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Despicable Me 3
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Despicable Me 3
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Pierre Coffin
Kyle Balda
Eric Guillon (co-director)
Produced by
Chris Meledandri
Janet Healy
Written by
Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio
Based on
Characters created
by Sergio Pablos
Starring
Steve Carell
Kristen Wiig
Trey Parker
Miranda Cosgrove
Dana Gaier
Nev Scharrel
Pierre Coffin
Steve Coogan
Jenny Slate
Julie Andrews
Music by
Heitor Pereira[1]
Pharrell Williams
Edited by
Claire Dodgson
Production
company
Universal Pictures[2]
Illumination Entertainment[2]
Distributed by
Universal Pictures[2]
Release date
June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14) (Annecy)[3]
June 30, 2017 (2017-06-30) (United States)[3]
Running time
90 minutes[4]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$80 million[5]
Box office
$1.029 billion[5]
Despicable Me 3 (stylized in marketing and onscreen as Despicable M3) is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures. It is the third main installment in the Despicable Me film series and the sequel to Despicable Me 2 (2013). The film is directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, co-directed by Eric Guillon[6] and written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio.
In the film, Gru teams up with his long-lost twin brother Dru in order to defeat a new enemy named Balthazar Bratt, a 1980s child actor who grows up to become a villain. Steve Carell, Miranda Cosgrove and Dana Gaier reprise their roles of Gru, Margo and Edith from the first two films and Julie Andrews returns as Marlena, Gru's mother from Despicable Me (2010). Kristen Wiig and Steve Coogan return from Despicable Me 2, while Trey Parker, Jenny Slate and Nev Scharrel (replacing Elsie Fisher as Agnes) join the cast.
Despicable Me 3 premiered on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, and was released in the United States on June 30, 2017, by Universal Pictures in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema, and IMAX 3D. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics[7] and has grossed over $1 billion worldwide, making it the third highest-grossing film of 2017, the fourth highest-grossing animated film of all time and the 25th highest-grossing overall. It is Illumination's second film to gross over $1 billion, after Minions in 2015, becoming the first ever animated franchise to do so.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
4.2 Charts
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Former villain Gru is now an agent for the Anti-Villain League (AVL). He and his partner/wife Lucy are sent to foil the plans of Balthazar Bratt, a former child star turned evil. Gru manages to stop Bratt from stealing the world's largest diamond, but is unable to capture him. As a result of failing to capture Bratt, Gru and Lucy are fired from the AVL by its unreasonable new director Valerie Da Vinci, following the retirement of Silas Ramsbottom.
Gru and Lucy reluctantly tell their children, Margo, Edith, and Agnes, of their termination, but assure them they will find new jobs. Most of Gru's Minions leave Gru when he refuses to return to villainy despite losing his job. Meanwhile, Lucy struggles to adapt to her new role as the children's new mom. The next morning, the family is approached by Fritz, the butler of Gru's cheerful twin brother Dru, who lives in a distant country named Freedonia and longs to meet him. Gru is shocked to learn he has a twin. He confronts his mother, who reveals that when she and her husband divorced, they agreed to keep one child each. The family decides to travel to meet Dru, and they are surprised at his immense wealth, which Fritz attributes to their pig farm business. Meanwhile, the Minions are arrested for trespassing at a talent show set. Bratt manages to steal the diamond again, intending to use it to power a giant robot and destroy Hollywood as revenge for the cancellation of his show.
Dru reveals to Gru that their recently deceased father was a legendary supervillain, whose villainous activities are the real source of the family's wealth. As Dru was dismissed by their father as a disgrace, he asks his brother to teach him how to be a villain. When Gru refuses to revert to his old ways, Dru takes him on a joyride around Freedonia in their father's technologically advanced car and the siblings bond. Meanwhile, Lucy tries to balance her tasks as a mom, which she exhibits after turning away a young boy named Niko who had fallen for Margo in the midst of a traditional cheese festival, while Edith and Agnes stumble into a local tavern and learn from the bartender about a mythical unicorn which lurks in a nearby forest. Gru tries to convince Agnes that unicorns are imaginary, but decides against it to avoid hurting her feelings. The next day, Agnes and Edith set out into the woods to track the mythical horse, only to find a one-horned goat whom Agnes adopts and dubs "Lucky." Meanwhile, the Minions' longing for Gru motivates them to escape from prison.
Dru convinces Gru to steal the diamond, with Gru secretly intending to bring it to the AVL, which he hopes will convince Da Vinci to rehire him. Despite several setbacks, they manage to retrieve the diamond and are rescued by Lucy after narrowly escaping. After finding out Gru's true motives, Dru confronts his brother about his lie. In return, Gru insults him and decides to leave Freedonia. Bratt, disguised as Lucy, kidnaps the children, and once again acquires the diamond. Gru and Dru resolve their differences and pursue him.
With his robot powered by the diamond, Bratt terrorizes Hollywood, intending to send it into space with the use of superpowered gum. Lucy saves the children while Gru and Dru weaken Bratt's robot with the weapons of their father's car. Gru is knocked unconscious when the car is destroyed, and Dru manages to destroy the robot's core from the inside when Bratt threatens to kill Gru. When Gru recovers, he battles Bratt in a dance fight, using it as a distraction to grab his weaponized keytar, and defeats him. Having rendezvoused with Gru, the Minions manage to destroy the gum already covering the city, and Gru and Dru reunite.
Soon afterward, Gru and Lucy are reinstated in the AVL and the newly united family celebrate in Gru's home. Lucy is acknowledged by the children as their mother. Lured back to villainy, Dru and most of the minions steals Gru's ship, with Gru's emblem replaced with a "D" graffiti. Gru and Lucy decide to give them a five-minute head-start before engaging pursuit.
Cast[edit]
Steve Carell as Felonious Gru, the former villain turned Anti-Villain League agent, Margo, Edith, and Agnes' adoptive father, and Lucy's husband.[8]
Carell also voices Dru, Gru's long-lost twin brother and the girls' adoptive uncle.[8][9]
Kristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde, an Anti-Villain League agent, Gru's wife and the girls' adoptive mother.[10]
Trey Parker as Balthazar Bratt, a supervillain and former child star who grows up to become obsessed with the character he played in the '80s and is bent on world domination.[8]
Miranda Cosgrove as Margo, Gru and Lucy's oldest adoptive daughter.[10]
Dana Gaier as Edith, Gru and Lucy's middle adoptive daughter.[11]
Nev Scharrel as Agnes, Gru and Lucy's youngest adoptive daughter.[12] She was previously voiced by Elsie Fisher in the first two films.
Pierre Coffin as Mel and the Minions.[13]
Coffin also voices a Museum Director.
Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom, the director of the Anti-Villain League.[14][15]
Coogan also voices Fritz, the butler of Dru.
Julie Andrews as Marlena Gru, Gru and Dru's mother.[14][16]
Jenny Slate as Valerie Da Vinci, a member of the Anti-Villain League who becomes the brand new AVL director.[14][17]
Andy Nyman as Clive, a robot who is Bratt's sidekick.
Adrian Ciscato as Niko, a boy from Freedonia who falls in love with Margo.
