text:
Currency Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Coinage Act.
This article is part of a series about the
American Revolution
1765–1783
Origins[show]
Sugar Act
Currency Act
Quartering Acts
Stamp Act 1765
Declaratory Act
No taxation without representation
Townshend Acts
Tea Act
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
Revolutionary War[show]
Continental Army
Continental Navy
Minutemen
Battles
Intelligence
Treaty of Paris
Costs
Declaration of Independence[show]
Continental Congress
Committee of Five
Lee Resolution
Articles of Confederation
United States Constitution[show]
Philadelphia Convention
Annapolis Convention
The Federalist Papers
Bill of Rights
A New Republic[show]
Republicanism
American Enlightenment
Liberalism
First Great Awakening
Role of Women
Legacy[show]
Atlantic Revolutions
Bicentennial
v
t
e
The Currency Act is one of many several Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America. The Acts sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency.[citation needed] The policy created tension between the colonies and Great Britain, and was cited as a grievance by colonists early in the American Revolution. However, the consensus view among modern economic historians and economists is that the debts owed by colonists to British merchants was not a major cause of the Revolution. In 1995, a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association found that 92 percent of economists and 74 percent of historians disagreed with the statement, "The debts owed by colonists to British merchants and other private citizens constituted one of the most powerful causes leading to the Revolution."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Economic climate of the colonies
2 Act of 1751
3 Act of 1764
4 Legacy
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Economic climate of the colonies[edit]
From their origin, the colonies struggled with the development of an effective medium of exchange for goods and services. After depleting the vast majority of their monetary resources through imports, the first settlers strained to keep money in circulation. They could not find a suitable medium of exchange in which the value did not depreciate. The colonists generally employed three main types of currency. The first was commodity money, using the staple of a given region as a means of exchange. The second was specie, or gold or silver money. Lastly, paper money (or fiat money), issued in the form of a bill of exchange or a bank note, mortgaged on the value of the land that an individual owned.[2]
Each year, the supply of specie in the colonies decreased due to international factors. The dearth of specie rendered it ineffective as a means of exchange for day-to-day purchases. Colonists frequently adopted a barter system to acquire the goods and services they required. Essentially, this method proved to be ineffective and a commodity system was adopted in its place. Tobacco was used as a monetary substitute in Virginia as early as 1619.[2] A major shortcoming of this system was that the quality of the substitutes was inconsistent. The poorer qualities ended up in circulation while the finer qualities were inevitably exported. This commodity system became increasingly ineffective as colonial debts increased.
In 1690, Massachusetts became the first colony to issue paper currency. This currency was employed as a means to finance its share of the debt from King William’s War. Other colonies quickly followed suit, and by 1715 ten of the thirteen had resorted to the issuance of paper currency. Economist Stanley Finkelstein highlights the advantage of paper currency, “that unless it is backed by specie it is cost free currency.” The paper currency depreciated quickly because the colonies printed more than what was taxed out of circulation. By 1740, Rhode Island bills of exchange were only four percent of face value and those of Massachusetts were eleven percent.[3] The money supply was growing at a much faster rate than that of the overall colonial economy, which led to hyperinflation and the corresponding reduction in purchasing power per unit of money. British merchants were forced to accept this depreciated currency as a repayment of debts. This led to the Currency Act of 1751.[4]
Act of 1751[edit]
The first Act, the Currency Act of 1751 (24 Geo. II c. 53), restricted the emission of paper money and the establishment of new public banks by the colonies of New England.[5] These colonies had issued paper fiat money known as "bills of credit" to help pay for military expenses during the French and Indian Wars. Because more paper money was issued than what was taxed out of circulation, the currency depreciated in relation to the British pound sterling. The resultant inflation was harmful to merchants in Great Britain, who were forced to accept the depreciated currency from colonists for payment of debts.[6]
The Act limited the future emission of bills of credit to certain circumstances. It allowed the existing bills to be used as legal tender for public debts (i.e. paying taxes), but disallowed their use for private debts (e.g. for paying merchants).[7]
Act of 1764[edit]
The Currency Act of 1764 (4 Geo. III c. 34) extended the 1751 Act to all of the British colonies of North America. Unlike the earlier Act, this statute did not prohibit the colonies from issuing paper money, but it did forbid them from designating future currency emissions as legal tender for public and private debts. This tight money policy created financial difficulties in the colonies, where gold and silver were in short supply.[8] Benjamin Franklin, a colonial agent in London, lobbied for repeal of the Act over the next several years,[9] as did other agents. The act arose when Virginia farmers continued to import during the French and Indian War. Virginia issued 250,000 pounds in bills of credit to finance both public and private debts. This legislation differed from the 1751 act in that it prohibited the colonists from designating paper currency for use as payment for any debts, public or private. Parliament did not, however, prohibit the colonists from issuing paper money.[10] The Act was put into place as a hedge against risks associated with economic fluctuations and uncertainty.
The colonial government of the Province of New York insisted that the Currency Act prevented it from providing funds for British troops in compliance with the Quartering Act. As a result, in 1770, Parliament gave permission (10 Geo. Ill c. 35) for New York to issue £120,000 in paper currency for public but not private debts.[11] Parliament extended these concessions to the other colonies in 1773 (13 Geo. III c. 57) by amending the Currency Act of 1764, permitting the colonies to issue paper currency as legal tender for public debts.[8] According to historian Jack Sosin, the British government had made its point:
After nine years, the colonial agents had secured a paper currency for the provinces. But the Americans had tacitly, if not implicitly, acknowledged the authority of Parliament. And in the final analysis this was all the imperial government wanted.[12]
Legacy[edit]
The Currency Acts created tension between the colonies and the mother country, and were a contributing factor in the coming of the American Revolution. In all of the colonies except Delaware, the Acts were considered to be a "major grievance".[13] When the First Continental Congress met in 1774, it issued a Declaration of Rights, which outlined colonial objections to certain Acts of Parliament. Congress called on Parliament to repeal the Currency Act of 1764, one of seven Acts labeled "subversive of American rights".[14]
However, according to historians Jack Greene and Richard Jellison, the currency debate was no longer really a "live issue" in 1774, due to the 1773 amendment of the Act. The controversy's most important impact was psychological, in that it helped convince many colonists that Parliament did not understand or care about their problems. Colonial leaders came to believe that they, rather than Parliament, were better suited to legislate for the colonies.[15]
See also[edit]
Early American currency
Gold Standard Act of the United States (1900), also sometimes called the "Currency Act"
Gabrielle Taylor
Leilaiplier
Sugar Act of 1764
Stamp Act of 1765
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Whaples, Robert (March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". The Journal of Economic History. Cambridge University Press. 55 (1): 140. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040602. JSTOR 2123771 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b Finkelstein, 39.
Jump up ^ Finkelstein, 39-40.
Jump up ^ Ward, 462.
Jump up ^ "Review: Money and Politics in America, 1755-1775: A Study in the Currency Act of 1764 and the Political Economy of Revolution," 462."
Jump up ^ Allen, 96.
Jump up ^ Allen, 96–98.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, 98.
Jump up ^ Morgan, 128.
Jump up ^ Walton & Rockoff, p. 105
Jump up ^ Sosin, 196.
Jump up ^ Sosin, 198.
Jump up ^ Greene and Jellison, 517.
Jump up ^ Reid, 265.
Jump up ^ Greene and Jellison, 518.
Bibliography
Allen, Larry. The Encyclopedia of Money. 2nd edition. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59884-251-7.
Finkelstein, Stanley S. "The Currency Act of 1764: A Quantitative Reappraisal." The American Economist 12.2 (1968): 38-47.
Greene, Jack P. and Richard M. Jellison. "The Currency Act of 1764 in Imperial-Colonial Relations, 1764–1776". The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 18, No. 4 (October 1961), 485–518.
Morgan, David. The Devious Dr. Franklin, Colonial Agent: Benjamin Franklin's Years in London. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1999.
Reid, John Phillip. Constitutional History of the American Revolution, III: The Authority to Legislate. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991. ISBN 0-299-13070-3.
Sosin, Jack M. "Imperial Regulation of Colonial Paper Money, 1764–1773". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 88, Number 2 (April 1964), 174–98.
Walton, Gary M., and Hugh Rockoff. History of the American Economy. 11th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning, 2010.
Ward, Harry M. "Review: Money and Politics in America, 1755-1775: A Study in the Currency Act of 1764 and the Political Economy of Revolution." The Journal of Southern History 40.3 (1974): 460-462.
Further reading
Brock, Leslie V. The currency of the American colonies, 1700–1764: a study in colonial finance and imperial relations. Dissertations in American economic history. New York: Arno Press, 1975. ISBN 0-405-07257-0.
Ernst, Joseph Albert. Money and politics in America, 1755–1775; a study in the Currency act of 1764 and the political economy of revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1973. ISBN 0-8078-1217-X.
External links[edit]
Currency Act of 1751 24 Geo. II c. 53
Currency Act of 1764 4 Geo. III c. 34
Currency Act of 1773 13 Geo. III c. 57
[show]
v
t
e
British law and the American Revolution
Royal Proclamations, Acts of Parliament, and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution
Before 1763
Navigation Acts
Wool Act (1699)
Hat Act (1732)
Molasses Act (1733)
Iron Act (1750)
Grenville ministry
(1763–1765)
Royal Proclamation of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)
Currency Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)
Rockingham ministry
(1765–1766)
Repeal Act (March 1766)
Declaratory Act (March 1766)
Revenue Act (June 1766)
Chatham and Grafton
ministries (1766–1770)
Townshend Acts (1767)
North ministry
(1770–1782)
Repeal Act (1770)
Tea Act (1773)
Coercive Acts (1774)
Conciliatory Resolution (February 1775)
Restraining Acts (March & April 1775)
Proclamation of Rebellion (August 1775)
Prohibitory Act (December 1775)
Taxation of Colonies Act (1778)
Other legal issues
Rights of Englishmen
Writ of assistance
Admiralty courts
Parson's Cause (1763)
Taxation without representation
[show]
v
t
e
United Kingdom legislation
Pre-Parliamentary legislation
List of English statutes
Charter of Liberties
Magna Carta
Acts of Parliament by states preceding
the Kingdom of Great Britain
Parliament of England
to 1483
1485–1601
1603–1641
Interregnum (1642–1660)
1660–1699
1700–1706
Parliament of Scotland
to 1706
Acts of Parliament of the
Kingdom of Great Britain
1707–1719
1720–1739
1740–1759
1760–1779
1780–1800
Acts of the Parliament of Ireland
to 1700
1701–1800
Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland and the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1801–1819
1820–1839
1840–1859
1860–1879
1880–1899
1900–1919
1920–1939
1940–1959
1960–1979
1980–1999
2000 to date
Halsbury's Statutes
Legislation.gov.uk
Short titles
relating to the European Union
1972 to date
Church of England measures
List
Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
Legislation of devolved institutions
Acts of the Scottish Parliament
List
Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
List
Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
Orders-in-Council / Orders in Council
Orders-in-Council
for Northern Ireland (1972-2009)
Orders in Council for Northern Ireland
Secondary legislation
United Kingdom Statutory Instruments
various
Scottish Statutory Instruments
Acts of Sederunt
Acts of Adjournal
all others
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currency_Act&oldid=811282644"
Categories:
Laws leading to the American Revolution
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1751
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1764
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1773
1751 in the Thirteen Colonies
1764 in the Thirteen Colonies
1773 in the Thirteen Colonies
Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain
18th-century economic history
Currency legislation
Hidden categories:
Pages with login required references or sources
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
한국어
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 November 2017, at 17:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em;background:#002C77; color:#E3DED4; white-space:nowrap; padding:0.2em 0.5em;

