text:
Salton Sea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Salton Sea (disambiguation).
Salton Sea
Location
Colorado Desert
Imperial and Riverside Counties, California, U.S.
Coordinates
33°18′N 115°48′W / 33.3°N 115.8°W / 33.3; -115.8Coordinates: 33°18′N 115°48′W / 33.3°N 115.8°W / 33.3; -115.8
Type
Endorheic rift lake
Primary inflows
Alamo River
New River
Whitewater River
Primary outflows
None
Catchment area
8,360 square miles (21,700 km2)
Basin countries
United States, Mexico
Surface area
343 sq mi (889 km2)
Max. depth
43 ft (13 m)
Water volume
6,000,000 acre⋅ft (7.4 km3)
Surface elevation
−236 ft (−71.9 m) (below sea level)
Settlements
Bombay Beach, Desert Beach, Desert Shores, Salton City, Salton Sea Beach, North Shore
References
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Salton Sea
Map of the Salton Sea drainage area
The Salton Sea is a shallow, saline, endorheic rift lake located directly on the San Andreas Fault, predominantly in California's Imperial and Coachella valleys.
The lake occupies the lowest elevations of the Salton Sink in the Colorado Desert of Imperial and Riverside Counties in Southern California. Its surface is 236.0 ft (71.9 m) below sea level as of January 2018.[1] The deepest point of the sea is 5 ft (1.5 m) higher than the lowest point of Death Valley. The sea is fed by the New, Whitewater, and Alamo rivers, as well as agricultural runoff, drainage systems, and creeks.
Over millions of years, the Colorado River has flowed into the Imperial Valley and deposited soil (creating fertile farmland), building up the terrain and constantly changing the course of the river. For thousands of years, the river has flowed into and out of the valley alternately, creating a freshwater lake, an increasingly saline lake, and a dry desert basin, depending on river flows and the balance between inflow and evaporative loss. The cycle of filling has been about every 400–500 years and has repeated itself many times. The latest natural cycle occurred around 1600–1700 as remembered by Native Americans who talked with the first European settlers. Fish traps still exist at many locations, and the Native Americans evidently moved the traps depending upon the cycle.
The most recent inflow of water from the now heavily controlled Colorado River was accidentally created by the engineers of the California Development Company in 1905. In an effort to increase water flow into the area for farming, irrigation canals were dug from the Colorado River into the valley. The canals suffered silt buildup, so a cut was made in the bank of the Colorado River to further increase the water flow. The resulting outflow overwhelmed the engineered canal, and the river flowed into the Salton Basin for two years, filling the historic dry lake bed and creating the modern sea, before repairs were completed.[2]
While it varies in dimensions and area with fluctuations in agricultural runoff and rainfall, the Salton Sea is about 15 miles (24 km) by 35 miles (56 km). With an estimated surface area of 343 square miles (890 km2) or 350 square miles (910 km2), the Salton Sea is the largest lake in California.[3][4] The average annual inflow is less than 1,200,000 acre feet (1.5 km3), which is enough to maintain a maximum depth of 43 feet (13 m) and a total volume of about 6,000,000 acre feet (7.4 km3). However, due to changes in water apportionments agreed upon for the Colorado River under the Quantification Settlement Agreement of 2003, the overall water level of the sea is expected to decrease significantly between 2013 and 2021.[5]
The lake's salinity, about 56 grams per litre (9.0 oz/imp gal), is greater than that of the waters of the Pacific Ocean (35 g/l (5.6 oz/imp gal)), but less than that of the Great Salt Lake (which ranges from 50 to 270 g/l (8.0 to 43.3 oz/imp gal)). Recently, the concentration has been increasing at a rate of about 3% per year.[6] About 4,000,000 short tons (3.6×109 kg) of salt are deposited in the valley each year.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 History during the 1900s
1.2 Subsequent evolution
2 Ecology
2.1 Fish population
2.2 Avian population
3 Increasing salinity
3.1 Remediation efforts
3.1.1 Past efforts and proposals for a sea level canal
3.1.2 State restoration plan
4 Earthquake geology
5 Water temperature
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
The area was once part of a vast inland sea that covered a large area of Southern California. Geologists estimate that for three million years, at least through all the years of the Pleistocene glacial age, a large delta was deposited by the Colorado River in the southern region of the Imperial Valley. Eventually, the delta reached the western shore of the Gulf of California, creating a barrier that separated the area of the Salton Sea from the northern reaches of the Gulf. Were it not for this barrier the entire Salton Sink along with the Imperial Valley would be submerged as the Gulf would extend as far north as Indio.[8]
Since the exclusion of the ocean, the Salton Basin has over the ages been alternately a freshwater lake, an increasingly saline endorheic lake, and a dry desert basin, depending on river flows and the balance between inflow and evaporative loss. A lake exists only during times it is replenished by the rivers and rainfall, a cycle that has repeated itself many times over hundreds of thousands of years,[9] perhaps cycling every 400 to 500 years.[10]
Evidence that the basin was occupied periodically by multiple lakes includes wave-cut shorelines at various elevations preserved on the hillsides of the east and west margins of the present lake, the Salton Sea. These indicate that the basin was occupied intermittently as recently as a few hundred years ago. The last of the Pleistocene lakes to occupy the basin was Lake Cahuilla, also periodically identified on older maps as Lake LeConte or the Blake Sea, after American professor and geologist William Phipps Blake.
Throughout the Spanish period of California's history, the area was referred to as the "Colorado Desert" after the Colorado River. In a railroad survey completed in 1855, it was called "the Valley of the Ancient Lake". On several old maps from the Library of Congress, it has been found labeled "Cahuilla Valley" (after the local Native American tribe) and "Cabazon Valley" (after a local Native American chief – Chief Cabazon). "Salt Creek" first appeared on a map in 1867 and "Salton Station" is on a railroad map from 1900, although this place had been there as a rail stop since the late 1870s.[11] Until the advent of the modern sea, the Salton Sink was the site of a major salt-mining operation.[12]
History during the 1900s[edit]
Original caption: Dry Bed of Colorado River Below Imperial Intake [...] River Diverted Into Imperial Canal
In 1900, the California Development Company began construction of irrigation canals to divert water from the Colorado River into the Salton Sink, a dry lake bed. After construction of these irrigation canals, the Salton Sink became fertile for a time, allowing farmers to plant crops.[13]
Within two years, the Imperial Canal became filled with silt from the Colorado River. Engineers tried to alleviate the blockages to no avail. In 1905, heavy rainfall and snowmelt caused the Colorado River to swell, overrunning a set of headgates for the Alamo Canal. The resulting flood poured down the canal, breached an Imperial Valley dike, and ran down two former dry arroyos: the New River in the west, and the Alamo River in the east, each about 60 mi (97 km) long.[14] Over about two years, these two newly created rivers sporadically carried the entire volume of the Colorado River into the Salton Sink.[10]
The Southern Pacific Railroad tried to stop the flooding by dumping earth into the canal's headgates area, but the effort was not fast enough, and the river eroded deeper and deeper into the dry desert sand of the Imperial Valley. A large waterfall formed as a result and began cutting rapidly upstream along the path of the Alamo Canal that now was occupied by the Colorado. This waterfall was initially 15 feet (4.6 m) high, but grew to 80 feet (24 m) high before the flow through the breach was stopped. Originally, it was feared that the waterfall would recede upstream to the true main path of the Colorado, becoming up to 100 to 300 feet (30 to 91 m) high, at which point it would be practically impossible to fix the problem.
Salton Sea
As the basin filled, the town of Salton, a Southern Pacific Railroad siding, and Torres-Martinez Native American land were submerged. The sudden influx of water and the lack of any drainage from the basin resulted in the formation of the Salton Sea.[15][16]
The U.S. Navy conducted a preliminary inspection of the Salton Sea in January 1940, and the Salton Sea Test Base (SSTB, run by Sandia Labs) was initially commissioned as the Naval Auxiliary Air Station, Salton Sea, in October 1942. The SSTB, just to the south-east of Salton City, originally functioned as an operational and training base for seaplanes. Additional activities at the base have included experimental testing of solidfuel plane-launched rockets, jet-assist take-off testing, aeroballistic testing of inert atomic weapon test units at land and marine target areas, training bombing at marine targets, testing of the effects of long-term storage on atomic weapons, testing of the parachute landing systems of the Project Mercury space capsules, parachute training and testing, and military training exercises. The base was abandoned in 1978.[17]
The continuing intermittent flooding of the Imperial Valley from the Colorado River led to the idea of the need for a dam on the Colorado River for flood control.[citation needed]
Subsequent evolution[edit]
A gaseous mud volcano
The Salton Sea had some success as a resort area, with Salton City, Salton Sea Beach, and Desert Shores, on the western shore and Desert Beach, North Shore, and Bombay Beach, built on the eastern shore in the 1950s. However, many of the settlements substantially shrank in size, or have been abandoned, mostly due to the increasing salinity and pollution of the lake over the years from agricultural runoff and other sources. Many of the species of fish that lived in the sea have been killed off by the combination of pollutants, salt levels, and algal blooms. Dead fish have been known to wash up in mass quantities on the beaches. The smell of the lake, combined with the stench of the decaying fish, also contributed to the decline of the tourist industry around the Salton Sea. Many people now visit the Salton Sea and the surrounding settlements to explore the abandoned structures. The town of Niland is 1.5 miles (3 km) southeast of the sea, with a population of 1,006. Evidence of geothermal activity is also visible. Mudpots and mud volcanoes are found on the eastern side of the Salton Sea.[18] A number of geothermal electricity generation plants are located along the southeastern shore of the Salton Sea in Imperial County.
The US Geological Survey describes the smell as "objectionable", "noxious", "unique", and "pervasive".[19]
Ecology[edit]
See also: Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge § Wildlife
Fish population[edit]
Due to the high salinity, very few fish species can tolerate living in the Salton Sea. Introduced tilapia are the main fish that can tolerate the high salinity levels and pollution. Other freshwater fish species live in the rivers and canals that feed the Salton Sea, including threadfin shad, carp, red shiner, channel catfish, white catfish, largemouth bass, mosquitofish, sailfin molly, and the vulnerable desert pupfish.[20]
Avian population[edit]
