vocabulary-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Ijma
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Part of a series on Islam
Usul al-fiqh
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Ijmāʿ (Arabic: إجماع) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Muslim scholars basically on religious issues.[1]:472 Various schools of thought within Islamic jurisprudence may define this consensus to be that of the first generation of Muslims only; or the consensus of the first three generations of Muslims; or the consensus of the jurists and scholars of the Muslim world, or scholarly consensus; or the consensus of all the Muslim world, both scholars and laymen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
1.1 Sunni view
1.2 Shia view
1.3 Mu'tazilite view
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Usage[edit]
Sunni view[edit]
The hadith of Muhammad which states that "My ummah will never agree upon an error"[2] is often cited as a proof for the validity of ijmā'. Sunni Muslims regard ijmā' as the third fundamental source of Sharia law, just after the divine revelation of the Qur'an, and the prophetic practice known as Sunnah.
There are differing views over who is considered a part of this consensus, whether "the consensus is needed only among the scholars of a particular school, or legists, or legists of an early era, or the Companions, or scholars in general, or the entire Muslim community."[3][4] [5][6][7][8]
Malik ibn Anas held the view that the religiously binding consensus was only the consensus of Muhammad's companions and the direct successors of those companions in the city of Medina.[9]
According to Iraqi academic Majid Khadduri, Al-Shafi'i held the view that religiously binding consensus had to include all of the Muslim community in every part of the world, both the religiously learned and the layman.[10][11] Thus, if even one individual out of millions would hold a differing view, then consensus would not have been reached. In an attempt to define consensus in a form which was more likely to ever occur, Al-Ghazali expanding on al-Shafi'i's definition to define consensus as including all of the Muslim community in regard to religious principles and restricting the meaning to only the religiously learned in regard to finer details.[12]
Abu Hanifa, Ahmad bin Hanbal and Dawud al-Zahiri, on the other hand, considered this consensus to only include the companions of Muhammad, excluding all generations which followed them, in Medina and elsewhere.[13][14]
Views within Sunni Islam branched off even further in later generations, with Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi defining even a simple majority view as constituting consensus and Ibn Taymiyyah restricting consensus to the view of the religiously learned only.[14] Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari's position was not entirely clear, as modern scholarship has attributed to him both the view that consensus means a simple majority,[14] and that it means only the consensus of the companions of Muhammad.[15]
According to Ahmad Hasan, the majority view is split between two possibilities: that religiously binding consensus is the consensus of the entire Muslim community, or that religiously binding consensus is just the consensus of the religiously learned.[16] The names of two kinds of consensus are:
ijma al-ummah - a whole community consensus.
ijma al-aimmah - a consensus by religious authorities.[17]
Shia view[edit]
Initially, for Shia the authority of the Imams rendered the consensus as irrelevant. With the development of sectarian communities of Imami Shīa Islam, the question of guidance and interpretation between different ulamas became an issue, however the importance of ijmā never reached the level and certainty it had in Sunni Islam. Later, since Safavid and with the establishment of Usuli school at the turn the 19th century the authority of living mujtahid is accepted, however it dies with him. For Shia, the status of ijmā is ambiguous.[18]
Mu'tazilite view[edit]
The ancient Mu'tazilite sect did not consider consensus to be a valid source of law, primarily due to their rationalist criticism of the first generation of Muslims, whom the Mu'tazila viewed as possessing defective personalities and intellects.[19] Shi'ite theologians Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid and Sharif al-Murtaza held the Mu'tazilite theologian Nazzam's book Kitab al-Nakth, in which his student Al-Jahiz reports that he denied the validity of consensus for this reason, in high esteem.[20] Modern scholarship has suggested that this interest was motivated by the desire of Shi'ite theologians to impugn the character of the first three leaders of the Rashidun Caliphate, Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman.[19]
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Narrated by al-Tirmidhi (4:2167), ibn Majah (2:1303), Abu Dawood, and others with slightly different wordings.
Jump up ^ Forte, David F. (1978). "Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht" (PDF). Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review. 1: 7. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
Jump up ^ See F. Ziadeh, Lawyers and the rule of law, and liberalism in modern Egypt 146-47 (1968) supra note 4, at 118
Jump up ^ see generally: K. Faruki, ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE 68 (1962)
Jump up ^ D. Mullah & M. Hidadjatullah, Principles of Mahomedan Law xxii (16th ed. 1968)
Jump up ^ Aqil Ahmad, A Text Book of Mohammadan Law 15 (4th rev. ed. 1966), supra note 22, at 17
Jump up ^ Aziz Ahmad, Islamic Law in Theory and Practice 2 (1956), Supra note 20, at 43
Jump up ^ Muhammad Muslehuddin, "Philosophy of Islamic Law and Orientalists," Kazi Publications, 1985, p. 146
Jump up ^ Majid Khadduri, Introduction to Al-Shafi'i's al-Risala, pg.33
Jump up ^ Mansoor Moaddel, Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse, pg. 32. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Jump up ^ Majid Khadduri, Introduction to Al-Shafi'i's al-Risala, pg.38-39
Jump up ^ Muhammad Muslehuddin, "Philosophy of Islamic Law and Orientalists," Kazi Publications, 1985, p. 81
^ Jump up to: a b c Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq, "The Doctrine of Ijma: Is there a consensus?," June 2006
Jump up ^ Devin J. Stewart, "Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari's al-Bayan 'an Usul al-Ahkam and the Genre of Usul al-Fiqh in Ninth Century Baghdad," pg. 339. Taken from Abbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of Abbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6–10 January 2002. Edited by James Montgomery. Leuven: Peeters Publishers and the Department of Oriental Studies, 2004.
Jump up ^ Ahmad Hasan, "The Doctrine of Ijma': A Study of the Juridical Principle of Consensus," New Delhi, India: Kitab Bhaban, 2003, pg.81
Jump up ^ Corinna Standke (30 August 2008). Sharia - The Islamic Law. GRIN Verlag. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-3-640-14967-4. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Sami Zubaida (8 July 2005). Law And Power In The Islamic World. I.B.Tauris. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85043-934-9. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Devin Stewart, "Muhammad b. Dawud al-Zahiri's Manual of Jurisprudence." Taken from Studies in Islamic Law and Society Volume 15: Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Edited by Bernard G. Weiss. Pg. 107. Leiden: 2002. Brill Publishers.
Jump up ^ Josef van Ess, Das Kitab al-nakt des Nazzam und seine Rezeption im Kitab al-Futya des Gahiz. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Reprecht, 1971.
External links[edit]
The Doctrine of Ijma': Is there a consensus? by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq
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Hasanzadeh Amoli
Javadi Amoli
Partawi Shah
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GND: 4423784-4
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ijma&oldid=838497079"
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text:
Ministry of Local Government and Urban Development (Zimbabwe)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Ministry of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development is a government ministry, responsible for local government in Zimbabwe. The incumbent minister is Hon July Moyo[1][2] and the deputy minister is Sesel Zvidzai.[3] It oversees:
Municipalities of Zimbabwe
Districts of Zimbabwe
Provinces of Zimbabwe
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.herald.co.zw/live-updates-ministers-swearing-in-ceremony/
Jump up ^ "Cabinet sworn in amid chaotic scenes". NewZimbabwe.com. 13 Feb 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Mugabe swears in 19 deputy ministers, 5 Ministers of State". NewZimbabwe.com. 20 Feb 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
This article about government in Zimbabwe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
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