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John Paul Jones
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For the Led Zeppelin musician, see John Paul Jones (musician). For other uses, see John Paul Jones (disambiguation).
John Paul Jones
A 1781 painting of John Paul Jones by Charles Willson Peale
Birth name
John Paul
Born
(1747-07-06)July 6, 1747
Arbigland, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland
Died
July 18, 1792(1792-07-18) (aged 45)
Paris, France
Buried
Naval Academy Chapel, Annapolis
Allegiance
Kingdom of Great Britain (1760–1776)
United States of America (1776–1787)
Russian Empire (1787–1788)
Service/branch
Merchant Navy
Continental Navy
Imperial Russian Navy
Years of service
1760–1788
Rank
Captain (British Merchant Navy)
Captain (Continental Navy)
Rear Admiral (Imperial Russian Navy)
Battles/wars
American Revolutionary War
Battle of Nassau
Battle of Block Island
USS Providence vs HMS Mellish
Irish/North Sea Campaign
Action of 24 April 1778
Battle of Flamborough Head
Awards
Institution du Mérite Militaire
Congressional Gold Medal
Order of St. Anne
Signature
John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 – July 18, 1792) was the United States' first well-known naval commander in the American Revolutionary War. He made many friends[1] and enemies—who accused him of piracy—among America's political elites, and his actions in British waters during the Revolution earned him an international reputation which persists to this day. As such, he is sometimes referred to as the "Father of the American Navy" (an epithet that he shares with John Barry and John Adams[2]). He later served in the Imperial Russian Navy, subsequently obtaining the rank of rear admiral.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and training
2 Naval career
2.1 The American colonies
2.2 Revolutionary War command
2.2.1 Early command
2.2.2 Command of Ranger
2.2.3 Ranger attacks the British
2.2.4 Return to Ireland
2.2.5 Bonhomme Richard
2.3 Russian service
3 Later life and death
4 Exhumation and reburial
5 Pardon by the town and port of Whitehaven in 1999
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
9.1 Further reading
10 External links
Early life and training[edit]
John Paul was born (he added "Jones" in later life to hide from law enforcement) on the estate of Arbigland near Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright on the southwest coast of Scotland. His father John Paul, Sr. was a gardener at Arbigland, and his mother was Jean McDuff (1708–1767). His parents married on November 29, 1733 in New Abbey, Kirkcudbright. Living at Arbigland at the time was Helen Craik (1751–1825), later a novelist.
John Paul started his maritime career at the age of 13, sailing out of Whitehaven in the northern English county of Cumberland as apprentice aboard Friendship under Captain Benson. Paul's older brother William Paul had married and settled in Fredericksburg, Virginia, the destination of many of the younger Jones' voyages.
For several years, John sailed aboard a number of British merchant and slave ships, including King George in 1764 as third mate and Two Friends as first mate in 1766.[3] In 1768, he abandoned his prestigious position on the profitable Two Friends while docked in Jamaica. He found his own passage back to Scotland, and eventually obtained another position.
John Paul's career was quickly and unexpectedly advanced during his next voyage aboard the brig John, which sailed from port in 1768, when both the captain and a ranking mate suddenly died of yellow fever. John managed to navigate the ship back to a safe port and, in reward for this impressive feat, the vessel's grateful Scottish owners made him master of the ship and its crew, giving him 10 percent of the cargo.[4] He then led two voyages to the West Indies before running into difficulty.
During his second voyage in 1770, John Paul viciously flogged one of his sailors, a carpenter, leading to accusations that his discipline was "unnecessarily cruel." These claims initially were dismissed, but his favorable reputation was destroyed when the sailor died a few weeks later. John Paul was arrested for his involvement in the man's death, and was imprisoned in Kirkcudbright Tolbooth, but later released on bail.[5] The negative effect of this episode on his reputation is indisputable,[4] although the man's death has been linked to other causes. The man who died of his injuries was not a usual sailor but an adventurer from a very influential Scottish family.
Leaving Scotland, John Paul commanded a London-registered vessel named Betsy, a West Indiaman mounting 22 guns, engaging in commercial speculation in Tobago for about 18 months.[6] This came to an end, however, when John killed a mutineer crew member named Blackton with a sword in a dispute over wages.[7] He claimed that it was in self-defense, years later in a letter to Benjamin Franklin describing this incident, but he was not willing to be tried in an Admiral's Court, where the family of his first victim had been influential. He felt compelled to flee to Fredericksburg, Province of Virginia, leaving his fortune behind.
He went to Fredericksburg to arrange the affairs of his brother, who had died there without leaving any relatives; and about this time he assumed the surname of Jones, in addition to his original surname. There is a long-held tradition in the state of North Carolina that John Paul adopted the name "Jones" in honor of Willie Jones of Halifax, North Carolina.[8][9]
From that period, America became "the country of his fond election," as he afterwards expressed himself to Baron Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol.[10] It was not long afterward that John Paul "Jones" joined the American navy to fight against Britain.
Naval career[edit]
The American colonies[edit]
Sources struggle with this period of Jones' life, especially the specifics of his family situation, making it difficult to pinpoint historically Jones' exact motivations for emigrating to America. It is not known whether his plans were not developing as expected for the plantation, or if he was inspired by a revolutionary spirit.
