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Burning of Washington
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Burning of Washington
Part of the War of 1812
Battle of Bladensburg

Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg, the British invaded Washington D.C. and burned many U.S. government and military buildings
Date
August 24, 1814
Location
Washington, D.C., United States
Result
British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom United States
Commanders and leaders
Robert Ross
George Cockburn
James Madison
Strength
4,250[1] 7,640
Casualties and losses
1 killed, 3 wounded (Colonial Marines)
3 unknown wounded
City of Washington attacked by British forces
Many government buildings set ablaze
Destruction of the 36-gun frigate USS New York.
44-gun frigate USS Columbia and 22-gun sloop USS Argus burnt to avoid capture.
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v
t
e
Chesapeake campaign
Havre de Grace
Craney Island
St. Michaels
Chesapeake Bay Flotilla
Bladensburg
Washington
Alexandria
Caulk's Field
North Point
Baltimore
Farnham Church
The Burning of Washington was a British invasion of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, during the War of 1812. On August 24, 1814, after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Bladensburg, a British force led by Major General Robert Ross occupied Washington and set fire to many public buildings, including the White House (known as the Presidential Mansion), and the Capitol, as well as other facilities of the U.S. government.[2] The attack was in part a retaliation for the recent American destruction of Port Dover in Upper Canada. Throughout the history of the United States, the United Kingdom is the only country to have ever captured Washington, D.C.; the Burning of Washington also marks the only time since the American Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital.
President James Madison, military officials, and his government fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the "United States Capital for a Day". President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville.
Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden, very heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—put out the fires. It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital, setting down on Constitution Avenue and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away, killing British troops and American civilians alike. Following the storm, the British returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. The occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. After the "Storm that saved Washington", as it soon came to be called, the Americans returned to the city.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Reasons for the attack
2 Events
3 U.S. Capitol
4 White House
5 Other Washington properties
6 "The Storm that Saved Washington"
7 Aftermath
8 Reconstruction
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Citations
10.3 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Reasons for the attack[edit]
The British government, already at war with Napoleonic France, adopted a defensive strategy against the United States when the Americans declared war in 1812. Reinforcements were held back from Canada and reliance was instead made on local militias and native allies to bolster the British Army in Canada. However, after the defeat and exile of Napoleon Bonaparte in April 1814, Britain was able to use its now available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States. In addition to reinforcements sent to Canada, the Earl of Bathurst, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to Bermuda, from where a blockade of the US coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war. It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada.[4] The commanders were under strict orders, however, not to carry out operations far inland, or to attempt to hold territory. Early in 1814, Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station, controlling naval forces based at the new Bermuda dockyard and the Halifax Naval Yard which were used to blockade US Atlantic ports throughout the war. He planned to carry the war into the United States by attacks in Virginia and against New Orleans.[5]
Admiralty House, Mount Wyndham, Bermuda, where the attack was planned
Rear Admiral George Cockburn had commanded the squadron in Chesapeake Bay since the previous year. On June 25 he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak, and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack.[6] Cochrane suggested attacking Baltimore, Washington and Philadelphia. On July 17, Cockburn recommended Washington as the target, because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and "the greater political effect likely to result".[7] General Ross commanded a 4,500-man army, composed of the 4th (King's Own) Light, 21st Royal North British Fusiliers, 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot, and 85th Regiment of Foot.
An added motive was retaliation for what Britain saw as the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American forces under Col. John Campbell in May 1814, the most notable being the Raid on Port Dover.[8] On June 2, 1814, Sir George Prévost, Governor General of The Canadas, wrote to Cochrane at Admiralty House, in Bailey's Bay, Bermuda, calling for a retaliation against the American destruction of private property in violation of the laws of war. Prévost argued that,
… in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie, in order that if the war with the United States continues you may, should you judge it advisable, assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages.[8]
On July 18, Cochrane ordered Cockburn to "deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages.... You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable".[9] Cochrane instructed, "You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States". Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the President's Mansion, during which time a great storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast. They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen (Southern Presbyterian and Southern Baptist), with women and children who had been hiding in homes and churches. They requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings. Major-General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order. Throughout the events of that day, a severe storm blew into the city, worsening on the night of August 24, 1814.
Events[edit]
Burning of Washington August 1814
President James Madison, members of his government, and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg. They eventually found refuge for the night in Brookeville, a small town in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is known today as the United States Capital for a Day. President Madison spent the night in the house of Caleb Bentley, a Quaker who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville.[10]
The sappers and miners of the Corps of Royal Engineers under Captain Blanshard were employed in burning the principal buildings. Blanshard reported that it seemed that the American President was so sure that the attacking force would be made prisoners that a handsome entertainment had been prepared. Blanshard and his sappers enjoyed the feast.[11]:358
U.S. Capitol[edit]
The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington, D.C. in the War of 1812. Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814, restored.