John Cygan (in his final film role) as an Additional Voice.
Production[edit]
Steve Burke, the NBCUniversal CEO, confirmed in September 2013 that a third film in the Despicable Me series was in development.[18] Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, the writers of the first two films, announced that they would return to write the screenplay for the film.[19] On April 13, 2016, Trey Parker, co-creator of South Park, was cast as the main antagonist for the film, Balthazar Bratt.[8]
Soundtrack[edit]
Despicable Me 3: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
Genre
Pop
Length
51:14
Label
I Am Other
Columbia
Producer
Alan Tarney
Andrew Coleman
Hart Gunther
Heitor Pereira
Madonna
Manne Praeker
Marvin dM. Nitazal
Michael Jackson
Mike Larson
Pharrell Williams
Quincy Jones
Reinhold Heil
Rick Bryant
Stephen Bray
Toto Gamyar
The soundtrack for Despicable Me 3 was released on June 23, 2017. Pharrell Williams released the new song "Yellow Light" for the soundtrack, which was made available through digital download and streaming.[20] Some songs are unavailable on iTunes and Google Play
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Yellow Light" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams
Pharrell Williams
Mike Larson[b]
3:37
2. "Hug Me" (performed by Pharrell Williams and Trey Parker)
Pharrell Williams
Trey Parker
Pharrell Williams
Hart Gunther
Rick Bryant
Mike Larson[b]
2:20
3. "Bad" (performed by Michael Jackson) Michael Jackson
Quincy Jones
Michael Jackson[a]
4:07
4. "Take on Me" (performed by A-ha)
Pål Waaktaar
Morten Harket
Magne Furuholmen
Marvin dM. Nitazal
Alan Tarney
Toto Gamyar
3:46
5. "Papa Mama Loca Pipa" (performed by The Minions)
W. S. Gilbert
Arthur Sullivan
Pierre Coffin 1:29
6. "There's Something Special" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams
Pharrell Williams
Mike Larson[b]
3:44
7. "Tiki Tiki Babeloo" (performed by The Minions) Pierre Coffin 1:13
8. "Freedom" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 2:43
9. "Doowit" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams
Pharrell Williams
Mike Larson[b]
4:02
10. "99 Luftballons" (performed by Nena)
Carlo Karges
Jörn-Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen
Reinhold Heil
Manne Praeker
3:52
11. "Into the Groove" (performed by Madonna)
Madonna Ciccone
Stephen Bray
Madonna
Bray
4:44
12. "Chuck Berry" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams
Pharrell Williams
Andrew Coleman[b]
Mike Larson[b]
3:15
13. "Fun, Fun, Fun" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 3:25
14. "Despicable Me" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 4:15
15. "Despicable Me 3 Score Suite" (performed by Heitor Pereira) Heitor Pereira Heitor Pereira 4:05
16. "Malatikalano Polatina" (performed by The Minions) Pierre Coffin 0:37
Total length: 51:14
Notes
^[a] signifies a co-producer
^[b] signifies an additional producer
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[21]
76
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[22]
17
Release[edit]
The film premiered on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival.[3] It was released in the United States on June 30, 2017.[23] This is the first Illumination movie to be released in Dolby Vision and to be in the 2:35.1 anamorphic widescreen format.
The first official trailer for the film was released on December 14, 2016;[11] with the second released on March 14, 2017.[24] A secondary trailer, designed for TV usage was released on April 21, 2017.[25] A third trailer was released on May 24, 2017.[26]
Home media[edit]
Despicable Me 3 will be released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on November 6, 2017.[27]
In the US, Despicable Me 3 will be released on digital download on November 21, 2017, and on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu-ray on December 5, 2017. [28] The releases will also include a short film, titled The Secret Life of Kyle.[27]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of October 23, 2017[update], Despicable Me 3 has grossed $263.3 million in the United States and Canada and $766.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.029 billion, against a production budget of $80 million.[5] On September 8, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the second Despicable Me film (after Minions), second non-Disney-animated film (after Minions), third film of 2017 (after Beauty and the Beast and The Fate of the Furious), and the sixth animated film (after Toy Story 3, Frozen, Minions, Zootopia, and Finding Dory) to pass the mark. It became the first film since The Fate of the Furious (also a Universal property) in April 2017 to make over a billion dollars.[29]
In North America, the film opened alongside The House and Baby Driver, as well as the wide expansion of The Beguiled, and was projected to gross $85–95 million in its opening weekend. It played in 4,529 theaters, setting the record for widest release of all time, beating the amount set by The Twilight Saga: Eclipse in 2010.[30] It made $4.1 million from Thursday night previews, down slightly from the $4.7 million of the second film and $6.2 million made by Minions, and $29.2 million on its first day. It went on to debut to $72.4 million, slightly below expectations and the lowest of the series since the first film, but still topped the box office and was the 4th-best opening for Illumination.[31] It also opened to more than the next five films did combined (Baby Driver's $20.6 million, Transformers: The Last Knight's $16.9 million, Wonder Woman's $15.7 million, Cars 3's $9.7 million and The House's $8.7 million).[7] In its second weekend the film grossed $33.6 million (a drop of 53.6%, more than the previous Despicable Me films but similar to Minions), finishing second at the box office behind newcomer Spider-Man: Homecoming ($117 million).[32]
Internationally the film was released in five markets on June 16, 2017, and grossed $9.9 million in its opening weekend.[33] In its third week of release the film opened in 46 more markets, grossing $95.6 million.[7]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 60% based on 162 reviews, and an average rating of 5.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Despicable Me 3 should keep fans of the franchise consistently entertained with another round of colorful animation and zany—albeit somewhat scattershot—humor."[34] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 49 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[35] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[31]
IGN gave the film a score of 6/10, saying, "It’s not much, but Despicable Me 3 is at least enough for the younger fans of the franchise."[36] Peter Debruge of Variety wrote, "Despicable Me 3 is unwieldy, but it mostly works, as co-directors Pierre Coffin (who also voices the Minions) and Kyle Balda never lose sight of the film's emotional center, packing the rest with as much humor as they can manage. The jokes come so fast and furious, the movie can hardly find room for Heitor Pereira's funky score, and though Pharrell Williams has contributed five new songs to sell soundtracks (including the sweet There's Something Special), the movie hardly needs them."[37] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a mixed review, saying: "Ultimately, none of these flaws will matter to the throngs of little kids who have made the previous Despicable Me movies (and the superior Minions spin-off) into giant global hits."[38]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Golden Trailer Awards 2017[39] Best Animation/Family Despicable Me 3 Nominated
Best Animation/Family Poster
Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017[40] Best Original Song - Animated Film There's Something Special for Pharrell Williams Pending
Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards 2017[41] Favorite Movie Despicable Me 3 Won
Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards 2017[42] Favorite Movie Nominated
Nickelodeon Colombia Kids' Choice Awards 2017[43] Favorite Movie
Sequel[edit]
Illumination's CEO Chris Meledandri has said in September 2017 that a fourth Despicable Me film is in development.[44]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Heitor Pereira to Return for ‘Despicable Me 3’". Film Music Reporter. June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Film releases". Variety Insight. Archived from the original on 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wolfe, Jennifer (April 3, 2017). "Illumination’s ‘Despicable Me 3’ To Premiere at Annecy 2017". Animation World Network. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Despicable Me 3". AMC Theatres. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Despicable Me 3 (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Matt (April 13, 2016). "Trey Parker Joins Voice Cast of ‘Despicable Me 3’". The Wrap. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Box Office: Despicable Me 3 Wins the Weekend". Rotten Tomatoes. July 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Franich, Darren (April 13, 2016). "Trey Parker Will Voice The Villain In Despicable Me 3". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Calvario, Liz (2017-03-14). "‘Despicable Me 3’ Trailer Reunites Gru With His Long-Lost Twin Brother". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Nequinto, Denise (30 September 2016). "'Despicable Me 3' 2017 Plot: Gru Experiences Sibling Rivalry, Faces New Villain". CitizenOracle. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lesnick, Silas (December 14, 2016). "Gru is Back in the Despicable Me 3 Trailer!". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nev Scharrel Talks 'Despicable Me 3' In Exclusive Q&A!". popstaronline.com. September 26, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc (May 19, 2017). "Despicable Me 3: Meet the mutinous new Minion". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Despicable Me 3". Universal Pictures. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Despicable Me 3 Trailer #2: Gru Meets Dru". Screen Rant. 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Jump up ^ "When is Despicable Me 3 released in the UK and is there a trailer?". The Sun. 2017-06-14. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Miranda Cosgrove/Margo - 'Despicable 3': Meet the Voices Behind the Animated Characters". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Comcast's CEO Presents at Bank of America Merrill Lynch 2013 Media, Communications & Entertainment Conference (Transcript)". Seeking Alpha. September 11, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013. One of the real gems inside our company is Illumination the animation studio led by Chris Meledandri and Despicable Me 2, which came out this summer is the most profitable film in the 100 year history of the Universal and there will obviously be another reopening a film called Minions, which are the minions from Despicable Me next Christmas and then there will be Despicable Me 3.