The Salton Sea has been termed a "crown jewel of avian biodiversity" by Dr. Milt Friend of the Salton Sea Science Office. Over 400 species have been documented at the Salton Sea. The most diverse and probably the most significant populations of bird life in the continental United States are hosted, rivaled only by Big Bend National Park in Texas.[21] It supports 30% of the remaining population of the American white pelican.[22] The Salton Sea is also a major resting stop on the Pacific Flyway. On 18 November 2006, a Ross's gull, a high Arctic bird, was sighted and photographed there.[23]
Increasing salinity[edit]
Dead fish on the western shore of Salton City
The lack of an outflow means the Salton Sea does not have a natural stabilization system; it is very dynamic. Fluctuations in the water level caused by variations in agricultural runoff, the ancient salt deposits in the lake bed, and the relatively high salinity of the inflow feeding the sea are all causing ever-increasing salinity. The body was initially a freshwater lake, but by the 1960s its rising salinity had begun to jeopardize some of the species in it. With a salinity now exceeding 5.0% w/v (saltier than seawater), most species of fish can no longer survive there. A freshwater fish notable for its ability to withstand the rising salinity of the Salton Sea, the desert pupfish, can survive salinities ranging from 0.0% to 7.0%.[24] Fertilizer runoffs have resulted in eutrophication, with large algal blooms and elevated bacterial levels.[25]
By 2014, large swaths of lake bed were exposed and salt levels drastically increased due to mandated water transfers to metropolitan areas along the coast and other factors, limiting the water inflow. Besides the resulting fish kills, the shrinking lake interrupts the bird migration, causes dust clouds, and impacts local tourism negatively.[26]
Remediation efforts[edit]
Past efforts and proposals for a sea level canal[edit]
Map of New River and Alamo River courses
Alternatives for "saving" the Salton Sea have been evaluated since 1955.[citation needed]
The New River passes from Mexicali, Baja California, to the Imperial Valley, and on to the Salton Sea.
Much of the current interest in the sea was sparked in the 1990s by Congressman Sonny Bono.[27] His widow, Mary Bono Mack, elected to fill his seat, has continued to be interested in the Salton Sea, as has Representative Jerry Lewis of Redlands.[27] In 1998, the Sonny Bono Salton Sea Restoration Project was named for the politician.[27]
In the late 1990s, the Salton Sea Authority, a local joint powers agency, and the US Bureau of Reclamation began efforts to evaluate and develop an alternative to save the Salton Sea. A draft Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement, which did not specify a preferred alternative, was released for public review in 2000. Since that time, the Salton Sea Authority has developed a preferred concept[28][full citation needed] that involves the construction of a large dam that would impound water to create a marine sea in the northern and southern parts of the sea and along the western edge.[citation needed]
Satellite image of the Salton Sea with surrounding developments
Many other concepts have been proposed,[29] including piping water from the sea to a wetland in Mexico, Laguna Salada, as a means of salt export, and one by Aqua Genesis Ltd to bring in seawater from the Gulf of California, desalinate it at the sea using available geothermal heat, and sell the water to pay for the plan. This concept would involve the construction of over 20 miles (30 km) of pipes and tunneling, and, with the increasing demand for water at the coastline, would provide an additional 1,000,000 acre feet (1.2 km3) of water to Southern California coastal cities each year.[30]
State restoration plan[edit]
Abandoned, salt-encrusted structures on the Salton Sea shore at Bombay Beach
In 2003, the Imperial Irrigation District agreed to sell a portion of its allotment from the Colorado River for 45 years to the San Diego County Water Authority.[31] The California State Legislature, by legislation enacted in 2003 and 2004, directed the Secretary of the California Resources Agency to prepare a restoration plan for the Salton Sea ecosystem, and an accompanying Environmental Impact Report.[32] As part of this effort, the Secretary for Resources has established an advisory committee to provide recommendations to assist in the preparation of the Ecosystem Restoration Plan, including consultation throughout all stages of the alternative selection. The California Department of Water Resources and California Department of Fish and Game are leading the effort to develop a preferred alternative for the restoration of the Salton Sea ecosystem and the protection of wildlife dependent on that ecosystem.
On January 24, 2008, the California Legislative Analyst's Office released a report titled "Restoring the Salton Sea."[32] The preferred alternative outlined in the draft plan calls for spending almost $9 billion over 25 years and proposes a smaller but more manageable Salton Sea. The amount of water available for use by humans and wildlife would be reduced by 60% from 365 mi2 (945 km2) to about 147 mi2 (381 km2). About 52 mi (84 km) of barrier and perimeter dikes – constructed most likely out of boulders, gravel, and stone columns – would be erected, along with earthen berms to corral the water into a horseshoe shape along the northern shoreline of the sea from San Felipe Creek on the west shore to Bombay Beach on the east shore. The central portion of the sea would be allowed to evaporate almost completely and would serve as a brine sink, while the southern portion of the sea would be constructed into a saline habitat complex. Construction on the project would be completed by 2035.
Salt deposits along the eastern shore of the sea
The sale of the Imperial water to San Diego County resulted in a reduction in agricultural runoff needed to replenish the sea. During the first 15 years, the irrigation district has been required to put water into the Salton Sea to compensate for the loss of runoff. Since the requirement expires in 2017, the district sent a letter to the California State Water Resources Control Board in 2014 asking that the board sponsor negotiations to get the state to fulfill its obligation to stop the deterioration of the sea. Pacific Institute, an Oakland-based environmental think tank, was warning that the lack of replenishment water was leading to a "period of very rapid deterioration."[33] The rapidly shrinking sea was a "looming environmental and public health crisis"[31] With the increased shrinkage, dust storms would increase and a rotten-egg smell could reach to the coastal cities.[33]
In 2018, California's Natural Resources Agency received 11 proposals to increase waterflow to the sea in order to reduce dust and dust-borne toxins. Proposal costs ranged from $300 million to several billion dollars. No winner was selected in this phase.[34]
Earthquake geology[edit]
The Salton Sea and surrounding basin sits over the San Andreas Fault, San Jacinto Fault, Imperial Fault Zone, and a "stepover fault" shear zone system. Geologists have determined that previous flooding episodes from the Colorado River have been linked to earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault. Sonar and other instruments were used to map the Salton Sea's underwater faults during the study. During the period when the basin was filled by Lake Cahuilla, a much larger inland sea, earthquakes higher than magnitude 7 occurred roughly every 180 years, the last one occurring within decades of 1700. Computer models suggest the normal faults in the area are most vulnerable to deviatoric stress loading by filling in of water. Currently, a risk still exists for an earthquake of magnitude 7 to 8. Simulations also showed, in the Los Angeles area, shaking and thus damage would be more severe for a San Andreas earthquake that propagated along the fault from the south, rather than from the north. Such an earthquake also raises the risk for soil liquefaction in the Imperial Valley region.[35][36]
The effective drainage divide that separates the Salton Sea from the Gulf of California is about 9 m (30 ft) in elevation and is located near Delta, northeastern Baja California State, Mexico, south-southeast of Mexicali.[37] Past sea level rise may partially be responsible for the salinity of the lake, while potential future changes in sea levels could occur. However, other factors such as hydrothermal vents, diffusion of salt from minerals and sediment, including concentrated brine, and evaporites are another contributor to salinity, as is the recent lowering of lake levels raising the salinity, though sedimentary records show the lake surface elevation reached levels 10–12 m above world sea level in the 1500s.[38]
Water temperature[edit]
The temperature of the surface water changes with the seasonally varying air temperature. Winter lows can reach temperatures as low as 50 °F (10 °C) and summer highs can reach 95 °F (35 °C).[39]
Surface water temperature (Sandy Beach)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
57 °F
14 °C
57 °F
14 °C
64 °F
18 °C
72 °F
22 °C
77 °F
25 °C
82 °F
28 °C
90 °F
32 °C
91 °F
33 °C
86 °F
30 °C
81 °F
27 °C
72 °F
22 °C
61 °F
17 °C
In popular culture[edit]
An abandoned boat stuck in the ground, close to the west coast marina of the Salton Sea
Films
The documentary Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea (which premiered at the 2004 Slamdance Film Festival and, with the addition of John Waters as narrator, premiered at the Provincetown International Film Festival in Massachusetts and opened in select theaters on February 24, 2006), covers the first 100 years of the Salton Sea, along with the environmental issues and offbeat residents of the region.
A visit to the Salton Sea inspired filmmaker Curtis Harrington to make his dreamlike short film On the Edge (1949),[40] which extensively uses the bubbling mudpots on the edge of the sea.[41] In a 1971 interview, Harrington stated, "The location I used is entirely covered by water now; the sea has risen to cover it."[42]
In the science-fiction monster film The Monster That Challenged the World (1957), the title monster(s) originate in the Salton Sea; many of the scenes were shot on location in the area.[43]
The New York Times described the film about some residents of the Bombay Beach, California community on the Salton Sea, Bombay Beach (2010), by Israeli-born filmmaker Alma Har’el, as a "surreal documentary".[44] The film won first prize in the feature documentary section of the Tribeca Film Festival in 2011.[45]
A six-minute short film, The Accidental Sea (2011), filmed and narrated by Ransom Riggs, briefly discusses the history and depicts the desolation since the area's abandonment.[46]
The short documentary, The Useless Sea (2016), is a cinematic film focusing on the environmental challenges and the beauty surrounding the Salton Sea.[47]
The film, The Salton Sea, is an American crime thriller named after and partially filmed at the Salton Sea.[48]
Games
In the video-game Grand Theft Auto V (2013), a location called Alamo Sea is based on the Salton Sea and the town Sandy Shores is based on Desert Shores.[49]
Television
The History Channel's 2006 episode "Engineering Disasters 18" (#13-04), from the television documentary series Modern Marvels, describes the combined manmade and natural events leading to the creation of the Salton Sea in the early 20th century, its brief popularity as a resort destination midcentury, and its subsequent decline due to high salinity and farm runoff. Impacts to Salton Sea fish and bird populations are addressed and future plans to rescue the sea are described.[50]