The Capitol was, according to some contemporary travelers, the only building in Washington "worthy to be noticed."[12] Thus, it was a prime target for the British invaders, both for its aesthetic and symbolic value. Upon arrival into the city via Maryland Avenue, the British targeted the Capitol (first the southern wing, containing the House of Representatives, then the northern wing, containing the Senate).[13] Prior to setting it aflame, the British looted the building (which at that time housed Congress, the Library of Congress, and the Supreme Court). Items looted by British General Sir George Cockburn included “An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810.[14]"
The British intended to burn the building to the ground. They set fire to the southern wing first. The flames grew so quickly that the British were prevented from collecting enough wood to burn the stone walls completely. However, the Library of Congress’s contents in the northern wing contributed to the flames on that side.[15] Among the destruction was the 3,000-volume collection of the Library of Congress [16] and the intricate decorations of the neoclassical columns, pediments, and sculptures[17] originally designed by William Thornton in 1793 and Benjamin Latrobe in 1803.[18] The wooden ceilings and floors burned, and the glass skylights melted because of the intense heat.[19] But, the building was not a complete loss. The House rotunda, the east lobby, the staircases, and Latrobe’s famous Corn-Cob Columns in the Senate entrance hall all survived.[20] The Superintendent of the Public Buildings of the City of Washington, Thomas Munroe, concluded that the loss to the Capitol amounted to $787,163.28, with $457,388.36 for the North wing and main building, and $329,774.92 for the South wing.[21]
White House[edit]
The White House ruins after the conflagration of August 24, 1814. Watercolor by George Munger, displayed at the White House
After burning the Capitol, the British turned northwest up Pennsylvania Avenue toward the White House. After US government officials and President Madison fled the city, the First Lady Dolley Madison received a letter from her husband, urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment's notice.[22] Dolley organized the slaves and staff to save valuables from the British.[23] James Madison's personal slave, the fifteen-year-old boy Paul Jennings, was an eyewitness.[24] After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison, Jennings published his memoir in 1865, considered the first from the White House:
It has often been stated in print, that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House, she cut out from the frame the large portrait of Washington (now in one of the parlors there), and carried it off. She had no time for doing it. It would have required a ladder to get it down. All she carried off was the silver in her reticule, as the British were thought to be but a few squares off, and were expected any moment.[25]
Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were:
John Susé (Jean Pierre Sioussat) (a Frenchman, then door-keeper, and still living) and Magraw [McGraw], the President's gardener, took it down and sent it off on a wagon, with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of. When the British did arrive, they ate up the very dinner, and drank the wines, &c., that I had prepared for the President's party.[25][26][27]
The soldiers burned the president's house, and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day.
In 2009, President Barack Obama held a ceremony at the White House to honor Jennings as a representative of his contributions to saving the Gilbert Stuart painting and other valuables. (The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting, not the original,[28] although it is the same one on display in the East Room.) "A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington, to visit the White House. They looked at the painting their relative helped save."[29] In an interview with National Public Radio, Jennings' great-great-grandson Hugh Alexander said, "We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting, which was for me one of the high points."[24] He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison.[24]
Other Washington properties[edit]
The burning of Washington forms the background to this portrait of Rear Admiral George Cockburn. At background right is the burning of the US Treasury Building and the Capitol Building
The day after the destruction of the White House, Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper, the National Intelligencer, intending to burn it down. However, several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses. Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him, branding him "The Ruffian." Instead, he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick, and ordered all the "C" type destroyed "so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name."[30]
The US Treasury Building (built 1804)
The Blodget Hotel which housed the US Patent Office; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814. The Patent Office later burned in 1836
The Washington Navy Yard in 1862
The British sought out the United States Treasury in hopes of finding money or items of worth, but they found only old records.[16] They burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings. The United States Department of War building was also burned. However, the War and State Department files had been removed, so all books and records had been saved; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years earlier.[31] The First U.S. Patent Office Building was saved by the efforts of William Thornton, the former Architect of the Capitol and then the Superintendent of Patents, who gained British cooperation to preserve it.[32][A] "When the smoke cleared from the dreadful attack, the Patent Office was the only Government building . . . left untouched" in Washington.[33]
The Americans had already burned much of the historic Washington Navy Yard, founded by Thomas Jefferson, to prevent capture of stores and ammunition,[34] as well as the 44-gun frigate USS Columbia and the 22 gun USS Argus both new vessels nearing completion.[35] The Navy Yard's Latrobe Gate, Quarters A, and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction.[36][37] Also spared were the Marine Barracks and Commandant's House, although several private properties were damaged or destroyed.[38]
In the afternoon of August 25, General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf's Point. The fort, later known as Fort McNair, had already been destroyed by the Americans, but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained. While the British were trying to destroy it by dropping the barrels into a well, the powder ignited. As many as thirty men were killed in the explosion, and many others were maimed.[39]
"The Storm that Saved Washington"[edit]
Less than a day after the attack began, a sudden very heavy thunderstorm—possibly a hurricane—put out the fires. It also spun off a tornado that passed through the center of the capital, setting down on Constitution Avenue[3] and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away and killing British troops and American civilians alike.[40] Following the storm, the British troops returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. There is some debate regarding the effect of this storm on the occupation. While some assert that the storm forced their retreat,[3] it seems likely from their destructive and arsonous actions before the storm, and their written orders from Cochrane to "destroy and lay waste",[41] that their intention was merely to raze the city, rather than occupy it for an extended period. Whatever the case, the British occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. Despite this, the "Storm that saved Washington" as it became known, did the opposite according to some. The rains sizzled and cracked the already charred walls of the White House and ripped away at structures the British had no plans to destroy (such as the Patent Office). The storm may have exacerbated an already dire situation for Washington DC.