Jump up ^ "‘Despicable Me’ Screenwriter Discusses Local Honor, Theme Park Attraction". Conejo Valley Happening. Retrieved July 24, 2015. We just started writing Despicable Me 3,...
Jump up ^ Reed, Ryan (June 9, 2017). "Hear Pharrell's Joyous New Song 'Yellow Light' From 'Despicable Me 3'". Rolling Stones. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Chart Watch #427". auspOp. July 1, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack – Chart history" Billboard Soundtrack Albums for Soundtrack. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Despicable Me 3 and Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Set for 2017". ComingSoon.net. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Meet Gru's twin brother in new Despicable Me 3 trailer". Comingsoon.net. March 14, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Despicable Me 3 - In Theaters Jun 30 - TV Spot 3 (HD). Illumination Entertainment. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Despicable Me 3 - In Theaters June 30 - Official Trailer #3 (YouTube). Illumination Entertainment. May 24, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, James (September 13, 2017). "Despicable Me 3 Home Entertainment Release Details". Filmoria. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Despicable Me 3 DVD & Blu-ray Release Date". 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Box Office: 'Despicable Me 3' Is Summer's First And Last $1 Billion Hit". Forbes. September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Despicable Me 3’ To Own Crowded Independence Day Weekend Stretch – Box Office Preview". Deadline.com. June 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Despicable Me 3’ Now At $75M+; ‘Baby Driver’ Booms To $30M As ‘The House’ Goes Broke With $9M – July 4th Weekend B.O.". Deadline.com. July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 10, 2017). "‘Spider-Man: Homecoming’ Still Swinging In As Sony’s Second Best Domestic Opening Ever With $116M-$118M". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "‘Mummy’ Leads Overseas; ‘Wonder Woman’ Cuffs $572M WW; ‘Cars’, ‘Despicable Me’ 3s Hit International Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Despicable Me 3 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Despicable Me 3 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (26 June 2017). "Despicable Me 3 Review". IGN.
Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter (14 June 2017). "Film Review: ‘Despicable Me 3’". Variety. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Duralde, Alonso (29 June 2017). "'Despicable Me 3' Review: This Time, Not Enough Minions and Too Many Subplots". TheWrap. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Ceron, Ella (August 19, 2017). "Golden Trailer Awards: 'Lego Batman Movie' Leads With 11 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (October 26, 2017). "Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film, TV, & Video Game Music". Shoot Online. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (July 20, 2017). "Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees". The Wrap. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (July 20, 2017). "Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees". The Wrap. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (July 20, 2017). "Nickelodeon Colombia Kids' Choice Awards 2017 Nominees". The Wrap. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sakoui, Anousha; Palmeri, Christopher (September 12, 2017). "In Dismal Summer, 'Despicable Me 3' Producer Delivers $1 Billion". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Despicable Me 3.
Official website
Despicable Me 3 on IMDb
Despicable Me 3 at Rotten Tomatoes
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Modem
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about network hardware. For the political party, see MoDem.
Acoustic coupler modem
A modem (modulator–demodulator) is a network hardware device that modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals, from light-emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.
Modems are generally classified by the maximum amount of data they can send in a given unit of time, usually expressed in bits per second (symbol bit(s), sometimes abbreviated "bps"), or bytes per second (symbol B(s)). Modems can also be classified by their symbol rate, measured in baud. The baud unit denotes symbols per second, or the number of times per second the modem sends a new signal. For example, the ITU V.21 standard used audio frequency-shift keying with two possible frequencies, corresponding to two distinct symbols (or one bit per symbol), to carry 300 bits per second using 300 baud. By contrast, the original ITU V.22 standard, which could transmit and receive four distinct symbols (two bits per symbol), transmitted 1,200 bits by sending 600 symbols per second (600 baud) using phase-shift keying.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dialup modem
1.1 History
1.1.1 Acoustic couplers
1.1.2 Carterfone and direct connection
1.1.3 The Smartmodem and the rise of BBSs
1.1.4 1200 and 2400 bit/s
1.1.5 Proprietary standards
1.1.6 Echo cancellation, 9600 and 14,400
1.1.7 Breaking the 9.6 kbit/s barrier
1.1.7.1 V.34/28.8 kbit/s and 33.6 kbit/s
1.1.8 Using digital lines and PCM (V.90/92)
1.1.9 Using compression to exceed 56 kbit/s
1.1.9.1 Compression by the ISP
1.1.10 Softmodem
1.1.11 List of dialup speeds
1.2 Popularity
2 Broadband
3 Radio
4 DC Powerline
5 WiFi and WiMax
6 Mobile broadband
6.1 Residential gateways
7 Optical modems
7.1 QAM16
7.2 QAM64
8 Home networking
9 Voice modem
10 See also
10.1 Brands
11 References
12 External links
Dialup modem[edit]
History[edit]
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TeleGuide terminal
News wire services in the 1920s used multiplex devices that satisfied the definition of a modem. However, the modem function was incidental to the multiplexing function, so they are not commonly included in the history of modems. Modems grew out of the need to connect teleprinters over ordinary phone lines instead of the more expensive leased lines which had previously been used for current loop–based teleprinters and automated telegraphs.