The episode "Future Conditional" (#302) from the series Journey to Planet Earth (narrated by Matt Damon) talks about the plight of the sea, and how, if nothing is done, a repeat of the fate of the Aral Sea will occur.[51]
See also[edit]
Lake Urmia
Aral Sea
List of lakes in California
List of drying lakes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "USGS 10254005 Salton Sea NR Westmorland CA". waterdata.usgs.gov.
Jump up ^ "Salton Sea, History".
Jump up ^ "Restoration of the Salton Sea Final Report December 2007 – Chapter 1. Introduction" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "LA Times: Drought, drawdowns and death of the Salton Sea".
Jump up ^ San Diego County Water Authority (2014). "Quantification Settlement Agreement". San Diego County Water Authority. Retrieved 2014-10-14.
Jump up ^ See http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/SaltonSea_2004-2014.xlsx, linked at https://www2.usgs.gov/saltonsea/monitoring.html
Jump up ^ Khaled M. Bali (5 October 2013). "Salton Sea and Salinity". UC Davis, Cooperative Extension Imperial County. Retrieved 2015-06-29. The salinity of the Pacific Ocean is approximately 35,000 mg/l (1 ppm=1 mg/l). Colorado River water salinity is about 650–700 mg/L. Salton Sea salinity is about 44,000 mg/L, that is approximately 4.4% salt. The amount of salts that is deposited in the Imperial Valley agricultural land with irrigation water is approximately four million tons of salts annually.
Jump up ^ Alles, DL (2007-08-06). "Geology of the Salton Trough" (PDF). Biology Department. Western Washington University. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
Jump up ^ Singer E. "Ancient Lake Cahuilla – Geology of the Imperial Valley". Archived from the original on June 1, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Pat Laflin (29 July 2003). "The Salton Sea: California's Overlooked Treasure" (PDF). Coachella Valley Historical Society. pp. 21–26. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Carpelan, Lars H. History of the Salton Sea" (PDF).
Jump up ^ The Salton Sea – Its Beginnings. Accessed 2010-06-14
Jump up ^ "The Salton Sea: California's Overlooked Treasure, Chapter 4".
Jump up ^ Detailed maps, and a film of the breach (and subsequent redamming) are in Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea, a 2006 documentary
Jump up ^ Kennan, G (1917). The Salton Sea: An Account of Harriman's Fight With The Colorado River. New York: The MacMillan Company. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
Jump up ^ Larkin, EL (1907). "A Thousand Men Against A River: The Engineering Victory Over The Colorado River And The Salton Sea". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XIII: 8606–10. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Salton Sea Test Base Site Inspection Report – sect2-1, 1995".
Jump up ^ Lynch, DK; Hudnut, KW (2008). "The Wister Mud Pot Lineament: Southeastward Extension or Abandoned Strand of the San Andreas Fault?". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 98 (4): 1720–29. Bibcode:2008BuSSA..98.1720L. doi:10.1785/0120070252.
Jump up ^ https://www2.usgs.gov/saltonsea/saltonWorkshops/eutrofin.pdf
Jump up ^ U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2008). "Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge: Wildlife List" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Morrison, Patt (September 17, 2014) "A persuasive case for saving the Salton Sea, California's biggest lake" Los Angeles Times Interview with Tim Krantz
Jump up ^ "ca.audubon.org" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Ross's Gull – 2006". www.southwestbirders.com. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Dudek and ICF International (2012). Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan (DRECP) Baseline Biology Report. (Draft). Prepared for the California Energy Commission.
Jump up ^ NASA page: "Algal bloom in the Salton Sea, California".
Jump up ^ Rañoa, Raoul (October 21, 2014) "'Drought, drawdowns and death of the Salton Sea" Los Angeles Times
^ Jump up to: a b c CNN article: "Salton Sea rescue to be named for Sonny Bono".
Jump up ^ "phpinfo()". www.saltonsea.ca.gov.
Jump up ^ "US Bureau of Reclamation - Salton Sea Project Office - Salton Sea Brochure - 1999". www.usbr.gov.
Jump up ^ sandiegoreader.com; San Diego Union Times: Ronald Newcomb's Salton Sea proposal
^ Jump up to: a b Perry, Tony (September 3, 2014) "'Salton Sea inaction could cause 'catastrophic change,' report says" Los Angeles Times
^ Jump up to: a b California, State of. "Salton Sea Unit". www.water.ca.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b Perry, Tony (November 21, 2014) "'Looming environmental crisis' at Salton Sea prompts plea for help" Los Angeles Times
Jump up ^ "10 questions about the 11 proposals to save the Salton Sea".
Jump up ^ Brothers, Daniel, et al. "Loading of the San Andreas fault by flood-induced rupture of faults beneath the Salton Sea." Nature Geoscience 4.7 (2011): 486–492.
Jump up ^ Ross, JE (July 27, 2011). "Flooding of Ancient Salton Sea Linked to San Andreas Earthquakes". Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego. Scripps Oceanography News. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Tingle, A. "Flood Maps". Firetree.net. Flood. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Wardlaw, GD; Valentine DL (January 2005). "Evidence for salt diffusion from sediments contributing to increasing salinity in the Salton Sea, California" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 533 (1–3): 77–85. doi:10.1007/s10750-004-2395-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
Jump up ^ http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_3/issue_4/0373.pdf
Jump up ^ Harrington, Curtis (2013). Nice Guys Don't Work in Hollywood: The Adventures of an Aesthete in the Movie Business. Drag City. ISBN 978-1937112073.
Jump up ^ "Curtis Harrington's On the Edge". youtube.com. June 18, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gow, Gordon (August 1971). "Up from the Underground: Curtis Harrington". Films and Filmmaking. 17 (11): 17.
Jump up ^ "The Monster That Challenged the World (1957) - Filming Locations". IMDb.
Jump up ^ Holden, Stephen (October 13, 2011). "Last Resort Remains an Oasis of Dreams". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Awards for Bombay Beach". IMDb.com. January 11, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Accidental Sea". ransomriggs.com. August 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Useless Sea". la.curbed. February 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Salton Sea". IMDb.com. October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff (2 January 2014). "Rockstar North's Aaron Garbut on the making of Grand Theft Auto V – our game of 2013". Edge. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Engineering Disasters 18 DVD". Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matt Damon (Narrator). "Future Conditional (Stories of Hope: Palm Springs)". Journey to Planet Earth. PBS.
Further reading[edit]
Goodyear, Dana (May 4, 2015). "The dying sea : what will California sacrifice to survive the drought?". Letter from the Imperial Valley. The New Yorker. 91 (11): 22–27. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
Greenfield S (Winter 2006). "A Lake by Mistake". Invention & Technology. 21 (3). Archived from the original on September 6, 2008.
Setmire, James G., et al. (1993). Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1988–90 [Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4014]. Sacramento, Calif.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
Setmire, James G., Wolfe, John C., and Stroud, Richard K. (1990). Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1986–87 [Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4102]. Sacramento, Calif.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
Sperry RL (Winter 1975). "When the Imperial Valley Fought for its Life". Journal of San Diego History. 21 (1).
GoogleBooks.com: The Salton Sea: An account of Harriman's fight with the Colorado River
deBuys, William and Myers, Joan (1999), "Salt Dreams: Land and Water in Low-down California", University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, ISBN 0-8263-2126-7
Metzler, Chris and Springer, Jeff (2006). Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea, Tilapia Film – history of the Salton Sea, and interviews with residents and naturalists.
Stevens, Joseph E. Hoover Dam. University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. details on the Salton Sea disaster
Stringfellow, Kim Greetings from the Salton Sea: Folly and Intervention in the Southern California Landscape, 1905–2005. Columbia College Chicago Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-935195-32-0
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salton Sea.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Salton Sea.
Official Salton Sea Authority website
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation: Salton Sea Restoration Project Office
Salton Sea Action Committee
Salton Basin overview
Salton Sea Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Plan United States Geological Survey
"The Salton Sea" — Photo Essay by Scott London
National Geographic photos of the Salton Sea
Youtube.com: "The Accidental Sea"
Saltonseadocumentary.com: Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea — documentary film.
[show]
v
t
e
Earth's oceans and seas
Arctic Ocean
Amundsen Gulf
Barents Sea
Beaufort Sea
Chukchi Sea
East Siberian Sea
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Boothia
Kara Sea
Laptev Sea
Lincoln Sea
Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
Pechora Sea
Queen Victoria Sea
Wandel Sea
White Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Adriatic Sea
Aegean Sea
Alboran Sea
Archipelago Sea
Argentine Sea
Baffin Bay
Balearic Sea
Baltic Sea
Bay of Biscay
Bay of Bothnia
Bay of Campeche
Bay of Fundy
Black Sea
Bothnian Sea
Caribbean Sea
Celtic Sea
English Channel
Foxe Basin
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Bothnia
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Lion
Gulf of Guinea
Gulf of Maine
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Gulf of Sidra
Gulf of Venezuela
Hudson Bay
Ionian Sea
Irish Sea
Irminger Sea
James Bay
Labrador Sea
Levantine Sea
Libyan Sea
Ligurian Sea
Marmara Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Myrtoan Sea
North Sea
Norwegian Sea
Sargasso Sea
Sea of Åland
Sea of Azov
Sea of Crete
Sea of the Hebrides
Thracian Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea
Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean
Andaman Sea
Arabian Sea
Bali Sea
Bay of Bengal
Flores Sea
Great Australian Bight
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Oman
Gulf of Suez
Java Sea
Laccadive Sea
Mozambique Channel
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean
Arafura Sea
Banda Sea
Bering Sea
Bismarck Sea
Bohai Sea
Bohol Sea
Camotes Sea
Celebes Sea
Ceram Sea
Chilean Sea
Coral Sea
East China Sea
Gulf of Alaska
Gulf of Anadyr
Gulf of California
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf of Fonseca
Gulf of Panama
Gulf of Thailand
Gulf of Tonkin
Halmahera Sea
Koro Sea
Mar de Grau
Molucca Sea
Moro Gulf
Philippine Sea
Salish Sea
Savu Sea
Sea of Japan
Sea of Okhotsk
Seto Inland Sea
Shantar Sea
Sibuyan Sea
Solomon Sea
South China Sea
Sulu Sea
Tasman Sea
Visayan Sea
Yellow Sea
Southern Ocean
Amundsen Sea
Bellingshausen Sea
Cooperation Sea
Cosmonauts Sea
Davis Sea
D'Urville Sea
King Haakon VII Sea
Lazarev Sea
Mawson Sea
Riiser-Larsen Sea
Ross Sea
Scotia Sea
Somov Sea
Weddell Sea
Landlocked seas
Aral Sea
Caspian Sea
Dead Sea
Salton Sea
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Colorado River system
Jurisdictions
United States
Arizona
California
Colorado
Nevada
New Mexico
Utah
Wyoming
Mexico
Baja California
Sonora