An encounter was noted between Sir George Cockburn 10th Baronet and a female resident of Washington. "Dear God! Is this the weather to which you are accustomed to in this infernal country?" enquired the Admiral. "This is a special interposition of Providence to drive our enemies from our city,” the woman allegedly called out to Cockburn. "Not so, Madam," Cockburn retorted. “It is rather to aid your enemies in the destruction of your city", before riding off on horseback.[42] Yet, the British left right after the storm completely unopposed by any American military forces.
The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack, of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines.[43]
The destruction of the Capitol, including the Senate House and the House of Representatives, the Arsenal, Dockyard, Treasury, War Office, President's mansion, bridge over the Potomac, a frigate and a sloop together with all Materiel was estimated at £365,000.[11]:359
A separate British force captured Alexandria, on the south side of the Potomac River, while Ross' troops were leaving Washington. The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town.[44]
President Madison returned to Washington by September 1, on which date he issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia.[45] Congress returned and assembled in special session on September 19. Due to the destruction of the Capitol and other public buildings, they initially met in the Post and Patent Office building.[46]
In 2013, an episode of the Weather Channel documentary series "Weather That Changed History," entitled "The Thunderstorm That Saved D.C.," was devoted to these events.
Aftermath[edit]
Most contemporary American observers, including newspapers representing anti-war Federalists, condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism.[47] Many of the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington; such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe, where capital cities had been repeatedly occupied in the course of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and always spared destruction (at least on the part of the occupiers - the famous burning of Moscow that occurred less than two years prior had been an act carried out by the defenders). According to The Annual Register, the burning had "brought a heavy censure on the British character," with some members of Parliament, including the anti-establishment MP Samuel Whitbread,[47] joining in the criticism.
The majority of British opinion believed that the burnings were justified following the damage that United States forces had done with its incursions into Canada. In addition, they noted that the United States had been the aggressor, declaring war and initiating it.[48] Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings in York, the provincial capital of Upper Canada, early in 1813. Sir George Prévost wrote that "as a just retribution, the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate."[49] The Reverend John Strachan, who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there, wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington "was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations, not only of public but private property, committed by them in Canada."[50]
When they ultimately returned to Bermuda, the British forces took two pairs of portraits of King George III and his wife, Queen Charlotte, which had been discovered in one of the public buildings. One pair currently hangs in the House of Assembly of the Parliament of Bermuda, and the other in the Cabinet Building, both in the city of Hamilton.[51]
Reconstruction[edit]
The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War
Although the President and military officers returned to Washington only a few days after the British left, Congress did not return for three and half weeks.[52] The Thirteenth Congress officially convened on September 19, 1814 at the Blodgett’s Hotel, one of the few surviving buildings large enough to hold all members.[53] The Blodgett's Hotel also housed the U. S. Patent Office. Although the British had destroyed all public buildings, the Blodgett's Hotel and U.S. Patent Office was spared.[54] It was in this building that Congress met between September 1814 and December 1815 (when construction of the Old Brick Capitol was complete).[55]
There was a movement in Congress to relocate the capital after the burning. Congressmen from the North pushed for relocation to Philadelphia or other prominent Union cities, while Southern congressmen claimed that moving the capital would degrade the American sense of dignity and strength (however many southern congressmen simply did not want to move the capital north of the Mason-Dixon line).[56] On September 21, 1814, the House of Representatives voted to strike down a proposal to relocate the capital from Washington, D. C. by a margin of 83 to 54.[57] On February 3, 1815, in an effort to guarantee that the federal government would always remain in the area, Washington property owners funded the building of the Old Brick Capitol,[58] a larger meeting space where the Supreme Court now stands.[59] Construction of the Old Brick Capitol cost $25,000 and was funded primarily through the sale of stocks. The largest donor was Daniel Carroll of Duddington, a rich English property owner in the area.[60] Construction began on July 4, 1814 and concluded in December 1815. Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol between December 1815 and December 1819, when the Capitol reopened.[61]
The Capitol reconstruction took much longer than anticipated. The Old Brick Capitol took only five months to complete; the Capitol took twelve years.[18] A committee appointed by Congress to investigate the damage to the District concluded that it was cheaper to rebuild the already existing and damaged buildings than to build an entirely new one.[62] On February 13, 1815, President Madison and Congress passed legislation to borrow $500,000 to repair the public buildings, including the Capitol, “on their present sites in the city of Washington”.[63] Benjamin Latrobe, architect of the Capitol who took over for William Thornton in 1803, was rehired to repair the building on April 18, 1815.[64] He immediately requested 60,000 feet of boards, 500 tons of stone, 1,000 barrels of lime, and brick.[65] With the $500,000 borrowed from Washington banks,[61] Latrobe was able to rebuild the two wings and the central dome before being fired in 1818 for being difficult.[66] Charles Bulfinch took over and officially completed the renovations by 1826.[18] Bulfinch modified Latrobe’s design by increasing the height of the Capitol dome to match the diameter of 86ft. With the reconstruction of the public buildings in Washington, the value of land in the area increased dramatically, paving the way for the expansion of the city that developed in the years leading up to the American Civil War.[67]
See also[edit]
War of 1812 portal
War of 1812 bibliography
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Brief History of the United States Patent Office from its foundation—1790 to 1886—with an outline of laws, growth, publications, office routine, etc. Washington, D.C.: R. Beresford, Printer. 1886. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2011. It is written that a loaded cannon was aimed at the Patent Office to destroy it. Thornton "put himself before the gun, and in a frenzy of excitement exclaimed: 'Are you Englishmen or only Goths and Vandals? This is the Patent Office, a depository of the ingenuity of the American nation, in which the whole civilized world is interested. Would you destroy it? If so, fire away, and let the charge pass through my body.' The effect is said to have been magical upon the soldiers, and to have saved the Patent Office from destruction."