In 1941, the Allies developed a voice encryption system called SIGSALY which used a vocoder to digitize speech, then encrypted the speech with one-time pad and encoded the digital data as tones using frequency shift keying.
Mass-produced modems in the United States began as part of the SAGE air-defense system in 1958 (the year the word modem was first used[1]), connecting terminals at various airbases, radar sites, and command-and-control centers to the SAGE director centers scattered around the United States and Canada. SAGE modems were described by AT&T's Bell Labs as conforming to their newly published Bell 101 dataset standard. While they ran on dedicated telephone lines, the devices at each end were no different from commercial acoustically coupled Bell 101, 110 baud modems.
The 201A and 201B Data-Phones were synchronous modems using two-bit-per-baud phase-shift keying (PSK). The 201A operated half-duplex at 2,000 bit/s over normal phone lines, while the 201B provided full duplex 2,400 bit/s service on four-wire leased lines, the send and receive channels each running on their own set of two wires.
The famous Bell 103A dataset standard was also introduced by AT&T in 1962. It provided full-duplex service at 300 bit/s over normal phone lines. Frequency-shift keying was used, with the call originator transmitting at 1,070 or 1,270 Hz and the answering modem transmitting at 2,025 or 2,225 Hz. The readily available 103A2 gave an important boost to the use of remote low-speed terminals such as the Teletype Model 33 ASR and KSR, and the IBM 2741. AT&T reduced modem costs by introducing the originate-only 113D and the answer-only 113B/C modems.
Acoustic couplers[edit]
See also: Acoustic coupler
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The Novation CAT acoustically coupled modem
For many years, the Bell System (AT&T) maintained a monopoly on the use of its phone lines and what devices could be connected to them. However, the FCC's seminal Carterfone Decision of 1968, the FCC concluded that electronic devices could be connected to the telephone system as long as they used an acoustic coupler. Since most handsets were supplied by Western Electric and thus of a standard design, acoustic couplers were relatively easy to build. Acoustically coupled Bell 103A-compatible 300 bit/s modems were common during the 1970s. Well-known models included the Novation CAT and the Anderson-Jacobson, the latter spun off from an in-house project at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). An even lower-cost option was the Pennywhistle modem, designed to be built using parts from electronics scrap and surplus stores.
In December 1972, Vadic introduced the VA3400, notable for full-duplex operation at 1,200 bit/s over the phone network. Like the 103A, it used different frequency bands for transmit and receive. In November 1976, AT&T introduced the 212A modem to compete with Vadic. It was similar in design, but used the lower frequency set for transmission. One could also use the 212A with a 103A modem at 300 bit/s. According to Vadic, the change in frequency assignments made the 212 intentionally incompatible with acoustic coupling, thereby locking out many potential modem manufacturers. In 1977, Vadic responded with the VA3467 triple modem, an answer-only modem sold to computer center operators that supported Vadic's 1,200-bit/s mode, AT&T's 212A mode, and 103A operation.
Carterfone and direct connection[edit]
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The Hush-a-Phone decision applied only to mechanical connections, but the Carterfone decision of 1968, led to the FCC[who?] introducing a rule setting stringent AT&T[who?]-designed tests for electronically coupling a device to the phone lines. This opened the door to direct-connect modems that plugged directly into the phone line rather than via a handset. However, the cost of passing the tests was considerable, and acoustically coupled modems remained common into the early 1980s.
The rapidly falling prices of electronics in the late 1970s led to an increasing number of direct-connect models around 1980. In spite of being directly connected, these modems were generally operated like their earlier acoustic versions – dialing and other phone-control operations were completed by hand, using an attached handset. A small number of modems added the ability to automatically answer incoming calls, or automatically place an outgoing call to a single number, but even these limited features were relatively rare or limited to special models in a lineup. When more flexible solutions were needed, third party "dialers" were used to automate calling, normally using a separate serial port to communicate with the dialler, which would then control the modem through a private electrical connection.
The introduction of microcomputer systems with internal expansion slots made the first software-controllable modems common. Slot connections gave the computer complete access to the modem's memory or input/output (I/O) channels, which allowed software to send commands to the modem, not just data. This led to a series of popular modems for the S-100 bus and Apple II computers that could directly dial the phone, answer incoming calls, and hang up the phone, the basic requirements of a bulletin board system (BBS). The seminal CBBS was created on an S-100 machine with a Hayes internal modem, and a number of similar systems followed.
The Smartmodem and the rise of BBSs[edit]
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The original model 300-baud Hayes Smartmodem
In later years, USRobotics Courier modems were common at many BBS's because they had better compatibility with more brands of modems
The next major advance in modems was the Hayes Smartmodem, introduced in 1981. The Smartmodem was an otherwise standard 103A 300 bit/s direct-connect modem, but it was attached to a small microcontroller that watched the data stream for certain character strings representing commands. This allowed both data and commands to be sent through a single serial port. The now-standard Hayes command set included instructions for picking up and hanging up the phone, dialing numbers, and answering calls, among others. This was similar to the commands offered by the internal modems, but unlike them, the Smartmodem could be connected to any computer with an RS-232 port, which was practically every microcomputer built.
The introduction of the Smartmodem made communications much simpler and more easily accessed. This provided a growing market for other vendors, who licensed the Hayes patents and competed on price or by adding features. Through the 1980s, a number of new higher-speed modems, first 1,200 and then 2,400 bit/s, greatly improved the responsiveness of the online systems, and made file transfer practical. This led to rapid growth of online services with their large file libraries, which in turn gave more reason to own a modem. The rapid update of modems led to a similar rapid increase in BBS use, which was helped by the fact that BBSs could control the modem simply by sending strings, rather than talking to a device driver that was different for every direct-connect modem.
1200 and 2400 bit/s[edit]
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The 300 bit/s modems used audio frequency-shift keying to send data. In this system, the stream of 1s and 0s in computer data is translated into sounds which can be easily sent on the phone lines. In the Bell 103 system, the originating modem sends 0s by playing a 1,070 Hz tone, and 1s at 1,270 Hz, with the answering modem transmitting its 0s on 2,025 Hz and 1s on 2,225 Hz. These frequencies were chosen carefully; they are in the range that suffers minimum distortion on the phone system and are not harmonics of each other.
In the 1,200 bit/s and faster systems, phase-shift keying was used. In this system the two tones for any one side of the connection are sent at similar frequencies as in the 300 bit/s systems, but slightly out of phase. Voiceband modems generally remained at 300 and 1,200 bit/s (V.21 and V.22) into the mid-1980s. A V.22bis 2,400-bit/s system similar in concept to the 1,200-bit/s Bell 212 signaling was introduced in the U.S., and a slightly different one in Europe. The limited available frequency range meant the symbol rate of 1,200 bit/s modems was still only 600 baud (symbols per second). The bit rate increases were achieved by defining four or eight distinct symbols, which allowed the encoding of two or three bits per symbol instead of only 1. The use of smaller shifts had the drawback of making each symbol more vulnerable to interference, but improvements in phone line quality at the same time helped compensate for this. By the late 1980s, most modems could support all of these standards and 2,400-bit/s operation was becoming common.