values: font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center; background:#CC0C2F; color:white; padding:0.2em 3em;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: List of American Revolutionary War battles

values: Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War

values: Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: Template talk:American Revolution sidebar

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border: 4px double #d69d36;

values:
/wiki/Paper_money
mw-redirect
Paper money

values:
/wiki/Depreciation_(currency)
mw-redirect
Depreciation (currency)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Economic climate of the colonies

values:
/wiki/Second_Indian_War
mw-redirect
Second Indian War

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1740–1759

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1760–1779

values:
/wiki/Tight_money_policy
mw-redirect
Tight money policy

values:
/wiki/Quartering_Act
mw-redirect
Quartering Act

values: Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress

values: Jack Greene (historian) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Stamp_Act_of_1765
mw-redirect
Stamp Act of 1765

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2123771

values: The site requires registration to access this page.

values: Template:British law and the American Revolution

values: Template talk:British law and the American Revolution

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England to 1483

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1485–1601

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1603–41

values: List of Ordinances and Acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–60

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1660–99

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1700–06

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland to 1707

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1707–19

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1720–39

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1740–59

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1760–79

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1780–1800

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland, 1701–1800

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1801–19

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1820–39

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1840–59

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1860–79

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1880–99

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1900–19

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1920–39

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1940–59

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1960–79

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1980–99

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 2000–present

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities / European Union

values: Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919

values: List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999

values: Measure of the National Assembly for Wales

values: List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales

values: List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly

values: List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland

values: List of Orders in Council for Northern Ireland

values: Delegated legislation in the United Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Statutory_Instrument_(UK)
mw-redirect
Statutory Instrument (UK)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Laws leading to the American Revolution

values: Category:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1751

values: Category:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1764

values: Category:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1773

values: Category:Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain

values: Category:Pages with login required references or sources

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Currency_Act
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Currency_Act rootpage-Currency_Act skin-vector action-view