Canyons
Byers Canyon
Gore Canyon
Red Gorge
Glenwood Canyon
De Beque Canyon
Horsethief Canyon
Ruby Canyon
Westwater Canyon
Cataract Canyon
Narrow Canyon
Glen Canyon
Grand Canyon
Marble Canyon
Granite Gorge
Middle Granite Gorge
Lower Granite Gorge
Grand Wash Canyon
Iceberg Canyon
Virgin Canyon
Boulder Canyon
Black Canyon
Pyramid Canyon
Mohave Canyon
Natural features
River course
Rocky Mountains
Colorado River Basin
Colorado Plateau
Grand Lake
Horseshoe Bend
Sonoran Desert
Mojave Desert
Lower Colorado River Valley
Mohave Valley
Parker Valley
Palo Verde Valley
Colorado Desert
Alamo River
New River
Salton Sea
Imperial Valley
Delta
Montague Island
Gulf of California/Sea of Cortez
Tributaries
Blue River
Dirty Devil River
Dolores River
Escalante River
Eagle River
Fraser River
Gila River
Green River
Gunnison River
Kanab Creek
Little Colorado River
Paria River
Roaring Fork River
San Juan River
Thunder River/Tapeats Creek
Virgin River
Las Vegas Wash
Williams Fork
Río Hardy
Engineering
Mainstem dams
Shadow Mountain
Granby
Windy Gap
Grand Valley
Price-Stubb
Glen Canyon
Hoover
Davis
Parker
Headgate Rock
Palo Verde
Imperial
Laguna
Morelos
Major reservoirs
Fontenelle Reservoir
Flaming Gorge Reservoir
Blue Mesa Reservoir
Navajo Lake
Lake Powell
Lake Mead
Lake Mohave
Lake Havasu
Imperial Reservoir
Theodore Roosevelt Lake
San Carlos Lake
Aqueducts and
canals
Grand Ditch
Colorado River Aqueduct
San Diego Aqueduct
Central Arizona Project
All-American Canal
Coachella Canal
Water projects
Boulder Canyon Project
Colorado-Big Thompson Project
Colorado River Storage Project
Grand Valley AVA
Yuma Project
Designated areas
Arches National Park
Canyonlands National Park
Colorado National Monument
Dead Horse Point State Park
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
Grand Canyon National Park
Lake Mead National Recreation Area
Rocky Mountain National Park
Related topics
Arizona v. California
Colorado River Board of California
Colorado River Compact
Floyd Dominy
Lee's Ferry
International Boundary and Water Commission
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
Rapids and features
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
William Mulholland
[show]
v
t
e
Southern Border Region
Counties
San Diego
Imperial
Global city
1.3 million
San Diego
Major cities
100k-250k
Chula Vista
Oceanside
Escondido
Carlsbad
Cities and towns
25k-100k
El Cajon
El Centro
Encinitas
Calexico
Fallbrook
Imperial Beach
La Mesa
La Presa
National City
Poway
San Marcos
Santee
Spring Valley
Vista
Cities and towns
under 25k
Alpine
Bombay Beach
Bonita
Bonsall
Borrego Springs
Bostonia
Boulevard
Brawley
Casa de Oro-Mount Helix
Calipatria
Campo
Camp Pendleton North
Camp Pendleton South
Coronado
Crest
Del Mar
Descanso
Desert Shores
Fairbanks Ranch
Harbison Canyon
Heber
Hidden Meadows
Holtville
Imperial
Jacumba Hot Springs
Jamul
Julian
Lakeside
Lake San Marcos
Lemon Grove
Mount Laguna
Niland
Ocotillo
Palo Verde
Pine Valley
Potrero
Rainbow
Ramona
Rancho San Diego
Rancho Santa Fe
Salton City
Salton Sea Beach
San Diego Country Estates
Seeley
Solana Beach
Valley Center
Westmorland
Winter Gardens
Winterhaven
Bodies of water
Alamo River
Agua Hedionda Lagoon
Batiquitos Lagoon
Buena Vista Lagoon
Colorado River
Mission Bay
New River
Salton Sea
San Diego Bay
San Diego River
San Elijo Lagoon
San Luis Rey River
Santa Margarita River
Sweetwater River
Otay River
Tijuana River (Tijuana River Estuary)
Landforms
Algodones Dunes
Black Hills
Black Mountain
Blue Angels Peak
Buena Vista Hills
Cargo Muchacho Mountains (Pilot Knob)
Chocolate Mountains
Colorado Desert
Cowles Mountain
Coyote Mountain
Coyote Mountains
Cuyamaca Peak
Double Peak
Fish Creek Mountains
Fletcher Hills
Grapevine Hills
Hot Springs Mountain
In-Ko-Pah Mountains
Jacumba Mountains
Jamul Mountains
Laguna Mountains
Lake Cahuilla
Little Mule Mountains
Margarita Peak
Merriam Mountains
Mount Soledad
Mud Caves
North Pinyon Mountains
Oakzanita Peak
Oat Hills
Palo Verde Mountains
Palomar Mountain
Palomar Mountain Range
Pine Hills
Pinyon Mountains
Salton Buttes
San Felipe Hills
San Marcos Mountains
San Ysidro Mountains
Santa Ana Mountains
Santa Margarita Mountains
Santa Rosa Mountains
Sawtooth Mountains
Sawtooth Range
Superstition Hills
Tierra Blanca Mountains
Vallecito Mountains
Viejas Mountain
Volcanic Hills
Yuha Buttes
Yuha Desert
Regions
North County
Borrego
South Bay
East County
San Diego
Imperial Valley
Southern Border Region
[hide]
v
t
e
State of California
Sacramento (capital)
Topics
Culture
Food
Music
Myth
Sports
Demographics
Earthquakes
Economy
Education
Environment
Geography
Climate
Ecology
Flora
Fauna
Government
Capitol
Districts
Governor
Legislature
Supreme Court
Healthcare
History
Law
National Historic Landmarks
National Natural Landmarks
NRHP listings
Politics
Congressional delegations
Elections
People
Protected areas
State Parks
State Historic Landmarks
Symbols
Transportation
Water
Index of articles
Regions
Antelope Valley
Big Sur
California Coast Ranges
Cascade Range
Central California
Central Coast
Central Valley
Channel Islands
Coachella Valley
Coastal California
Conejo Valley
Cucamonga Valley
Death Valley
East Bay (SF Bay Area)
East County (SD)
Eastern California
Emerald Triangle
Gold Country
Great Basin
Greater San Bernardino
Inland Empire
Klamath Basin
Lake Tahoe
Greater Los Angeles
Los Angeles Basin
Lost Coast
Mojave Desert
Mountain Empire
North Bay (SF)
North Coast
North Coast (SD)
Northern California
Owens Valley
Oxnard Plain
Peninsular Ranges
Pomona Valley
Sacramento Valley
Salinas Valley
San Fernando Valley
San Francisco Bay Area
San Francisco Peninsula
San Gabriel Valley
San Joaquin Valley
Santa Clara Valley
Santa Clara River Valley
Santa Clarita Valley
Santa Ynez Valley
Shasta Cascade
Sierra Nevada
Silicon Valley
South Bay (LA)
South Bay (SD)
South Bay (SF)
South Coast
Southern Border Region
Southern California
Transverse Ranges
Tri-Valley
Victor Valley
Wine Country
Metro regions
Metropolitan Fresno
Los Angeles metropolitan area
Greater Sacramento
San Bernardino-Riverside metropolitan area
San Francisco metropolitan area
San Diego–Tijuana
Counties
Alameda
Alpine
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del Norte
El Dorado
Fresno
Glenn
Humboldt
Imperial
Inyo
Kern
Kings
Lake
Lassen
Los Angeles
Madera
Marin
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced
Modoc
Mono
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Orange
Placer
Plumas
Riverside
Sacramento
San Benito
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Francisco
San Joaquin
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Sierra
Siskiyou
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutter
Tehama
Trinity
Tulare
Tuolumne
Ventura
Yolo
Yuba
Most populous
cities
Los Angeles
San Diego
San Jose
San Francisco
Fresno
Sacramento
Long Beach
Oakland
Bakersfield
Anaheim
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salton_Sea&oldid=836852484"
Categories:
Salton Sea
Endorheic lakes of California
Lakes of Imperial County, California
Lakes of Riverside County, California
Lakes of the Great Basin
Saline lakes
Shrunken lakes
Coachella Valley
Imperial Valley
Disasters in California
Engineering failures
Environment of California
Environmental disasters in the United States
Geography of the Colorado Desert
Important Bird Areas of California
Natural history of Imperial County, California
Tourist attractions in Imperial County, California
Lakes of California
Lakes of Southern California
Hidden categories:
Coordinates on Wikidata
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014
Articles needing more detailed references
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Bosanski
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kurdî
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
中文
25 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 06:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Salton_Sea_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Salton Sea (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;