Proprietary standards[edit]
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Many other standards were also introduced for special purposes, commonly using a high-speed channel for receiving, and a lower-speed channel for sending. One typical example was used in the French Minitel system, in which the user's terminals spent the majority of their time receiving information. The modem in the Minitel terminal thus operated at 1,200 bit/s for reception, and 75 bit/s for sending commands back to the servers.
Three U.S. companies became famous for high-speed versions of the same concept. Telebit introduced its Trailblazer modem in 1984, which used a large number of 36 bit/s channels to send data one-way at rates up to 18,432 bit/s. A single additional channel in the reverse direction allowed the two modems to communicate how much data was waiting at either end of the link, and the modems could change direction on the fly. The Trailblazer modems also supported a feature that allowed them to spoof the UUCP g protocol, commonly used on Unix systems to send e-mail, and thereby speed UUCP up by a tremendous amount. Trailblazers thus became extremely common on Unix systems, and maintained their dominance in this market well into the 1990s.
USRobotics (USR) introduced a similar system, known as HST, although this supplied only 9,600 bit/s (in early versions at least) and provided for a larger backchannel. Rather than offer spoofing, USR instead created a large market among Fidonet users by offering its modems to BBS sysops at a much lower price, resulting in sales to end users who wanted faster file transfers. Hayes was forced to compete, and introduced its own 9,600 bit/s standard, Express 96 (also known as Ping-Pong), which was generally similar to Telebit's PEP. Hayes, however, offered neither protocol spoofing nor sysop discounts, and its high-speed modems remained rare.
A common feature of these high-speed modems was the concept of fallback, or speed hunting, allowing them to communicate with less-capable modems. During the call initiation, the modem would transmit a series of signals and wait for the remote modem to respond. They would start at high speeds and get progressively slower until there was a response. Thus, two USR modems would be able to connect at 9,600 bit/s, but, when a user with a 2,400 bit/s modem called in, the USR would fall back to the common 2,400 bit/s speed. This would also happen if a V.32 modem and a HST modem were connected. Because they used a different standard at 9,600 bit/s, they would fall back to their highest commonly supported standard at 2,400 bit/s. The same applies to V.32bis and 14,400 bit/s HST modem, which would still be able to communicate with each other at 2,400 bit/s.
Echo cancellation, 9600 and 14,400[edit]
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USRobotics Sportster 14,400 Fax modem (1994)
Echo cancellation was the next major advance in modem design.
Local telephone lines use the same wires to send and receive data, which results in a small amount of the outgoing signal being reflected back. This is useful for people talking on the phone, as it provides a signal to the speaker that their voice is making it through the system. However, this reflected signal causes problems for the modem, which is unable to distinguish between a signal from the remote modem and the echo of its own signal. This was why earlier modems split the signal frequencies into "answer" and "originate"; the modem could then ignore any signals in the frequency range it was using for transmission. Even with improvements to the phone system allowing higher speeds, this splitting of available phone signal bandwidth still imposed a half-speed limit on modems.
Echo cancellation eliminated this problem. During the call setup and negotiation period, both modems send a series of unique tones and then listen for them to return through the phone system. They measure the total delay time and then set up a local delay loop to the same time. Once the connection is completed, they send their signals into the phone lines as normal, but also into the delay, which is inverted. The signal returning through the echo meets the inverted version coming from the delay line, and cancels out the echo. This allowed both modems to use the full spectrum available, doubling the speed.
Additional improvements were introduced via the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) encoding system. Previous systems using phase shift keying (PSK) encoded two bits (or sometimes three) per symbol by slightly delaying or advancing the signal's phase relative to a set carrier tone. QAM used a combination of phase shift and amplitude to encode four bits per symbol. Transmitting at 1,200 baud produced the 4,800 bit/s V.27ter standard, the same working at a base rate of 2,400 baud produced the 9,600 bit/s V.32. The carrier frequency was 1,650 Hz in both systems. For many years, most engineers considered this rate to be the limit of data communications over telephone networks.
The introduction of these higher-speed systems also led to the digital fax machine during the 1980s. Digital faxes are simply an image format sent over a high-speed (commonly 14.4 kbit/s) modem. Software running on the host computer can convert any image into fax format, which can then be sent using the modem. Such software was at one time an add-on, but has since become largely universal.
Breaking the 9.6 kbit/s barrier[edit]
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The first 9,600 bit/s modem was developed in 1968, and sold for more than $20,000, but had high error rates.[2]
In 1980, Gottfried Ungerboeck from IBM Zurich Research Laboratory applied channel coding techniques to search for new ways to increase the speed of modems. His results were astonishing but only conveyed to a few colleagues.[3] In 1982, he agreed to publish what is now a landmark paper in the theory of information coding.[citation needed] By applying parity check coding to the bits in each symbol, and mapping the encoded bits into a two-dimensional diamond pattern, Ungerboeck showed that it was possible to increase the speed by a factor of two with the same error rate. The new technique was called mapping by set partitions, now known as trellis modulation.
Error correcting codes, which encode code words (sets of bits) in such a way that they are far from each other, so that in case of error they are still closest to the original word (and not confused with another) can be thought of as analogous to sphere packing or packing pennies on a surface: the further two bit sequences are from one another, the easier it is to correct minor errors.
Dave Forney introduced the trellis diagram in a landmark 1973 paper that popularized the Viterbi algorithm.[2] Practically all modems operating faster than 9600 bit/s decode trellis-modulated data using the Viterbi algorithm.
V.32 modems operating at 9600 bit/s were expensive and were only starting to enter the market in the early 1990s when V.32bis was standardized. Rockwell International's chip division developed a new driver chip set incorporating the standard and aggressively priced it. Supra, Inc. arranged a short-term exclusivity arrangement with Rockwell, and developed the SupraFAXModem 14400 based on it. Introduced in January 1992 at $399 (or less), it was half the price of the slower V.32 modems already on the market. This led to a price war, and by the end of the year V.32 was dead, never having been really established, and V.32bis modems were widely available for $250.
V.32bis was so successful that the older high-speed standards had little to recommend them. USR fought back with a 16,800 bit/s version of HST, while AT&T introduced a one-off 19,200 bit/s method they referred to as V.32ter, but neither non-standard modem sold well.
V.34/28.8 kbit/s and 33.6 kbit/s[edit]
V.34 modem in the shape of an internal ISA card
V.34 data/fax modem as PC card for notebooks
External V.34 modem with RS-232 serial port
Any interest in these proprietary improvements was destroyed during the lengthy introduction of the 28,800 bit/s V.34 standard. While waiting, several companies decided to release hardware and introduced modems they referred to as V.FAST. In order to guarantee compatibility with V.34 modems once the standard was ratified (1994), the manufacturers were forced to use more flexible parts, generally a DSP and microcontroller, as opposed to purpose-designed ASIC modem chips.