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Burning of Washington, D.C.;Chesapeake Campaign". The War of 1812. genealogy, Inc. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The White House at War: The White House Burns: The War of 1812". White House Historical Association. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c The War of 1812, Scene 5 "An Act of Nature", History Channel, 2005
Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999, p. 240.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 100.
Jump up ^ Morriss 1997, p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b Cruikshank 2006, p. 402.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006, p. 414.
Jump up ^ "Brookeville 1814". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
Jump up ^ Herrick 2005, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Muller, Charles, G. (1963). The Darkest Day: The Washington-Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press,. p. 139.
Jump up ^ United States Department of the Treasury. "An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810". Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
^ Jump up to: a b Herrick 2005, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Muller, Charles G. (1963). The Darkest Day: The Washington-Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 140.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the U.S. Capitol Building". Architect of the Capitol | United States Capitol.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98.
Jump up ^ United States Congress, Thirteenth Congress (October 29, 1814). "Report from the superintendent of the Public Buildings" in the Report of the Committee appointed to...inquire into the cause...of the invasion of the city of Washington by the British forces. Washington, DC: United States Congress. p. 362.
Jump up ^ Pitch, Anthony S. (1998). The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 49–50.
Jump up ^ Willets includes Dolley Madison's letter to her sister describing these events. (Willets 1908, p. 219)
^ Jump up to: a b c Siegel & Block 2009, Descendant...
^ Jump up to: a b Jennings 1865, pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Corrected spelling of names of staff comes from Willets (Willets 1908, p. 221)
Jump up ^ Sioussat was the first Master of Ceremonies of the White House (McCormick 1904, p. 170).
Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house
Jump up ^ Gura 2009, Descendants of a slave....
Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2001, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Business Methods in the War Department: Report of the Board Appointed in Compliance with the Request of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Methods of Business in the Executive Departments. By United States. War Dept. Board on Business Methods 1889 .p.184
Jump up ^ "The Patent Fire of 1836". patentlaws.com. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "One Hot Commodity: Great Patent Fire of 1836 United States Patent Office". Kids pages. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crawford, p222, quoting letter from Cockburn to Cochrane dated August 27, 1814 'The Enemy himself, on our entering the Town set fire to …'
Jump up ^ Roosevelt 1902, p. 47.
Jump up ^ "It is one of the few structures to have escaped the fire in 1814 when the British invaded Washington." (Gerson & Branam 1973, p. 5)
Jump up ^ "When the British captured Washington on August 24, 1814, and Captain Tingey ordered the Navy Yard set fire to prevent the British using the Yard and its ships to their advantage, both Quarters A (Tingey's House) and Quarters B (Lieutenant Haraden's House) were untouched, but the people the neighborhood plundered them to such an extent that 'not a movable object from cellar to garret was left, and even the fixtures and locks off the doors were taken." (Taylor 1973, p. 3,5)
Jump up ^ "Act of July 14, 1832, to pay estate of Edward Barry $568.35 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy-hard by the British in 1814 ... Act of March 2, 1833, to pay the estate of George Hodge $824.18 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy-yard by the British in 1814." (Reports... 1894, p. 174)
Jump up ^ George 2000, p. 111.
Jump up ^ NWS staff 2011.
Jump up ^ Cruikshank 2006, p. 414.
Jump up ^ Peter Snow "When Britain Burned the White House" 2012
Jump up ^ "No. 16939". The London Gazette. September 27, 1814. pp. 1942–1943.
Jump up ^ Landry 2009, p. 255.
Jump up ^ "James Madison, Proclamation – Calling All Citizens to Unite in Defense of the District of Columbia September 1, 1814". The American Presidency Project.
Jump up ^ Howe, David Walker (2007). What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 67.
^ Jump up to: a b Hitsman & Graves 1999, pp. 243–244.
Jump up ^ Hickey 1989, p. 202.
Jump up ^ Elting 1995, p. 220.
Jump up ^ Hitsman & Graves 1999, pp. 244–245.
Jump up ^ POTSI (archived): HM Queen Elizabeth addresses the colonial Parliament in 1976
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 99.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 141.
Jump up ^ Skeen, C. Edward (2003). “The Fourteenth Congress Begins” in 1816: America Rising (PDF). University Press of Kentucky. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Clark, Allen C. (1938). Daniel Carroll of Duddington (Vol. 39 ed.). Washington, DC.: Columbia Historical Society. p. 36.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812-1817” in Washing: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 64–65.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. pp. 141–142.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812-1817” in Washing: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 65.
Jump up ^ Clark, Allen C. (1938). Daniel Carroll of Duddington (Vol. 39 ed.). Washington, DC.: Columbia Historical Society. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 142.
^ Jump up to: a b Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building (PDF). Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington. p. 143.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 100.
Jump up ^ United States Congress, Thirteenth Congress (February 13, 1815). Session III, Statue III, Ch. 41 (PDF). Washington, DC: United States Congress. p. 205.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Allen, William C. (2001). “Destruction and Restoration, 1814-1817” in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 103.
Jump up ^ Skeen, C. Edward (2003). “The Fourteenth Congress Begins” in 1816: America Rising (PDF). University Press of Kentucky. p. 37.
Jump up ^ Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812-1817” in Washing: A History of the Capital, 1800-1950 (PDF). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 73.
Sources[edit]
Crawford, Michael J. (Ed) (2002). The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 3. Washington: United States Department of Defense. ISBN 978-0-16-051224-7
Cruikshank, Ernest (2006) [1814]. The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier. (Part 1-2). University of Calgary. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.
Fredriksen, John C. (2001). America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-57607-603-3.
George, Christopher T (2000). Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay. White Mane Books. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-57249-276-9.