What is clearly known is that Jones left for Philadelphia shortly after settling in North America to volunteer his services around 1775 to the newly founded Continental Navy, precursor to the United States Navy. During this time, the Navy and Marines were being formally established, and suitable ship's officers and captains were in great demand. Jones's potential would likely have gone unrecognized were it not for the endorsement of Richard Henry Lee, who knew of his abilities. With help from influential members of the Continental Congress, Jones was appointed as a 1st Lieutenant of the newly converted 24-gun frigate Alfred in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775.[11]
Revolutionary War command[edit]
Early command[edit]
Jones sailed from the Delaware River in February 1776 aboard Alfred on the Continental Navy's maiden cruise. It was aboard this vessel that Jones took the honor of hoisting the first U.S. ensign over a naval vessel. He actually raised the Grand Union Flag, not the later and more familiar Flag of the United States.[12]
The fleet had been expected to cruise along the coast but was ordered instead by Commodore Esek Hopkins to sail for The Bahamas, where Nassau was raided for its military supplies. The fleet had an unsuccessful encounter with a British packet ship on their return voyage. Jones was then assigned command of the sloop Providence. Congress had recently ordered the construction of thirteen frigates for the American Navy, one of which was to be commanded by Jones. In exchange for this prestigious command, Jones accepted his commission aboard the smaller Providence. During this six-week voyage, Jones captured sixteen prizes and inflicted significant damage along the coast of Nova Scotia.
Jones' next command came as a result of Commodore Hopkins's orders to liberate hundreds of American prisoners forced to labor in coal mines in Nova Scotia, and also to raid British shipping. On November 1, 1776, Jones set sail in command of Alfred to carry out this mission. Winter conditions prevented freeing the prisoners, but the mission did result in the capture of Mellish, a vessel carrying a vital supply of winter clothing intended for General John Burgoyne's troops in Canada.[13]
Command of Ranger[edit]
Self-proclaimed coat of arms[14] of John Paul Jones
Despite his successes at sea, Jones's disagreements with those in authority reached a new level upon arrival in Boston on December 16, 1776. While at the port, he began feuding with Commodore Hopkins, as Jones believed that Hopkins was hindering his advancement by talking down his campaign plans. As a result of this and other frustrations, Jones was assigned the smaller command of the newly constructed USS Ranger on June 14, 1777, the same day that the new Stars and Stripes flag was adopted.[15]
After making the necessary preparations, Jones sailed for France on November 1, 1777, with orders to assist the American cause however possible. The American commissioners in France were Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, and they listened to Jones's strategic recommendations. They promised him the command of Indien, a new vessel being constructed for America in Amsterdam. Britain, however, was able to divert L'Indien away from American hands by exerting pressure to ensure its sale to France instead (which had not yet allied with America). Jones was again left without a command, an unpleasant reminder of his stagnation in Boston from late 1776 until early 1777. It is thought that during this time Jones developed his close friendship with Benjamin Franklin, whom he greatly admired.
On February 6, 1778, France signed the Treaty of Alliance with America, formally recognizing the independence of the new American republic. Eight days later, Captain Jones's Ranger became the first American naval vessel to be formally saluted by the French, with a nine-gun salute fired from captain Lamotte-Piquet's flagship. Jones wrote of the event: "I accepted his offer all the more for after all it was a recognition of our independence and in the nation."[citation needed]
On April 10, 1778, Jones finally set sail from Brest, France, for the western coasts of Britain.[citation needed]
Ranger attacks the British[edit]
John Paul Jones by Moreau le Jeune, 1780
Jones had some early successes against British merchant shipping in the Irish Sea, then he persuaded his crew on April 17, 1778, to participate in an assault on Whitehaven, the town where his maritime career had begun.[16] Jones later wrote about the poor command qualities of his senior officers (having tactfully avoided such matters in his official report): "'Their object,' they said, 'was gain not honor.' They were poor: instead of encouraging the morale of the crew, they excited them to disobedience; they persuaded them that they had the right to judge whether a measure that was proposed to them was good or bad."[17] As it happened, contrary winds forced them to abandon the attempt and drove Ranger towards Ireland, causing more trouble for British shipping on the way.[citation needed]
On April 20, 1778, Jones learned from captured sailors that the Royal Navy sloop of war HMS Drake was anchored off Carrickfergus, Ireland. According to the diary of Ranger's surgeon[18] Jones's first intention was to attack the vessel in broad daylight, but his sailors were "unwilling to undertake it" (another incident omitted from the official report). Therefore, the attack took place just after midnight, but the mate responsible for dropping the anchor to halt Ranger right alongside Drake misjudged the timing in the dark (Jones claimed in his memoirs that the man was drunk), so Jones had to cut his anchor cable and run.[citation needed]
The wind shifted, and Ranger recrossed the Irish Sea to make another attempt at raiding Whitehaven. Jones led the assault with two boats of fifteen men just after midnight on April 23, 1778, hoping to set fire to and sink all Whitehaven's ships anchored in harbor, which numbered between 200 and 400 wooden vessels and consisted of a full merchant fleet and many coal transporters. They also hoped to terrorize the townspeople by lighting further fires. As it happened, the journey to shore was slowed by the still-shifting wind, as well as a strong ebb tide. They successfully spiked the town's big defensive guns to prevent them being fired, but lighting fires proved difficult, as the lanterns in both boats had run out of fuel. To remedy this, some of the party were sent to raid a public house on the quayside, but the temptation to stop for a quick drink led to a further delay. Dawn was breaking by the time they returned and began the arson attacks, so efforts were concentrated on the coal ship Thompson in the hope that the flames would spread to adjacent vessels, all grounded by the low tide.[citation needed] However, in the twilight, one of the crew slipped away and alerted residents on a harbourside street. A fire alert was sounded, and large numbers of people came running to the quay, forcing the Americans to retreat, and extinguishing the flames with the town's two fire-engines. However, their hopes of sinking Jones's boats with cannon fire were dashed because of the prudent spiking.[19]
Jones next crossed the Solway Firth from Whitehaven to Scotland, hoping to hold for ransom the Earl of Selkirk, who lived on St Mary's Isle near Kirkcudbright. The Earl, Jones reasoned, could be exchanged for American sailors impressed into the Royal Navy. The Earl was discovered to be absent from his estate, so his wife entertained the officers and conducted negotiations. Canadian historian Peter C. Newman gives credit to the governess for protecting the young heir and to the butler for filling a sack half with coal, and topping it up with the family silver, in order to fob off the Americans.[20] Jones claimed that he intended to return directly to his ship and continue seeking prizes elsewhere, but his crew wished to "pillage, burn, and plunder all they could".[citation needed] Ultimately, Jones allowed the crew to seize a silver plate set adorned with the family's emblem to placate their desires, but nothing else. Jones bought the plate himself when it was later sold off in France, and returned it to the Earl of Selkirk after the war.[citation needed]
The attacks on St. Mary's Isle and Whitehaven resulted in no prizes or profits which would be shared with the crew under normal circumstances, although their effect was significant on British morale and allocation of defense resources.[21] Throughout the mission, the crew acted as if they were aboard a privateer, not a warship, led by Lieutenant Thomas Simpson, Jones's second-in-command.