text:
Students for a Democratic Society
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 1960s organization. For the more recent organization, see Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization).
Students for a Democratic Society
Predecessor
Student League for Industrial Democracy
Successor
New Students for a Democratic Society
Formation
1960
Founded at
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Extinction
1974
Purpose
Left-wing student activism
Location
United States
Secessions
Revolutionary Youth Movement
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.
Part of the Politics series on
Students' rights
History[show]
2010 United Kingdom student protests
2014 Hong Kong protests
Free school movement
Free Speech Movement
German student movement
May 1968 events in France
Port Huron Statement
Protests of 1968
Students for a Democratic Society
Concepts / Theory[show]
Authentic assessment
Anarchistic free school
Democratic education
Freedom of speech
Democratic schools
Hidden curriculum
Minimally invasive education
Scholarism
Sudbury school
The Student
Student activism
Student-centred learning
Student protest
Student riot
Students' union
Student voice
Unschooling
Issues[show]
Alternative school
Censorship of student media
Compulsory education
Ordinance of Student Rights
School corporal punishment
School discipline
School district drug policies
School speech
School-to-prison pipeline
Student Bill of Rights
Zero tolerance
Organizations[show]
European Students' Union
Hong Kong Federation of Students
Rouge Forum
RMIT University Student Union
New Students for a Democratic Society
Student Press Law Center
Worker Student Alliance
Related[show]
Animal rights
Anti-racism
Feminism
Labor rights
Socialism
Youth rights
Social movements portal
v
t
e
SDS has been an important influence on student organizing in the decades since its collapse.[citation needed] Participatory democracy, direct action, radicalism, student power, shoestring budgets, and its organizational structure are all present in varying degrees in current American student activist groups. Though various organizations have been formed in subsequent years as proposed national networks for left-wing student organizing, none has approached the scale of SDS, and most have lasted a few years at best.
A new incarnation of SDS was founded in 2006.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Early years: 1962–1965
3 From protest to resistance: 1965–1968
4 Climax and split: 1968–1970
5 SDS-WSA: 1969 to 1974
6 The New SDS: 2006 and later
7 Cultural references
8 References
9 Further reading
9.1 Books
9.2 Articles
9.3 SDS publications
9.4 Archives
9.5 United States Government publications
10 External links
Origins[edit]
SDS developed from the Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID), the youth branch of a socialist educational organization known as the League for Industrial Democracy (LID). LID descended from the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, started in 1905. Early in 1960, the SLID changed its name into SDS at the behest of its then acting Director, Aryeh Neier.[1] The phrase “industrial democracy” sounded too narrow and too labor oriented, making it more difficult to recruit students. Moreover, because the LID's leadership did not correspond to the expectations and the mood on the campuses, the SLID felt the need to dissociate itself from its parent organization. SDS held its first meeting in 1960 on the University of Michigan campus at Ann Arbor, Michigan, where Alan Haber was elected president. Its political manifesto, known as the Port Huron Statement, was adopted at the organization's first convention in 1962,[2] based on an earlier draft by staff member Tom Hayden.
The Port Huron Statement criticized the political system of the United States for failing to achieve international peace and critiqued Cold War foreign policy, the threat of nuclear war, and the arms race. In domestic matters, it criticized racial discrimination, economic inequality, big businesses, trade unions and political parties. In addition to its critique and analysis of the American system, the manifesto also suggested a series of reforms: it proclaimed a need to reshape into two genuine political parties to attain greater democracy, for stronger power for individuals through citizen's lobbies, for more substantial involvement by workers in business management, and for an enlarged public sector with increased government welfare, including a "program against poverty." The manifesto provided ideas of what and how to work for and to improve, and also advocated nonviolent civil disobedience as the means by which student youth could bring forth a "participatory democracy." Kirkpatrick Sale described the manifesto as "nothing less than an ideology, however raw and imperfect and however much would have resisted this word."[3]
The manifesto also presented SDS's break with the left-wing policies of the postwar years. Firstly, it was written with the same overall vision all along the document and reflected their view that all problems in every area were linked to each other and their willingness not to lead single-issue struggles but a broad struggle on all fronts at the same time. Then, it expressed SDS's willingness to work with groups whatever may be their political inclination and announced their rejection of anti-communism, a definitely new radical view contrasting with much of the American Left which had developed a policy of anti-communism. Without being Marxist or pro-communism, they denounced anti-communism as being a social problem and an obstruction to democracy. They also criticized the United States for its exaggerated paranoia and exclusive condemnation of the Soviet Union, and blamed this for being the reason for failing to achieve disarmament and to assure peace.
The Port Huron Convention opened with a symbol of this break with the policy of the past years: the delegate of the Communist Progressive Youth Organizing Committee asked to attend the conference as an observer. The people from the Young People's Socialist League objected while most of the SDSers insisted on letting him sit. He eventually sat. Later in the meeting, Michael Harrington, an LID member, became agitated over the manifesto because he found the stand they took toward the Soviet Union and authoritarian regimes in general was insufficiently critical, and because, according to him, they deliberately wrote sections to pique the liberals. Surprisingly, Roger Hagan, a liberal, defended the SDS and its policy. After lively debates between the two, the draft finally remained more or less unchanged. Some two weeks later, a meeting between the LID and SDS was held where the LID expressed its discontent about the manifesto. As a result, Haber and Hayden, at this time respectively the National secretary and the new President of the organization, were summoned to a hearing on the 6 July 1962. There, Hayden clashed with Michael Harrington (as he later would with Irving Howe[4]) over the perceived potential for totalitarianism among other things. Harrington denounced the seating of the PYOC member, SDS’s tolerance for communism and their lack of clarity in their condemnation of communist totalitarianism and authoritarianism, and he reproached SDS for providing only a mild critique of the Soviet Union and for blaming the cold war mostly on the United States. Hayden then asked him to read the manifesto more carefully, especially the section on values. Hayden later wrote:
"While the draft Port Huron Statement included a strong denunciation of the Soviet Union, it wasn't enough for LID leaders like Michael Harrington. They wanted absolute clarity, for example, that the United States was blameless for the nuclear arms race.... In truth, they seemed threatened by the independence of the new wave of student activism..."[5]
The tension between SDS and the LID was greatly increased when SDS called for a national demonstration to take place during the spring of 1965. The LID was very concerned about "Communist" participation but SDS refused to restrict who could attend and what signs they could use. The rift opened even further when, at the 1965 SDS National Convention, the clause excluding communists from membership was deleted from the SDS constitution. During the summer of 1965 delegates from SDS and the LID met in Chicago and New York. The League for Industrial Democracy, SDS's sponsoring organization, objected to the removal of the exclusion clause in the SDS constitution,[6] as SDS benefited from LID's non-profit status, which excluded political activity. By mutual agreement the relationship was severed October 4, 1965.[7]
Early years: 1962–1965[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the academic year 1962–1963, the President was Tom Hayden, the Vice President was Paul Booth and the National Secretary was Jim Monsonis. There were nine chapters with, at most, about 1000 members. The national office (NO) in New York City consisted of a few desks, some broken chairs, a couple of file cabinets and a few typewriters. As a student group with a strong belief in decentralization and a distrust for most organizations, the SDS did not have a strong central bureaucracy. The three stalwarts at the office, Don McKelvey, Steve Max, and the National Secretary, Jim Monsonis, worked long hours for little pay to service the local chapters, and to help establish new ones. Even during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October, little could be accomplished. Most activity was oriented toward civil rights issues and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) played a key role in inspiring SDS.
By the end of the academic year, there were over 200 delegates at the annual convention at Pine Hill, New York, from 32 different colleges and universities. It was then decided to give more power to the chapters, who would then send delegates to the National Council (NC), which would meet quarterly to handle the ongoing activities. Also, in the spirit of participatory democracy, a consensus was reached to elect new officers each year. Lee Webb of Boston University was chosen as National Secretary, and Todd Gitlin of Harvard University was made president. Some continuity was preserved by retaining Paul Booth as Vice President. The search began for something to challenge the idealistic, budding activists.
It was at this time that the Black Power Movement was first gaining some momentum (although Stokely Carmichael would make the movement more mainstream in 1966). The movement made it impolitic for white activists, such as those in SDS, to presume to lead protests for black civil rights. Instead, SDS would try to organize white unemployed youths through a newly established program they called the Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP). This "into the ghetto" move was a practical failure, but the fact that it existed at all drew many young idealists to SDS.