The ITU standard V.34 represents the culmination of the joint efforts. It employs the most powerful coding techniques including channel encoding and shape encoding. From the mere four bits per symbol (9.6 kbit/s), the new standards used the functional equivalent of 6 to 10 bits per symbol, plus increasing baud rates from 2,400 to 3,429, to create 14.4, 28.8, and 33.6 kbit/s modems. This rate is near the theoretical Shannon limit. When calculated, the Shannon capacity of a narrowband line is bandwidth × log 2  ( 1 + P u / P n ) {\displaystyle {\text{bandwidth}}\times \log _{2}(1+P_{u}/P_{n})} , with P u / P n {\displaystyle P_{u}/P_{n}} the (linear) signal-to-noise ratio. Narrowband phone lines have a bandwidth of 3,000 Hz so using P u / P n = 1000 {\displaystyle P_{u}/P_{n}=1000} (SNR = 30 dB), the capacity is approximately 30 kbit/s.[4]
Without the discovery and eventual application of trellis modulation, maximum telephone rates using voice-bandwidth channels would have been limited to 3,429 baud × 4 bit/symbol = approximately 14 kbit/s using traditional QAM.
Using digital lines and PCM (V.90/92)[edit]
Modem bank at an ISP
During the late 1990s, Rockwell-Lucent and USRobotics introduced competing technologies based upon the digital transmission used in telephony networks. The standard digital transmission in modern networks is 64 kbit/s but some networks use a part of the bandwidth for remote office signaling (e.g. to hang up the phone), limiting the effective rate to 56 kbit/s DS0. This new technology was adopted into ITU standards V.90 and is common in modern computers. The 56 kbit/s rate is only possible from the central office to the user site (downlink). In the United States, government regulation limits the maximum power output, resulting in a maximum data rate of 53.3 kbit/s. The uplink (from the user to the central office) still uses V.34 technology at 33.6 kbit/s. USRobotics began work on the technology first, calling theirs X2 because 56k was twice the speed of 28k modems. USRobotics held a 40-percent share of the retail modem market, and Rockwell International held an 80-percent share of the modem chipset market. Concerned with being shut out of the market, Rockwell began work on a rival 56k technology and joined with Lucent and Motorola on what it called K56Flex or Flex. Both technologies reached the market around February 1997; although problems with K56Flex modems were noted in product reviews through July, within six months they worked equally well with variations dependent on local connection characteristics. The retail price of the 56K modems was about US$200, compared to $100 for 33K modems. Separate equipment was required by Internet service providers (ISPs) to support the incompatible technologies, with costs varying depending on whether their current equipment could be upgraded. About half of all ISPs offered 56K support by October 1997. Consumer sales were relatively low, which USRobotics and Rockwell attributed to conflicting standards.[5]
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced the draft of a new 56 kbit/s standard, V.90, in February 1998, with strong industry support. Incompatible with either existing standard, it was an amalgam of both which was designed to allow both types of modem to be converted to it by a firmware upgrade. This V.90 standard was approved in September 1998, and widely adopted by ISPs and consumers.[5]
Later in V.92, the digital PCM technique was applied to increase the upload speed to a maximum of 48 kbit/s, but at the expense of download rates. A 48 kbit/s upstream rate would reduce the downstream as low as 40 kbit/s due to echo on the telephone line. To avoid this problem, V.92 modems offer the option to turn off the digital upstream and instead use a 33.6 kbit/s analog connection, in order to maintain a high digital downstream of 50 kbit/s or higher.[6] V.92 also adds two other features. The first is the ability for users who have call waiting to put their dial-up Internet connection on hold for extended periods of time while they answer a call. The second feature is the ability to quickly connect to one's ISP. This is achieved by remembering the analog and digital characteristics of the telephone line, and using this saved information when reconnecting.
Using compression to exceed 56 kbit/s[edit]
V.42, V.42bis and V.44 standards allow the modem to transmit data faster than its basic rate would imply. For instance, a 53.3 kbit/s connection with V.44 can transmit up to 53.3 × 6 = 320 kbit/s using pure text. However, the compression ratio tends to vary due to noise on the line, or due to the transfer of already-compressed files (ZIP files, JPEG images, MP3 audio, MPEG video).[7] At some points the modem will be sending compressed files at approximately 50 kbit/s, uncompressed files at 160 kbit/s, and pure text at 320 kbit/s, or any value in between.[8]
In such situations, a small amount of memory in the modem, a buffer, is used to hold the data while it is being compressed and sent across the phone line, but in order to prevent overflow of the buffer, it sometimes becomes necessary to tell the computer to pause the datastream. This is accomplished through hardware flow control using extra lines on the modem–computer connection. The computer is then set to supply the modem at some higher rate, such as 320 kbit/s, and the modem will tell the computer when to start or stop sending data.
Compression by the ISP[edit]
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As telephone-based 56k modems began losing popularity, some Internet service providers such as Netzero/Juno, Netscape, and others started using pre-compression to increase the throughput and maintain their customer base. The server-side compression operates much more efficiently than the on-the-fly compression done by modems because these compression techniques are application-specific (JPEG, text, EXE, etc.). The website text, images, and Flash executables are compacted to approximately 4%, 12%, and 30%, respectively. The drawback of this approach is a loss in quality, which causes image content to become pixelated and smeared. ISPs employing this approach often advertise it as "accelerated dial-up".
These accelerated downloads are now integrated into the Opera and Amazon Silk web browsers, using their own server-side text and image compression.
Softmodem[edit]
Main article: Softmodem
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A PCI Winmodem/softmodem (on the left) next to a traditional ISA modem (on the right)
A Winmodem or softmodem is a stripped-down modem that replaces tasks traditionally handled in hardware with software. In this case the modem is a simple interface designed to act as a digital-to-analog and an analog-to-digital converter. Softmodems are cheaper than traditional modems because they have fewer hardware components. However, the software generating and interpreting the modem tones to be sent to the softmodem uses many system resources. For online gaming, this can be a real concern. Another problem is the lack of cross-platform compatibility, meaning that non-Windows operating systems (such as Linux) often do not have an equivalent driver to operate the modem.
List of dialup speeds[edit]
These values are maximum values, and actual values may be slower under certain conditions (for example, noisy phone lines).[9] For a complete list see the companion article list of device bandwidths. A baud is one symbol per second; each symbol may encode one or more data bits.
Connection
Modulation
Bitrate [kbit/s]
Year released
110 baud Bell 101 modem FSK 0.1 1958
300 baud (Bell 103 or V.21) FSK 0.3 1962
1200 modem (1200 baud) (Bell 202) FSK 1.2
1200 modem (600 baud) (Bell 212A or V.22) QPSK 1.2 1980[10][11]
2400 modem (600 baud) (V.22bis) QAM 2.4 1984[10]
2400 modem (1200 baud) (V.26bis) PSK 2.4
4800 modem (1600 baud) (V.27ter) PSK 4.8 [12]
9600 modem (2400 baud) (V.32) QAM 9.6 1984[10]
14.4k modem (2400 baud) (V.32bis) trellis 14.4 1991[10]
19.2k modem (2400 baud) (V.32terbo) trellis 19.2 1993[10]
28.8k modem (3200 baud) (V.34) trellis 28.8 1994[10]
33.6k modem (3429 baud) (V.34) trellis 33.6 1996[13]
56k modem (8000/3429 baud) (V.90) digital 56.0/33.6 1998[10]
56k modem (8000/8000 baud) (V.92) digital 56.0/48.0 2000[10]
Bonding modem (two 56k modems) (V.92)[14] 112.0/96.0
Hardware compression (variable) (V.90/V.42bis) 56.0–220.0
Hardware compression (variable) (V.92/V.44) 56.0–320.0
Server-side web compression (variable) (Netscape ISP) 100.0–1,000.0
Various modems from Australian history, from 300bit/s telephone dial-up modems to DSL and cable-modems.