attrs: href title

value: span

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation

values: Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid

values:
/wiki/Cubic_kilometre
mw-redirect
Cubic kilometre

values:
/wiki/Below_sea_level
mw-redirect
Below sea level

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Canal
mw-redirect
Imperial Canal

values:
/wiki/Dike_(construction)
mw-redirect
Dike (construction)

values:
/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad
mw-redirect
Southern Pacific Railroad

values:
/wiki/Salton_City
mw-redirect
Salton City

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Geothermal_(geology)
mw-redirect
Geothermal (geology)

values: Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge

values:
/wiki/Ictalurus_catus
mw-redirect
Ictalurus catus

values:
/wiki/Algal_blooms
mw-redirect
Algal blooms

values: Edit section: Past efforts and proposals for a sea level canal

values:
/wiki/Mary_Bono_Mack
mw-redirect
Mary Bono Mack

values:
/wiki/Bureau_of_Reclamation
mw-redirect
Bureau of Reclamation

values:
/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Report
mw-redirect
Environmental Impact Report

values:
/wiki/Environmental_Impact_Statement
mw-redirect
Environmental Impact Statement

values: A more detailed citation is required. (November 2012)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)

values:
/wiki/Laguna_Salada_(Baja_California)
mw-redirect
Laguna Salada (Baja California)

values:
/wiki/California_Resources_Agency
mw-redirect
California Resources Agency

values: California Department of Water Resources

values: California State Water Resources Control Board

values:
/wiki/San_Jacinto_Fault
mw-redirect
San Jacinto Fault

values:
/wiki/Normal_fault
mw-redirect
Normal fault

values:
/wiki/Deviatoric_stress
mw-redirect
Deviatoric stress

values:
/wiki/John_Waters_(filmmaker)
mw-redirect
John Waters (filmmaker)

values:
/wiki/Monster_film
mw-redirect
Monster film

values:
/wiki/Crime_thriller
mw-redirect
Crime thriller

values:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/World%27s_Work
mw-redirect
World's Work

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1785%2F0120070252

values:
/wiki/Portable_Document_Format
mw-redirect
Portable Document Format

values:
nofollow
http://www.saltonsea.ca.gov/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.water.ca.gov/saltonsea/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0235737

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: American Heritage of Invention & Technology

values:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of the Interior

values:
/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey
mw-redirect
U.S. Geological Survey

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.saltonsea.ca.gov

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.saltonseaactioncommittee.org

values:
nofollow
external text
https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo61730

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.saltonseadocumentary.com

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Colorado_River_Basin
mw-redirect
Colorado River Basin

values: List of tributaries of the Colorado River

values:
/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)
mw-redirect
Green River (Colorado River)

values:
/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)
mw-redirect
San Juan River (Colorado River)

values:
/wiki/Thunder_River_(Tapeats_Creek)
mw-redirect
Thunder River (Tapeats Creek)

values:
/wiki/Williams_Fork_(Colorado_River)
mw-redirect
Williams Fork (Colorado River)

values: List of dams in the Colorado River system

values:
/wiki/Boulder_Canyon_Project
mw-redirect
Boulder Canyon Project

values: International Boundary and Water Commission

values: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California

values: List of Colorado River rapids and features

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Southern Border Region (California)

values: Template talk:Southern Border Region (California)

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #FCC200;;width:1%

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Spring Valley, San Diego County, California

values:
/wiki/New_River_(California)
mw-redirect
New River (California)

values: Black Mountain (San Diego County, California)

values: Pilot Knob (Imperial County, California)

values: Double Peak (San Diego County, California)

values:
/wiki/Palomar_Mountain_Range
mw-redirect
Palomar Mountain Range

values:
/wiki/Sawtooth_Range_(San_Diego_County)
mw-redirect
Sawtooth Range (San Diego County)

values:
/wiki/North_County,_San_Diego
mw-redirect
North County, San Diego

values:
/wiki/Anza_Borrego
mw-redirect
Anza Borrego

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of National Historic Landmarks in California

values: List of National Natural Landmarks in California

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in California

values: United States congressional delegations from California

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Channel_Islands_of_California
mw-redirect
Channel Islands of California

values:
/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area
mw-redirect
Greater Los Angeles Area

values: San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Lakes of Imperial County, California

values: Category:Lakes of Riverside County, California

values: Category:Environmental disasters in the United States

values: Category:Geography of the Colorado Desert

values: Category:Important Bird Areas of California

values: Category:Natural history of Imperial County, California

values: Category:Tourist attractions in Imperial County, California

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Salton_Sea
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: بحر سالتون – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Солтон-Си – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltonsee
Saltonsee – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: دریای سالتون – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ימת סלטון – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: სოლტონ-სი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Солтон-Си – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Солтон си – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: بحیرہ سالتون – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Salton_Sea rootpage-Salton_Sea skin-vector action-view


