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Beats Electronics
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Beats Electronics LLC
Formerly called
Beats by Dr. Dre
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Audio
Consumer electronics
Founded
2006; 12 years ago (2006)
Founders
Andre "Dr. Dre" Young
Jimmy Iovine
Headquarters
Cupertino, California, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Luke Wood (President)
Matthew Costello (COO)[1]
will.i.am (partner)[2]
Noel Lee (Inventor)[3]
Products
Headphones
Bluetooth-enabled accessories
Speakers
Revenue
US$ 1.5 billion (2013)[4]
Number of employees
700 (As of 2014[update])
Parent
HTC (50.1%; 2010–2012,
24.84%; 2012–2013)
Apple Inc. (2014–present)
Website
beatsbydre.com
Beats Electronics (formerly Beats by Dr. Dre, or simply Beats by Dre) is a subsidiary of Apple Inc. that produces audio products. Headquartered in Culver City, California, U.S.,[5] the company was founded by music producer and rapper Dr. Dre and former[6] Interscope Geffen A&M Records chairman Jimmy Iovine.
The subsidiary's product line is primarily focused on headphones and speakers. The company's original product line was manufactured in partnership with the AV equipment company Monster Cable Products. Following the end of its contract with the company, Beats took further development of its products in-house. In 2014, the company expanded into the online music market with the launch of its subscription-based streaming service, Beats Music.
In 2011, NPD Group reported that Beats' market share was 64% in the U.S for headphones priced higher than $100, and the brand was valued at US$1 billion in September 2013.[7][8]
For a period, the company was majority-owned by Taiwanese smartphone maker HTC. The company reduced its stake to 25% in 2012, and sold its remaining stake back to the company in 2013. Concurrently, Carlyle Group replaced HTC as a minority shareholder, alongside Dr. Dre and Iovine in late 2013. On August 1, 2014, Apple Inc. acquired Beats for US $3 billion in a cash and stock deal, the largest acquisition in Apple's history.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Formation
1.2 HTC purchase and non-renewal of Monster contract
1.3 HTC sale and Beats Music
1.4 Subsidiary of Apple (2014–present)
1.5 Bose lawsuit
1.6 Monster lawsuit
2 Products
2.1 Personal audio
2.2 Beats Audio
2.2.1 Car audio
2.3 Beats Music
3 Critical reception
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Formation[edit]
Dr. Dre (seen in 2012), company co-founder
Jimmy Iovine & David Guetta
The company was formally established in 2006,[9] a time when Iovine perceived two key problems in the music industry: the impact of piracy on music sales and the substandard audio quality provided by Apple's plastic earbuds. Iovine later recalled that Dre said to him: "Man, it's one thing that people steal my music. It's another thing to destroy the feeling of what I've worked on." Iovine sought the opinions of musicians with "great taste", such as M.I.A., Pharrell Williams, will.i.am, and Gwen Stefani during the early developmental stage.[10] Beats initially partnered with Monster Cable, an audio and video component manufacturer based in Brisbane, California, to manufacture and develop the first Beats-branded products, and debuted its first product, Beats by Dr. Dre Studio headphones, in late 2008.
To promote its products, Beats primarily relied on endorsements by pop and hip-hop music performers, including product placement within music videos, and partnering with musicians and other celebrities to develop co-branded products.[10][11][12][13] Beats' use of endorsements by musicians helped the company aggressively target the young adult demographics.[14]
HTC purchase and non-renewal of Monster contract[edit]
In August 2010, mobile phone manufacturer HTC acquired a 50.1% majority share in Beats for US$309 million. The purchase was intended to allow HTC to compete with other cellphone makers by associating themselves with the Beats brand,[15] as the purchase also granted HTC exclusive rights to manufacture smartphones with Beats-branded audio systems.[16] Despite its majority acquisition, HTC allowed Beats to operate as an autonomous company.[16] Luke Wood, President of Beats in May 2014, joined the company in January 2010, when the company was a "licensing business". Wood had previously worked under Iovine at Interscope Records.[1]
On January 19, 2012, BusinessWeek reported that Beats and Monster would not renew their production contract and their partnership ceased at the end of 2012. Dre and Iovine subsequently decided to oversee the entire operation of the company, from manufacturing to R&D,[1] and aimed to double its workforce to around 300 employees. Monster would ultimately begin marketing its own competing line of premium headphones aimed towards an older demographic.[11] At the time, neither Dre, Iovine or Wood were experienced in the operation of a company at such a grand level, but Nani Wood explained in 2014:
I didn't have manufacturing experience, but I had experience of building something from scratch … Every time we put out an album, it was basically like building a new business--a unique cast of characters, unique challenges and opportunities, and trying to figure out a unique path to market.[1]
In October 2012, Beats unveiled its first two self-developed products, "Beats Executive" headphones and "Beats Pill" wireless speakers—Iovine believed that the company would now have to "control [its] own destiny" in order to continue its growth. Iovine also commented on how other headphone makers had attempted to emulate Beats' celebrity endorsement business model (including Monster themselves, who unveiled Earth, Wind and Fire and Miles Davis-themed headphones at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show),[11] stating that "some of our competitors are cheap engineers who have never been to a recording studio. You can't just stick someone's name on a headphone that doesn't know anything about sound."[11][17][18] Following the decision to transform Beats into an autonomous entity, the company's revenues reached the US$1-billion mark, according to Iovine.[1]