Return to Ireland[edit]
Nevertheless, Jones now led Ranger back across the Irish Sea, hoping to make another attempt at the Drake, still anchored off Carrickfergus. This time, late in the afternoon of April 24, 1778, the ships, roughly equal in firepower, engaged in combat. Earlier in the day, the Americans had captured the crew of a reconnaissance boat, and learned that Drake had taken on dozens of soldiers, with the intention of grappling and boarding Ranger, so Jones made sure that did not happen, capturing Drake after an hour-long gun battle which cost the British captain his life. Lieutenant Simpson was given command of Drake for the return journey to Brest. The ships separated during the return journey as Ranger chased another prize, leading to a conflict between Simpson and Jones. Both ships arrived at port safely, but Jones filed for a court-martial of Simpson, keeping him detained on the ship.
Partly through the influence of John Adams, who was still serving as a commissioner in France, Simpson was released from Jones's accusation. Adams implies in his memoirs that the overwhelming majority of the evidence supported Simpson's claims. Adams seemed to believe Jones was hoping to monopolize the mission's glory, especially by detaining Simpson on board while he celebrated the capture with numerous important European dignitaries.[22]
Even with the wealth of perspectives, including the commander's,[17] it is difficult if not impossible to tell exactly what occurred. It is clear, however, that the crew felt alienated by their commander, who might well have been motivated by his pride. Jones believed his intentions were honorable, and his actions were strategically essential to the Revolution. Regardless of any controversy surrounding the mission, Ranger's capture of Drake was one of the Continental Navy's few significant military victories during the Revolution, and was of immense symbolic importance, demonstrating as it did that the Royal Navy was far from invincible. By overcoming such odds, Ranger's victory became an important symbol of the American spirit and served as an inspiration for the permanent establishment of the United States Navy after the revolution.
Bonhomme Richard[edit]
Engraving based on the painting Action Between the Serapis and Bonhomme Richard by Richard Paton, published 1780
The "John Paul Jones flag" was entered into Dutch records to help Jones avoid charges of piracy when he captured the Serapis under an "unknown flag."
In 1779, Captain Jones took command of the 42-gun USS Bonhomme Richard (or as he preferred it, Bon Homme Richard),[23] a merchant ship rebuilt and given to America by the French shipping magnate, Jacques-Donatien Le Ray. On August 14, as a vast French and Spanish invasion fleet approached England, he provided a diversion by heading for Ireland at the head of a five ship squadron including the 36-gun USS Alliance, 32-gun USS Pallas, 12-gun USS Vengeance, and Le Cerf, also accompanied by two privateers, HMS Monsieur and Granville. When the squadron was only a few days out of Groix, Monsieur separated due to a disagreement between her captain and Jones. Several Royal Navy warships were sent towards Ireland in pursuit of Jones, but on this occasion, he continued right around the north of Scotland into the North Sea, creating near-panic all along Britain's east coast as far south as the Humber estuary. Jones's main problems, as on his previous voyage, resulted from insubordination, particularly by Pierre Landais, captain of Alliance.[citation needed] On September 23, 1779, the squadron met a large merchant convoy off the coast of Flamborough Head, East Yorkshire. The 50-gun British frigate HMS Serapis and the 22-gun hired ship Countess of Scarborough placed themselves between the convoy and Jones's squadron, allowing the merchants to escape.
Shortly after 7 p.m. the Battle of Flamborough Head began. Serapis engaged Bonhomme Richard, and soon afterwards, Alliance fired, from a considerable distance, at Countess. Quickly recognizing that he could not win a battle of big guns, and with the wind dying, Jones made every effort to lock Richard and Serapis together (his famous, albeit possibly apocryphal, quotation "I have not yet begun to fight!" was uttered in reply to a demand to surrender in this phase of the battle), finally succeeding after about an hour, following which his deck guns and his Marine marksmen in the rigging began clearing the British decks. Alliance sailed past and fired a broadside, doing at least as much damage to Richard as to Serapis. Meanwhile, Countess of Scarborough had enticed Pallas downwind of the main battle, beginning a separate engagement. When Alliance approached this contest, about an hour after it had begun, the badly damaged Countess surrendered.