text:
Bar examination
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other non-legal uses, see Bar (disambiguation). For the broader meaning of "bar" in legal contexts, see Bar (law).
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A bar examination is a test intended to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given jurisdiction.
Contents
[hide]
1 Brazil
2 Canada
3 People's Republic of China
4 England and Wales
5 France
6 Germany
7 Ghana
8 Hungary
9 Ireland
10 Iran
11 Japan
12 Korea (South)
13 Malaysia
14 Philippines
15 Poland
16 Singapore
17 South Africa
18 Thailand
19 United States
19.1 When exams occur
19.1.1 Preparation for the exam
19.2 Multistate standardized examinations
19.2.1 Uniform Bar Examination (UBE)
19.2.2 Multistate Bar Examination (MBE)
19.2.2.1 Description
19.2.2.2 Average scores
19.2.2.3 Transfer of MBE scores
19.2.3 Multistate Essay Examination (MEE)
19.2.4 Multistate Performance Test (MPT)
19.2.5 Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE)
19.3 Non-standardized examinations
19.4 Controversy
19.4.1 Arguments against bar exams
19.4.2 Arguments for alternatives to the bar exam
20 See also
21 References
22 External links
Brazil[edit]
The Order of Attorneys of Brazil (Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil), the Brazilian Bar association, administers a bar examination nationwide two to three times a year (usually in January, March and September). The exam is divided in two stages – the first consists of 80 multiple choice questions covering all disciplines (Ethics, Human Rights, Philosophy of Law, Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Civil Law, Consumer Law, Civil Procedure Law, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, Labour Law and Labour Procedure Law). The candidate must score at least 40 questions correctly to proceed to the second part of the exam, four essay questions and a drafting project (motion, opinion or claim document) in Civil Law (including Consumer Law), Labour Law, Criminal Law, Administrative Law, Constitutional Law, Corporate Law or Tax Law, and their respective procedures.[1] The Bar examination can be taken on the graduation year. Success in the examination allows one to practice in any court or jurisdiction of the country.
Canada[edit]
In Canada, admission to the bar is a matter of provincial or territorial jurisdiction. All provinces except for Québec follow a common law tradition. Lawyers in every common law province are qualified as both barristers and solicitors, and must pass a Barristers' Examination and Solicitors' Examination administered by the Law Society that governs the legal profession in their respective province or territory. The common law provinces all require prospective lawyers to complete a term of articles (usually 10 months) after graduation from law school during which they work under the supervision of a qualified lawyer. The bar exams may be taken after graduation from law school, but before the commencement of articling, or may be taken during or after articling is completed. Once the barristers' and solicitors' exams have been passed and the term of articles is successfully completed, students may then be called the bar and admitted to the legal profession as lawyers (barristers and solicitors).
People's Republic of China[edit]
Main article: State Judicial Exam
England and Wales[edit]
Since the UK has a separated legal profession, Law graduates in England and Wales can take examinations to qualify as a Barrister or a Solicitor by either undertaking the BPTC or the LPC respectively. These courses are the vocational part of the training required under the Bar Association and The Law Society rules and are either undertaken on a full-time basis for one year or on a part-time basis over two years. After successfully completing these courses, which generally include various examinations and practical ability tests, graduates must secure either a Training Contract (for those who have completed the LPC) or a Pupillage (for those who have completed the BPTC). These are akin to Articling positions in other jurisdictions and are the final Practical stage before being granted full admission to practice. The general timescale therefore to become fully qualified after entering Law School can range between 6–7 years (assuming no repeats are required).
However some controversy remains about the lack of Training Contracts and Pupillages available to graduates even after having completed the LPC/BPTC. These courses can vary in cost anywhere from £9,000 to £17,000 and are generally undertaken by students on a private basis making them incur additional costs. The final debt in student fees alone after having completed the academic and vocational training can range between £20,000-£25,000. This is set to increase to £40,000-£50,000 for students entering law school in the years 2012 due to the increased tuition fees for Law School itself.
France[edit]
In France, Law graduates must obtain a vocational degree called certificat d'aptitude à la profession d'avocat (or CAPA in everyday speech) in order to practice independently. The most common way to achieve the CAPA is by training in an école d'avocats (Lawyer's School). This training includes academical and vocational courses and mandatory internships in law firms. Entrance to Lawyer's School is obtained by competitive examination.
Germany[edit]
To become a lawyer in Germany, one has to study law at university for four or five years. Then, one has to pass the First Juristic Examination (Erste Juristische Prüfung) in Law, which is administered in parts by the ministry of justice of the respective state and in parts by the university the person attends; the state part accounts for two thirds of the final grade, the university part for one third. This examination provides a very limited qualification, as there are no formal careers in the legal field that can be followed without further training. After the first juristic examination, candidates that wish to fully qualify must participate in a two-year practical training period (Referendariat) including practical work as judge, prosecutor, and attorney. At the end of this training, candidates must take and pass the Second State Examination (Zweites Staatsexamen) . This examination, if passed, allows successful participants to enter the bar as attorney, to become judges and to become state attorneys. All careers have the same legal training (Einheitsjurist), even though some careers require additional training (namely public notaries and patent lawyers).
Ghana[edit]
To become a lawyer in Ghana, you have to study law at any university that offers the Bachelor of Laws degree. After completing the four year law degree, graduands can apply to be enrolled at the Ghana School of Law. Following two years of professional training, successful students can take their bar examination. Upon passing the bar examination, an induction and calling to the bar ceremony is held for all graduating students.
Hungary[edit]
In Hungary, the Bar Examination is called "Jogi Szakvizsga", can be translated as "Legal Profession Examination". This exam is composed of three parts:
Criminal Law, Criminal Procedural Law and Law of Criminal Enforcement
Civil Law, Civil Procedural Law and Business Law
Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, Labor Law, Social Security Law and Law of the European Union.
After passing these exams the candidate can practice law as an attorney-at-law /barrister or as a secretary/judge at the court or as a prosecutor at the public prosecutor's office or in-house legal counsel or may operate individually at any field of law.
Ireland[edit]
The bar exams in Ireland are the preserve of the Honorable Society of King's Inns, which runs a series of fourteen exams over ten weeks, from March to June each year, for those enrolled as students in its one-year Barrister-at-Law degree course. These exams cover such skills as advocacy, research and opinion writing, consulting with clients, negotiation, drafting of legal documents and knowledge of civil and criminal procedure. For those who fail to meet the requisite 50% pass mark, repeats are held in the following August and September.
Iran[edit]
The Bar Exam in Iran is administered by two different and completely separate bodies, one of which is the Bar Association of every province all of which are under the auspices of the country's syndicate of the bars of the country, and the other one is administered by Judiciary System subject to article 187 of the country's economic, social and cultural development plan. The following is the process of obtaining the license through the Bar Association's procedures.
To receive the license to practice as a “First Degree Attorney” in Iran, an applicant should complete a bachelor of law program. The official career path starts after passing the Bar Exam and receiving the title of “Trainee at Law”. The exam is highly competitive and only a certain number of top applicants are admitted annually.
After admission to the bar, an eighteen-months apprenticeship program begins which is highly regulated under the auspices of Bar Syndicate Rules and supervision of an assigned First Degree Attorney. Trainees or apprentices must attend designated courts for designated weeks to hear cases and write case summaries. A logbook signed by the judge on the bench has to certify their weekly attendance. By the end of the eighteenth month, they are eligible to apply to take the Final Bar Exam by submitting their case summaries, the logbook and a research work pre-approved by the Bar. It is noteworthy, however, that during these eighteen months, Trainees are eligible to have a limited practice of law under the supervision of their supervising Attorney. This practice does not include Supreme Court eligible cases and certain criminal and civil cases. Candidates will be tested on Civil law, Civil Procedure, Criminal law, Criminal Procedure, Commercial Law, Notary (including rules pertaining Official Documents, Land & Real Estate registrations and regulations etc.). Each exam takes two days, a day on oral examination in front of a judge or an attorney, and a day of essay examination, in which they will be tested on hypothetical cases submitted to them. Successful applicants will be honoured with the title of “First Degree Attorney”, after they take the oath and can practice in all courts of the country including the Supreme Court. Those who fail must redo the apprenticeship program in full or in part before taking the Final Bar Exam again.
Japan[edit]
The bar exams in Japan yield the least number of successful candidates worldwide. The old format of the examinations, last held in 2010 saw only 6% passing the exam. With the new format of examinations, even after extensive reforms and a new mandatory duration of graduate school education for a period of two years, the pass rate is only 22%. Since 2014, candidates are allowed to take the examinations within five years before their right to take the exam is revoked and they either have to return to law school, take the preparatory exam or give up totally. It is administered solely by the Ministry of Justice.
Korea (South)[edit]
Due to the colonial-era influence, Korea's bar exam system closely follows that of Japan's.[citation needed] Korea is phasing out in 2017 its old system that allows anyone to take the exam and undergo mandatory 2-year state-sponsored training that is criticized for generating "고시낭인" or "exam jobless" referring to people who spend many years of their lives preparing for the exam.[citation needed] The new law school system that began in 2009 allows only the graduates of a law school to apply for the bar exam.[citation needed]
Malaysia[edit]
Main article: Certificate in Legal Practice (Malaysia)
Philippines[edit]
The Philippine Bar Examination is administered once every year on the four Sundays of November (September before 2011). It covers eight areas of law: political law, labor law and social legislation, criminal law, civil law, commercial law, taxation law, remedial law, and legal ethics and practical exercises.
Poland[edit]
In Poland, the bar examination is taken after graduating from a law faculty at a university. It allows a person to undertake practice,[clarification needed] the duration of which varies depending on the specialization. After the practical period applicants must pass the exam held by the Professional Chambers with assistance from some members of the Ministry of Justice.
Singapore[edit]
The Singapore Bar Examination (Part B) is administered once every year, usually over the course of four days. The exam is generally held on the last week of November, and is administered by the Singapore Institute of Legal Education (SILE). The eight practice areas covered in the examination include, Civil Law Practice, Criminal Law Practice, Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Family Law Practice, Real Estate Practice, Insolvency Practice, and two electives to be chosen from a list of elective subjects offered, such as, Mediation, Arbitration, and Intellectual Property.
In Singapore, the legal profession is a fused profession, granting the professional qualification of an 'Advocate and Solicitor' to any successful candidate of the Bar Examinations and its practical requirements. To qualify as a candidate for the Bar Examinations, an aspiring candidate must first be a graduate from a law school or university that is on the approved list of schools mandated by the Ministry of Law. The three universities based in Singapore offering a Bachelor of Laws degree are, National University of Singapore, Singapore Management University, and Singapore University of Social Sciences. There are presently twenty-seven (27) foreign universities offering an approved Bachelor of Laws degree on the list, hailing from four countries, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States of America.
To be called to the Singaporean Bar, all law graduates must complete the following:
Sit for, and pass the Singapore Bar Examinations (Part B).
Completed a six-month training contract known as the Practice Training Contract with a local law firm, or practice.
Subject to an order from Court, legal trainees who have completed at least three months of their Practice Training Contract, as well as sat for and passed the Singapore Bar Examinations (Part B), are able to seek partial admission to the Bar. By applying to the Court to be part-called, candidates are granted the right to appear before the Court in specific circumstances.
In addition, all law graduates of non-Singaporean university must complete the following additional requirements:
Sit for, and pass the Singapore Bar Examinations (Part A). The five subjects which are offered in this exam are, Administrative and Constitutional Law, Company Law, Criminal Law, Evidence, and Land Law. All foreign university graduates are required to pass this exam to prove competence in Singaporean law. Part A of the Bar Examinations are administered by SILE as well.
All foreign university graduates are also required to complete an additional six-month training known as the Relevant Legal Training, to prove practical competence with a local law firm, or practice.
Both the Relevant Legal Training, and the Singapore Bar Examinations (Part A) must be completed by a candidate before said candidate is allowed to commence either their Practice Training Contract, or sit for the Singapore Bar Examinations (Part B).
South Africa[edit]
See Legal education: South Africa.
Thailand[edit]
In Thailand, the bar examination is different from the lawyer licence. To practice law as a lawyer, i.e. to speak in the court, one must pass a lawyer licence examination and does not need to be called to the bar. People take the bar examination to become qualified to take a judge or public prosecutor examination.
To be called to the bar, one must pass the written exams consisting of four parts as follows.
Civil and commercial law, intellectual property law, and international trade law.
Criminal law, employment law, constitution law, administrative law, and tax law.
Civil procedure law, bankruptcy and business reorganization law, and the system of the court of justice. And
Criminal procedure law, human rights, and law on the evidence.
Each part has 10 essay questions. The pass mark is 50. The parts 1-2 are usually taken in October and the rest are usually taken in March. One does not need to pass all four parts in one year. After passing all the written exams, there is an oral exam.
Around 10,000 bar students sit the exam each year. In 2013, 1,231 students were called to the bar, 111 of whom did it in only one year.
Quite confusingly with international norms, students called to the bar are referred to as netibandit (เนติบัณฑิต), which gets translated into English as Barrister-at-Law. The Thai legal profession, however, is a fused one and those with lawyer licenses are able to practice both as barristers and solicitors in the British/Commonwealth sense. Many students called to the bar choose to become judges or public prosecutors instead of lawyers. As the Thai bar examination (administered and awarded by the Thai Bar Association) is separate from the lawyers licensing scheme (administered and awarded by the Lawyers Council of Thailand), this means that judges and public prosecutors belong to a separate licensing organization from lawyers. This is unlike in the US where judges and prosecutors most often come from the ranks of senior lawyers and belong to the same bar. \
United States[edit]
Bar exams are administered by agencies of individual states. In 1738, Delaware created the first bar exam with other American colonies soon following suit.[2] A state bar licensing agency is invariably associated with the judicial branch of government, because American attorneys are all officers of the court of the bar(s) to which they belong.
