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Geography of Israel
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Geography of Israel
Continent
Asia
Region
Levant
Coordinates
31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Area
Ranked 147th
• Total
20,770[1][2] km2 (8,020 sq mi)
• Land
97.88%
• Water
2.12%
Coastline
273[1] km (170 mi)
Borders
Egypt: 208 km[1]
Jordan: 307 km[1]
Lebanon: 81 km[1]
Syria: 83 km[1]
West Bank: 330 km[1]
Gaza Strip: 59 km[1]
Coastlines: 273 km[1]
Highest point
Mount Meron
Lowest point
Dead Sea
Longest river
Jordan River
Largest lake
Sea of Galilee
Climate
Mediterranean
Natural Resources
Offshore gas fields, Dead Sea minerals (potash, magnesium)
The geography of Israel is very diverse, with desert conditions in the south, and snow-capped mountains in the north. Israel is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea in western Asia.[1] It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt.[1] To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea, which makes up the majority of Israel's 273 km (170 mi) coastline[3] and the Gaza Strip. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south.
Israel's area is approximately 20,770 km2 (8,019 sq mi), which includes 445 km2 (172 sq mi) of inland water.[1][2][3] Israel stretches 424 km (263 mi) from north to south, and its width ranges from 114 km (71 mi) to, at its narrowest point, 15 km (9.3 mi).[3] The Israeli-occupied territories include the West Bank, 5,879 km2 (2,270 sq mi), East Jerusalem, 70 km2 (27 sq mi) and the Golan Heights, 1,150 km2 (444 sq mi).[2] Geographical features in these territories will be noted as such.
Southern Israel is dominated by the Negev desert, covering some 16,000 square kilometres (6,178 sq mi), more than half of the country's total land area. The north of the Negev contains the Judean Desert, which, at its border with Jordan, contains the Dead Sea which, at −417 m (−1,368 ft) is the lowest point on Earth. The inland area of central Israel is dominated by the Judean Hills of the West Bank, whilst the central and northern coastline consists of the flat and fertile Israeli coastal plain. Inland, the northern region contains the Mount Carmel mountain range, which is followed inland by the fertile Jezreel Valley, and then the hilly Galilee region. The Sea of Galilee is located beyond this, and is bordered to the east by the Golan Heights, which contains the highest point under Israel's control, a peak in the Israeli-occupied Mount Hermon massif, at 2,224 meters (7,297 ft). The highest point in territory internationally recognized as Israeli is Mount Meron at 1,208 meters (3,963 ft).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Location and boundaries
2 Physiographic regions
2.1 Coastal plain
2.2 Central hills
2.3 Jordan Rift Valley
2.4 Negev Desert
3 Geology
3.1 Seismic activity
4 Rivers and lakes
5 Selected elevations
6 Climate
6.1 Climate charts of different locations in Israel
7 Natural resources
8 Environmental concerns
9 Rural settlements
10 Islands
11 Human geography
12 Overshoot index
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Location and boundaries
Main article: Borders of Israel
Israel on the world map
Israel lies to the north of the equator around 31°30' north latitude and 34°45' east longitude.[1] It measures 424 km (263 mi) from north to south and, at its widest point 114 km (71 mi), from east to west.[1] At its narrowest point, however, this is reduced to just 15 km (9 mi). It has a land frontier of 1,017 km (632 mi) and a coastline of 273 km (170 mi).[1] It is ranked 153 on the List of countries and outlying territories by total area.[1]
Prior to the establishment of the British Mandate for Palestine, there was no clear-cut definition of the geographical and territorial limits of the area known as "Palestine." On the eve of World War I it was described by Encyclopædia Britannica as a "nebulous geographical concept."[4] The Sykes-Picot Treaty in 1916 divided the region that later became Palestine into four political units.[5] Under the British Mandate for Palestine, the first geo-political framework was created that distinguished the area from the larger countries that surrounded it. The boundary demarcation at this time did not introduce geographical changes near the frontiers and both sides of the border were controlled by the British administration.[6]
Modern Israel is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt. To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea, which makes up the majority of Israel's 273 km (170 mi) coastline and the Gaza Strip. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south. The southernmost settlement in Israel is the city of Eilat whilst the northernmost is the town of Metula. The territorial waters of Israel extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline.[1]
The statistics provided by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics include the annexed East Jerusalem and Golan Heights, but exclude the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The population of Israel includes Israeli settlers in the West Bank. The route of the Israeli West Bank barrier incorporates some parts of the West Bank.
Population (thousands)
Area (km2)
Name
Status Description
Israelis (incl. Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs in Israel proper, and incl. Israeli settlers in the Israeli-occupied territories)
Cumulative Total
Palestinians (incl. non-Israeli Palestinians residing legally in Israel)
Cumulative Total
Area
Cumulative Total
Israel (Green Line) Area sovereign to Israel since 1948 6,674[7] 6,674[7] 100–120 [8] 100–120 [8] 20,582[7] 20,582[7]
East Jerusalem Occupied and subject to Israeli law since 1967. Formal legislation on 1980 (see Jerusalem Law) 455[9] 7,129[7] 225 (double counted)[10] 225[7] 336[11] 20,918[7]
Golan Heights Occupied since 1967, subject to Israeli law since 1981 (see Golan Heights Law) 42[12] 7,172[12] n.a. n.a. (Syrians) 1,154[13] 22,072[13]
Seam Zone (West Bank) Area between the Green Line and the Israeli West Bank barrier. Occupied in 1967 188[14] 7,359[7] 35[14] 260[7] 200[11] 22,272[7]
Other Israeli settlements and IDF Military Areas (West Bank Area C) Other Israeli settlements (not in East Jerusalem or the Seam Zone) and areas in the West Bank directly controlled by the IDF. Occupied in 1967 57[7] 7,473[12] 115[15] 375[7] 2,961[16] 25,233[7]
Palestinian civil control (West Bank Areas A+B) Palestinian National Authority civil controlled area. Subject to "joint" military control with the IDF. Occupied in 1967 0 7,473[7] 2,311[17] 2,686[7] 2,143[15] 27,376[7]
Gaza Strip Palestinian governed area. Israel controls airspace, maritime border and its own border with Gaza. Occupied in 1967, unilaterally disengaged in 2005, declared a foreign entity in 2007. 0 7,473[7] 1,552[18] 4,238[7] 360[18] 27,736[7]
Physiographic regions
Geography of Israel
v
t
e
Galilee
Coastal
plain
Judaean
Mountains
Jordan
Valley
Negev
Levantine Sea
(Mediterranean)
Kinneret
Dead
Sea
Gulf
of Eilat
West
Bank
Gaza
Strip
Lebanon
Syria
Jordan
Egypt
Israel is divided into four physiographic regions: the Mediterranean coastal plain, the Central Hills, the Jordan Rift Valley and the Negev Desert.[1]
Coastal plain
Main article: Israeli coastal plain