With Bonhomme Richard burning and sinking, it seems that her ensign was shot away; when one of the officers, apparently believing his captain to be dead, shouted a surrender,[citation needed] the British commander asked, seriously this time, if they had struck their colours. Jones later remembered saying something like "I am determined to make you strike," but the words allegedly heard by crew-members and reported in newspapers a few days later were more like: "I may sink, but I'll be damned if I strike."[citation needed] An attempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard was thwarted, and a grenade caused the explosion of a large quantity of gunpowder on Serapis's lower gun-deck.[citation needed]
"Paul Jones the Pirate", British caricature
Alliance then returned to the main battle, firing two broadsides. Again, these did at least as much damage to Richard as to Serapis, but the tactic worked to the extent that, unable to move, and with Alliance keeping well out of the line of his own great guns, Captain Pearson of Serapis accepted that prolonging the battle could achieve nothing, so he surrendered. Most of Bonhomme Richard's crew immediately transferred to other vessels, and after a day and a half of frantic repair efforts, it was decided that the ship could not be saved, so it was allowed to sink, and Jones took command of Serapis for the trip to neutral (but American-sympathizing) Holland.[citation needed]
In the following year, the King of France Louis XVI, honored him with the title "Chevalier". Jones accepted the honor, and desired the title to be used thereafter: when the Continental Congress in 1787 resolved that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of his "valor and brilliant services" it was to be presented to "Chevalier John Paul Jones". He also received from Louis XVI a decoration of "l'Institution du Mérite Militaire" and a sword. By contrast, in Britain at this time, he was usually denigrated as a pirate.[citation needed]
Russian service[edit]
Further information: Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
In June 1782, Jones was appointed to command the 74-gun USS America, but his command fell through when Congress decided to give America to the French as replacement for the wrecked Le Magnifique. As a result, he was given assignment in Europe in 1783 to collect prize money due his former hands. At length, this too expired and Jones was left without prospects for active employment, leading him on April 23, 1787 to enter into the service of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, who placed great confidence in Jones, saying: "He will get to Constantinople." He was granted name as a French subject Павел де Жонес (Pavel de Zhones, Paul de Jones).[24]
Jones avowed his intention, however, to preserve the condition of an American citizen and officer. As a rear admiral aboard the 24-gun flagship Vladimir, he took part in the naval campaign in the Dnieper-Bug Liman (an arm of the Black Sea, into which flow the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers) against the Turks, in concert with the Dnieper Flotilla commanded by Prince Charles of Nassau-Siegen. Jones (and Nassau-Siegen) repulsed the Ottoman forces from the area, but the jealous intrigues of Nassau-Siegen (and perhaps Jones's own inaptitude for Imperial politics) turned the Russian commander Prince Grigory Potëmkin against Jones[25] and he was recalled to St. Petersburg for the pretended purpose of being transferred to a command in the North Sea. Another factor may have been the resentment of several ex-British naval officers also in Russian employment, who regarded Jones as a renegade and refused to speak to him. Whatever motivated the Prince, once recalled he was compelled to remain in idleness, while rival officers plotted against him and even maliciously assailed his private character through accusations of sexual misconduct. In April 1789 Jones was arrested and accused of raping a 12-year-old girl named Katerina Goltzwart.[26] But the Count de Segur, the French representative at the Russian court (and also Jones' last friend in the capital), conducted his own personal investigation into the matter and was able to convince Potëmkin that the girl had not been raped and that Jones had been accused by Prince de Nassau-Siegen for his own purposes;[27] Jones, however, admitted to prosecutors that he had "often frolicked" with the girl "for a small cash payment," only denying that he had deprived her of her virginity.[28] Even so, in that period he was able to author his Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman.
On June 8, 1788, Jones was awarded the Order of St. Anne, but he left the following month, an embittered man.
In 1789 Jones arrived in Warsaw, Poland, where he befriended another veteran of the American Revolutionary War, Tadeusz Kościuszko. Kościuszko advised him to leave the service of the autocratic Russia, and serve another power, suggesting Sweden. Despite Kościuszko's backing, the Swedes, while somewhat interested, in the end decided not to recruit Jones.[29]
Later life and death[edit]
John Paul Jones Memorial in Washington, D.C.
In May 1790 Jones arrived in Paris. He still possessed his position as Russian rear admiral with a corresponding pension, which allowed him to remain in retirement until his death two years later, although he made a number of attempts to re-enter the service in the Russian navy. At this time his memoirs have been published in Edinburgh. Inspired by them, James Fenimore Cooper and Alexandre Dumas later wrote their own adventure novels. John Paul Jones also appeared as a cameo in Herman Melville's book "Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile".