Gerson, Leonard; Branam, Alfred (August 14, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Gleig, George Robert (1827). The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814–1815. London: J. Murray. ISBN 0-665-45385-X.
Gura, David (August 24, 2009). "Descendants of a Slave See The Painting He Saved". The Two-Way. NPR. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Herrick, Carole (2005). August 24, 1814: Washington in Flames. Falls Church, VA: Higher Education Publications, Inc.
Hickey, Donald R. (1989). The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana. ISBN 0-252-01613-0.
Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
Jennings, Paul (1865). A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison. Brookyn: George C. Beadle.
Landry, Peter (2009). Settlement, Revolution & War. Bloomington, IL: Trafford Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-4251-8791-0.
McCormick, John H. (1904). "The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. Washington, D.C. 7: 170–194. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Morriss, Roger (1997). Cockburn and the British Navy in Transition: Admiral Sir George Cockburn, 1772–1853. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-253-0.
NWS staff (June 15, 2011). "NWS Sterling, VA – D.C. Tornado Events". National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Myatt, Kevin (August 26, 2006). "Did tornado wreak havoc on War of 1812?". The Roanoke Times. Roanoke, VA. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Roosevelt, Theodore (1902). The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans. Part II. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Siegel, Robert; Block, Melissa (August 24, 2009). "Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy". NPR. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
Taylor, Nancy (August 14, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-Third Congress. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1894. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Willets, Gilson (1908). Inside History of the White House-the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation's presidents and their families. New York: The Christian Herald.
Further reading[edit]
Latimer, Jon. 1812: War with America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-674-02584-9
Martin, John. "The British Are Coming: Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze," LC Information Bulletin, September 1998
Pack, A. James. The Man Who Burned The White House, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87021-420-9
Phelan, Mary Kay. The Burning of Washington: August 1814, Ty Crowell Co, 1975. ISBN 0-690-00486-9
Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, White House History Magazine, Fall 1998
Pitch, Anthony S. The Burning of Washington, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-425-3
Siegel, Robert Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy NPR, August 24, 2009.
Snow, Peter "When Britain Burned the White House, The 1814 Invasion of Washington", London: John Murray, 2013. ISBN 978-1-250-04828-8
Whitehorne, Joseph A. The Battle for Baltimore: 1814 (1997)
Listing by surname of Royal Marines (2nd Battn, 3rd Battn, Colonial Marines) paid prize money for participating in the attack on Washington
External links[edit]
The War of 1812 and Relocating the Nation's Capital
Brookeville 1814, U.S. Capital for a Day Maryland State Archives
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Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Zorreguieta and the second or maternal family name is Cerruti.
Máxima
Queen Maxima in 2015
Queen consort of the Netherlands
Tenure
30 April 2013 – present
Born
Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti
(1971-05-17) 17 May 1971 (age 46)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Spouse
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (m. 2002)
Issue
Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange
Princess Alexia
Princess Ariane
Father
Jorge Zorreguieta
Mother
María del Carmen Cerruti Carricart
Religion
Roman Catholic
[show]
Dutch royal family
HM The King *
HM The Queen *
HRH The Princess of Orange *
HRH Princess Alexia *
HRH Princess Ariane *
HRH Princess Beatrix *
HRH Princess Mabel
Countess Luana
Countess Zaria
HRH Prince Constantijn *
HRH Princess Laurentien *
Countess Eloise
Count Claus-Casimir
Countess Leonore
Extended royal family[show]
HRH Princess Irene
HRH The Duke of Parma
HRH The Duchess of Parma
HRH Princess Luisa
HRH Princess Cecilia
HRH Hereditary Prince Carlos
HRH The Countess of Colorno
Mr Tjalling ten Cate
Julia ten Cate
Paola ten Cate
HRH The Count of Bardi
HRH The Countess of Bardi
HRH Princess Zita
HRH Princess Gloria
HRH The Marchioness of Sala
Mr Albert Brenninkmeijer
Alaïa-Maria Brenninkmeijer
Xavier Brenninkmeijer
HRH Princess Margriet *
Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven *
HH Prince Maurits
HH Princess Marilène
Anna van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven
Lucas van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven
Felicia van Lippe-Biesterfeld van Vollenhoven
HH Prince Bernhard
HH Princess Annette
Isabella van Vollenhoven
Samuel van Vollenhoven
Benjamin van Vollenhoven
HH Prince Pieter-Christiaan
HH Princess Anita
Emma van Vollenhoven
Pieter van Vollenhoven
HH Prince Floris
HH Princess Aimée
Magali van Vollenhoven
Eliane van Vollenhoven
Willem van Vollenhoven
HRH Princess Christina
Bernardo Guillermo
Eva Guillermo
Isabel Guillermo
Julián Guillermo
Nicolás Guillermo
Juliana Guillermo
* Member of the Dutch royal house
v
t
e
Queen Máxima of the Netherlands (born Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti;[1] 17 May 1971) is the wife of King Willem-Alexander.
On 30 April 2013, she became the first queen consort of The Netherlands since Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Relationship with Willem-Alexander
3 Marriage and family
4 Activities
5 Controversy over statement on Dutch identity
6 International appointments
7 Titles, honours and arms
7.1 Royal titles and styles
7.2 Honours
7.2.1 National honours
7.2.2 Foreign honours
7.3 Arms
8 References
9 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Máxima aged six, 1977
Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 17 May 1971. Queen Máxima is the daughter of Jorge Zorreguieta (1928–2017), Secretary of Agriculture under General Jorge Rafael Videla during Argentina's last civil-military dictatorship (1976–1983), and his second wife, María del Carmen Cerruti Carricart (born 1944). She has two brothers, a sister, and three half-sisters by her father's first wife, Marta López Gil.[2][3] She is named after her paternal great-grandmother Máxima Bonorino González (1874–1965). Her father was a scion of the Zorreguieta family who had been landed gentry, professionals, regional politicians, and statesmen for generations. Her maternal great-grandfather was also from the landed gentry; Domingo Carricart Etchart (1885-1953) was a landowner, politician, Director of the Banco Provincial de Buenos Aires, first mayor of González Chaves, and mayor of Tres Arroyos.[4]
She grew up in the Recoleta neighbourhood of Buenos Aires city, and studied at Northlands School, a bilingual school of the city of Olivos. She graduated with a degree in Economics from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) in 1995. This private university is governed by a directory of local bishops, including the current Pope Francis, then Archbishop of Buenos Aires and Grand Chancellor of UCA. During her student years, Francis presided over the traditional Mass at the beginning of classes. She later completed her studies with a Master's degree in the United States.[5]