HTC sale and Beats Music[edit]
In July 2012, HTC sold back half of its stake in Beats for US$150 million, remaining the largest shareholder with 25.1 percent.[19] The sale was intended to provide "flexibility for global expansion while maintaining HTC’s major stake and commercial exclusivity in mobile."[15] In August 2013, reports surfaced that Beats' founders planned to buy back HTC's remaining minority stake in the company, and pursue a new, unspecified partner for a future investment.[20][21]
On September 27, 2013, HTC confirmed that it would sell its remaining 24.84% stake in Beats back to the company for US$265 million. Concurrently, Beats announced that the Carlyle Group would make a US$500 million minority investment in the company.[22][23] The overall deal valued Beats Electronics at US$1 billion[7] and helped HTC turn a net profit of US$10.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2013, following HTC's first quarterly loss in company history.[24]
The appointment of a new chief operating officer (COO), a role previously filled by Wood,[1] was announced in early November 2013. Matthew Costello, formerly of IKEA and HTC, was formally appointed into the role in May 2014.[25][26]
On January 21, 2014, the company launched Beats Music, a subscription-based online music streaming service.[27] Prior to the launch of the service, Beats stated that it intends to provide a different type of streaming experience to what was available on the market at the time. Additionally, the service would only be available to consumers in the U.S. at inception.[28] Chief executive of Beats at the time, Ian Rogers, said:
We wanted to build a music service that combined the freedom of an on-demand subscription service—unlimited, uninterrupted streaming and downloads of tens of millions of songs – but layer on top features that would give you that feeling only music that moves you can give. The right song at the right time will give you a chill. Make you pull someone close. Nod your head. Sing in the mirror. Roll down the car window and crank the volume to the right.[28]
Subsidiary of Apple (2014–present)[edit]
On May 8, 2014, the Financial Times reported that Apple was in negotiations with Beats to purchase the company for US$3.2 billion—the largest purchase in Apple's history, ahead of its US$429 million purchase of NeXT in 1996.[29] The impending deal was prematurely and indirectly revealed in a photo and YouTube video posted to Facebook by Tyrese Gibson on May 8, 2014; the video documented a celebration in which Gibson and Dr. Dre made boasting remarks about the acquisition, with Dre declaring himself the "first billionaire in hip hop", while Gibson declared that the "Forbes list" had changed. Both the photo and video were removed from Facebook the following morning, but both remain on Gibson's YouTube channel.[1][30] Indeed, analysts estimated that the rumored deal would make Dr. Dre the first billionaire in the hip-hop music industry in terms of net worth, assuming that he held at least 15% ownership in the company prior to the deal. Dr. Dre was listed with a net worth of US$550 million on Forbes' The World's Billionaires 2014 list. It was also estimated that the Carlyle Group would receive a profit of US$1 billion from its minority stake in the company.[22][31][32]
On May 28, 2014, Apple officially announced its intention to acquire Beats Electronics for US$3 billion—with $400 million to be paid in Apple stock and the remainder in cash. Some reports suggested that the reduction in value may have been a result of lower-than-expected subscriber numbers for the Beats Music service.[1] Iovine felt that Beats had always "belonged" with Apple, as the company modeled itself after Apple's "unmatched ability to marry culture and technology." In regard to the deal, Apple CEO Tim Cook stated that "Music is such an important part of all of our lives and holds a special place within our hearts at Apple. That’s why we have kept investing in music and are bringing together these extraordinary teams so we can continue to create the most innovative music products and services in the world." Beyond stocking Beats products at its retail outlets, Apple did not provide any further indications over how Beats would be integrated into its product line at the time, and whether Beats Music, which competed with Apple's own iTunes Radio service, would continue to operate after the finalization of the acquisition.[33][34][35]
The acquisition closed on August 1, 2014; to eliminate redundancy, Apple planned to lay off 200 workers from Beats' workforce of around 700.[36][37] Beats Music was discontinued effective immediately with the launch of Apple Music on June 30, 2015.[38][39]
Bose lawsuit[edit]
In July 2014, Bose Corporation sued Beats Electronics, alleging that its "Studio" line incorporated noise cancellation technology that infringed five patents held by the company. Bose has also sought an injunction which would ban the infringing products from being imported or sold in the United States.[40][41] The lawsuit was settled out of court. Apple pulled all Bose products from its retail outlets, although it is unclear whether it was in response to the lawsuit, an ambush marketing conflict involving Beats and the NFL (which had recently named Bose as one of its official sponsors, and thus fined a player for displaying the Beats logo during an official activity), or as a result of Apple's acquisition of Beats.[42] However, two months later, Bose products returned to the shelves of Apple Stores. The companies settled in October 2014: details were not disclosed.[43]