In June 1792, Jones was appointed U.S. Consul to treat with the Dey of Algiers for the release of American captives. Before Jones was able to fulfill his appointment, however, he was found dead (aged 45) lying face-down on his bed in his third-floor Paris apartment, No. 19 Rue de Tournon, on July 18, 1792. The cause of death was interstitial nephritis.[30] A small procession of servants, friends and loyal family walked his body the four miles (6.4 km) for burial. He was buried in Paris at the Saint Louis Cemetery, which belonged to the French royal family. Four years later, France's revolutionary government sold the property and the cemetery was forgotten. The area was later used as a garden, a place to dispose of dead animals and where gamblers bet on animal fights.[citation needed]
Exhumation and reburial[edit]
John Paul Jones and John Barry, honored on U.S. Postage, Navy Issue of 1937
John Paul Jones's marble and bronze sarcophagus at the United States Naval Academy
In 1905, Jones's remains were identified by U.S. Ambassador to France Gen. Horace Porter, who had searched for six years to track down the body using faulty copies of Jones's burial record. Thanks to the kind donation of a French admirer, Pierrot Francois Simmoneau, who had donated over 460 francs, Jones's body was preserved in alcohol and interred in a lead coffin "in the event that should the United States decide to claim his remains, they might more easily be identified." Porter knew what to look for in his search. With the aid of an old map of Paris, Porter's team, which included anthropologist Louis Capitan, identified the site of the former St. Louis Cemetery for Alien Protestants. Sounding probes were used to search for lead coffins and five coffins were ultimately exhumed. The third, unearthed on April 7, 1905, was later identified by a meticulous post-mortem examination by Doctors Capitan and Georges Papillault as being that of Jones. The autopsy confirmed the original listing of cause of death. The face was later compared to a bust by Jean-Antoine Houdon.
Jones's body was ceremonially removed from interment in a Parisian charnel house and brought to the United States aboard the USS Brooklyn (CA-3), escorted by three other cruisers. On approaching the American coastline, seven U.S. Navy battleships joined the procession escorting Jones's body back to America. On April 24, 1906, Jones's coffin was installed in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, following a ceremony in Dahlgren Hall, presided over by President Theodore Roosevelt who gave a lengthy tributary speech.[31] On January 26, 1913, the Captain's remains were finally re-interred in a magnificent bronze and marble sarcophagus at the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis.[32]
Pardon by the town and port of Whitehaven in 1999[edit]
John Paul Jones was given an honorary pardon in 1999 by the Port of Whitehaven for his raid on the town, in the presence of Lt. Steve Lyons representing the US Naval Attache to the UK, and Yuri Fokine the Russian Ambassador to the UK. The US Navy were also awarded the Freedom of the Port of Whitehaven, the only time the honour has been granted in its 400-year history.[33]
The Pardon and Freedom were arranged by Gerard Richardson MBE as part of the launch of the series of Maritime Festival. Richardson's of Whitehaven is now the honorary Consulate to the US Navy for the Town and Port of Whitehaven. The Consul is Rear Admiral (retired) US Navy, Steve Morgan and the Deputy Consul is Rob Romano.[34]
In popular culture[edit]
The 1824 novel The Pilot by James Fenimore Cooper contains fictionalized accounts of Jones's maritime activities.[35] Alexandre Dumas's Captain Paul, a follow-up novel to The Pilot, was published in 1846.[36]
In Herman Melville's Israel Potter (1855), the main character met John Paul Jones, who is negotiating with Benjamin Franklin. Later on Israel joins him in several of Jones' attacks and sea battles.
In 1923, Franklin Delano Roosevelt wrote a screenplay about John Paul Jones and sent it to Paramount Pictures founder Adolph Zukor, who politely rejected it. In 1983, the TV show Voyagers! used that fact as part of an alternate history where Roosevelt has become a successful movie director.[37]
The Cumbrian poet Norman Nicholson refers to Jones in his poem 'Whitehaven' (in the collection 'Five Rivers', 1944): 'Came John Paul Jones, The Yankee-Scot, Apprentice from Kirkcudbrightshire,'.
John Paul (Jones) appears as a largely true-to-history character in the Revolutionary-era novel Richard Carvel by American author Winston Churchill, (not the British Prime Minister of the same name), published in 1899.
Jones was portrayed by actor Robert Stack in the 1959 film John Paul Jones, directed by John Farrow.
Nicholas Nicastro wrote two historical novels about Jones and his times, The Eighteenth Captain (1999) and Between Two Fires (2002), published by McBooks Press.
Charles In Charge character Walter Powell was a former Navy man and belonged to the fictional John Paul Jones Society.
The John Paul Jones Junior High School in Philadelphia was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[38]
The story of Jones's attack on Whitehaven Harbour features in Dan Chapman's 2012 novel Looking for Lucy.[39]
In David Weber's alternate history story "The Captain from Kirkbean", published in Alternate Generals volume one (1998), when John Paul was twelve his father had been able to secure for him a position as a Midshipman on a Royal Navy ship, leading to an illustrious naval career culminating with his becoming Captain Sir John Paul, using all his abilities in fighting for King George III of Britain and against the American rebels.
Country singer Johnny Horton included a song about John Paul Jones on his album Johnny Horton Makes History.
Jones appeared in the cartoon Liberty's Kids, voiced by Liam Neeson.
See also[edit]
Biography portal
United States Navy portal
Armada of 1779
Bibliography of early American naval history: John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, birthplace of Jones in Scotland
John Paul Jones House, residence in New Hampshire during construction of America
USS Paul Jones (DD-10), a Bainbridge-class destroyer, commissioned in 1902, decommissioned in 1919.
USS Paul Jones (DD-230), a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1921, decommissioned in 1945.
USS John Paul Jones (DD-932), a Forrest Sherman-class destroyer of the US Navy. Commissioned 1956; decommissioned 1982.
USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53), an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer in active service in the US Navy as of 2015. Commissioned in 1991.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jones, John Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 499–500.