From 1989 to 1990, while still in college, she worked for Mercado Abierto Electrónico S.A. From 1992 to 1995, she worked in the sales department of Boston Securities SA in Buenos Aires, where she conducted research on software for financial markets. From July 1996 to February 1998, the current queen Máxima worked for HSBC James Capel Inc. in New York City, where she became vice president of institutional sales for Latin America. From then until July 1999, she was vice president of the emerging markets division of Dresdner Kleinwort Benson in New York. From May 2000 to March 2001 she worked in the Deutsche Bank in Brussels.[6] She also worked as an English language teacher to children and adults, and of mathematics for high school students and freshmen.[7]
Relationship with Willem-Alexander[edit]
Máxima and Willem-Alexander, 2001
Máxima met Willem-Alexander in April 1999 in Seville, Spain, during the Seville Spring Fair. In an interview, they stated that he introduced himself only as "Alexander", so that she did not know he was a prince. She thought he was joking when he later told her that he was not only a prince, but the Prince of Orange and heir apparent to the Dutch throne. They agreed to meet again two weeks later in New York, where Máxima was working for Dresdner Kleinwort Benson. Their relationship apparently began in New York, but she did not meet his parents, Queen Beatrix and Prince Claus, for some time.[8]
The news of the couple's relationship and eventual marriage plans caused controversy in the Netherlands, due to the involvement of Máxima's father Jorge Zorreguieta as a cabinet minister during the National Reorganization Process, the most recent Argentinian dictatorship. Her father's tenure as a minister took place during the beginning stages of the Dirty War, a period of repression that saw 10,000–30,000 people killed or disappeared during the seven-year military regime. At the request of the States General, Michiel Baud, a Dutch professor in Latin American studies, carried out an inquiry into the involvement of Zorreguieta in the Dirty War (roughly, 1974–83). Zorreguieta claimed that, as a civilian, he was unaware of the Dirty War while he was a cabinet minister. Baud determined that Máxima's father had not been directly involved in any of the numerous atrocities that took place during that period. However, Baud also concluded that Zorreguieta was almost certainly aware of them; in Baud's view, it was highly unlikely that a cabinet minister would not have known about them.[9] Even so, his possible presence at the royal wedding was debated for several months.[10]
Marriage and family[edit]
The royal wedding, February 2002
Willem-Alexander, Máxima and their daughters on the balcony of the Royal Palace, after the abdication of Queen Beatrix in 2013
The couple announced their engagement on 30 March 2001; Máxima addressed the nation in Dutch (which at the time she only spoke to basic conversational extent) during the live televised broadcast.[11] Máxima was granted Dutch citizenship by Royal Decree on 17 May 2001 and now has dual citizenship: Argentine and Dutch.[12] The engagement was formally approved by the States General later that year—a necessary step for Willem-Alexander to remain heir to the throne.[13]
Máxima and Willem-Alexander were married on 2 February 2002 in a civil ceremony in the Beurs van Berlage, Amsterdam, which was then followed by a religious ceremony at Amsterdam's Nieuwe Kerk ("New Church").[14][15] She remained a Roman Catholic after her marriage.
She is the first Dutch queen consort to have been born outside Europe although, through her father, she is a descendant of King Afonso III of Portugal and other noble families of the Iberian Peninsula who moved to the Argentine viceroyalty during the early nineteenth century.[2][16][17]
Máxima's parents were not present at the wedding; her father was told he could not attend due to his role as a cabinet minister during the National Reorganization Process, and her mother chose not to attend without her husband.[18][19]
The couple have three daughters:
Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange, born 7 December 2003 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague.
Princess Alexia, born 26 June 2005 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague.
Princess Ariane, born 10 April 2007 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague.
Máxima is also godmother of:
Countess Sophie Philippa Máxima Walburga Marie of Waldburg-Zeil, born 29 June 2000.
Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway, born 3 December 2005.
Countess Leonore Marie Irene Enrica of Orange-Nassau, born 3 June 2006.
Activities[edit]
Willem-Alexander reads, with Queen Maxima at his side, the throne speech for Budget Day to members of the Senate and House in the Knights Hall.
Queen Máxima has a particular concern for the integration of immigrants into Dutch culture. She was a member of a special parliamentary commission which sought to recommend ways to increase the participation of female immigrants in the workforce. Máxima stresses the importance for immigrants of learning the Dutch language (as she did) in order to fully participate in Dutch society. Dutch is the Queen's third language; she is also fluent in Spanish (her native language) and English. She speaks French to a conversational level.
She participates in conferences around the world representing the Netherlands. She was granted a seat in the Dutch Council of State on 20 October 2004,[20] the highest advisory body and court of administration. She was a member of the Committee for Ethnic Minority Women’s Participation from July 2003 until 2005. She has a seat on the board of governors of the Chair on the Management of Diversity and Integration at the Free University of Amsterdam; she (along with her husband) is a patron of the Orange Fund (established to promote social welfare and cohesion in the Netherlands); and she also chairs the Board of Trustees of the Prince Claus Chair in Development and Equity of the International Institute of Social Studies [21] and the University of Utrecht.[22]
Máxima is one of the few members of royal families anywhere in the world to be an open supporter of gay rights, and was the first member of a royal family to attend an LGBT rights conference, having attended a conference concerned with LGBT rights on 5 March 2008.[23][24]
Queen Máxima has been honorary chair of the Money Wise Platform since 2010. In this capacity, the Queen focuses attention on the importance of financial education and managing money sensibly, especially where children and young people are concerned. The Queen acts as special advisor to the Platform and consults with interested parties on ways of increasing people’s financial awareness and resilience.
Since 10 June 2015, Queen Máxima has been the honorary chair of the Ambassadors for Music at School Platform. Queen Máxima has for some years been committed to giving as many children as possible the opportunity to create music.
Controversy over statement on Dutch identity[edit]
In 2007 Maxima inadvertently caused a wave of massive criticism when in a speech to the Scientific Council for Government Policy she said that in the seven years that she had been in the Netherlands, she had been unable to find the Dutch identity.[25] Maxima is quoted as having said the following:
“ ... but 'the' Dutch identity? No, I have not found it. The Netherlands is: large windows without curtains so everyone can look in; but also adherence to privacy and coziness. The Netherlands is: one biscuit at tea; but also great hospitality and warmth. The Netherlands is: sobriety, control and pragmatism; But also the experience of intense emotions together. The Netherlands is far too diverse to summarize in one cliché. 'The' Dutchman does not exist. As a consolation I can tell you that 'the' Argentinian also does not exist. I therefore find it very interesting that the title of the report of the Scientific Council for Government Policy is not 'the Dutch identity'. But: Identification with the Netherlands. That leaves room for development and diversity.[26] ”