Sometimes the agency is an office or committee of the state's highest court or intermediate appellate court. In some states which have a unified or integrated bar association (meaning that formal membership in a public corporation controlled by the judiciary is required to practice law therein), the agency is either the state bar association or a subunit thereof. Other states split the integrated bar membership and the admissions agency into different bodies within the judiciary; in Texas, the Board of Law Examiners is appointed by the Texas Supreme Court and is independent from the integrated State Bar of Texas.
The bar examination in most U.S. states and territories is at least two days long (a few states have three-day exams)[3] and usually consists of:
Essay questions:
Essentially all jurisdictions administer several such questions that test knowledge of general legal principles, and may also test knowledge of the state's own law (usually subjects such as wills, trusts and community property, which always vary from one state to another). Some jurisdictions choose to use the Multistate Essay Examination (MEE), drafted by the NCBE since 1988, for this purpose. Others may draft their own questions with this goal in mind, while some states both draft their own questions and use the MEE.
Some jurisdictions administer complicated questions that specifically test knowledge of that state's law.
Multistate standardized examinations (below)
When exams occur[edit]
Each state controls where it administers its bar exam. Because the MBE (below) is a standardized test, it must be administered on the same day across the country. That day occurs twice a year as the last Wednesday in July and the last Wednesday in February.[4] Two states, Delaware and North Dakota, may administer their bar exams only once, in July, if they do not have enough applicants to merit a second sitting. North Dakota requires ten applicants in order to administer the February exam. Most bar exams are administered on consecutive days. Louisiana is the exception, with the Louisiana Bar Exam being a three-day examination on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Also, Louisiana's examination is the longest in the country in terms of examination time, with seven hours on Monday and Wednesday and seven and one half hours on Friday for a total of 21.5 hours of testing. Montana's bar examination also occurs over a three-day period, with a total of 18 hours of testing. The bar exams in Delaware, Nevada, Ohio, South Carolina, and Texas are also three days long. The California bar exam moved to a two-day format beginning with the July, 2017 exam.
The MEE and MPT, as uniform though not standardized tests, also must be administered on the same day across the country – specifically the day before the MBE.
Preparation for the exam[edit]
Most law schools teach students common law and how to analyze hypothetical fact patterns like a lawyer, but do not specifically prepare law students for any particular bar exam. Only a minority of law schools offer bar preparation courses.
To refresh their memory on "black-letter rules" tested on the bar, most students engage in a regimen of study (called "bar review") between graduating from law school and sitting for the bar.[5] For bar review, most students in the United States attend a private bar review course which is provided by a third-party company and not their law school.[6]
Multistate standardized examinations[edit]
The National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) is a U.S. based non-profit organization that develops national ("multistate") standardized tests for admission to the bar in individual states. The organization was founded in 1931.[7] The best known exams developed by NCBE are the Multistate Bar Examination (1972), the Multistate Essay Examination (1988), the Multistate Performance Test (1997), and the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (1980).[8]
Uniform Bar Examination (UBE)[edit]
Main article: Uniform Bar Examination
This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
NCBE has developed a Uniform Bar Examination (UBE), which consists solely of the MBE, MEE, and MPT, and offers portability of scores across state lines. Missouri became the first state to adopt the UBE;[9] both that state and North Dakota were the first to administer the UBE, doing so in February 2011. Following Missouri's lead, several other jurisdictions, all of which were among the 22 that already were using all three components of the UBE, are expected to adopt that examination. However, many of the largest legal markets – California, Florida, Illinois and Texas – have so far chosen not to adopt the UBE. Among the concerns cited with the adoption of the UBE were its absence of questions on state law and the fact that it would give the NCBE much greater power in the bar credentialing process.[10]
As of January 2017[update],[11] the Uniform Bar Examination Jurisdictions are (date of first UBE administration in parentheses):
Alabama (July 2011)
Alaska (July 2014)
Arizona (July 2012)
Colorado (February 2012)
Connecticut (January 2017)
District of Columbia (January 2016)
Idaho (February 2012)
Iowa (February 2016) [12]
Kansas (February 2016)
Maine (July 2017)
Massachusetts (January 2018)
Minnesota (February 2014)
Missouri (February 2011)
Montana (July 2013)
Nebraska (February 2013)
New Hampshire (February 2014)
New Jersey (February 2016)
New Mexico (January 2016)
New York (July 2016)
North Dakota (February 2011)
Oregon (January 2017)
South Carolina (January 2017)
Utah (February 2013)
Vermont (January 2016)
Washington (July 2013)
West Virginia (January 2017)
Wyoming (July 2013)
Multistate Bar Examination (MBE)[edit]
The Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) is a standardized, multiple-choice examination created and sold to participating state bar examiners.[13]
Description[edit]
The examination is administered on a single day of the bar examination in 49 states and the District of Columbia, as well as in Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Republic of Palau. The only state that does not administer the MBE is Louisiana, which follows a civil law system very different from the law in other states. The MBE is also not administered in Puerto Rico, which, like Louisiana, has a civil law system.[14] The MBE is given twice a year: on the last Wednesday of July in all jurisdictions that require that examination, and on the last Wednesday of February in the same jurisdictions, except for Delaware and North Dakota.
The 200 MBE questions test six subjects based upon principles of common law and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (covering sales of goods) that apply throughout the United States. The questions are not broken down into sections and the six topics are distributed more or less evenly throughout the course of the exam. Exam-takers generally receive three hours during the morning session to complete the first 100 questions, and another three hours during the afternoon session to complete the second 100 questions.
In January 2009, NCBE indicated that it was considering adding a seventh topic, civil procedure, to the examination.[15] Civil Procedure was scheduled to make its first showing on the MBE in February 2015.
Average scores[edit]
The average raw score from the summer exam historically has been about 128[citation needed], or about 67% correct (only 175 of the 200 questions are scored with the remaining 25 questions being evaluated for future use[16]), while the average scaled score in 2007 was about 140.[17] In summer 2007, the average scaled score was 143.7 with a standard deviation of 15.9. Over 50,000 applicants took the test; less than half that number took it in the winter.
Transfer of MBE scores[edit]
Taking the MBE in one jurisdiction may allow an applicant to use his or her MBE score to waive into another jurisdiction or to use the MBE score with another state's bar examination.[18]
Multistate Essay Examination (MEE)[edit]
The Multistate Essay Examination (MEE) is a collection of essay questions largely concerning the common law administered as a part of the bar examination in 26 jurisdictions of the United States: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Northern Mariana Islands, Oregon, Palau (Not part of the United States), Rhode Island, South Carolina (eff. Feb. 2017), South Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.[19]
The MEE can cover any of the following areas:[20][21]
Business associations – Agency and partnership, corporations, limited liability companies
Conflict of laws
Constitutional law
Contracts
Criminal law and procedure
Evidence
Family law
Federal civil procedure
Real property
Torts
Trusts and estates – decedents' estates; trusts and future interests
Uniform Commercial Code – Article 3, Negotiable Instruments; Article 4 [Bank Deposits and Collections]; Article 9, Secured Transactions
MEE questions are actually drafted by the NCBE Drafting Committee, with the assistance of outside academics and practitioners who are experts in the fields being tested. After initial drafting, the questions are pretested, analyzed by outside experts and a separate NCBE committee, reviewed by boards of bar examiners in the jurisdictions that use the test, and then revised by the Drafting Committee in accordance with the results of this process. Each MEE question is accompanied by a grading guide, and the NCBE sponsors a grading workshop on the weekend following the bar exam whose results are provided to bar examiners.[22]
The examination is always administered on a single day of the bar examination, specifically the day before the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE). Through February 2007, the MEE consisted of seven questions, with most jurisdictions selecting six of the seven questions to administer. Unlike the MBE, which is graded and scored by the NCBE, the MEE is graded exclusively by the jurisdiction that administers the bar examination. Each jurisdiction has the choice of grading MEE questions according to general U.S. common law or the jurisdiction's own law.[20]
The MEE is generally paired with the MPT.
Multistate Performance Test (MPT)[edit]
The Multistate Performance Test (MPT), a written performance test designed to test an examinee’s ability to use fundamental lawyering skills in a realistic situation and complete a task that a beginning lawyer should be able to accomplish. It was developed by the NCBE and is used in many U.S. jurisdictions.[23] The MPT is generally paired with the MEE.
Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE)[edit]
Main article: Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination
In almost all jurisdictions, the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE), an ethics exam, is also administered by the NCBE, which creates it and grades it. The MPRE is offered three times a year, in March, August and September, November
Non-standardized examinations[edit]
California and Pennsylvania draft and administer their own performance tests. California performance tests are three hours in length (as California has traditionally viewed the 90-minute MPT as too short to meaningfully test anything, though is reverting to back to this format with its July, 2017, sitting) and are far more difficult than the MPT.
As noted above, essay questions are the most variable component of the bar exam. States emphasize different areas of law in their essay questions depending upon their respective histories and public policy priorities. For example, unlike Texas and Alta California, Louisiana did not convert to common law when it was acquired by the United States, so its essay questions require knowledge of the state's unique civil law system. Several states whose law descends from Spanish and Mexican civil law, like Texas and California, require all bar exam applicants to demonstrate knowledge of community property law. Pennsylvania, with a history of federal tax evasion (e.g., the Whiskey Rebellion), tests federal income tax law, while New Jersey, with a history of discriminatory zoning (resulting in the controversial Mount Laurel doctrine), tests zoning and planning law. Washington, South Dakota, and New Mexico each test Indian law, because of their relatively large populations of Native Americans and large numbers of Indian reservations. Most states test knowledge of the law of negotiable instruments and secured transactions (Articles 3 and 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code), but Alaska, California, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania do not; they have recognized that the vast majority of criminal, personal injury, and family lawyers will never draft a promissory note or litigate the validity of a security interest.
Controversy[edit]
Arguments against bar exams[edit]
A statement by the Society of American Law Teachers (SALT)[24] articulates many criticisms[further explanation needed] of the bar exam.[25][full citation needed]. The SALT statement, however, does propose some alternative methods of bar admission that are partially test-based.[citation needed] A response to the SALT statement was made by Suzanne Darrow-Kleinhau in The Bar Examiner[26][further explanation needed]
Arguments for alternatives to the bar exam[edit]
The NCBE published an article in 2005 addressing alternatives to the bar exam, including a discussion of the Daniel Webster Scholar Honors Program, an alternate certification program introduced at the University of New Hampshire School of Law (formerly Franklin Pierce Law Center) in that year.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Bar Review
Bar association
IRAC for essay tips and strategies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "OAB registra recorde de aprovação no 5º Exame de Ordem: quase 25% - Educação - iG". Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ California Bar Background information, accessed April 21, 2009 Archived May 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ William Burnham, Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States, 4th ed. (St. Paul: Thomson West, 2006), 135.
Jump up ^ LaCrosse, Nikki (2011-11-25). "'Guidelines on Reciprocity or 'Admission on Motion' among the States as per American Bar Association'". LawCrossing.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ Mark E. Steiner, "International Conference on Legal Education Reform: Cram Schooled", 24 Wis. Int'l L.J. 377, 392 (2006). This article contrasts American bar review courses against the 18-month cram schools used in Japan, Germany, Korea, and Taiwan, and argues that the short length of American bar review is due to the superior pedagogical methods of American law schools and the American tradition of relatively easy access to the legal profession (in comparison to most countries).
Jump up ^ Wayne L. Anderson and Marilyn J. Headrick, The Legal Profession: Is it for you? (Cincinnati: Thomson Executive Press, 1996), 103.
Jump up ^ "About NCBE". NCBE. Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ Bar Admissions statistics PDF (accessed April 21, 2009) Archived October 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Cassens Weiss, Debra (2010-04-29). "With Missouri Move, Idea of Uniform Bar Exam Finally Gets Legs". ABA Journal. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ Jones, Leigh (2009-10-12). "Uniform Bar Exam Drawing Closer to Reality". The National Law Journal. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Uniform Bar Examination". NCBE. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Iowa Bar Exam Schedule and Fees". www.iowacourtsonline.org. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ Bar Admissions background, PDF Archived October 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Jurisdictions Using the MBE in 2008". National Conference of Bar Examiners. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Jones, Leigh (2009-01-15). "Potential Major Changes to Bar Exams Considered". The National Law Journal. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Preparing for the MBE". NCBE. Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ "2007 Statistics" (PDF). The Bar Examiner. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Bar Admission Guide" (PDF). NCBE. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "MEE FAQs0". National Conference of Bar Examiners. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Multistate Essay Examination (MEE)". National Conference of Bar Examiners. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Description of the MEE". Archived from the original on 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-06-13. "The Multistate Essay Examination (MEE)...inaugurated in July 1988"
Jump up ^ "Why Jurisdictions May Want to Implement the MEE". National Conference of Bar Examiners. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Multistate Performance Test". National Conference of Bar Examiners. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Society of American Law Teachers". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
Jump up ^ 54 JOURNAL OF LEGAL EDUCATION 442–458
Jump up ^ Suzanne Darrow-Kleinhau, "A Response to Criticism of the Bar Exam", The Bar Examiner, May 2005 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-17. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
External links[edit]
National Conference of Bar Examiners: Makers of the Multistate Bar Exam
The Louisiana Supreme Court Committee on Bar Admission
Authority control
NDL: 00570925
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bar_examination&oldid=836954946"
Categories:
Bar examinations
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Articles that may contain original research from November 2017
All articles that may contain original research
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010
Articles with broken or outdated citations from February 2013
All articles with broken or outdated citations
Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011
Articles needing more detailed references
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
한국어
日本語
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 21:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Bar_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Bar (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