At the summer convention in 1964 there was a split between those who were campus-oriented, and the ERAP supporters. Most of the old guard were ERAP supporters, but the campus activists were growing. Paul Potter was elected president, and by the end of summer there were ten ERAP programs in place, with about 125 student volunteers. C. Clark Kissinger of Shimer College in Illinois was elected as National Secretary, and he put the NO on a much more business-like basis. He and his assistant, Helen Garvey, mailed out the literature list, the newsletters and the news of chapter's activities to a growing membership list. Kissinger also worked to smooth the relationship with the LID.
A small faction of SDS that was interested in change through conventional electoral politics established a program called the Political Education Project (PEP). Its Director was Jim Williams of the University of Louisville, and Steve Max served as its Associate Director. This was never very large, and it was opposed by the mainstream SDSers, who were mostly opposed to such traditional, old-fashioned activity, and were looking for something new that "worked". The landslide victory of Lyndon B. Johnson in the November presidential election played its part, as well, and PEP soon withered away. A Peace Research and Education Project (PREP) headed by Paul Booth, Swarthmore, met a similar fate. Meanwhile, the local chapters got into all sorts of projects, from University reform, community-university relations, and now, in a small way, the issue of the draft and Vietnam War. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the SDS broke with the pro-labor ideas in the Port Huron Statement and decided that it was best to shift the focus of civil rights away from the southern states and more towards urban cities in the north.[8]
Then, on October 1, the University of California, Berkeley exploded into the dramatic and prolonged agony that was the free speech movement. Led by a charismatic Friends of SNCC student activist named Mario Savio, upwards of three thousand students surrounded a police car in which a student was being taken away, arrested for setting up an informational card table for the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in defiance of the University's ban on politics. The sit-down prevented the police car from moving for 32 hours. The demonstrations, meetings and strikes that resulted all but shut the university down. Hundreds of students were arrested.[9]
From protest to resistance: 1965–1968[edit]
In February 1965, United States President Johnson dramatically escalated the war in Vietnam by bombing North Vietnam in Operation Flaming Dart and introducing ground troops directly involved in fighting the Viet Cong in the South. Campus chapters of SDS all over the country started to lead small, localized demonstrations against the war and the NO became the focal group that organized the march against the war in Washington on April 17. Endorsements came from nearly all of the other peace groups and leading personalities, there was significant increase in income and by the end of March there were 52 chapters. The media began to cover the organization and the New Left. However, the call for the march and the openness of the organization in allowing other groups, even communist front groups, or communists themselves, to join in caused great strains with the LID and some other old left organizations.
The first teach-in against the war was held in the University of Michigan. Soon hundreds more, all over the country, were held. The demonstration in Washington, D.C. attracted about 25,000 anti-war protesters and SDS became the leading student group against the war on most U.S. campuses.
Representing its move into the heartland, the 1965 summer convention was held at Kewadin, a small camp in Northern Michigan. Moreover, its National Office, which had been located in Manhattan, was moved to Chicago at about the same time. The rapid growth of the membership rate during the preceding year brought with it a new breed with a new style:
“ "For the first time at an SDS meeting people smoked marijuana; Pancho Villa mustaches, those droopy Western‑movie addenda that eventually became a New Left cliché, made their first appearance in quantity; blue workshirts, denim jackets, and boots were worn by both men and women. These were people generally raised outside of the East, many from the Midwest and Southwest, and their ruralistic dress reflected a different tradition, one more aligned to the frontier, more violent, more individualistic, more bare‑knuckled and callus‑handed, than that of the early SDSers. They were non‑Jewish, nonintellectual, nonurban, from a nonprofessional class, and often without any family tradition of political involvement, much less radicalism. They tended to be not only ignorant of the history of the left and its current half‑life in New York City, but downright uninterested: ..."[10] ”
The convention elected an Akron, Ohio student, Carl Oglesby, President and Jeff Shero, from the increasingly influential University of Texas chapter in Austin, as Vice President—in preference to "old guard" candidates.[11] The convention voted to remove the anti-communist exclusion clauses from the SDS constitution,[12] failed to provide for any national program,[13] and increased the reliance on local initiatives at the chapters. As a result, the National Office's leadership fell into ineffectual chaos. The League for Industrial Democracy, SDS's nominal sponsoring organization, was disappointed with removal of the exclusion clause from the SDS constitution, as SDS was covered under LID's non-profit status which excluded political activity. By mutual agreement the relationship was severed October 4, 1965.[14]
On November 27, 1965 there was a major anti-war demonstration in Washington, D.C. at which Carl Oglesby, the new SDS president, made a very successful speech, addressed to the liberal crowd,[15] and in circuitous terms alleged that the United States government was imperialist in nature. The speech received a standing ovation, substantial press coverage, and resulted in greatly increased national prominence for SDS.[3][16]
The unexpected influx of substantial numbers of new members and chapters combined with the ousting of the previous leadership, the "old guard", resulted in a crisis which dogged SDS until its final breakup; despite repeated attempts to do so, consensus was never reached on what form the organization should take or what role it should play. A final attempt by the old guard at a "rethinking conference" to establish a coherent new direction for the organization failed. The conference, held on the University of Illinois campus at Champaign-Urbana over Christmas vacation, 1965, was attended by about 360 people from 66 chapters, many of whom were new to SDS. Despite a great deal of discussion, no substantial decisions were made.[17][18]
Nationally, the SDS continued to use the draft as an important issue for students, and over the rest of the academic year began to attack university complicity in it, as the universities had begun to supply students' class rankings, used to determine who was to be drafted. The University of Chicago's administration building was taken over in a three-day sit-in in May. Rank protests and sit-ins spread to many other universities.
The summer convention of 1966 was moved even farther west, this time to Clear Lake, Iowa. The "prairie people" continued to increase their influence. Nick Egleson was chosen as President, and Carl Davidson was elected Vice President. Greg Calvert, recently a History Instructor at Iowa State University, was chosen as National Secretary. It was at this convention that members of Progressive Labor Party (PL) first participated. PL was a Maoist group that had turned to SDS as fertile ground for recruiting new members sympathetic to its long-term strategy of organizing the industrial working class.[19] SDSers of that time were nearly all anti-communist, but they also refused to be drawn into actions that smacked of red-baiting, which they viewed as mostly irrelevant and old hat. PL soon began to organize a Worker Student Alliance. By 1968 and 1969 they would profoundly affect SDS, particularly at national gatherings of the membership, forming a well-groomed, disciplined faction which followed the Progressive Labor Party line.[citation needed]
The 1966 convention also marked an even greater turn towards organization around campus issues by local chapters, with the NO cast in a strictly supporting role. Campus issues ranged from bad food, powerless student "governments," various in loco parentis manifestations, on-campus recruiting for the military and, again, ranking for the draft. Campuses around the country were in a state of unprecedented ferment and activism. Despite the absence of a politically effective campus SDS chapter, Berkeley again became a center of particularly dramatic radical upheaval over the university's repressive anti-free-speech actions, and an effective student strike with very wide support occurred. Even Harvard endured an upheaval engendered by a visit there of United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.
At this time many in SDS turned to a more anarchist-influenced politics and organized activities aimed at the country’s burgeoning countercultural community. These efforts were especially successful at the large and active University of Texas chapter in Austin where The Rag, an underground newspaper founded by SDS leaders Thorne Dreyer and Carol Neiman was, according to historian Abe Peck, the first underground paper in the country to incorporate the “participatory democracy, community organizing and synthesis of politics and culture that the New Left of the midsixties was trying to develop.” [20] And SDS' now legendary “Gentle Thursday” events on the UT campus helped to galvanize the Austin cultural community and turn it into a potent political force.[21] Austin's Gentle Thursday inspired similar activities at a number of other universities including Penn State and Iowa State. Austin, also a center of civil-rights and anti-war activities, was in 1967 the scene of an SDS-generated free speech movement (the University Freedom Movement) that mobilized thousands of students in massive demonstrations and other activities.[22]
The Winter and Spring of 1967 saw an escalation of the militancy of the protests at many campuses. SDSers and self-styled radicals were even elected into the student government at a few places. Demonstrations against Dow Chemical Company and other campus recruiters were widespread, and ranking and the draft issues grew in scale. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (mainly through its secret COINTELPRO) and other law enforcement agencies were often exposed as having spies and informers in the chapters. Harassment by the authorities was also on the rise. The National Office became distinctly more effective in this period, and the three officers actually visited most of the chapters. New Left Notes, as well, became a potent vehicle for promoting some coherence and solidarity among the chapters. The Anti-War movement began to take hold among university students.