The Israeli Coastal Plain stretches from the Lebanese border in the north to Gaza in the south, interrupted only by Cape Carmel at Haifa Bay.[19] It is about 40 kilometers (25 mi) wide at Gaza and narrows toward the north to about 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) at the Lebanese border.[19] The region is fertile and humid (historically malarial) and is known for its citrus orchards and viticulture.[19] The plain is traversed by several short streams. From north to south these are: Kishon, Hadera, Alexander, Poleg, and Yarkon. All of these streams were badly polluted, but in the last ten years much work has been done to clean them up.[dubious – discuss] Today the Kishon, Alexander and Yarkon again flow year round, and also have parks along their banks.[20]
Geographically, the region is divided into five sub-regions. The northernmost section lays between the Lebanese border, the Western Galilee to the east, and the sea. It stretches from Rosh HaNikra in the north and down to Haifa, Israel's third-largest city. It is a fertile region, and off the coast there are many small islands.[21] Along the Mount Carmel range is Hof HaCarmel, or the Carmel Coastal Plain. It stretches from the point where Mount Carmel almost touches the sea, at Haifa, and down to Nahal Taninim, a stream that marks the southern limit of the Carmel range. The Sharon Plain is the next section, running from Nahal Taninim (south of Zikhron Ya'akov) to Tel Aviv's Yarkon River. This area is Israel's most densely populated. South of this, running to Nahal Shikma, is the Central Coastal Plain, also known as the Western Negev. The last segment is the Southern Coastal Plain, which extends south around the Gaza Strip. It is divided into two – in the north, the Besor region, a savanna-type area with a relatively large number of communities, and south of it the Agur-Halutza region, which is very sparsely populated.[21]
Central hills
Judaean Mountains
Inland (east) of the coastal plain lies the central highland region.[19] In the north of this region lie the mountains and hills of Upper Galilee and Lower Galilee, which are generally 500 meters (1,640 ft) to 700 meters (2,297 ft) in height, although they reach a maximum height of 1,208 meters (3,963 ft) at Mount Meron.[19] South of the Galilee, in the West Bank, are the Samarian Hills with numerous small, fertile valleys rarely reaching the height of 800 meters (2,625 ft).[19] South of Jerusalem, also mainly within the West Bank, are the Judean Hills, including Mount Hebron.[19] The central highlands average 610 meters (2,001 ft) in height and reach their highest elevation at Har Meron, at 1,208 meters (3,963 ft), in Galilee near Safed.[19] Several valleys cut across the highlands roughly from east to west; the largest is the Jezreel Valley (also known as the Plain of Esdraelon), which stretches 48 kilometers (30 mi) from Haifa southeast to the valley of the Jordan River, and is 19 kilometers (12 mi) across at its widest point.[19]
Jordan Rift Valley
Main article: Jordan Rift Valley
Jordan Rift Valley
East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which is a small part of the 6,500 kilometers (4,039 mi)-long Syrian-East African Rift.[19] In Israel the Rift Valley is dominated by the Jordan River, the Sea of Galilee (an important freshwater source also known as Lake Tiberias and Lake Kinneret), and the Dead Sea.[19] The Jordan, Israel's largest river (322 kilometers (200 mi)), originates in the Dan, Baniyas, and Hasbani rivers near Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and flows south through the drained Hula Basin into the freshwater Lake Tiberias. Lake Tiberias is 165 square kilometers (64 sq mi) in size and, depending on the season and rainfall, is at about 213 meters (699 ft) below sea level.[19] With a water capacity estimated at 3 cubic kilometers (0.72 cu mi), it serves as the principal reservoir of the National Water Carrier (also known as the Kinneret-Negev Conduit).[19] The Jordan River continues its course from the southern end of Lake Tiberias (forming the boundary between the West Bank and Jordan) to its terminus in the highly saline Dead Sea.[19] The Dead Sea is 1,020 square kilometers (394 sq mi) in size and, at 420 meters (1,378 ft) below sea level, is the lowest surface point on the earth.[19] South of the Dead Sea, the Rift Valley continues in the Arabah (Hebrew "Arava", Arabic "Wadi 'Arabah"), which has no permanent water flow, for 170 kilometers (106 mi) to the Gulf of Eilat.[19]
Negev Desert
Main article: Negev
Makhtesh Ramon
The Negev Desert comprises approximately 12,000 square kilometers (4,633 sq mi), more than half of Israel's total land area.[19] Geographically it is an extension of the Sinai Desert, forming a rough triangle with its base in the north near Beersheba, the Dead Sea, and the southern Judean Mountains, and it has its apex in the southern tip of the country at Eilat.[19] Topographically, it parallels the other regions of the country, with lowlands in the west, hills in the central portion, and the Arava valley as its eastern border.[19]
Unique to the Negev region are the craterlike makhteshim cirques; Makhtesh Ramon, Makhtesh Gadol and Makhtesh Katan.[22] The Negev is also sub-divided into five different ecological regions: northern, western and central Negev, the high plateau and the Arabah Valley.[23] The northern Negev receives 300 millimeters (11.8 in) of rain annually and has fairly fertile soils.[23] The western Negev receives 250 millimeters (9.8 in) of rain per year, with light and partially sandy soils.[23] The central Negev has an annual precipitation of 200 millimeters (7.9 in) and is characterized by impervious soil, allowing minimum penetration of water with greater soil erosion and water runoff.[23] This can result in rare flash floods during heavy rains as water runs across the surface of the impervious desert soil.[24] The high plateau area of Ramat HaNegev stands between 370 meters (1,214 ft) and 520 meters (1,706 ft) above sea level with extreme temperatures in summer and winter.[23] The area gets 100 millimeters (3.9 in) of rain each year, with inferior and partially salty soils.[23] The Arabah Valley along the Jordanian border stretches 180 kilometers (112 mi) from Eilat in the south to the tip of the Dead Sea in the north and is very arid with barely 50 millimeters (1.97 in) of rain annually.[23]
Geology
Rosh HaNikra chalk cliff
Israel is divided east-west by a mountain range running north to south along the coast. Jerusalem sits on the top of this ridge, east of which lies the Dead Sea graben which is a pull-apart basin on the Dead Sea Transform fault.[25]
The numerous limestone and sandstone layers of the Israeli mountains serve as aquifers through which water flows from the west flank to the east. Several springs have formed along the Dead Sea, each an oasis, most notably the oases at Ein Gedi and Ein Bokek (Neve Zohar) where settlements have developed.[25] Israel also has a number of areas of karst topography. Caves in the region have been used for thousands of years as shelter, storage rooms, barns and as places of public gatherings.[25]
The far northern coastline of the country has some chalk landscapes best seen at Rosh HaNikra, a chalk cliff into which a series of grottoes have been eroded.[26]
Seismic activity
Main article: List of earthquakes in the Levant
The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region.