Monster lawsuit[edit]
In January 2015, Monster Inc. sued Beats for fraud, alleging that the company had used illicit tactics to force Monster out of the venture whilst retaining rights to the technologies and products that it had co-developed, and engaged in collusion to harm Monster's own audio products business. Monster argued that the acquisition of Beats by HTC and its founders' subsequent buyback was a "sham" to take control of Monster's stake in the company—which could have been valued at over $100 million in the Apple purchase, that the company had "concealed" the role of Monster and its CEO Noel Lee in the design and engineering of its products, and that "had the partnership expired on its own terms, there would have been no transfer of Monster's years of work [onto the company]." Monster also alleged that Beats had partaken in anti-competitive practices with retailers to force those offering Beats products to not offer Monster's competing products.[44][45][46]
In June 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that in retaliation for the lawsuit, Apple Inc. revoked Monster's membership in the MFi Program on May 5, 2015, meaning that Monster can no longer manufacture licensed accessories for iPhone, iPod and iPad products, and must cease the sale of existing licensed products that contain the certification or technology licensed through the program by September 2015.[47]
The case was dismissed in August 2016, with a Supreme Court ruling that Beats "had the right to terminate the agreement as of January 7th, 2013 or when there was a transaction resulting in a change of control of Beats", and that Monster "did not obtain the right to approve the change of control. Nor did the agreement require that any change of control had to be objectively reasonable".[48]
Products[edit]
Personal audio[edit]
Beats' original product line were Beats by Dre headphones. In promotional materials, Dre outlined the line's advantages by alleging that listeners were not able to hear "all" of the music with most headphones, and that Beats would allow people to "hear what the artists hear, and listen to the music the way they should: the way I do." In comparison to most headphones, Beats products were characterized by an emphasis towards producing larger amounts of bass, and are particularly optimized towards hip-hop and pop music.[8][49][50] In October 2012, Beats unveiled its first two self-developed products, the Beats Executive noise-cancelling headphones (to compete with similar offerings by Bose and Sennheiser) and the Beats Pill portable speaker.[11][18] In October 2015, Beats launched a new collection of speakers including the upgraded Beats Pill+ Speaker.[51]
Beats Audio[edit]
The company has also licensed the Beats brand, under the name Beats Audio (rendered beats audio), and technology to other manufacturers. In 2009, HP began to offer personal computers equipped with Beats Audio systems, beginning with its HP Envy line.[52] The system features a software equalizer with a preset that HP marketed as being optimized for higher quality sound output.[53] Beats Electronics ceased its partnership with HP following its purchase by Apple Inc.; HP subsequently entered into a similar agreement with Bang & Olufsen.[54]
Following its acquisition of a stake in the company, most new HTC smartphones began to be released with Beats Audio software, beginning with the HTC Sensation XE/XL with Beats Audio in September 2011.[55] The software was to be included in most new HTC devices, such as the One series.[56][57][58] The Sensation XE and Rezound were also bundled with Beats by Dre earbuds, but HTC abandoned the practice on future devices. A HTC product executive claimed that despite the prominence of the Beats brand, "an accessory like the headphone doesn't factor in when someone is buying a smartphone."[59]
Car audio[edit]
In 2011, Beats reached a deal with Chrysler LLC to feature Beats-branded audio systems in its vehicles. The first vehicle under the partnership was its 2012 Chrysler 300S luxury vehicle, which included a 10-speaker Beats by Dr. Dre sound system.[21][60] Beats audio systems have also been included in models from Fiat Chrysler Automobiles' other marques. FCA marques that currently have Beats audio systems available in its vehicles are Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep, and Fiat.[61]
Beats Music[edit]
Main article: Beats Music
On July 2, 2012, Beats announced it had acquired the online music service MOG, in a purchase reported to have been between $10 million to $16 million. Beats stated that the acquisition was part of the company's goal to develop a "truly end-to-end music experience." The acquisition did not include the company's blog and advertising network, the MOG Music Network,[62][63] which was sold in a separate transaction to the broadcasting company Townsquare Media in August 2012.[64]
While MOG indicated that it would continue to operate independently with no immediate change in service,[63] Beats subsequently announced a new subscription-based online music service, known as Beats Music, which launched in January 2014. In comparison to its competitors, such as Spotify and Google Play Music, the service emphasizes recommendations by music professionals alongside algorithmic recommendations.[27][65] MOG was shut down on May 31, 2014, and existing users were directed to Beats Music.[66] Beats Music was in turn replaced by Apple Music in June 2015; the service also incorporates a Beats-branded online radio station, Beats1.[38][39]
Critical reception[edit]