Popularity[edit]
A 1994 Software Publishing Association found that although 60% of computers in US households had a modem, only 7% of households went online.[15] A CEA study in 2006 found that dial-up Internet access is declining in the U.S. In 2000, dial-up Internet connections accounted for 74% of all U.S. residential Internet connections.[citation needed] The United States demographic pattern for dial-up modem users per capita has been more or less mirrored in Canada and Australia for the past 20 years.
Dial-up modem use in the U.S. had dropped to 60% by 2003, and in 2006, stood at 36%.[citation needed] Voiceband modems were once the most popular means of Internet access in the U.S., but with the advent of new ways of accessing the Internet, the traditional 56K modem is losing popularity. The dial-up modem is still widely used by customers in rural areas, where DSL, cable, satellite, or fiber optic service is not available, or they are unwilling to pay what these companies charge.[16] In its 2012 annual report, AOL showed it still collects around US$700 million in fees from dial-up users: about three million people.
Broadband[edit]
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DSL modem
ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line) modems, a more recent development, are not limited to the telephone's voiceband audio frequencies. Standard twisted-pair telephone cable can, for short distances, carry signals with much higher frequencies than the cable's maximum frequency rating. ADSL broadband takes advantage of this capability. However, ADSL's performance gradually declines as the telephone cable's length increases. This limits ADSL broadband service to subscribers within a relatively short distance of the telephone exchange.
Cable modems use infrastructure originally intended to carry television signals and therefore designed from the outset to carry higher frequencies. A single cable can carry radio and television signals at the same time as broadband internet service without interference. Newer types of broadband modems are also available, including satellite modems and power line modems.
Most consumers did not know about networking and routers when broadband became available. However, many people knew that a modem connected a computer to the Internet over a telephone line. To take advantage of consumers' familiarity with modems, companies called these devices broadband modems rather than using less familiar terms such as adapter, interface, transceiver, or bridge. In fact, broadband modems fit the definition of modem because they use complex waveforms to carry digital data. They use more advanced technology than dial-up modems: typically they can modulate and demodulate hundreds of channels simultaneously or use much wider channels than dial-up modems.
Radio[edit]
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Direct broadcast satellite, WiFi, and mobile phones all use modems to communicate, as do most other wireless services today. Modern telecommunications and data networks also make extensive use of radio modems where long distance data links are required. Such systems are an important part of the PSTN, and are also in common use for high-speed computer network links to outlying areas where fibre is not economical.
Even where a cable is installed, it is often possible to get better performance or make other parts of the system simpler by using radio frequencies and modulation techniques through a cable. Coaxial cable has a very large bandwidth, but signal attenuation becomes a major problem at high data rates if a baseband digital signal is used. By using a modem, a much larger amount of digital data can be transmitted through a single wire. Digital cable television and cable Internet services use radio frequency modems to provide the increasing bandwidth needs of modern households. Using a modem also allows for frequency-division multiple access to be used, making full-duplex digital communication with many users possible using a single wire.
Wireless modems come in a variety of types, bandwidths, and speeds. Wireless modems are often referred to as transparent or smart. They transmit information that is modulated onto a carrier frequency to allow many simultaneous wireless communication links to work simultaneously on different frequencies.
Transparent modems operate in a manner similar to their phone line modem cousins. Typically, they were half duplex, meaning that they could not send and receive data at the same time. Typically, transparent modems are polled in a round robin manner to collect small amounts of data from scattered locations that do not have easy access to wired infrastructure. Transparent modems are most commonly used by utility companies for data collection.
Smart modems come with media access controllers inside, which prevents random data from colliding and resends data that is not correctly received. Smart modems typically require more bandwidth than transparent modems, and typically achieve higher data rates. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines a short range modulation scheme that is used on a large scale throughout the world.
DC Powerline[edit]
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DC-BUS powerline modem provide communication over noisy power lines at speeds up to 1.3Mbit/s using ordinary UART, LIN, SPI and CAN protocols.
WiFi and WiMax[edit]
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The WiFi and WiMax standards use wireless mobile broadband modems operating at microwave frequencies.
Mobile broadband[edit]
See also: Mobile broadband and Mobile broadband modem
Huawei HSPA+ Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) USB wireless modem from Movistar Colombia
Modems which use a mobile telephone system (GPRS, UMTS, HSPA, EVDO, WiMax, etc.), are known as mobile broadband modems (sometimes also called wireless modems). Wireless modems can be embedded inside a laptop or appliance, or be external to it. External wireless modems are connect cards, USB modems for mobile broadband and cellular routers. A connect card is a PC Card or ExpressCard which slides into a PCMCIA/PC card/ExpressCard slot on a computer. USB wireless modems use a USB port on the laptop instead of a PC card or ExpressCard slot. A USB modem used for mobile broadband Internet is also sometimes referred to as a dongle.[17] A cellular router may have an external datacard (AirCard) that slides into it. Most cellular routers do allow such datacards or USB modems. Cellular routers may not be modems by definition, but they contain modems or allow modems to be slid into them. The difference between a cellular router and a wireless modem is that a cellular router normally allows multiple people to connect to it (since it can route data or support multi-point to multi-point connections), while a modem is designed for one connection.
Most of GSM wireless modems come with an integrated SIM cardholder (i.e., Huawei E220, Sierra 881, etc.) and some models are also provided with a microSD memory slot and/or jack for additional external antenna such as Huawei E1762 and Sierra Wireless Compass 885.[18][19] The CDMA (EVDO) versions do not use R-UIM cards, but use Electronic Serial Number (ESN) instead.
The cost of using a wireless modem varies from country to country. Some carriers implement flat rate plans for unlimited data transfers. Some have caps (or maximum limits) on the amount of data that can be transferred per month. Other countries have plans that charge a fixed rate per data transferred—per megabyte or even kilobyte of data downloaded; this tends to add up quickly in today's content-filled world, which is why many people[who?] are pushing for flat data rates.
The faster data rates of the newest wireless modem technologies (UMTS, HSPA, EVDO, WiMax) are also considered to be broadband wireless modems and compete with other broadband modems below.
Until the end of April 2011, worldwide shipments of USB modems surpassed embedded 3G and 4G modules by 3:1 because USB modems can be easily discarded, but embedded modems could start to gain popularity as tablet sales grow and as the incremental cost of the modems shrinks, so by 2016, the ratio may change to 1:1.[20]
Like mobile phones, mobile broadband modems can be SIM locked to a particular network provider. Unlocking a modem is achieved the same way as unlocking a phone, by using an 'unlock code'.