The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4.[27]
The most catastrophic earthquakes occurred in 31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE, that is every ca. 400 years on average.[28] Destructive earthquakes leading to serious loss of life strike about every 80 years.[29] While stringent construction regulations are currently in place and recently built structures are earthquake-safe, as of 2007 the majority of the buildings in Israel were older than these regulations and many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were "expected to collapse" if exposed to a strong quake.[29] Given the fragile political situation of the Middle East region and the presence there of major holy sites, a quake reaching magnitude 7 on the Richter scale could have dire consequences for world peace.[28]
Rivers and lakes
Main articles: List of rivers of Israel and List of lakes of Israel
Israel's longest and most famous river is the 320-kilometre (199 mi) long River Jordan, which rises on the southern slopes of Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon mountains.[30] The river flows south through the freshwater Sea of Galilee, and from there forms the boundary with the Kingdom of Jordan for much of its route, eventually emptying into the Dead Sea.[30] The northern tributaries to the Jordan are the Dan, Banias, and Hasbani.[30] Only the Dan is within undisputed Israel; the Hasbani flows from Lebanon and the Banias from territory captured from Syria in the Six-Day War.[30]
Lake Kinneret
The Sea of Galilee (also called the Kinneret) is Israel's largest and most important freshwater lake, located in the northeast of the country. The pear-shaped lake is 23 kilometres (14 mi) long from north to south, with a maximum width of 13 kilometres (8 mi) in the north, covering 166 square kilometers (64 sq mi). The Kinneret lies 207 meters (679 ft) below sea level and reaches depths of 46 meters (151 ft). In a previous geological epoch the lake was part of a large inland sea which extended from the Hula marshes in northern Israel to 64 kilometers (40 mi) south of the Dead Sea. The bed of the lake forms part of the Jordan Rift Valley.[31]
South of the Kinneret lies the saltwater Dead Sea which forms the border between Israel and Jordan and is 418 meters (1,371 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest water surface on Earth.[32] The Dead Sea is 67 kilometers (42 mi) long with a maximum width of 16 kilometers (10 mi) and also makes up part of the Rift Valley.[32] A peninsula juts out into the lake from the eastern shore, south of which the lake is shallow, less than 6 meters (19.7 ft) deep. To the north is the lake's greatest depth.[32]
There are no navigable, artificial waterways in Israel, although the National Water Carrier, a conduit for drinking water, might be classified as such. The idea of a channel connecting the Mediterranean and Dead Seas or the Red and Dead Seas has been discussed.[33]
Selected elevations
Mount Tabor
The following are selected elevations of notable locations, from highest to lowest:[34]
Location
Region
Elevation (feet)
Elevation (meters)
Mount Hermon Golan Heights (Israeli-occupied) 7,336 ft. 2,236 m.
Mount Meron Upper Galilee 3,964 ft. 1,208 m.
Mount Ramon Negev 3,396 ft. 1,035 m.
Mount of Olives East Jerusalem (Israeli-occupied) 2,739 ft. 835 m.
Mount Tabor Lower Galilee 1,930 ft. 588 m.
Mount Carmel Haifa 1,792 ft. 546 m.
Dead Sea Judean Desert – 1,368 ft. – 417 m.
Climate
Israel map of Köppen climate classification.
Snow in Galilee
Flash flood at Ein Avdat
Israel has a Mediterranean climate with long, hot, rainless summers and relatively short, cool, rainy winters (Köppen climate classification Csa).[35] The climate is as such due to Israel's location between the subtropical aridity of the Sahara and the Arabian deserts, and the subtropical humidity of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean.[35] The climate conditions are highly variable within the state and modified locally by altitude, latitude, and the proximity to the Mediterranean.[35]
On average, January is the coldest month with average temperatures ranging from 6 to 15 °C (42.8 to 59.0 °F), and July and August are the hottest months at 22 to 33 °C (71.6 to 91.4 °F), on average across the country.[35] Summers are very humid along the Mediterranean coast but dry in the central highlands, the Rift Valley, and the Negev Desert. In Eilat, a desert city, summer daytime-temperatures are often the highest in the state, at times reaching 44 to 46 °C (111.2 to 114.8 °F). More than 70% of the average rainfall in Israel falls between November and March; June through September are usually rainless.[35] Rainfall is unevenly distributed, significantly lower in the south of the country.[35] In the extreme south, rainfall averages near 30 millimeters (1.18 in) annually; in the north, average annual rainfall exceeds 900 millimeters (35.4 in).[35] Rainfall varies from season to season and from year to year, particularly in the Negev Desert. Precipitation is often concentrated in violent storms, causing erosion and flash floods.[35] In winter, precipitation often takes the form of snow at the higher elevations of the central highlands, including Jerusalem.[35] Mount Hermon has seasonal snow which covers all three of its peaks in winter and spring. In rare occasions, snow gets to the northern mountain peaks and only in extremely rare occasions even to the coast. The areas of the country most cultivated are those receiving more than 300 millimeters (11.8 in) of rainfall annually, making approximately one-third of the country cultivable.[35]
Thunderstorms and hail are common throughout the rainy season and waterspouts occasionally hit the Mediterranean coast, capable of causing only minor damage. However, supercell thunderstorms and a true F2 tornado hit the Western Galilee in April 2006, causing significant damage and 75 injuries.[36]
Heat waves are frequent. 2010 was the hottest year in the history of Israel with absolute record high in several places in August. The heat became stronger from August when temperatures were considerably above the average. October and November were also dry, and November was almost rainless when it was supposed to be rainy.
Climate charts of different locations in Israel
Tel Aviv
Beit Dagan
Jerusalem
Haifa
Safed
Beersheba
Tiberias
Eilat
Tel Aviv
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
127
17
9
90
18
10
61
19
12
18
23
14
2.6
25
17
0
28
21
0
29
23
0
30
24
0.4
29
23
26
27
19
79
23
15
126
19
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5
63
48
3.5
64
50
2.4
67
53
0.7
73
58
0.1
77
63
0
82
69
0
85
73
0
86
75
0
85
73
1
81
66
3.1
74
58
5
67
52
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Beit Dagan
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
141
18
7
97
18
7
66
20
9
18
25
12
2.2
27
15
0
29
18
0
31
21
0
31
21
0.4
30
19
20
28
16
76
24
12
130
20
9
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5.5
64
45
3.8
65
45
2.6
68
48
0.7
76
53
0.1
81
58
0
85
64
0
87
69
0
88
70
0
87
67
0.8
83
61
3
75
53
5.1
67
47
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Jerusalem
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
133
12
6
118
13
6
93
15
8
25
22
13
3.2
25
16
0
28
18
0
29
19
0
29
20
0.3
28
19
15
25
17
61
19
12
106
14
8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
5.2
53
44
4.7
55
44
3.6
60
47
1
71
55
0.1
78
60
0
82
64
0
84
67
0
85
67
0
83
65
0.6
76
62
2.4
66
54
4.2
57
47
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Haifa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
125
17
9
92
18
9
53
20
11
24
24
14
2.7
26
17
0
29
21
0
31
23
0
31
24
1.2
30
22
28
28
19
77
24
14
136
19
10
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
4.9
63
48
3.6
64
48
2.1
67
51
0.9
75
56
0.1
79
63
0
85
69
0
88
73
0
89
74
0
86
71
1.1
82
65
3
75
57
5.3
67
50
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Safed
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
159
9
5
130
10
4
95
13
6
43
20
11
5.7
25
14
0
28
17
0
30
19
0
30
19
1.5
28
18
25
24
15
86
17
10
136
12
6
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
6.3
49
40
5.1
50
40
3.7
56
43
1.7
67
51
0.2
77
58
0
83
63
0
86
66
0
86
66
0.1
83
64
1
75
59
3.4
62
51
5.3
53
44
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Beersheba
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
50
17
8
40
18
8
31
20
9
13
26
13
2.7
29
15
0
31
18
0
33
21
0
33
21
0.4
31
20
5.8
29
17
20
24
13
42
19
9
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
62
46
1.6
64
46
1.2
68
49
0.5
78
55
0.1
84
60
0
88
65
0
91
69
0
91
70
0
88
67
0.2
83
62
0.8
74
55
1.6
66
48
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Tiberias
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
90
18
10
73
19
9
57
23
11
20
28
14
4
33
18
0
36
20
0
38
23
0
38
23
0.6
36
22
14
32
19
50
26
15
81
20
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.6
65
49
2.9
67
49
2.3
73
51
0.8
83
58
0.2
92
64
0
97
69
0
100
73
0
100
74
0
97
71
0.5
90
66
2
78
59
3.2
68
52
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Eilat
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
3.5
21
10
5.8
22
11
3.7
26
14
1.7
31
18
1
35
22
0
39
24
0
40
26
0
40
26
0
37
25
3.5
33
21
3.5
27
16
6
22