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Jump up ^ Log of the 'Bon Homme Richard', 1779 (PDF), John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, retrieved 2007-10-27
Jump up ^ Kravtsevych-Rozhnetsky, V. Сидір Білий і Чорний Корсар. Як козаки із засновником ВМФ США воювали (Sydir Bilyi and the Black Corsair. How Cossacks with the founder of USN battled). Ukrayinska Pravda. March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martelle, Scott (2014). The Admiral and the Ambassador: One Man's Obsessive Search for the Body of John Paul Jones. Chicago Review Press. pp. 102–106. ISBN 978-1613747308. Retrieved March 4, 2015. (in English)
Jump up ^ John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography - Samuel Eliot Morison. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Jaroslav Poleschuk, http://www.webpro.cimis.com.ua (2014-04-16). "J. Paul Jones". For.lib.kherson.ua. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Charles King, Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011; ISBN 0-393-07084-0), p. 47.
Jump up ^ Alex Storozynski (January 2011). Kosciuszko Ksiaze chlopow. W.A.B. pp. 189–191. ISBN 978-83-7414-930-3. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jump up ^ John Paul Jones House at uswarmemorials.org
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore Dedication speech, Annapolis (24 April 1906)- via theodore-roosevelt.com
Jump up ^ USNA Traditions Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association
Jump up ^ "Evening News and Star".
Jump up ^ "Cn Media".
Jump up ^ "James Fenimore Cooper: Sea Tales". The Library of America. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Paul Jones, or, The son of the sea [electronic resource]". Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Recipe for Success, by Jane West Walton". The Coronet, February 1947. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Chapman, D. (2012), Looking for Lucy, UK: Concept ISBN 978-1-4701-2860-9
Bibliography[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jones, John Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Boudriot, Jean (1987), John Paul Jones and the Bonhomme Richard (technical study of the ship), Collection archeologie navale française, ISBN 2-903178-20-8 .
Bradford, James C, ed. (1986), The papers of John Paul Jones (10 microfilm reels), Cambridge, UK; Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey .
——— (1986), Guide to the microfilm edition of the papers of John Paul Jones, 1747–1792, Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey .
Brady, Cyrus Townsend (1906). Commodore Paul Jones. New York: D. Appleton & Co. , 482 pp; original from Univ. California.
Cotten, Elizabeth H (1966), The John Paul Jones-Willie Jones Tradition, Charlotte: Heritage Printers, ASIN B0007F8TO2 .
de Koven, Reginald (Mrs) (1913), The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones, London: Werner Laurie , 2 vols.
Frost, John (1845), The Pictorial Book of The Commodores; Comprising Lives of Distinguished Commanders In The Navy of The United States, New York: Nafis & Cornish .
Gilkerson, William (1987), The Ships of John Paul Jones (technical study), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-619-8 .
Goodheart, Adam (April 2006), "Home is the sailor", Smithsonian Magazine, pp. 32–46 .
"John Paul Jones", Harper's Magazine, New York, NY: Harper & Bros, 11 (62), pp. 145–70, 1855 .
Morison, Samuel Eliot (September 1999) [1959]. John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography. US Naval Institute Press Bluejacket Books. Raisz, Erwin, charts and diagrams. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 1-55750-410-5. LCC E207.J7 M6.
Paullin, Charles Oscar (1906). The navy of the American Revolution: its administration, its policy and its achievements. Iowa: The Burrows Brothers/Republican Printing. , 549 pp.
Purcell, L Edward (1993), Who was Who in the American Revolution, New York: Facts on File, ISBN 0-8160-2107-4 .
Sherburne, John H. The Life and Character of John Paul Jones. Adriance, Sherman & Co. Publishing. New York, NY, pp. 10, 1851.
Thomas, Evan (2003), John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy (popular biography), Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, ISBN 0-7862-5875-6 .
Further reading[edit]
Brown, Charles Walter (1902), John Paul Jones of naval fame: a character of the revolution, MA: Donohue & co , 271 pp.
Callo, Joseph (2011), John Paul Jones: America's First Sea Warrior, Naval Institute Press , 289 pp.
Sherburne, John Henry (1825). The Life of Paul Jones: From Original Documents in the Possession of John Henry Sherburne. London: John Murray. 320 pp.
——— (1851). The life and character of John Paul Jones:a captain in the United States navy. During the revolutionary war. New York: Adriance, Sherman & co. , 408 pp.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Paul Jones.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones, US: Navy .
FAQ, US: Navy .
Excerpts form the Journals of my Campaign – John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones Museum
Official report by Jones from aboard Serapis in Holland (1779)
The Best Quote Jones Never Wrote
John Paul Jones and Asymmetric Warfare
Battle of Flamborough Head
John Paul Jones's attack upon Whitehaven, as reported in Lloyd's Evening Post, 1778
"John Paul Jones". Find a Grave. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
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text:
I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)
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"I Can Only Imagine"
Single by MercyMe
from the album The Worship Project and Almost There
A-side
"Word of God Speak"
Released
2001
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
1999 and 2001 in the United States
Ivy Park
The Indigo Room
Paradise Sound
IBC Studios
Genre
Christian alternative rock
pop rock
contemporary Christian
Length
4:08
Label
INO
Curb
Songwriter(s)
Bart Millard
Producer(s)
Pete Kipley
MercyMe singles chronology
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
(2001) "I Can Only Imagine"
(2001) "Spoken For"
(2002)
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
(2001) "I Can Only Imagine"
(2001) "Spoken For"
(2002)
"I Can Only Imagine" (sometimes shortened to "Imagine") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God. The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major-label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album.