Some critics claim that Beats products emphasize appearance over quality and function, arguing that more durable and better-sounding products are available for the same price or lower.[67][68] Tests done on an HTC smartphone with Beats Audio indicated that the audio technology is a combination of audio equalization that boosts the low (bass) and high ends of the audio range,[69] audio compression, and audio amplification.[70] On accusations that Beats' products were "bass heavy", Beats current president denies it, citing that their products are not for reference, but rather for playback.[71]
See also[edit]
2010s portal
Technology portal
Loudness war
Pear Cables Audiophile controversies
References[edit]
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Prime Minister of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Prime Minister of the Government of India
State Emblem of India
Flag of India
Incumbent
Narendra Modi
since 26 May 2014 (2014-05-26)
Prime Minister's Office
Style
The Honourable (formal)
His Excellency (diplomatic)
Member of
Cabinet, Parliament
Residence
7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi
Seat
Prime Minister's Office, South Block, New Delhi
Appointer
President of India
by convention, based on appointee's ability to command confidence in the Lok Sabha
Term length
At the pleasure of the President
Lok Sabha term is 5 years unless dissolved sooner
No term limits specified
Inaugural holder
Jawaharlal Nehru
Formation
15 August 1947; 70 years ago (1947-08-15)
Deputy
Deputy Prime Minister of India (if any)
Salary
₹20 lakh (US$31,000) (annual, including ₹960,000 (US$15,000) MP's salary) [1]
Website
pmindia.gov.in
The Prime Minister of India is the leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is also the chief adviser to the President of India and head of the Council of Ministers. They can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament (the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha), but has to be a member of the political party, having a majority in the Lok Sabha.
The Prime Minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet.
The union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive. Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75(3). The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha and shall resign if they are unable to prove majority when instructed by the President.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins and history
2 Constitutional framework and position of prime minister
3 Role and power of the prime minister
4 Appointment
4.1 Eligibility
4.2 Oath
4.3 Removal
5 Compensation
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Origins and history[edit]
India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding, actual head of the government and chief of the executive of the Government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e., the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a purely ceremonial position.
The Prime Minister shall become, if they are not already, a member of parliament within six months of beginning his/her tenure. They are expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the Parliament.
Constitutional framework and position of prime minister[edit]
The Constitution envisions a scheme of affairs in which the President of India is the head of the executive in terms of Article 53 with office of the prime minister as chief of Council of Ministers to assist and advise the president in the discharge of his/her constitutional functions. To quote, Article 53, 74 and 75 provide as under;
The executive powers of the Union shall be vested in the president and shall be exercised either directly or through subordinate officers, in accordance with the Constitution.
—  Article 53(1), Constitution of India
There shall be a Council of Ministers with the prime minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.
—  Article 74(1), Constitution of India
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
—  Article 75(1), Constitution of India
Like most parliamentary democracies, a President's duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the Union Cabinet and the Legislature. The Prime Minister of India is the head of union government and has the responsibility for executive power. The President's constitutional duty is to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law per Article 60. In the constitution of India, the Prime Minister is mentioned in only four of its articles (Articles 74,75,78 and 366), however he plays a crucial role in the union government of India by enjoying majority in the Lok Sabha.
Role and power of the prime minister[edit]
Republic of India
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India
Union Government[show]
Constitution of India
Fundamental rights
Executive:
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet Secretary of India
Civil Services of India
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Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
The Chairman
The Speaker
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Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
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Chief Election Commissioner
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Atlas
v
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The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the union government of India. The President of India invites a person (subject to eligibility) who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form the Union government, also known as the Central government, at the national level and exercise its powers.[2] In practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers[3][4][5] to the president. They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers (known as the Cabinet)[3] as in-charge of the important functions and ministries of the Government of India.