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Israel Meteorological Service
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.1
69
49
0.2
72
51
0.1
78
56
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88
64
0
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71
0
102
76
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79
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76
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70
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81
60
0.2
72
52
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Natural resources
Unlike much of the Middle East which is rich in lucrative crude oil, Israel has limited natural resources. These include copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, and manganese.[1] Small amounts of natural gas and crude oil are present, often too little to merit commercial extraction.[1] In 2009, significant reserves of natural gas were discovered at the Tamar 1 offshore drilling site, 90 kilometers west of Haifa. It is the largest natural gas reserve ever discovered in Israel.[37]
Environmental concerns
Ashdod dunes
Formerly polluted Kishon River after clean-up, 2010
Israel has a large number of environmental concerns ranging from natural hazards to man-made issues both resulting from ancient times to modern development. Natural hazards facing the country include sandstorms which sometimes occur during spring in the desert south, droughts which are usually concentrated in summer months, flash floods which create great danger in the deserts due to their lack of notice, and regular earthquakes, most of which are small, although there is a constant risk due to Israel's location along the Jordan Rift Valley.[1] Current environmental concerns include the lack of arable land and natural fresh water resources. Whilst measures have been taken to irrigate and grow in the desert, the amount of water needed here poses issues. Desertification is also a risk possible on the desert fringe, whilst air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions and groundwater pollution from industrial and domestic waste are also issues facing the country.[1] Furthermore, the effects of the use of chemical fertilizers, and pesticides are issues facing the country.[1] Israel has signed many international environmental agreements and is party to:[1]
Convention on Biological Diversity
UNFCCC – Climate Change
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
Hazardous Wastes
Nuclear Test Ban
Montreal Protocol – Ozone Layer Protection
MARPOL 73/78 – Ship Pollution
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat
Signed but not ratified:
Kyoto Protocol
Marine Life Conservation
Rural settlements
View of Kibbutz Lotan
Israel's rural space includes several unique kinds of settlements, notably the moshav and the kibbutz.[38] Originally these were collective and cooperative settlements respectively.[38] Over time, the degree of cooperation in these settlements has decreased and in several of them the cooperative structure has been dismantled altogether.[38] All rural settlements and many small towns (some of which are dubbed "rurban settlements") are incorporated in regional councils. Land use in Israel is 17% arable land, 4% permanent crops, and 79% other uses.[1] As of 2003 1,940 square kilometers (749 sq mi) were irrigated.[1]
There are 242 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the West Bank, 42 in the Golan Heights, and 29 in East Jerusalem.[1]
Islands
Israel currently has no offshore islands within its territorial waters. However, the Israeli government plans to build artificial islands off the coast to house an airport, a seaport, a desalination plant, a power plant, and a military testing base, as an answer to Israel's lack of space.[39][40]
Human geography
Further information: List of cities in Israel and Districts of Israel
Satellite image of Israel at night
As of 2013, the population of Israel is 8 million, 6,015,000 of them Jewish.[41]
For statistical purposes, the country has three metropolitan areas; Gush Dan-Tel Aviv (population 3,150,000), Haifa (population 996,000), and Beersheba (population 531,600).[42] Some argue that Jerusalem, Israel's largest city with a population of 763,600,[43] and Nazareth,[44] should also be classified as metropolitan areas. In total, Israel has 74 cities, 14 of which have populations of over 100,000. Other forms of local government in Israel are local councils of which there are 144 governing small municipalities generally over 2,000 in population,[45][46] and regional councils of which there are 53, governing a group of small communities over a relatively large geographical area.[45][47]
Israel's population is diverse demographically; 76% Jewish, 20% Arab, and 4% unaffiliated.[48] In terms of religion, 76% are Jewish, 16% Muslim, 2% Christian, 2% Druze, and 4% are unclassified by choice.[49] 8% of Israeli Jews are haredi; 9% are "religious", 12% "religious-traditionalists", 27% are "non-religious traditionalists", and 43% are "secular".[50] Other small, but notable groups in Israel, include Circassians of whom there are approximately 3,000 living mostly in two northern villages, 2,500 Lebanese, and 5,000 Armenians predominantly in Jerusalem.[51][52]
Overshoot index
Israel is ranked 34th in the world in terms of population density with, as noted, a climate of long, hot, rainless summers and relatively short, cool, rainy winters.[35] The Population Matters 2011 overshoot index[53] ranked Israel as the third most dependent region in the World after Singapore and Kuwait.
See also
Geography portal
Israel portal
Archaeology of Israel
Kurkar
Land of Israel
List of endemic flora of Israel
Maps of Ancient Israel
National parks and nature reserves of Israel
Outline of Israel
Tourism in Israel
Wildlife of Israel
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Israel". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Federal Research Division (2004). Israel A Country Study (Paperback ed.). Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 8. ISBN 1-4191-2689-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Israel – Geography". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.40–41.
Jump up ^ An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.46–52.
Jump up ^ An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 1917–1929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.67–69.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Figure calculated from other sourced figures in table
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=14464&CategoryId=4
Jump up ^ Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. "Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook 2009/10" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Middle East Forum. "The Politics of Palestinian Demography". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. "Barrier Report July 2009. Calculation based on East Jerusalem area of 346km2 being 97% west of the barrier, and 9.5% of the West bank including East Jerusalem being in the Seam Zone" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. "Israeli Census data" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. "Israeli statistical Area data" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b B'Tselem. "Separation Barrier Statistics". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. "Area C Humanitarian Response Plan Fact Sheet September 2010. Assumes 35,000 Palestinians estimated by B'Tselem to be living in the Seam Zone are included in the 150,000 OCHA estimate" (PDF). Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook. "West Bank population. Based on total area of 5,640km2 including East Jerusalem and excluding water. Figure shown calculated from other figures sourced on page". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook. "West Bank population. Assumes CIA World Factbook number excludes Israeli settlers but includes estimated 225k Palestinians living in East Jerusalem". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b CIA World Factbook. "Gaza Strip population. Excludes Israeli settlers, but includes estimated 225k Non-Israeli Palestinians in East Jerusalem". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Israel Topography". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "River Restoration". Israel Ministry of the Environment. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The coastal plain". Retrieved 26 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Makhteshim Country". UNESCO. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Israel's Negev Desert". Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Israel Natural Environment". Geckogo.com. Archived from the original on 2009-09-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Geology of Israel". Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rosh HaNikra". JAFI. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Ferry M.; Meghraoui M.; Karaki A.A.; Al-Taj M.; Amoush H.; Al-Dhaisat S.; Barjous M. (2008). "A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 260 (3—4): 394–406. Bibcode:2007E&PSL.260..394F. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.049.