The 1967 convention took an egalitarian turn by eliminating the Presidential and Vice-Presidential offices and replacing them with a National Secretary (20-year-old Mike Spiegel), an Education Secretary (Texan Bob Pardun of the Austin chapter), and an Inter‑organizational Secretary (former VP Carl Davidson). A clear direction for a national program was not set but they did manage to pass strong resolutions on the draft, resistance within the Army itself, and they made a call for immediate withdrawal from Vietnam.
It was also acknowledged that male chauvinism was rampant in the organization, and that women who attended the 1966 convention were pelted with tomatoes after requesting a plank for women's liberation.[23] The 1962 Port Huron Statement even glorified housewives, stating they should work with doctors, professors and laborers in order to expand the organization.[24] At the 1967 convention women's liberation resolution on the issue of male chauvinism was passed by conference attendees, for the first time.
This resolution on women's liberation, drafted in the Women’s Liberation Workshop, had two goals. They were to “free women to participate in other meaningful activities” and to “relieve our brothers of the burden of male chauvinism.” For the first goal, they had three specific subgoals. The first was the creation of communal childcare centers, so mothers at home could have free time to pursue their interests. The second was the acknowledgment of the right of women to choose when to have children. They said that free distribution of birth control information and competent medical abortion should be provided for all women. The third called for the even distribution of household chores between all adult members, male and female. For the second goal, to rid SDS of male chauvinism, they had four specific subgoals. The first was that the male SDS members should first work on their personal chauvinism first, and try and remove that from their work and social relationships. The second is for women to participate in all levels of SDS work, “from licking stamps to assuming leadership positions.” The third is for leaders to be aware of the power they hold in creating the dynamic of the leader/subordinate relationship, and to be responsible for not abusing that power. The fourth mentions that all programs created by the SDS must include a section on women’s right. The New Left Notes reprinted the statement, however, it was accompanied by a caricature of a woman dressed in a baby-doll dress, holding a sign with the slogan “We want our rights and we want them now![25]
That fall saw a great escalation of the anti-war actions of the New Left. The school year started with a large demonstration against university complicity in the war in allowing Dow recruiters on campus at the University of Wisconsin in Madison on October 17. Peaceful at first, the demonstrations turned to a sit-in that was violently dispersed by the Madison police and riot squad, resulting in many injuries and arrests. A mass rally and a student strike then closed the university for several days. A coordinated series of demonstrations against the draft led by members of the Resistance, the War Resisters League, and SDS added fuel to the fire of resistance. After conventional civil rights tactics of peaceful pickets seemed to have failed, the Oakland, California Stop the Draft Week ended in mass hit and run skirmishes with the police. The huge (100,000 people) October 21 March on the Pentagon saw hundreds arrested and injured. Night-time raids on draft offices began to spread.
Climax and split: 1968–1970[edit]
Further information: 1969 Students for a Democratic Society National Convention
In the spring of 1968, National SDS activists led an effort on the campuses called "Ten Days of Resistance" and local chapters cooperated with the Student Mobilization Committee in rallies, marches, sit-ins and teach-ins, which culminated in a one-day strike on April 26. About a million students stayed away from classes that day, the largest student strike in the history of the United States. It was largely ignored by the New York City-based national media, which focused on the student shutdown of Columbia University in New York, led by an inter-racial alliance of Columbia SDS chapter activists and Student Afro Society activists. As a result of the mass media publicity given to Columbia SDS activists such as Columbia SDS chairperson Mark Rudd during the Columbia Student Revolt, the organization was put on the map politically and "SDS" became a household name in the United States for a few years. Membership in SDS chapters around the United States increased dramatically during the 1968-69 academic year.
Also in 1968, an SDS organizer at the University of Washington told a meeting about white college men working with poor white men, and "[h]e noted that sometimes after analyzing societal ills, the men shared leisure time by 'balling a chick together.' He pointed out that such activities did much to enhance the political consciousness of poor white youth. A woman in the audience asked, 'And what did it do for the consciousness of the chick?'" (Hole, Judith, and Ellen Levine, Rebirth of Feminism, 1971, pg. 120).[26] After the meeting, a handful of women formed Seattle's first women's liberation group.[26]
Led by the Worker-Student Alliance and rival Joe Hill caucuses, SDS in San Francisco played a major role in the Third World Student Strike at San Francisco State College. This strike, the longest student strike in U.S. history, led to the creation of Black and other ethnic studies programs on campuses across the country.[27]
SDS members from Austin, Texas participated in a mass demonstration in San Antonio, Texas in April 1969 at the "Kings River Parade". San Antonio SNCC members called the demonstration to protest the killing of Bobby Joe Phillips by San Antonio Police Officers.
In the summer of 1969, the ninth SDS national convention was held at the Chicago Coliseum with some 2000 people attending. Many factions of the movement were present, and set up their literature tables all around the edges of the cavernous hall. The Young Socialist Alliance, Wobblies, Spartacists, Marxists and Maoists of various sorts, all together with various law-enforcement spies and informers contributed to the air of impending expectations.
Each delegate was given the convention issue of the newspaper New Left Notes, which contained a manifesto, "You don't need a Weatherman to know which way the wind blows", a line taken from Bob Dylan's "Subterranean Homesick Blues". This manifesto had been first presented at the Spring, 1969, SDS National Council Meeting in Austin, Texas. The document had been written by an 11-member committee that included Mark Rudd, Bernardine Dohrn and John Jacobs, and represented the position of the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) wing of SDS, most of which later turned into the Weather Underground Organization. It has been noted that the Weather Underground was an off-branch of SDS for a number of reasons. The New Left Notes issue was full of the language of the Old Left of the 1930s; and was thus impenetrable and irrelevant to the majority of SDSers.
According to Kirkpatrick Sale's account of the convention, the RYM and allied groups battled Progressive Labor (PL) members and the WSA faction of SDS for control of the organization throughout the convention. The Black Panther representatives attacked PL and at the same time proved itself inclined towards sexism by advocating "pussy power." The entire convention fell into something approaching chaos, or worse, farce.
The RYM and the National Office faction, led by Bernardine Dohrn, led 500 to 1000 people out of the Colosseum and, later that evening, holding a 1000-person meeting in another site near the National Office. There, the Weatherman faction carried the day, electing their slate of officers. The 500-600 people remaining in the meeting hall, dominated by PL, declared itself the "Real SDS", electing PL and WSA members as officers. By the next day, there were two SDS organizations, which RYM termed "SDS-RYM" and "SDS-WSA."[28]
In the fall of 1969, many of the SDS-RYM chapters also split up or disintegrated. The Weatherman faction evolved into a small underground organization that first took to street confrontations and then to a bombing campaign. The Weathermen held one final national convention in Flint, Michigan, from December 27–31, 1969. It was at this convention, more popularly known as the "Flint War Council," that the decision was made to disband what remained of SDS-RYM.[29] SDS-RYM was fully defunct by 1970, while SDS-WSA continued its activity.
Also in 1969, the New Left was present at a Counter-Inaugural to Richard Nixon’s first inauguration, at which the antiwar leader Dave Dellinger, serving as master of ceremonies, incorrectly announced, “The women have asked all the men to leave the stage.”[30] After that, SDS activist Marilyn Salzman Webb attempted to speak about women's oppression, and SDS men heckled her, shouting, "Take her off the stage and fuck her!" and so forth until she was drowned out.[30][31][32][33] Later Webb received a threatening phone call which she thought was from Cathy Wilkerson, but that was not confirmed, and it may have been from a government agent.[32] In any case, the call contributed to driving apart outspoken feminists in the national SDS and people who put anti-racist and anti-war work before feminism and went toward the Weathermen.[32]
SDS-WSA: 1969 to 1974[edit]
SDS-Worker-Student Alliance (SDS-WSA) continued to function nationwide, with a focus on (a) fighting racism; and (b) supporting workers' struggles and strikes, including the 1969 General Electric strike and 1970 Postal Workers' strikes. The WSA organized a support demonstration for the post office strikers, which greatly worried Richard Nixon's administration. This is the entry from H.R. Haldeman’s diary:
“ "Saturday, March 21, 1970.
P in early, to EOB, to work on briefing books. Had to spend quite a little time on postal problem. The settlement didn’t work, because rank and file won’t go back, have rejected leaders, and now SDS types involved, at least in New York." - [34]
”
Now calling itself simply SDS, SDS-WSA continued to publish the newspaper New Left Notes. It held a convention in Boston in 1971, at which a striking General Motors worker was a featured speaker.
In 1972, SDS-WSA demonstrated at the Democratic National Convention in Miami against Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern's retreating from his original stronger campaign positions against the Vietnam War. Several hundred SDS members staged a sit-in at the Doral Hotel as McGovern and his staff met upstairs with protesting members of Grassroots McGovern Volunteers and sympathizers angry over the same issues.