The prime minister is responsible for aiding and advising the president in distribution of work of the Government to various ministries and offices and in terms of the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961.[6] The co-ordinating work is generally allocated to the Cabinet Secretariat.[7] While the work of the Government is generally divided into various Ministries, the prime minister may retain certain portfolios if they are not allocated to any member of the cabinet.
The prime minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Houses of Parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament to them as the in-charge of the portfolios in the capacity as Prime Minister of India.[8]
Some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister themself. The Prime Minister is usually always in-charge/head of:
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
Cabinet Secretariat
Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
NITI Aayog
Department of Atomic Energy
Department of Space
Nuclear Command Authority
The prime minister represents the country in various delegations, high level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office[9] and also addresses to the nation on various issues of national or other importance.[10]
Per Article 78 of the constitution, the official communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister. Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the union cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet.
Appointment[edit]
Eligibility[edit]
According to Article 84 of the Constitution of India, which sets the principle qualification for member of Parliament, and Article 75 of the Constitution of India, which sets the qualifications for the minister in the Union Council of Minister, and the argument that the position of prime minister has been described as 'first among equals',[11] A prime minister must:
be a citizen of India.
be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. If the person chosen as the prime minister is neither a member of the Lok Sabha nor the Rajya Sabha at the time of selection, they must become a member of either of the houses within six months.
be above 25 years of age if they are a member of Lok Sabha or above 30 years of age if they are a member of the Rajya Sabha.
not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.
If however a candidate is elected as the prime minister they must vacate their post from any private or government company and may take up the post only on completion of their term.
Oath[edit]
The Prime Minister is required to make and subscribe in the presence of President of India before entering office, the oath of office and secrecy, as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Oath of office:
I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as prime minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.
—  Constitution of India, Third Schedule, Part I
Oath of secrecy:
I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as prime minister for the Union except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.
—  Constitution of India, Third Schedule, Part II
Removal[edit]
Upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Parliament subject to the Representation of the People Act, 1951.[12]
Compensation[edit]
By Article 75 of the constitution of India, remuneration of the prime minister as well as other ministers are to be decided by the Parliament[13] and is renewed from time to time. The original remuneration for prime minister and other ministers were specified in the Part B of the second schedule of the constitution, which was later removed by an amendment. In 2010, the prime minister's office reported that he did not receive a formal salary, but was only entitled to monthly allowances.[14] That same year The Economist reported that, on a purchasing power parity basis, the prime minister received an equivalent of $4106 per year. As a percentage of the country's per-capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product), this is the lowest of all countries The Economist surveyed.[15]
Prime Minister monthly pay and allowances
Salary in Oct 2009
Salary in Oct 2010
Salary in Jul 2012
₹100,000 (US$1,600) ₹135,000 (US$2,100) ₹160,000 (US$2,500)
Sources:[1]
The 7, Lok Kalyan Marg ( earlier name was Race Course Road) in New Delhi, serves as the official place of residence for the Prime Minister of India. For ground travel, the Prime Minister uses the highly modified armoured BMW 7 Series (F01), while for air travel, an aircraft designated by the call sign Air India One is used. The Special Protection Group is charged with protecting the sitting Prime Minister and his/her family.
See also[edit]
India portal
List of Presidents of India
List of Prime Ministers of India
Deputy Prime Minister of India
List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity
Prime Minister's Office (India)
Air transports of heads of state and government
Official state car
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Pay & Allowances of the Prime Minister" (PDF). pmindia.nic.in/. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ministers". pmindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ministers of State (Independent Charge)". pmindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ministers of State (without Independent Charge)". pmindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "(Allocation of Business) Rules 1961". cabsec.nic.in. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
Jump up ^ "Cabinet Secretariat, Govt.of India". cabsec.gov.in. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
Jump up ^ "PM's answers to Parliamentary Questions". pmindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Recent Visit of the Prime Minister". pmindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Recent National Messages of the PM". pmindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Basu, Durga D. (2009). "11". Introduction to the Constitution of India. Nagpur, India: LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. p. 199. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
Jump up ^ "Sections 7 & 8k, The representation of the people act,1951" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2016.
Jump up ^ The Constitution of India, Article 75-6
Jump up ^ "A Raise for Prime Minister Manmohan Singh?". Wall Street Journal. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Leaders of the fee world: How much a country's leader is paid compared to GDP per person". The Economist. 5 July 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
External links[edit]
The Prime Minister of India (Official site)
Former Prime Ministers of India (Official site)
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