^ Jump up to: a b American Friends of the Tel Aviv University, Earthquake Experts at Tel Aviv University Turn to History for Guidance (October 4, 2007). Quote: The major ones were recorded along the Jordan Valley in the years 31 B.C.E., 363 C.E., 749 C.E., and 1033 C.E. "So roughly, we are talking about an interval of every 400 years. If we follow the patterns of nature, a major quake should be expected any time because almost a whole millennium has passed since the last strong earthquake of 1033." (Tel Aviv University Associate Professor Dr. Shmuel (Shmulik) Marco). [1]
^ Jump up to: a b Zafrir Renat, Israel Is Due, and Ill Prepared, for Major Earthquake, Haaretz, 15 January 2010. "On average, a destructive earthquake takes place in Israel once every 80 years, causing serious casualties and damage." [2]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "River Jordan". Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lake Tiberias". Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dead Sea". Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Dead Sea Canal". Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Statistical Abstract of Israel, No. 58, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Climate". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Mini-tornado' sweeps through western Galilee". Ynetnews. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Bar, Avi (18 January 2009). "Israel`s largest-ever reserve of natural gas discovered off Haifa coast". Haaretz.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rural Settlement Geography of Israel" (PDF). Indiana State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Israel considers building artificial islands – Israel Environment". Ynetnews. 20 June 1995.
Jump up ^ Ben, Ilan (17 June 2012). "Short on space, Israel looks to artificial islands". The Times of Israel.
Jump up ^ "CBS: Israel home to 8 Million citizens". Ynetnews.
Jump up ^ "Localities, Population, and Density" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Jerusalem: From Town to Metropolis". University of Southern Maine. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Initiated Development in the Nazareth Region". Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Mahler, Gregory S. Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 229.
Jump up ^ Troen, Selwyn Ilan; Noah Lucas. Israel: The First Decade of Independence. SUNY Press. p. 496.
Jump up ^ Herzog, Hanna. Gendering Politics: Women in Israel. University of Michigan Press. p. 22.
Jump up ^ "Population by population group" (PDF). Israel CBS. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Population by religion" (PDF). Israel CBS. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Social Survey" (in Hebrew). Israel CBS. 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Circassians in Israel". Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Armenian Quarter". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Overshoot Index 2011" (PDF). Population Matters. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Israel.
Wikimedia Atlas of Israel
Geographic data related to Israel at OpenStreetMap
Geography and Climate at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
Geography and Nature at the Israel Ministry of Tourism website
Geography of Israel at the Jewish Virtual Library
Israel: Maps and Views at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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Demand curve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An example of a demand curve shifting. The shift from D1 To D2 means an increase in demand with consequences for the other variables
In economics, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at any given price. It is a graphic representation of a market demand schedule.[1] The demand curve for all consumers together follows from the demand curve of every individual consumer: the individual demands at each price are added together, assuming independent decision-making.
Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in competitive markets, and are often combined with supply curves to estimate the equilibrium price (the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the same amount as buyers together are willing to buy, also known as market clearing price) and the equilibrium quantity (the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus/excess supply or shortage/excess demand) of that market.[2] In a monopolistic market, the demand curve facing the monopolist is simply the market demand curve.
Demand curves are usually considered as theoretical structures that are expected to exist in the real world, but real world measurements of actual demand curves are difficult and rare.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Linear demand curve
3 Shift
3.1 Demand shifters
3.2 Changes that decrease or increase demand
3.3 Factors affecting market demand
4 Movement along a demand curve
5 Discreteness of amounts
6 Units of measures
7 Price elasticity of demand (PED)
8 Taxes and subsidies
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Characteristics[edit]
According to convention, the demand curve is drawn with price on the vertical (y) axis and quantity on the horizontal (x) axis. The function actually plotted is the inverse demand function.
The demand curve usually slopes downwards from left to right; that is, it has a negative association. The negative slope is often referred to as the "law of demand", which means people will buy more of a service, product, or resource as its price falls. The demand curve is related to the marginal utility curve, since the price one is willing to pay depends on the utility. However, the demand directly depends on the income of an individual while the utility does not. Thus it may change indirectly due to change in demand for other commodities.
However, with Veblen goods, such as status symbols, the utility value of the good is largely the price and demand is higher at higher prices and the demand curve may curve upwards. With a Giffen good the price is taken by the market as a signal of quality, irrespective of the true nature of the product, and hence demand may be very low when priced low and increase at higher price points.
Linear demand curve[edit]
The demand curve is often graphed as a straight line of the form Q = a − bP where a and b are parameters. The constant "a" embodies the effects of all factors other than price that affect demand. If income were to change, for example, the effect of the change would be represented by a change in the value of "a" and be reflected graphically as a shift of the demand curve. The constant "b" is the slope of the demand curve and shows how the price of the good affects the quantity demanded.[4]
The graph of the demand curve uses the inverse demand function in which price is expressed as a function of quantity. The standard form of the demand equation can be converted to the inverse equation by solving for P or P = a/b − Q/b.[4]
More plainly, in the equation P = a − bQ, "a" is the intercept where price is zero (where the demand curve intercepts the X-axis), "b" is the slope of the demand curve, "Q" is quantity and "P" is price.
There is movement along a demand curve when a change in price causes the quantity demanded to change.[5] It is important to distinguish between movement along a demand curve, and a shift in a demand curve. Movements along a demand curve happen only when the price of the good changes.[6] When a non-price determinant of demand changes the curve shifts. These "other variables" are part of the demand function. They are "merely lumped into intercept term of a simple linear demand function." [6] Thus a change in a non-price determinant of demand is reflected in a change in the x-intercept causing the curve to shift along the x axis.[7]
Shift[edit]
The shift of a demand curve takes place when there is a change in any non-price determinant of demand, resulting in a new demand curve.[5] Non-price determinants of demand are those things that will cause demand to change even if prices remain the same—in other words, the things whose changes might cause a consumer to buy more or less of a good even if the good's own price remained unchanged.[8] Some of the more important factors are the prices of related goods (both substitutes and complements), income, population, and expectations. However, demand is the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a good under the prevailing circumstances; so, any circumstance that affects the consumer's willingness or ability to buy the good or service in question can be a non-price determinant of demand. As an example, weather could be a factor in the demand for beer at a baseball game.
When income increases, the demand curve for normal goods shifts outward as more will be demanded at all prices, while the demand curve for inferior goods shifts inward due to the increased attainability of superior substitutes. With respect to related goods, when the price of a good (e.g. a hamburger) rises, the demand curve for substitute goods (e.g. chicken) shifts out, while the demand curve for complementary goods (e.g. tomato sauce) shifts in (i.e. there is more demand for substitute goods as they become more attractive in terms of value for money, while demand for complementary goods contracts in response to the contraction of quantity demanded of the underlying good).[5]
Demand shifters[edit]
Changes in disposable income, the magnitude of the shift also being related to the income elasticity of demand.
Changes in tastes and preferences—tastes and preferences are assumed to be fixed in the short-run. This assumption of fixed preferences is a necessary condition for aggregation of individual demand curves to derive market demand.
Changes in expectations.
Changes in the prices of related goods (substitutes and complements)
Population size and composition
N.B. Whilst variations in the price of the actual product affects the overall quantity demanded, economists do not consider price to affect the demand curve.