"I Can Only Imagine" was released in 2001 as the album's lead single. It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004; to aid in promotion to these markets, a double A-side physical single (combined with "Word of God Speak") was released in 2003. It charted on several formats, including the Billboard Adult Contemporary (where it peaked at No. 5) and the Hot 100 (where it peaked at No. 71). In 2002, "I Can Only Imagine" earned the Dove Awards for 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'; Millard earned the Dove Award 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony. With 2.5 million copies sold, it is the best-selling Christian single of all time, having been certified 2x platinum by the RIAA. As of 2018, it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Release and promotion
4 Impact
5 Music video
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Chart performance
6.3 Awards and accolades
7 Other versions
8 Track listing
9 Release history
10 Charts and certifications
11 Film adaptation
12 References
Background[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe. Bart Millard, the band's vocalist, lost his father, Arthur Wesley Millard Jr.[1], in 1991. Millard was 18 at the time.[2][3] Millard began writing the words "I can only imagine" on items when he was thinking about his father.[4] During the recording of the band's 1999 independent album The Worship Project, MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album.[5] Millard, alone on a bus in the middle of the night, finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven. Millard attests that "['I Can Only Imagine'] is one of the only songs I have ever written where there wasn't any mistakes, it was just written the way it is and left at that",[5] and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics.[4]
In writing the music for the song, however, the band faced more difficulty; Millard noted that "at first it was a fast song... it was all these random ideas".[5] Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that, "we were literally tearing down the stuff... [Millard] and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version, so we just tried out a piano intro... it was literally the first thing I played. It wasn't anything to do with me, I think it was just a God thing. [Millard] said 'here it is, this is what's going to happen', and we laid the song down in about five minutes."[5] At that time, the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion, Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar. This line-up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project.[3][6] In 2006, it was included in the 'Platinum Edition' of Almost There.[7]
Composition[edit]
I Can Only Imagine
A sample of "I Can Only Imagine". MercyMe's debut single, "I Can Only Imagine" is "a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling".[8]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"I Can Only Imagine" is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds.[8] The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B3–G♯5.[9] The song opens up with only a piano, and builds up to include guitar and drums.[10] Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song.[11] The song was produced by Pete Kipley, who had worked with MercyMe previously[2] as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James, Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster.[12]
The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God.[8] Regarding this theme, Millard explained to Fox News that "I was always told that if he could choose, he would rather be in Heaven than here with me. As a Christian I believed that, but as an 18-year-old it was a little hard to swallow. So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there."[2]
Release and promotion[edit]
MercyMe's lead singer-songwriter, Bart Millard (left) and drummer, Robby Shaffer, performing in February 2008.
"I Can Only Imagine" was re-recorded for their major-label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001.[13] The album was recorded in various locations: Ivy Park, The Indigo Room, Paradise Sound and IBC Studios.[11] The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats; by November, it peaked at number-one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart.[14][15]
In 2003, a Dallas mainstream radio station, 100.3 Wild-FM, first played the song on its morning show, The Fitz Radio Program.[3][16][17] They had responded to a caller's repeated requests and the urgings of the program's producer, Todd Sheppard.[2][4] The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station.[17][18] After hearing the song played on the station, Millard called-in and spoke with the crew; MercyMe then came in and played the song live.[17]
As other stations around the country caught on, MercyMe's label, INO Records, partnered with Curb Records.[17][19][20] They marketed the single to wider audiences, such as Top 40 radio.[19][20][21] In September, INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single, "I Can Only Imagine/Word of God Speak".[13] The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band's producer, Kipley.[22] Eventually, the song cracked into secular charts, including the Billboard Hot 100[23] and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts.[24]
Impact[edit]
MercyMe did not expect "I Can Only Imagine" to gain mainstream success, in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven.[16][17] Millard noted that the band joked around about "the top five songs never to cross over,[16] and they had included "I Can Only Imagine" on that list.[16][17] Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio.[17] The song had a significant effect on the band's musical image; in an interview, Millard commented that "We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago. But we kind of became the 'adult contemporary poster child' when 'I Can Only Imagine' took off".[25]
Music video[edit]
Millard holding his father's photograph in the music video.
A music video was released for "I Can Only Imagine".[26][27] Millard recalled the video's inspiration: "I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames [at MercyMe concerts] that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way. I've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they've lost. These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that".[27] The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait, Tammy Trent, Bob Herdman, and Jesse Katina, each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father's photograph.[27]
The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair, shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs. The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy, now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames. The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people, each holding an empty picture frame. As the other instruments join in, the camera comes back to the band, focusing on them before returning to shots of the people, whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives. At the end of the video, the camera returns to the boy, now running down a street with an empty frame, climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame.[26][27]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Critical reception for "I Can Only Imagine" was positive. Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that "[the song] is a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling".[8] Jesus Freak Hideout's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt "The lyrics for the song are amazing. If you haven't listened to the lyrics, because you're afraid of hearing pop music, get over it and listen to it."[28] Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that "The definite highlight on [Almost There] is the worship/ballad 'I Can Only Imagine'... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar. But what makes the song are the lyrics, penned by Bart Millard himself. The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus... It's a song that can't be listened to with eyes open".[10]
Chart performance[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76.[23] The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100.[14][23] On the Adult Contemporary chart, "I Can Only Imagine" debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003, with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003; in all, "I Can Only Imagine" spent 30 weeks on the chart.[14][24]
On the Adult Top 40 chart, "I Can Only Imagine" debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27, holding that spot for three consecutive weeks; in all, the song spent 26 weeks on the chart.[14][29] On the Mainstream Top 40 chart, the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 33.[14][30] On the Country Songs chart, the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 52, which it held for two weeks.[31] According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website, "I Can Only Imagine" also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks, No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks,[14][15] and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart.[14]
In April 2010, "I Can Only Imagine" was certified platinum by the RIAA, signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads.[32] It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum.[33] The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014.[32] As of March 2018, it has sold 2.5 million copies, making it the best-selling Christian single of all time.[34]
Awards and accolades[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002; 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'.[35][36] Millard also won 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony.[35][36] In November 2009, the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake-up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS-129.[37]
Other versions[edit]
The original version of "I Can Only Imagine" was a track on MercyMe's 1999 independent release The Worship Project.[6] In August 2006, both an acoustic and live form (as well as the original 1999 version) were included in the 'Platinum edition' of Almost There.[7] MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album.[38][39] In 2009, two further variants were included on their compilation album 10; a 'symphony version' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra, and a live version.[40]
"I Can Only Imagine" has also been covered by several artists.[41] In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song (titled "Imagine" and paired with "Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus") on her album, Legacy... Hymns and Faith.[42] In 2003, Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song;[42][43] Carson's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart.[44] In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song;[42] while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs.[45] The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann.