Critics felt that with this statement she unwisely entered a politically very sensitive area. During an interview in May 2011, on the occasion of her fortieth birthday, Maxima said that she was shocked by the commotion her words had caused. She claimed she was misunderstood and that she wanted to make a compliment to the Netherlands for being a many-faceted society[citation needed].
International appointments[edit]
Máxima in 2015 with Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto
Queen Máxima currently serves as the United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Advocate for Inclusive Finance for Development (UNSGSA). The UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon designated her to this role in September 2009 in order to raise awareness on the importance of inclusive financial systems for achieving economic and development goals such as poverty alleviation, food security and education. In her work as UNSGSA, the Queen focuses on how formal financial services such as savings, insurance, and credit can prevent people from falling into poverty due to expenditures on healthcare, and people who are not able to protect themselves against rising food prices and poverty because they do not have access to basic savings accounts. The role of the UNSGSA is to foster action by governments, private sector, financial system standard setters, and others towards a more inclusive financial system that works for the poor.[27]
Máxima is also the Honorary Patron of the G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) since June 2011. In this role she works with governments and partners to advance the G20 Action Plan on Financial Inclusion, and the G20 Financial Inclusion Peer Learning Program. Previously, the Queen was a member of the Advisors Group for the United Nations' International Year of Microcredit 2005 [28] and until 2009, was a member of UN Advisors Group on Inclusive Financial Sectors.
Titles, honours and arms[edit]
By a decree issued on 25 January 2002, upon the solemnization of marriage, Máxima Zorreguieta was granted the titles Princess of the Netherlands and Princess of Orange-Nassau, and the style Royal Highness was formally conferred upon her. She also became "mevrouw van Amsberg (Mrs. van Amsberg)".[29]
Another decree issued on the same day also granted her own personal coat of arms and a personal standard.[30]
On 13 May 2011, the Dutch parliament confirmed that Máxima would become queen consort of the Netherlands upon her husband's accession, after a debate over her future title and style.[31] On 28 January 2013, it was announced that Queen Beatrix would abdicate on 30 April in favour of Willem-Alexander.[32] Máxima is the Kingdom's first queen consort since Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, the second wife of William III. She is the first Dutch queen consort to have been born as a commoner, and the first to have been born outside Europe.
Royal titles and styles[edit]
2 February 2002 – 30 April 2013: Her Royal Highness Princess Máxima of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Mrs. van Amsberg[citation needed]
30 April 2013 – present: Her Majesty The Queen[33]
Máxima's full title and style is "Her Majesty Queen Máxima, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau".[33]
Honours[edit]
Royal Standard of Máxima
See also: List of honours of the Dutch royal family by country
National honours[edit]
Netherlands:
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
King Willem-Alexander Investiture Medal (30 April 2013)
Foreign honours[edit]
Belgium:
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold[34][35]
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown[36]
Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
Brunei: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Most Esteemed Family Order of Brunei[37]
Chile: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant[38][39]
France: Grand Cross of the Order of National Merit[40]
Germany: Grand Cross Special issue of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic[41]
Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown
Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau[42]
Mexico: Sash of the Order of the Aztec Eagle[43]
Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav[44]
Oman: Member 1st Class of the Order of Sultan Qaboos[45]
Poland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle[46]
Portugal: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Prince Henry[47]
Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic[48]
Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star[49]
United Arab Emirates: Grand Cross of the Order of Union[50]
Arms[edit]
Coat of arms of Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
Notes
This coat of arms is used by Queen Máxima of the Netherlands.[51] It was granted by royal decree-law of Queen Beatrix on 25 January 2002.[30]
Escutcheon
Quarterly: I and IV azure billety or, a lion with coronet also or armed and langued gules, holding in his dexter paw a sword argent hilted or, and in his sinister seven arrows argent pointed and bound together or, which is of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; II and III or, a horn azure opened and bound gules, which is of the First House of Orange; an inescutcheon or bearing a castle of three towers gules flanked on each side by a poplar tree au naturel, and a river azure flowing from the base, ondoyant to the gate of the castle, which is of the house of Zorreguieta in Argentina.
Symbolism
The first and fourth quarters are the coat of arms of the Netherlands, based on the coat of arms of the House of Nassau.[51]
The second and third quarters are the coat of arms of the Prince of Orange.[51]
In the center is the coat of arms of Queen Máxima's paternal family, the Zorreguieta family.[51]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pronunciation in Spanish ([ˈmaksima soreˈɣjeta ˈseruti]) and Dutch ([ˈmɑksimaː]).
^ Jump up to: a b Reitwiesner, William Addams. "Ancestry of Maxima Zorreguieta". WARGS. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Andrea Borella Annuario della Nobiltà Italiana, Edition XXXI Teglio (SO) 2010 S.A.G.I. Casa Editrice, vol. 1 and Ascendencia de Da. Máxima Zorreguieta, Princesa de la Corona de los Paises Bajos Archived 3 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Ancestry of Maxima Zorreguieta Archived 15 September 2012 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ "From Commoner to Queen - The Story of Máxima Zorreguieta". Euro Channel - The Best of Europe. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015. After moving to the United States to complete a master’s degree
Jump up ^ "Studie en werk vóór 2002". Het Koninklij Huis. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hats off to birthday girl Queen Máxima of the Netherlands". Hello Magazine. 15 May 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Princess Maxima". Hello magazine. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Human rights: Zorreguieta vs.humanrights Archived 19 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine., March 2001.
Jump up ^ "Crown Princess Maxima of the Netherlands". Hello!. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Engagement period Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Royal Wedding 2002.
Jump up ^ Ook Beatrix heeft dubbele nationaliteit Archived 21 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine., (Queen Beatrix also has dual citizenship), Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 6 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Joyful christening of Catharina-Amalia