Residential gateways[edit]
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Some devices referred to as "broadband modems" are residential gateways, integrating the functions of a modem, network address translation (NAT) router, Ethernet switch, WiFi access point, DHCP server, firewall, among others. Some residential gateway offer a so-called "bridged mode", which disables the built-in routing function and makes the device function similarly to a plain modem. This bridged mode is separate from RFC 1483 bridging.
Optical modems[edit]
Fiber optic systems can be upgraded by the use of quadrature amplitude modulation. The modulator and demodulator are separate components rather than a single assembly as with most modems.[21]
QAM16[edit]
16QAM uses a 16-point constellation to send four bits per symbol. Speeds are usually on the order of 200 or 400 gigabits per second.[22][23]
QAM64[edit]
64QAM uses a 64-point constellation to send six bits per symbol. Although suppliers have announced components, announcements of installation are rare.[24][25] Speeds of 65 terabits per second have been observed.[26]
Home networking[edit]
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Although the name modem is seldom used in this case, modems are also used for high-speed home networking applications, especially those using existing home wiring. One example is the G.hn standard, developed by ITU-T, which provides a high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables). G.hn devices use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to modulate a digital signal for transmission over the wire.
The phrase "null modem" was used to describe attaching a specially wired cable between the serial ports of two personal computers. Basically, the transmit output of one computer was wired to the receive input of the other; this was true for both computers. The same software used with modems (such as Procomm or Minicom) could be used with the null modem connection.
Voice modem[edit]
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Voice modems are regular modems that are capable of recording or playing audio over the telephone line. They are used for telephony applications. See voice modem command set for more details on voice modems. This type of modem can be used as an FXO card for private branch exchange (PBX) systems (compare V.92).
See also[edit]
List of ITU-T V-series recommendations
List of device bit rates
RJ-11
56 kbit/s line
Automatic negotiation (or handshake)
Command and Data modes (modem)
Modulation
Fax demodulator
Wake-on-ring
BBN Technologies
Brands[edit]
3Com
Cisco
Conexant
Creative Labs
Diamond Multimedia
Hayes
Multitech
Netgear
Prentice
RadioShack
StarTech.com
TP-Link
USRobotics
Yamar Electronics Ltd
Zoom Technologies
ZyXEL
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Modem entry". Archived from the original on 2014-07-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Mark Anderson. "David Forney: The Man Who Launched a Million Modems". 2016.
Jump up ^ IEEE History Center. "Gottfried Ungerboeck Oral History". Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
Jump up ^ Held, Gilbert (2000). Understanding Data Communications: From Fundamentals to Networking Third Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 68–69.
^ Jump up to: a b Greenstein, Shane; Stango, Victor (2006). Standards and Public Policy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–132. ISBN 978-1-139-46075-0. Archived from the original on 2017-03-24.
Jump up ^ "V.92 - News & Updates". November and October 2000 updates. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Modem compression: V.44 against V.42bis". Pricenfees.com. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Re: Modems FAQ". Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-18. - Wolfgang Henke.
Jump up ^ tsbmail (2011-04-15). "Data communication over the telephone network". Itu.int. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "29.2 Historical Modem Protocols". tldp.org. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
Jump up ^ "concordia.ca — Data Communication and Computer Networks" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Group 3 Facsimile Communication". garretwilson.com. 2013-09-20. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
Jump up ^ "upatras.gr - Implementation of a V.34 modem on a Digital Signal Processor" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
Jump up ^ Jones, Les. "Bonding: 112K, 168K, and beyond". 56K.COM. Archived from the original on 1997-12-10.
Jump up ^ "Software Publishing Association Unveils New Data". Read.Me. Computer Gaming World. May 1994. p. 12. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Choney. "AOL still has 3.5 million dial-up subscribers - Technology on NBCNews.com". Wayback.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
Jump up ^ "What is a USB modem?". Vergelijkmobielinternet.nl. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "HUAWEI E1762,HSPA/UMTS 900/2100 Support 2Mbps (5.76Mbps ready) HSUPA and 7.2Mbps HSDPA services". 3gmodem.com.hk. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Wireless Compass 885 HSUPA 3G modem". The Register. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Stephen (May 2, 2011). "Laptop Users Still Prefer USB Modems". PCWorld. IDG Consumer & SMB. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-13.
Jump up ^ Michel, Stephanie (September 19, 2013). "Which optical modulation scheme best fits my application?". LIGHTWAVE. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael Kassner (February 10, 2015). "Researchers double throughput of long-distance fiber optics". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bengt-Erik Olsson; Anders Djupsjöbacka; Jonas Mårtensson; Arne Alping (6 Dec 2011). "112 Gbit/s RF-assisted dual carrier DP-16-QAM transmitter using optical phase modulator" (PDF). Optics Express. Optical Society of America. doi:10.1364/oe.19.00b784. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Stephen Hardy (March 17, 2016). "ClariPhy targets 400G with new 16-nm DSP silicon". LIGHTWAVE. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ClariPhy Shatters Fiber and System Capacity Barriers with Industry's First 16nm Coherent Optical Networking Platform". optics.org. 17 Mar 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nokia Bell Labs achieve 65 Terabit-per-second transmission record for transoceanic cable systems". Noika. 12 October 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Transferring Data between Standard Dial-Up Modems
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modems.
Hayes-compatible Modems and AT Commands from the Serial Data Communications Programming Wikibook
International Telecommunications Union ITU: Data communication over the telephone network
Columbia University - Protocols Explained at the Wayback Machine (archived June 19, 2006) – no longer available, archived version
Basic handshakes & modulations – V.22, V.22bis, V.32 and V.34 handshakes
Getting connected: a history of modems – techradar
Data/FAX Modem Transmission Modulation Systems – baud rates and modulation schemes
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List of device bit rates

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http://spectrum.ieee.org/forney0516

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external text
http://fndcg0.fnal.gov/Net/modm8-94.txt

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external text
http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-V/en

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external text
//doi.org/10.1364%2Foe.19.00b784

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external text
http://optics.org/press/3152

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values: wikibooks:Transferring Data between Standard Dial-Up Modems

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56 kbit/s modem

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values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Afrikaans
af
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https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Azerbaijani
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https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Bosnian
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Czech
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Danish
da
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – German
de
de
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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Estonian
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values: Διαποδιαμορφωτής – Greek

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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemo
Modemo – Esperanto
eo
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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Basque
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https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – French
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https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Croatian
hr
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Modem – Indonesian
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Italian
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Modem – Javanese
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values: Модем – Kyrgyz

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Modems – Latvian
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Modem – Luxembourgish
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Modemas – Lithuanian
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Modem – Lombard
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Modem – Hungarian
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Modem – Malay
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Modem – Dutch
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Modem – Norwegian
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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
Modem – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Modem – Polish
pl
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Modem – Portuguese
pt
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Modem – Romanian
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Modem – Scots
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Modemi – Albanian
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Modem – Simple English
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Modem – Slovak
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Modem – Slovenian
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Modem – Serbo-Croatian
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Modem – Sundanese
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Modeemi – Finnish
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Modem – Swedish
sv
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values: โมเด็ม – Thai

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Modem – Turkish
tr
tr
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values: تضمیلاصہ – Urdu

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Modem – Vietnamese
vi
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