In Newark, New Jersey, SDS-WSA demonstrated against Anthony Imperiale and his North Ward Citizens' Council which was opposing the construction of Kawaida Towers, a building complex sponsored by a community organization led by Black nationalist and poet Amiri Baraka (formerly Leroy Jones) (New York Times January 3, 1973, p. 84)
SDS joined with PLP and others to protest the writings of Arthur Jensen, William Shockley, and Richard Herrnstein, all of whom promoted the notion that there might be a genetic component to the observed below-average performance of black people on IQ tests. In October 1973, SDS-WSA, PLP, and others organized a convention at the Loeb Student Center of New York University dedicated to opposing academic racism. SDS circulated a petition entitled "A Resolution Against Racism" that was published in the New York Times on October 28, 1973 (p. 211). Out of this convention the Committee Against Racism (CAR) was formed to continue the fight against racism. CAR later changed its name to International Committee Against Racism (InCAR), when some chapters were formed in Canada.
In 1974, National SDS(-WSA) voted to dissolve as a separate organization and reform as chapters of InCAR. However, individual chapters of SDS continued to exist for some time. A chapter at Purdue University was active as late as 1976.
All references to contemporary activities of SDS in sources such as the New York Times after early 1970 are to SDS-WSA. For example, SDS confronted Indiana Senator Vance Hartke at an antiwar rally in New York City in 1971 (New York Times July 3, 1971, p. 3 and July 4, 1971, p. 3). SDS denounced liberal Democrats as having been the authors of the Vietnam War in the first place. SDS demonstrated against the Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida in August 1972 (New York Times August 21, 1972, p. 20; August 22, 1972, pp. 1,36; August 23, 1972, pp. 1, 28).
Unlike SDS-RYM and the Weathermen, SDS-WSA strongly opposed bombing and terrorism. In 1971, SDS-WSA published a pamphlet titled Who Are The Bombers?.[35] It warned readers against police agents sent into the anti-Vietnam War movement to foment violence to justify police attacks. It also sharply criticized the Weathermen, which had begun its campaign of bombings.
On June 26, 1972, the US Supreme Court gave a unanimous opinion, in the case Healy v. James, stating that members of the SDS had been unconstitutionally deprived of their First Amendment right to freedom of assembly when a group was denied permission to form on the campus of Central Connecticut State College in New Britain, Connecticut.[36]
A few early SDS leaders went on to careers as Democratic Party politicians, including Tom Hayden, a former member of the legislature of the state of California and well known as the former husband of actress Jane Fonda, a prolific author, and a former candidate for offices such as Governor of California, Mayor of Los Angeles, and US Senator.
The New SDS: 2006 and later[edit]
Main article: Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)
A new incarnation of SDS was founded on January 16, 2006, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, and by 2010 had grown to over 150 chapters around the United States.[37] It has held five national conventions to date, including the fifth in 2010 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[38]
Cultural references[edit]
In the 1971 film The Andromeda Strain, when Mrs. Jeremy Stone (Susan Brown) informs her husband (Arthur Hill) that unexpected visitors have arrived, he responds, "The SDS, no doubt" before learning that the visitors are Air Force personnel. In the 1994 film Forrest Gump, Jenny (Robin Wright) introduces her boyfriend to Forrest (Tom Hanks) as Wesley (Geoffrey Blake), the president of the Berkeley chapter of SDS.[39]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Neier, Aryeh (2003). Taking Liberties: Four Decades in the Struggle for Rights. Cambridge, MA: Public Affairs/Perseus Books. pp. Introduction:xx. ISBN 1586482912. As director of LID, I decided to try to invigorate its student division. One step in that direction was to rename it.
Jump up ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 8. ISBN 0465041957.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, pp. 159-163. Random House (1973), Hardcover, Vintage Books (January 1, 1974). ISBN 0394478894
Jump up ^ Gitlin, Todd. "The Sixties", Bantam; Revised edition (July 1, 1993) ISBN 0-553-37212-2
Jump up ^ Tom Hayden and Dick Flacks, ‘The Port Huron Statement at 40’ in The Nation, 5 August 2002
Jump up ^ Todd Gitlin later acknowledged that LID President Tom Kahn, "to his eternal credit", was correct in opposing that deletion, which helped Marxist Leninists to take over SDS: Todd Gitlin, p. 88, in discussion with Irving Howe: Politics and the Intellectual: Conversations with Irving Howe. John Rodden, Ethan Goffman, eds. Purdue University Press 06/30/2010 series: Shofar Supplements in Jewish Studies ISBN 978-1-5575-3551-1
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, pp. 157-159. Random House (1973), Hardcover, Vintage Books (January 1, 1974). ISBN 0394478894
Jump up ^ "International Socialist Review". isreview.org.
Jump up ^ "[No title Available]". content.cdlib.org.
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, pp. 134; 204-205. Random House (1973), Hardcover, Vintage Books (January 1, 1974). ISBN 0394478894
Jump up ^ Page 85, Flying Close to the Sun, Cathy Wilkerson, Seven Stories Press (2007), hardcover, 422 pages
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, p. 138. Random House (1973), Hardcover, Vintage Books (January 1, 1974). ISBN 0394478894
Jump up ^ Pages 83 and 84, Flying Close to the Sun, Cathy Wilkerson, Seven Stories Press (2007), hardcover, 422 pages.
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, pp. 157. Random House (1973), Hardcover, Vintage Books (January 1, 1974). ISBN 0394478894
Jump up ^ "Rebels with a Cause". Sdsrebels.com. 1965-11-27. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
Jump up ^ Page 93-97, Ravens in the Storm, Carl Oglesby, Scribner (2008), hardcover, 336 pages.
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, pp. 204-205 and pp. 163-164. Random House (1973), Hardcover, Vintage Books (January 1, 1974). ISBN 0394478894
Jump up ^ Pages 103 and 104, Ravens in the Storm, Carl Oglesby, Scribner (2008), hardcover, 336 pages.
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, p. 320. Random House (1973), Hardcover, Vintage Books (January 1, 1974). ISBN 0394478894
Jump up ^ Peck, Abe, Uncovering the Sixties: The Life and Times of the Underground Press, Pantheon Books, 1985; p. 58.
Jump up ^ Tishcler, Barbara L., Editor, Sights on the Sixties, Rutgers University Press, 1992; “Gentle Thursday: An SDS Circus in Austin, Texas, 1966-1970,” By Glenn W. Jones, pp. 75-85.
Jump up ^ “A History of Student Activism at the University of Texas at Austin,” by Beverly Burr, Thesis, Spring 1988, University of Texas, p. 22.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=wuv_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310&dq=sds+male+chauvanism+tomatoes&source=bl&ots=TW1dsIlioC&sig=IqWh1PYfMXoPNIhYmbxwxx14KII&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjywISd44XZAhUISK0KHc6gDJwQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=sds%20male%20chauvanism%20tomatoes&f=false
Jump up ^ http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifestos/SDS_Port_Huron.html
Jump up ^ Schneir, Miriam. "An SDS Statement on the Liberation of Women." 1994. Feminism in Our Time: The Essential Writings, World War II to the Present. New York: Vintage, 1994. 103-07. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b "On the Origins of Social Movements". Jofreeman.com. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
Jump up ^ Introductory Essay to The San Francisco State College Strike Collection Archived 2015-02-24 at the Wayback Machine. - by Helene Whitson, San Francisco State University Library
Jump up ^ Sale, Kirkpatrick (1973). SDS pp. 392-400
Jump up ^ Rudd, M. (2009). Underground: my life with sds and the weatherman. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pgs. 185-193.
^ Jump up to: a b clarissakennedyjacob (2013-05-06). "Susan Faludi on Shulamith Firestone, The New Yorker | The Women & Film Project". Womenandfilmproject.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
Jump up ^ Dan Berger (2006). Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity. AK Press. p. 365. ISBN 978-1-904859-41-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Doug Rossinow (January 1998). The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America. Columbia University Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-231-11057-0.
Jump up ^ Gessen, Keith (2012-09-26). "n+1: On Shulamith Firestone, Part One". Nplusonemag.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
Jump up ^ The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House, by H.R. Haldeman, Berkley Books, New York, 1995, p. 169.
Jump up ^ ""Who Are The Bombers?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-22.
Jump up ^ Healy v. James 408 U.S. 169 (1972)
Jump up ^ "Students for a Democratic Society - History".
Jump up ^ Gold, Mike (24 October 2011). "SDS Holds 5th National Convention, Lays Plans to Build Student Movement". FightBack!News. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Ebony Ivory (22 October 2012). "Forrest Gump - Black Panther party" – via YouTube.
Further reading[edit]
Books[edit]
Adelson, Alan. SDS. New York, Charles Scribener's Sons, 1972 ISBN 0-684-12393-2.
Berger, Dan (2006). "Shaking America's Moral Conscience: The Rise of Students for a Democratic Society". Outlaws of America: the Weather Underground and the politics of solidarity. AK Press. ISBN 9781904859413.
Davidson, Carl, editor. Revolutionary Youth and the New Working Class: The Praxis Papers, the Port Authority Statement, the RYM Documents and the Lost Writings of SDS . Pittsburgh: Changemaker, 2011 ISBN 978-1-257-99947-7
Elbaum, Max. Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che. London and New York: Verso, 2002 ISBN 978-1-85984-617-9.
Frost, Heather. "An Interracial Movement of the Poor: Community Organizing and the New Left in the 1960s." New York: New York University press, 2001 ISBN 0-8147-2697-6.
Heath, G. Louis, ed. Vandals in the Bomb Factory: The History and Literature of the Students for a Democratic Society. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1976 ISBN 0-8108-0890-0.
Halstead, Fred. Out Now!: A Participant's Account of the Movement in the United States Against the Vietnam War Hardcover edition. Anchor Foundation; Reprint edition 1978 ISBN 0-913460-47-8.
Isserman, Maurice. If I Had a Hammer: the death of the old left and the birth of the new left. New York: Basic Books, 1987. ISBN 0-465-03197-8.