Jump up ^ Amsterdam Museum toont trouwtafel van Prins Willem-Alexander en Prinses Maxima Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Royal Wedding 2002.
Jump up ^ Princess Maxima & Prince Willem-Alexander's Wedding: A Look Back Archived 24 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Genealogía Argentina Archived 3 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ La Casa de Orange - Nassu y su parentesco político con Doña Máxima Zorroguieta Archived 13 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Fox News Archived 9 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dutch abdication: profile of Maxima Zorreguieta, Holland's new Queen consort Archived 25 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Prinses Máxima krijgt zitting in Raad van State" (in Dutch). 19 October 2004. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Iss.nl Archived 19 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Queen Maxima at the Utrecht University in Utrecht". Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
Jump up ^ FreeForm | Chicago Free Press: Judge Not... Archived 7 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Landelijke koploperovereenkomst lesbisch". Rijksoverheid. 14 November 2007. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Speech Máxima on identity Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine., NIS, July 17, 2008
Jump up ^ Translated from the Dutch original.
Jump up ^ Her Royal Highness Princess Máxima of the Netherlands Archived 8 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "International Year of Microcredit 2005". Year of Microcredit. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Decree of 25 January 2002 laying down the titles and styles of Máxima Zorreguieta and titles, names, and styles of the children who might be born from the marriage of His Royal Highness Prince Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand, Prince of Orange, Prince of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg with Her Royal Highness Princess Máxima of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Mrs van Amsberg Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Official Gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. No. 41. Published: 31 January 2002
^ Jump up to: a b Decree of 25 January 2002, regarding the coat of arms and personal flag of Her Royal Highness Princess Máxima Archived 13 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Official Gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. No. 42. Published: 31 January 2002
Jump up ^ Pinedo, Danielle; Versteegh, Kees (15 February 2013). "Deskundigen in NRC: Máxima kreeg te snel titel 'koningin'". nrc.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 19 September 2016.
Jump up ^ www.koninklijkhuis.nl Archived 1 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Alamy Archived 7 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Alamy Archived 7 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ State visit of Beatrix in Belgium, 2006, Belga Pictures, group photo Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Noblesse et Royautés Archived 25 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (French), State visit of Netherlands in Brunei (01/2013), Photo Archived 1 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Getty Images Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Getty Images Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Koning krijgt grootkruis van Legioen van Eer Archived 23 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. - website De Telegraaf
Jump up ^ Quirinale website Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The royal forums Archived 4 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine., State visit of Luxembourg to Netherlands, 2006, Photo Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Official decree Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine., 2 November 2009
Jump up ^ Kongehuset[dead link]
Jump up ^ Alamy Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Interia Archived 27 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. - The Queen wears the rosette of the order above her brooch.
Jump up ^ Portugal Archived 4 April 2013 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial del Estado Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Mad Hattery Archived 31 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine., pictures during Princess Victoria of Sweden's wedding
Jump up ^ H.H Sheikh Khalifa welcomes HM Queen Beatrix of Netherlands Archived 29 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine. - website of the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs
^ Jump up to: a b c d (in Dutch) Wapens van leden van het Koninklijk Huis Archived 23 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on 6 May 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queen Máxima of the Netherlands.
Queen Máxima at the website of the Royal House
Dutch royalty
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as prince consort Queen consort of the Netherlands
30 April 2013 – present Incumbent
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Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti (2013–present)
Claus van Amsberg (1980–2002)
Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1948–1980)
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Generations are numbered from William I of the Netherlands.
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 20604949
LCCN: n2001038213
ISNI: 0000 0001 2123 3530
GND: 12406695X
SUDOC: 148917879
BNE: XX5002154
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_Máxima_of_the_Netherlands&oldid=838475785"
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values: commons:Category:Queen Máxima of the Netherlands

values: Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands

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values: Template talk:Dutch princesses by marriage

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values: Template talk:Current consorts of sovereigns

values: Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

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https://viaf.org/viaf/20604949

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http://isni.org/isni/0000000121233530

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https://d-nb.info/gnd/12406695X

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https://www.idref.fr/148917879

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values: Category:Members of the Council of State (Netherlands)

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values: Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star

values: Category:Dames Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic

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values: ماكسيما ملكة هولندا – Arabic

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values: Максима Нидерландска – Bulgarian

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values: マクシマ・ソレギエタ – Japanese

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values: Regina Máxima a Țărilor de Jos – Romanian

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values: Максима (королева Нидерландов) – Russian

values: Queen Máxima of the Netherlands – Simple English

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values: Максима од Холандије – Serbian

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values: สมเด็จพระราชินีแม็กซิมาแห่งเนเธอร์แลนด์ – Thai

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values: Максима (королева Нідерландів) – Ukrainian

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values: Hoàng hậu Máxima của Hà Lan – Vietnamese

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