Changes that decrease or increase demand[edit]
A number of business publications have published opinion pieces on the actions that raise demand.[9][10][11]
Factors affecting market demand[edit]
Market or aggregate demand is the summation of individual demand curves. In addition to the factors which can affect individual demand there are three factors that can affect market demand (cause the market demand curve to shift):
a change in the number of consumers,
a change in the distribution of tastes among consumers,
a change in the distribution of income among consumers with different tastes.[12]
Some circumstances which can cause the demand curve to shift in include:
Decrease in price of a substitute
Increase in price of a complement
Decrease in income if good is normal good
Increase in income if good is inferior good
Movement along a demand curve[edit]
There is movement along a demand curve when a change in price causes the quantity demanded to change.[5] It is important to distinguish between movement along a demand curve, and a shift in a demand curve. Movements along a demand curve happen only when the price of the good changes.[6] When a non-price determinant of demand changes the curve shifts. These "other variables" are part of the demand function. They are "merely lumped into intercept term of a simple linear demand function." [6] Thus a change in a non-price determinant of demand is reflected in a change in the x-intercept causing the curve to shift along the x axis.[7]
Discreteness of amounts[edit]
If a commodity is sold in whole units, and these are valuable for a consumer, then the individual demand curve can hardly be approximated by a continuous curve. It is a set function of the price, defined by a price above which no unit is bought, a price range for which one is bought, etc.
Units of measures[edit]
If the local currency is dollars, for example, then the units of measurement of the variable "price" are "dollars per unit of the good" and the units of measurement of "quantity" are "units of the good per time (e.g., per week or per year). Thus quantity demanded is a flow variable.
Price elasticity of demand (PED)[edit]
Main article: Price elasticity of demand
PED is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable, Q, to changes in the price variable, P. Elasticity answers the question of how much the quantity will change in percentage terms for a 1% change in the price, and is thus important in determining how revenue will change.
The elasticity of demand indicates how sensitive the demand for a good is to a price change. If the PED is between zero and 1, demand is said to be inelastic; if PED equals 1, the demand is unitary elastic; and if the Price elasticity of demand is greater than 1, demand is elastic. A low coefficient implies that changes in price have little influence on demand. A high elasticity indicates that consumers will respond to a price rise by buying a lot less of the good and that consumers will respond to a price cut by buying a lot more...
Taxes and subsidies[edit]
A sales tax on the commodity does not directly change the demand curve, if the price axis in the graph represents the price including tax. Similarly, a subsidy on the commodity does not directly change the demand curve, if the price axis in the graph represents the price after deduction of the subsidy.
If the price axis in the graph represents the price before addition of tax and/or subtraction of subsidy then the demand curve moves inward when a tax is introduced, and outward when a subsidy is introduced.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supply and demand curves.
Demand (economics)
Effect of taxes and subsidies on price
Feasibility condition
Hicksian demand
Inverse demand function
Law of demand
Marshallian demand
Price point
Sonnenschein–Mantel–Debreu theorem
Supply and demand
Wikiversity:Building the demand curve
References[edit]
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
Jump up ^ Krugman, Paul, and Wells, Robin. Microeconomics. Worth Publishers, New York. 2005.
Jump up ^ http://freakonomics.com/podcast/uber-economists-dream/
^ Jump up to: a b Besanko and Braeutigam (2005) p/ 91.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Case, K.E., Fair, R.C. (1994). 'Demand, Supply, and Market Equilibrium', Chapter 4 in Principles of Economics, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
^ Jump up to: a b c d Underwood, Instructor's Manual, Microeconomics 5th ed. (Prentice-Hall 2001) at 5.
^ Jump up to: a b The x intercept is affected because the standard diagram uses the inverse demand function
Jump up ^ http://www.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/eco212i/lectures/s&d/s&d.htm
Jump up ^ Kittaneh, Firas (January 24, 2014). "5 Strategies for Generating Consumer Demand". Entrepreneur. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Patel, Sujan (October 22, 2016). "7 Marketing Tips To Create A Demand For Your New Product". Forbes. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ylywotzky, Adrian (September 6, 2011). "The Six Secrets Of Demand Creation". Fast Company. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Binger, B & Hoffman, E.: Microeconomics with Calculus, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley 1998. A change in relative price changes the distribution of income which in turn changes the demand curve.
External links[edit]
Pricing to the demand curve
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text:
The Show, the After Party, the Hotel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Show, the After-Party, the Hotel
Studio album by Jodeci
Released
July 18, 1995
Recorded
1994-1995
Dajhelon Studios
(Rochester, New York)
Genre
R&B, hip hop soul, soul
Length
68:45
Label
Uptown/MCA
Producer
Andre Harrell (exec.), Dalvin DeGrate, DeVante Swing, Timbaland, Stevie J.
Jodeci chronology
Diary of a Mad Band
(1993)Diary of a Mad Band1993 The Show, the After-Party, the Hotel
(1995) Back to the Future: The Very Best of Jodeci
(2005)Back to the Future: The Very Best of Jodeci2005
Singles from The Show, the After-Party, the Hotel
"Freek'n You"
Released: May 30, 1995
"Love U 4 Life"
Released: October 31, 1995
"Get On Up"
Released: January 11, 1996
The Show, the After-Party, the Hotel is the third studio album from American R&B group Jodeci, released July 18, 1995 on Uptown Records and distributed through MCA Records. The album was recorded at Dajhelon Studios in Rochester, New York.[1]
The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart and was the third album from the group to reach number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. By September 1995, it was certified platinum by the RIAA, and it has sold 1,570,000 copies in the US as of March 2015.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Release and reception
2 Track listing
3 Chart history
3.1 Album
3.2 Singles
4 Personnel
5 Notes
6 External links
7 See also
Release and reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [3]
Entertainment Weekly B[4]
Los Angeles Times [5]
The Village Voice B–[6]
The album was certified platinum by September 1995.[7]
Ron Wynn of Allmusic felt the album itself was poorly edited and sequenced, and though he was critical of the group's overindulgent tendencies and refusal to emphasize radio hits, still stated the album had enough good moments "to make it worthwhile for most urban contemporary listeners."[3] Dimitri Ehrlich of Entertainment Weekly gave note to the group's vocal harmonies and the album's production but felt the work lacked mature lyrics, taking away from Jodeci's authenticity.[4]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer
Length
1. "The Show" Donald Earle DeGrate, Jr. 1:24
2. "Bring on Da' Funk"
DeGrate
Dalvin DeGrate
Cedric Renard Hailey
Timothy Mosley
Joel Hailey
3:56
3. "Room 723" DeGrate 1:06
4. "Fun 2 Nite"
DeGrate
Cedric Renard Hailey
Mr. Dalvin
Stevie J
3:52
5. "Room 577" DeGrate 1:12
6. "S-More"
DeGrate
Melissa Elliott
Cedric Renard Hailey
Dalvin DeGrate
Mr. Dalvin
Stevie J
3:42
7. "The After-Party" DeGrate 0:16
8. "Get On Up"
DeGrate
Cedric Renard Hailey
Joel Hailey
Mr. Dalvin 3:47
9. "Room 499" DeGrate 1:05
10. "Can We Flo?" DeGrate 4:17
11. "Zipper" DeGrate 1:26
12. "Let's Do It All" DeGrate 5:51
13. "P.I.B. 4 Play" DeGrate 1:30
14. "Pump It Back" DeGrate 6:23
15. "D.J. Don Jeremy" DeGrate 1:37
16. "Freek'n You" DeGrate 6:19
17. "Room 454: DeVante's Inhermission" DeGrate 2:11
18. "Time & Place"
DeGrate
Mosley
6:00
19. "Fallin'" DeGrate 2:00
20. "Love U 4 Life" DeGrate 4:50
21. "4U" DeGrate 1:13
22. "Good Luv" DeGrate 4:48
Chart history[edit]
Album[edit]
Chart (1995)[8]
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard 200 2
U.S. R&B Albums 1
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions[9]
U.S. Billboard Hot 100
U.S. Dance Music/Club Play Singles
U.S. Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales
U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
U.S. Rhythmic Top 40
1995 "Freek'n You" 14 14 4 3 21
"Love U 4 Life" 31 — 15 8 22
1996 "Get On Up" 22 10 6 4 15
"—" denotes releases that did not chart.