The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins, a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man's syndrome, in which the body's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone, causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place.[46] Dobbins, who died in 2004, sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening, accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips, Craig and Dean. Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary "Suffer the Children."[47] There is also a German version "Ich kann nur davon träumen".
Track listing[edit]
CD release[13][48][49][50]
"I Can Only Imagine" – 4:08 (Bart Millard)[9][41]
"Word of God Speak" – 3:07 (Peter Kipley, Millard)[22][51]
Release history[edit]
Date
Territory
Label
Format
2001[13] United States INO Airplay
23 September 2003[13]
INO
Curb
CD
4 January 2005[32]
INO
Epic
Digital
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (2001–2002)
Peak
Position
Radio and Records Christian AC[14][15] 1
Radio and Records Christian CHR[14] 15
Chart (2003–2004)
Peak
Position
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[52] 5
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[53] 27
US Billboard Hot 100[54] 71
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[55] 33
Chart (2012)
Peak
Position
France (SNEP)[56] 65
Chart (2017)
Peak
Position
US Christian Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[57] 1
Chart (2018)
Peak
Position
US Christian Songs (Billboard)[58] 1
US Digital Songs (Billboard)[59] 10
Year-end charts
Chart (2003)
Position
Billboard Adult Contemporary[60][61] 20
Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales[62][63] 24
Chart (2010)
Position
Billboard Christian/Gospel Digital Songs[64] 9
Chart (2011)
Position
Billboard Christian/Gospel Digital Songs[65] 7
Certifications
Country
Certifications
(sales thresholds)
United States 2x Platinum[32]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: I Can Only Imagine (film)
The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid. The film was released on March 16, 2018.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "The Worship Project – MercyMe". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b McNeese, Kevin (30 January 2008). "Almost There by MercyMe (Review)". NewReleaseTuesday.com (NRT Media (Kevin McNeese)). Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Almost There (CD liner). MercyMe. INO Records. 2001. 39972.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Curb, Mike. "Billboard Charted Singles" (PDF). Mikecurb.com. Curb Records. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Curb, Mike. "Number One Records" (PDF). Mikecurb.com. Curb Records. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Farris, Christa (September 2003). ""I Can Only Imagine" Is Still The Little Song That Could" (PDF). CCM Magazine. Salem Publishing (Salem Communications). 26 (3): 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gillespie, Natalie Nichols (2 June 2003). ""I Can Only Imagine" Impacts Mainstream Radio". Crosswalk.com. Salem Web Network (Salem Communications). p. 1. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b Cusic, Don (2010). "Curb, Mike". In Cusic, Don. Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music: pop, rock, and worship. ABC-CLIO. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-313-34425-1. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Price, Deborah Evans (25 October 2003). "A Yearning for More Meaning". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media: 3, 76. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b "ACE Title Search "Word of God Speak"". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b ""I Can Only Imagine" – MercyMe (VEVO)". Vevo (Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Abu Dhabi Media Company, E1 Entertainment). Retrieved 15 September 2011. Note: video may not be available in your region, e.g. Australia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nentwig, Wendy Lee (23 September 2003). "Song Story: "I Can Only Imagine"". Crosswalk.com (Salem Web Communications (Salem Communications)). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
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[show]
v
t
e
MercyMe singles
Discography
Almost There
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
"I Can Only Imagine"
Spoken For
"Spoken For"
"Word of God Speak"
"The Change Inside Of Me"
Undone
"Here with Me"
"Homesick"
"In the Blink of an Eye"
Coming Up to Breathe
"So Long Self"
"Hold Fast"
"Bring the Rain"
All That Is Within Me
"God with Us"
"You Reign"
"Finally Home"
The Generous Mr. Lovewell
"All of Creation"
"Beautiful"
"Move"
The Hurt & The Healer
"The Hurt & The Healer"
Welcome to the New
"Shake"
Lifer
"Even If"
Other charted songs
"O Holy Night"
"Silent Night"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen"
"The Little Drummer Boy"
"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear"
"Go Tell it on the Mountain"
"Sleigh Ride"
[show]
v
t
e
Jeff Carson
Studio albums
Jeff Carson
Butterfly Kisses
Real Life
Singles
"Not on Your Love"
"The Car"
"Holdin' Onto Somethin'"
"Butterfly Kisses"
"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)"
"I Can Only Imagine"
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