attrs: class href

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values:
/wiki/Labour_and_employment_law
mw-redirect
Labour and employment law

values:
/wiki/Criminal_Law
mw-redirect
Criminal Law

values:
/wiki/Administrative_Law
mw-redirect
Administrative Law

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_Law
mw-redirect
Constitutional Law

values:
/wiki/Corporate_Law
mw-redirect
Corporate Law

values: Edit section: People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/State_Judicial_Exam
mw-redirect
State Judicial Exam

values:
/wiki/Bar_Association
mw-redirect
Bar Association

values:
/wiki/The_Law_Society
mw-redirect
The Law Society

values:
/wiki/Training_Contract
mw-redirect
Training Contract

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Certificate in Legal Practice (Malaysia)

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Legal_education_in_South_Africa
mw-redirect
Legal education in South Africa

values:
/wiki/Public_benefit_corporation
mw-redirect
Public benefit corporation

values:
/wiki/Texas_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
Texas Supreme Court

values:
/wiki/Black-letter_law
mw-redirect
Black-letter law

values: Edit section: Multistate standardized examinations

values: Edit section: Uniform Bar Examination (UBE)

values: Text document with red question mark.svg

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content
presentation

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Edit section: Multistate Bar Examination (MBE)

values:
/wiki/District_of_Columbia
mw-redirect
District of Columbia

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)

values: Edit section: Multistate Essay Examination (MEE)

values:
/wiki/Agency_(law)
mw-redirect
Agency (law)

values: Edit section: Multistate Performance Test (MPT)

values: Edit section: Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE)

values: Edit section: Non-standardized examinations

values: Secured transactions in the United States

values: Edit section: Arguments against bar exams

values: The text near this tag needs further explanation. (February 2011)

values: A more detailed citation is required. (November 2012)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)

values: Edit section: Arguments for alternatives to the bar exam

values: University of New Hampshire School of Law

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)

values:
nofollow
http://www.ncbex.org/about/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.ncbex.org/exams/ube/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.ncbex.org/exams/mpt//
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.saltlaw.org/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
http://www.ncbex.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.lascba.org/
external text

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from November 2017

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010

values: Category:Articles with broken or outdated citations from February 2013

values: Category:All articles with broken or outdated citations

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bar_examination
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 律師資格考試 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bar_examination rootpage-Bar_examination skin-vector action-view