Personnel[edit]
Information taken from Allmusic.[10]
Arranging: Dalvin DeGrate, Missy Elliott, Danger J
Art Direction: Robert Reives
Bass: Darryl Pearson
Engineering: Jimmy Douglass, Steve Sola, DeVante Swing, Steve Young, Danger J
Executive Producer: Andre Harrell, Suge Knight
Guitar: Darryl Pearson
Guitar (Acoustic): DeVante Swing
Mastering: Roger Talkov
Mixing: Jimmy Douglass, DeVante Swing
Multi-Instruments: Darryl Pearson, DeVante Swing, Danger J, Stevie J
Production: Dalvin DeGrate, DeVante Swing
Production Coordination: Debra Young
Vocal Arranging: DeVante Swing
Vocals (Background): Playa, DeVante Swing, Ginuwine, Timbaland & Missy Elliott
Writers: DeVante Swing, Static Major, Ginuwine,
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Credits as per liner notes for The Show, the After Party, the Hotel album
Jump up ^ "Upcoming Releases". Hits Daily Double. HITS Digital Ventures. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Wynn, Ron. "allmusic ((( The Show, the After Party, the Hotel > Review )))". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Ehrlich, Dimitri (1995-06-30). "MUSIC REVIEW: The Show, The After-Party, The Hotel (1995) - Jodeci". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Connie (July 16, 1995). "Raw Sibling Revelry by New Jodeci". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (1995). "Turkey Shoot". The Village Voice (November 28). New York. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "RIAA - Gold & Platinum - April 12, 2010 : Search Results - Jodeci". RIAA. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( The Show, the After Party, the Hotel > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( The Show, the After Party, the Hotel > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles )))". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( The Show, the After Party, the Hotel > Credits )))". Allmusic. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
External links[edit]
The Show, the After Party, the Hotel at AllMusic
The Show, the After Party, the Hotel at Discogs
See also[edit]
List of number-one R&B albums of 1995 (U.S.)
[hide]
v
t
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Jodeci
DeVante Swing
JoJo
K-Ci
Mr. Dalvin
Studio albums
Forever My Lady
Diary of a Mad Band
The Show, the After Party, the Hotel
The Past, The Present, The Future.
Other albums
Back to the Future: The Very Best of Jodeci
Playlist Your Way
Singles
"Gotta Love"
"Forever My Lady"
"Stay"
"Come and Talk to Me"
"I'm Still Waiting"
"Let's Go Through the Motions"
"Lately"
"Cry for You"
"Feenin'"
"What About Us"
"Freek'n You"
"Love U 4 Life"
"Get On Up"
"Nobody Wins"
"Every Moment"
Featured artist
"Treat Them Like They Want to Be Treated"
"Lisa Baby"
Related articles
Discography
Swing Mob
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Show,_the_After_Party,_the_Hotel&oldid=800920998"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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17-Mile Drive
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17-Mile Drive
17 Mile Drive near Spanish Bay Road
Maintained by
Pebble Beach Company
From
Del Monte Blvd in Pacific Grove
Major
junctions
SR 68 / Sunset Dr
Carmel Way
To
SR 68 / SR 1
17-Mile Drive is a scenic road through Pebble Beach and Pacific Grove on the Monterey Peninsula in Northern California, much of which hugs the Pacific coastline and passes famous golf courses, mansions and scenic attractions, including the Lone Cypress, Bird Rock and the 5,300-acre Del Monte Forest of Monterey Cypress trees.[1]
The drive serves as the main road through the gated community of Pebble Beach. Inside this community, nonresidents have to pay a toll to use the road.[2] Like the community, the majority of 17-Mile Drive is owned and operated by the Pebble Beach Corporation. The 17-Mile Drive is a 17-mile (27 km)-long scenic loop having four primary entrances - the main highway entrance at California State Route 1, and entrances in Carmel and Pacific Grove.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Route description
3 Scenic attractions
4 Art
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Original Hotel Del Monte, ca. 1885
In 1602 the Monterey Peninsula was mapped by Spanish explorers. By 1840 the area now called Pebble Beach was a rancho left to widow, Carmen Garcia Barreto Maderiaga Maria, by her late husband. She sold the 4000 acre property for $500 in 1846. Ownership passed several times until 1862 when the property was purchased at auction for 12 cents an acre by David Jacks. At the time, the area was called "Stillwater Cove". Jacks leased the land to the "China Man Hop Company", a small village with a population of about 30 Chinese fishermen living in shacks built upon the rocky shoreline.[3]
In 1880, Jacks sold the land to the Pacific Improvement Company (PIC), a consortium of The Big Four railroad barons: Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, Collis Huntington and Leland Stanford.[4][5] By 1892, the PIC laid out a scenic road that they called the 17-Mile Drive, meandering along the beaches and among the forested areas between Monterey and Carmel.[6] Within short order, the area became a tourist destination with the building of the Hotel Del Monte.
The hotel was the starting and finishing point for 17-Mile Drive, (originally called the 18-mile Drive by hotel operators). The drive was offered as a pleasure excursion to hotel guests, and was intended to attract wealthy buyers of large and scenic residential plots on PIC land. Sightseers riding horses or carriages along the 17-Mile Drive sometimes stopped at Pebble Beach to pick up agate and other stones polished smooth by the waves, and they commented on a few unusual tree formations known as the Witch Tree and the Ostrich Tree—the latter formed by two trees leaning on each other. At that time, the Chinese fishing community continued in existence despite mounting anti-Chinese sentiment among Monterey residents of European heritage.[7] At roadside stands, Chinese-American girls sold shells and polished pebbles to tourists. In the 1900s, the automobile began replacing horses on 17-Mile Drive, and by 1907 there were only automobiles.[8] The drive featured region's historical sites, forests, and on to the coastal scenic attractions in the Hotel Del Monte Park Reservation, as it was known at the time.[9]
The Hotel Del Monte rebuilt in 1926, now Herrmann Hall
Drawn by six bay horses, President Benjamin Harrison took the coach ride through the reservation in 1891. The coach was adorned with the national colors "and the harness on the horses was lined with bunting and roses as far as possible.” In the newspaper The Monterey Cypress, president Harrison noted “This is a lovely spot. I only wish I could stay here a week.”[10] In 1887, the hotel was destroyed by fire and replaced with a new structure. The Del Monte Golf Course was added in 1897 as part of the hotel and is today the oldest operating course west of the Mississippi.[11] In 1919, the Los Angeles Times called the 17-Mile Drive one of the "great wonders of the world."[10]
On February 27, 1919, Samuel Finley Brown Morse formed the Del Monte Properties Company, and acquired the extensive holdings of the Pacific Improvement Company, which included the Del Monte Forest and the Hotel Del Monte.[12][13] Another fire destroyed that structure and was replaced by a third hotel. This new hotel was finished in 1926 and requisitioned by the United States government as a training facility in 1942.[11] After World War II, the Hotel del Monte building and surrounding grounds were acquired by the United States Navy for its Naval Postgraduate School and the building was renamed Herrmann Hall. The Del Monte Forest, including the famed 17-Mile Drive, remained under the ownership of Del Monte Properties Company.