Klatch, Rebecca E. A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right, and the 1960s. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1999 ISBN 0-520-21714-4.
Miller, James. Democracy is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994 ISBN 978-0-674-19725-1.
Pardun, Robert. "Prairie Radical: A Journey Through the Sixties" Shire Press, 2001 ISBN 0-918828-20-1.
Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS. Random House (1973), Hardcover, Vintage Books (January 1, 1974). ISBN 0394478894
Articles[edit]
Alper, Mark. The Legacy of S.D.S. and Its Relevance to Today's Activists. Electronic Worker. Direct Action Tendency, Socialist Party USA. Retrieved April 12, 2005.
Bailey, Geoff. "The Rise and Fall of SDS." International Socialist Review, issue 31, September–October, 1983.
Bookchin, Murray. Anarchy and Organization: A Letter To The Left. Reprinted from New Left Notes. January 15, 1969. Retrieved April 12, 2005. "The essay originally was written in reply to an attack by Huey Newton on anarchist forms of organization."
Maines, Billy. Second Coming : The Infamous SDS is Back, and Now It's Local. Orlando Weekly. November 23, 2006.
SDS in the 1960s: From A Student Movement to National Resistance, The Indypendent
SDS: The signature organization of the 1960s student left has been reborn, The Indypendent
Tom Hayden, "The Future of 1968's 'Restless Youth'" in: Martin Klimke and Joachim Scharloth, 1968 in Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 325-331.
Who Are The Bombers? SDS-WSA pamphlet, 1972, attacking terrorism, including Weatherman terrorism.
Setting The Record Straight: Progressive Labor & SDS
"A Short History of Progressive Labor Party (PLP) and Its Activities in Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)" Series of 12 articles originally published in Challenge-Desafio, biweekly newspaper of The Progressive Labor Party January - July 2007.
"The Death of SDS", essay by Mark Rudd.
"Thorne Dreyer: As Port Huron Turns 50," an interview with Tom Hayden, The Peace and Justice Resource Center, January 26, 2012.
SDS publications[edit]
Davidson, Carl. Toward a Student Syndicalist Movement or University Reform Revisited. Chicago: Students for a Democratic Society. ca. 1967. Mimeographed. 7 p.
Gilbert, David and David Loud. U. S. Imperialism. Chicago: Students for a Democratic Society, 1968. Wraps. 33 p.
Haber, Al and Dick Flacks. Peace, Power and the University: Prepared for Students for a Democratic Society and the Peace Research and Education Project.Ann Arbor: Peace Research and Education Project, 1963. Mimeographed. 12 p..
Hayden, Tom, and Carl Wittman. "An Interracial Movement of the Poor?," SDS Economic Research and Action Project, 1963. 27 p.
James, Mike. Getting Ready for the Firing Line: Join Community Union. Chicago: Students for a Democratic Society, March 1968. Stapled softcover. 8p. Photos by Nancy Hollander, Tom Malear of the Chicago Film Coop, Todd Gitlin & Les Jordan, SCEF. Reprinted from "The Activist," Spring 1967. Introduction for this pamphlet by Mike James.
Lemisch, Jessie. Towards a Democratic History. Ann Arbor & Chicago: Radical Education Project/Students for a Democratic Society, (1967). Radical Education Project Occasional Paper. 8 p.
Lynd, Staughton. The New Radicals and "Participatory Democracy". Chicago: Students for a Democratic Society, 1965. 10 p.
Oglesby, Carl. The Speech given by Carl Oglesby, President, Students for a Democratic Society, at the Nov. 27, 1965 March on Washington to End the War in Vietnam. Chicago: Students for a Democratic Society, ca. 1965. 81⁄2 × 11 in. Mimeographed. 8 p.
Olinick, Michael. The Campus Press. Distributed by Students for a Democratic Society for the Liberal Study Group, National Student Association, 1962. 13 p.
Oppenheimer, Martin. Alienation or Participation: The Sociology of Participatory Democracy. n.p.: Students of a Democratic Society (S.D.S.), 1966. 7 pages. 1st edition. Stapled booklet.
Students for a Democratic Society. The Port Huron Statement. Based on Draft by Tom Hayden, revised by SDS National Convention, Port Huron, Michigan, June 11–15, 1962. (Posted by The Sixties Project, sponsored by Viet Nam Generation Inc. and the University of Virginia at Charlottesville.)
Students for a Democratic Society. SDS: An Introduction. 1968.
Students For A Democratic Society [S.D.S.]. Fight Racism! Boston: Students for a Democratic Society, n.d. [1969]. 28pp. 1st edition. Stapled softcover.
Students for a Democratic Society. New Left Notes. Chicago. [?] Vol. 1 # 1 1965 [?] - Vol. 4 # 31 October 2, 1969.
Students for a Democratic Society [Progressive Labor]. SDS New Left Notes, Vol. 5, No. 15, July 6, 1970 - [?]. Boston, 1970.
Archives[edit]
Students for a Democratic Society (S.D.S.), Records, 1965-74. May 4 Collection—Box 107. Kent State University Libraries and Media Services. Department of Special Collections and Archives. Online guide retrieved September 28, 2012.
Students for a Democratic Society Period : 1962–1970. Period : 1962–1970. Total Size : 0.5 m. International Institute of Social History. Online guide retrieved April 12, 2005.
George E. Rennar Papers. 1933-1972. 37.43 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains materials about the Students for a Democratic Society organization.
United States Government publications[edit]
U.S. House of Representatives. Investigation of Students for a Democratic Society, Part 2 (Kent State University): Hearings Before the Committee on Internal Security, House of Representatives; 91st Congress, 2nd Session, June 24 and 25, 1969. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969.
U.S. House of Representatives. Investigation of Students for a Democratic Society, Part 3-A (George Washington University); Hearings Before the Committee on Internal Security, House of Representatives; 91st Congress, 2nd Session, July 22, 1969. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969.
U.S. House of Representatives. Student Views Toward U.S. Policy in Southeast Asia; Hearings Before an Ad Hoc Committee of Members of the House of Representatives; 91st Congress, 2nd Session, July 22, 1969. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969.
U.S. President. Commission on Campus Unrest. Report. This publication is often referred to as the Scranton Report, issued in 1970.
External links[edit]
New Left Archive at NLN SDS and Weather Underground Documents compiled by Next Left Notes, a journal edited by several former and current SDS members
SDS Historical Documents and other links
"Shut It Down!" at the Wayback Machine (archived November 4, 2009) Includes Port Huron Statement, "SDS: The Last Hurrah" (an account of Chicago 1969 written by an undercover federal agent), and the Revolutionary Youth Movement mission statement.
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Vietnam Era Ephemera This collection contains leaflets and newspapers that were distributed on the University of Washington campus during the decades of the 1960s and 1970s. They reflect the social environment and political activities of the youth movement in Seattle during that period.
Links to resources from Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and related groups and activities: Books & Memoirs
Full text of Weatherman in PDF format
SDS and Young Lords march in Chicago,October 1969
Works by or about Students for a Democratic Society at Internet Archive
Works by or about Tom Hayden at Internet Archive (SDS pioneer)
Photos and Documents: SDS News at UW, from the Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project.
[show]
v
t
e
Youth empowerment
Elements
Evolving capacities
Free-range parenting
Intergenerational equity
Leaving the nest
Student voice
Youth-adult partnership
Youth mainstreaming
Youth rights
Youth voice
Types
Community youth development
Anarchistic free school
Democratic free school
Positive youth development
Student activism
Student-centered learning
Student rights
Student voice
Youth activism
Youth council
Youth court
Youth engagement
Youth leadership
Youth-led media
Youth movement
Youth participation
Youth philanthropy
Youth service
Youth suffrage
Youth vote
Barriers
Adultcentrism
Adultism
Age restrictions
Ageism
Control freak
Fear of youth (ephebiphobia)
Eleutherophobia
Fear of children (pediaphobia)
Gerontocracy
Grounding
Helicopter parent
Infantilization
Intrusiveness
Narcissism
Parental respect
School-to-prison pipeline
Vicariousness
Related articles
Beatnik
Beat Generation
Counterculture of the 1960s
Defense of infancy
Hippies
Hungry generation
International Youth Year
UK underground
Index of youth rights-related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Peace movement/Anti-war movement
Peace advocates
Anti-nuclear organizations
Anti-war movement
Anti-war organizations
Bed-In
Central Park be-ins
Conscientious objectors
Counterculture
Draft evasion
Human Be-In
List of peace activists
Peace and conflict studies
Peace camp
Peace churches
Peace commission
Peace education
Peace movement
Peace walk
Teach-in
War resisters
War tax resisters
Ideologies
Ahimsa
Anarchism
Anarcho-pacifism
Anarcho-punks
Christian anarchism
Anti-imperialism
Anti-nuclear movement
Antimilitarism
Appeasement
Direct action
Finvenkismo
Hippie
Isolationism
Non-interventionism
Nonkilling
Nonviolence
Pacificism
Pacifism
Peace
Satyagraha
Simple living
Socialism
Soviet influence on the peace movement
Media
and cultural
Art
Books
Films
International Day of Non-Violence
International Day of Peace
Dialogue Among Civilizations
List of places named Peace
"Make love, not war"
Monuments and memorials
Museums
Peace journalism
Peace News
Plays
Promoting Enduring Peace
Songs
Symbols
World Game
Opposition to specific
wars or their aspects
Afghan War
American Civil War
Iraq War
Landmines
Military action in Iran
Military intervention in Libya
Military taxation
Nuclear armament
Second Boer War
Sri Lankan Civil War
Vietnam War
War of 1812
War on Terror
World War I
World War II
Countries
Canada
Germany
Israel
Netherlands
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Students_for_a_Democratic_Society&oldid=836768362"
Categories:
1960 establishments in Michigan
Student organizations established in 1960
American democracy activists
Anti–Vietnam War groups
COINTELPRO targets
Counterculture of the 1960s
Defunct American political movements
Far-left politics in the United States
History of youth
New Left
Student political organizations in the United States
Youth rights organizations based in the United States
Direct action
Social movement organizations
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016
Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2008
All articles lacking in-text citations
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009
Articles with Internet Archive links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
Polski
Simple English
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 18:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: th