On March 30, 1977, the Del Monte Properties Company was reincorporated as the Pebble Beach Corporation.[12] In May 1979, 20th Century Fox, later bought by Marvin Davis, purchased the Pebble Beach Corporation.[12] When the film company was sold to Rupert Murdoch in 1985, Davis kept several company assets not directly related to the film and TV industry, including the Pebble Beach Company. In 1990 Davis sold the company to Japanese businessman Minoru Isutani,[12] who made it a subsidiary of the Japanese resort company Taiheiyo Club Inc. under a holding company called the Lone Cypress Company. In 1999 the Pebble Beach Company was acquired from Cypress by an investor group led by Clint Eastwood, Arnold Palmer, and Peter Ueberroth.
Route description[edit]
Pacific Grove entrance
At the north end, a portion of the early route through Pacific Grove begins at the intersection of Del Monte Blvd and Esplanade Street. The famous portion of 17-Mile Drive then begins a few miles south of this point. The crossing of Highway 68 (Holman Highway/Sunset Drive) and 17-Mile Drive marks the entrance to Pebble Beach.
From the Sunset Drive/Pacific Grove gate, the drive runs inland past Spanish Bay, then adjacent to beaches and up into the coastal hills, providing scenic viewpoints. The route allows for self-directed travel and stopping, with frequent turnouts along the roadway in many locations along the route. Without stops, it takes a minimum of 20 minutes to reach Carmel. The numerous turnouts allow stopping to take pictures, or getting out to stroll along the ocean or among the trees. Visitors receive a map that points out some of the more scenic spots. In addition, a red-dashed line is marked in the center of the main road to guide visitors, and help prevent them from venturing into the adjacent neighborhood streets.[14]
Beach near the Pacific Grove entrance of the 17 Mile Drive
Beach access near golf links at Pebble Beach
Bird Rock
Seal seen along 17-mile drive
The road provides vistas of golf courses including Spyglass Hill, Cypress Point and Pebble Beach. After reaching Carmel Way, and the exit to Carmel, the 17-Mile Drive then heads northeast to the Highway 68/Highway 1 interchange, where one can exit, or continue to loop along the higher vistas of 17-Mile Drive, some of which offer views from more than 600 feet above sea-level. The full loop will take you back to the Pacific Grove Gate at Sunset Drive — a distance of 17 miles.
The only services open to the public in Pebble Beach (gas stations, restrooms, restaurants) are at the Inn at Spanish Bay and at the Lodge at Pebble Beach; plenty of comfortable and scenic spots are available to picnic. Spyglass Hill and Poppy Hills golf courses also have restaurants open to the public.
To drive the section of the road within the Pebble Beach gated community, there is an entrance fee requirement of US$10.25 (as of April 1, 2017), except for travelers on bicycles. Visitors can recoup the toll if they dine or shop within the community. Residents are not required to pay this fee, as they pay an annual fee (noted by the "Del Monte Forest" placard that residents carry in their vehicle or on their license plates), nor are guests if they are granted access in advance of their visit by a resident or through hotel/restaurant reservations (the guard house can either call the resident or look at a list of names). Motorcycles are not allowed.
Scenic attractions[edit]
The Lone Cypress
Primary scenic attractions include Cypress Point, Bird Rock, Point Joe, Pescadero Point, Fanshell Beach & Seal Point. The famous "Witch Tree" landmark, often used as scenic background in movies and television, was formerly at Pescadero Point. The tree was blown down by a storm on January 14, 1964. Pescadero Point is also the site of the Ghost Tree, a landmark Monterey Cypress tree. The tree gives its name to a dangerous extreme surfing location known to have storm waves.[15] Currently, the surf break of Ghost Tree is off limits to surfers and watercraft.[16]
Chief among the scenic attractions is the Lone Cypress, a salt-pruned Monterey cypress (macrocarpa) tree which is the official symbol of Pebble Beach and a frequent fixture of television broadcasts from this area. In 1990 the Monterey Journal reported that Pebble Beach's lawyer, Kerry C. Smith, said "The image of the tree has been trademarked by us," and that it intended to control any display of the cypress for commercial purposes. The company had warned photographers that "they cannot even use existing pictures of the tree for commercial purposes."[17] Other legal commentators have questioned the Pebble Beach Company's ability to invoke intellectual property laws to restrict others' use of such images.[18]
Art[edit]
Various artists over the years have found inspiration for their paintings of flora and fauna along this famous coastal drive. For example, Arthur Hill Gilbert, one of the founding members of the Carmel Art Association, was an American Impressionist noted for his canvases depicting this scenic area, including View of 17 Mile Drive, and The Cove, Pt. Lobos, circa 1930.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How to Make the Most Out of Carmel's 17-Mile Drive".
Jump up ^ "Non-Interstate System Toll Roads in the United States". Federal Highway Administration. 2009-01-01. Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
Jump up ^ Owens, Tom; Bellon Chatfield, Melanie (2004). Insiders' Guide to the Monterey Peninsula (4th ed.). Insiders' Guide. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Michael Norman, 2008, Haunted Homeland: A Definitive Collection of North American Ghost Stories, p. 40, Tor Books, ISBN 978-0-7653-2159-6
Jump up ^ Jack, Kenneth C. (2001). "Land King: The Story of David Jack". Monterey County Historical Society. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "To San Francisco". American Machinist. 15: 65. June 2, 1892. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Jonathan (2010). "Chinese Start Monterey Fishing Industry". Monterey County Historical Society. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cain, Julie (2005). Monterey's Hotel Del Monte. Images of America. Arcadia. ISBN 0-7385-3032-8.
Jump up ^ http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/1314/611051/HDM_1889_Souvenir_Booklet.pdf Page 28
^ Jump up to: a b http://libguides.nps.edu/content.php?pid=359320&sid=2940630
^ Jump up to: a b Cain, Julie. Monterey's Hotel Del Monte. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pebble Beach Company History Archived July 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "History of NPS and the Infamous Hotel Del Monte". Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "17-Mile Drive at Pebble Beach". Pebble Beach Resorts. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
Jump up ^ Smith, Craig B. (2006). Extreme Waves (2nd ed.). Dockside Consultants.
Jump up ^ Yount, Maggie (July 22, 2010). "PWCs Officially Extinguished At Ghost". Surfer Magazine. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Monterey Journal; Trees and Trademarks: The Disputes Run Deep Katherine Bishop, Special To The New York Times, August 2, 1990
Jump up ^ Lone Cypressgate: Shutterbug, Spare This Tree! Ken Kwartler, The Recorder (Bay Area Legal Daily) August 24, 1990. Accessed 2009-07-28. Archived 2009-07-31 at WebCite 2009-07-31.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 17-Mile Drive.
Pebble Beach Resorts: 17-Mile Drive
Photographic description of the whole of 17-Mile Drive.
Coordinates: 36°35′05″N 121°57′54″W / 36.584839°N 121.9651°W / 36.584839; -121.9651
[hide]
v
t
e
Pebble Beach
Golf courses
Cypress Point Club
Monterey Peninsula Country Club
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Poppy Hills Golf Course
Spyglass Hill Golf Course
Points of interest
17-Mile Drive
Lone Cypress
Events
AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am
Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=17-Mile_Drive&oldid=796481903"
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