attrs: scope style

attrs: href class title

values: Student League for Industrial Democracy (1946-1959)

value: td

value: tr

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_war
mw-redirect
Nuclear war

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values:
/wiki/Civil_rights
mw-redirect
Civil rights

values: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

values:
/wiki/Black_Power_Movement
mw-redirect
Black Power Movement

values:
/wiki/Free_speech_movement
mw-redirect
Free speech movement

values: Edit section: From protest to resistance: 1965–1968

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)

values:
/wiki/Thorne_Dreyer
mw-redirect
Thorne Dreyer

values:
/wiki/Male_chauvinism
mw-redirect
Male chauvinism

values:
/wiki/Women%27s_liberation
mw-redirect
Women's liberation

values:
/wiki/March_on_the_Pentagon
mw-redirect
March on the Pentagon

values: Edit section: Climax and split: 1968–1970

values:
/wiki/Student_strike
mw-redirect
Student strike

values: International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)

values:
/wiki/John_Jacobs_(student_leader)
mw-redirect
John Jacobs (student leader)

values:
/wiki/Weatherman_(organization)
mw-redirect
Weatherman (organization)

values:
/wiki/Dave_Dellinger
mw-redirect
Dave Dellinger

values:
/wiki/Cathy_Wilkerson
mw-redirect
Cathy Wilkerson

values:
/wiki/H.R._Haldeman
mw-redirect
H.R. Haldeman

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
/wiki/US_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
US Supreme Court

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Central_Connecticut_State_College
mw-redirect
Central Connecticut State College

values: Edit section: The New SDS: 2006 and later

values:
/wiki/Forrest_Gump_(film)
mw-redirect
Forrest Gump (film)

values:
/wiki/Robin_Wright_(actress)
mw-redirect
Robin Wright (actress)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sds-1960s.org/books/sds.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isreview.org/issues/31/sds.shtml

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sdsrebels.com/oglesby.htm

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 408

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Huey_Newton
mw-redirect
Huey Newton

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.indypendent.org/?p=562

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.indypendent.org/?p=561

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.1968ineurope.com

values:
nofollow
http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.iisg.nl/
external text

values: Edit section: United States Government publications

values:
nofollow
external text
http://nextleftnotes.net

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sds-1960s.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.sds-1960s.org/books/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.nationalyounglords.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Age_restrictions
mw-redirect
Age restrictions

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/File:Peace_sign.svg
image
Peace sign

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Opposition to the war in Afghanistan (2001–2014)

values: Opposition to military action against Iran

values: Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya

values: Conscientious objection to military taxation

values: Protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War

values: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

values: Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States

values: Category:1960 establishments in Michigan

values: Category:Student organizations established in 1960

values: Category:Defunct American political movements

values: Category:Far-left politics in the United States

values: Category:Student political organizations in the United States

values: Category:Youth rights organizations based in the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2008

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009

values: Category:Articles with Internet Archive links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Students for a Democratic Society – German

values: Students for a Democratic Society – French

values: 민주사회학생회 – Korean

values: Students for a Democratic Society – Italian

values: סטודנטים למען חברה דמוקרטית – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Students for a Democratic Society – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: Studenci na rzecz Demokratycznego Społeczeństwa – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Students for a Democratic Society – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Students for a Democratic Society – Swedish

values: Demokratik Toplum için Öğrenciler – Turkish

values: 學生爭取民主社會 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Students_for_a_Democratic_Society rootpage-Students_for_a_Democratic_Society skin-vector action-view