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Small intestine
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Small Intestine
Diagram showing the small intestine and surrounding structures
Details
System
Digestive system
Artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Vein
Hepatic portal vein
Nerve
Celiac ganglia, vagus[1]
Lymph
Intestinal lymph trunk
Identifiers
Latin
Intestinum tenue
MeSH
D007421
TA
A05.6.01.001
FMA
7200
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like protrusions called villi.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Size
1.2 Parts
1.3 Blood supply
1.4 Histology
1.5 Development
2 Function
2.1 Digestion
2.2 Absorption
2.3 Immunological
3 Gene and protein expression
4 Clinical significance
5 Other animals
6 Society and culture
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Structure[edit]
Size[edit]
The length of the small intestine can vary greatly, from as short as 2.75 m (9.0 ft) to as long as 10.49 m (34.4 ft).[3] The average length in a living person is 3m-5m.[4][5] The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured.[3] Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty.[3]
It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age,[6] and 2.5–3 cm (1 inch) in diameter in adults. On abdominal X-rays, the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm.[7][8] On CT scans, a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated.[7][9] The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa, due to enlargement caused by folds, villi and microvilli, averages 30 square meters.[10]
Parts[edit]
The small intestine is divided into three structural parts.
The duodenum is a short structure ranging from 20 cm (7.9 inches) to 25 cm (9.8 inches) in length, and shaped like a "C".[11] It surrounds the head of the pancreas. It receives gastric chyme from the stomach, together with digestive juices from the pancreas (digestive enzymes) and the liver (bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile emulsifies fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands, which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme.
The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m long, and contains the plicae circulares, and villi that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here. The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum.
The ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well as any other remaining nutrients. The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction.
The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery. The mesentery is part of the peritoneum. Arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery.[12]
Blood supply[edit]
The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. These are both branches of the aorta. The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose. The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery.[13] Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades, which may be several layers deep. Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves.[13]
Histology[edit]
Main article: Gastrointestinal wall
Micrograph of the small intestine mucosa showing the intestinal villi and crypts of Lieberkühn.
The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level, but there are some important differences. The parts of the intestine are as follows:
Layer
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Serosa 1st part serosa, 2nd–4th adventitia Normal Normal
Muscularis externa Longitudinal and circular layers, with Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus in between Same as duodenum Same as duodenum
Submucosa Brunner's glands and Meissner's (submucosal) plexus No BG No BG
Mucosa: muscularis mucosae Normal Normal Normal
Mucosa: lamina propria No PP No PP Peyer's patches
Mucosa: intestinal epithelium Simple columnar. Contains goblet cells, Paneth cells Similar to duodenum ?
Development[edit]
See also: Development of the digestive system
The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube.[14] By the fifth week of embryological life, the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate, forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop. The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus. By week 10, the loop retracts back into the abdomen. Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise, as viewed from the front of the embryo. It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen. This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine.[14]
Function[edit]
Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter.
Digestion[edit]
The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place. Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients. Secretin, another hormone produced in the small intestine, causes additional effects on the pancreas, where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach.
The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:
Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption.[15] Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine. Proteolytic enzymes, including trypsin and chymotrypsin, are secreted by the pancreas and cleave proteins into smaller peptides. Carboxypeptidase, which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme, splits one amino acid at a time. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products.
Lipids (fats) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them, which aids access by pancreatic lipase. This occurs because the lipase is water-soluble but the fatty triglycerides are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards each other and away from the watery intestinal surroundings. The bile salts emulsify the triglycerides in the watery surroundings until the lipase can break them into the smaller components that are able to enter the villi for absorption.
Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars, or monosaccharides (e.g., glucose). Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates (notably starch) into oligosaccharides. Other carbohydrates pass undigested into the large intestine and further handling by intestinal bacteria. Brush border enzymes take over from there. The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase, which further break down oligosaccharides. Other brush border enzymes are maltase, sucrase and lactase. Lactase is absent in some adult humans and, for them, lactose, like most poly-saccharides, is not digested in the small intestine. Some carbohydrates, such as cellulose, are not digested at all, despite being made of multiple glucose units. This is because the cellulose is made out of beta-glucose, making the inter-monosaccharidal bindings different from the ones present in starch, which consists of alpha-glucose. Humans lack the enzyme for splitting the beta-glucose-bonds, something reserved for herbivores and bacteria from the large intestine.
Absorption[edit]
Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for "shaggy hair"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna.
Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface. The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and carbohydrates) and lacteals (lipids). The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body. The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine.
Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions:
Iron is absorbed in the duodenum.
Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum.
Water is absorbed by osmosis and lipids by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine.
Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport
Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.
Immunological[edit]
The small intestine supports the body's immune system.[16] The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host's immune system. Peyer's patches, located within the ileum of the small intestine, are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled, and subsequently presented to the immune system.[17]
Gene and protein expression[edit]
Further information: Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum.[18][19] Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine. The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa, such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6. Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum, for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells.[20]
Clinical significance[edit]
See also: Gastrointestinal disease
The small intestine is a complex organ, and as such, there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel. A few of them are listed below, some of which are common, with up to 10% of people being affected at some time in their lives, while others are vanishingly rare.
Small intestine obstruction or obstructive disorders
Paralytic ileus
Volvulus
Hernia
Intussusception
Adhesions
Obstruction from external pressure
Obstruction by masses in the lumen (foreign bodies, bezoar, gallstones)
Infectious diseases
Giardiasis
Ascariasis
Tropical sprue
Tape worm (Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Hymenolepsis nana)
Hookworm (e.g. Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale)
Nematodes (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides)
Other Protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica)
Bacterial infections
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Salmonella enterica
Campylobacter
Shigella
Yersinia
Clostridium difficile (antibiotic-associated colitis, Pseudomembranous colitis)
Mycobacterium (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Whipple's disease
Vibrio (cholera)
Enteric (typhoid) fever (Salmonella enterica var. typhii) and paratyphoid fever
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)
Viral infections
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Adenovirus
Calicivirus
Neoplasms (cancers)
Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoid
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Leiomyoma
Metastatic tumors, especially SCLC or melanoma
Developmental, congenital or genetic conditions
Duodenal (intestinal) atresia
Hirschsprung's disease
Meckel's diverticulum
Pyloric stenosis
Pancreas divisum
Ectopic pancreas
Enteric duplication cyst
Situs inversus
Cystic fibrosis
Malrotation
Persistent urachus
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Disaccharidase (lactase) deficiencies
Primary bile acid malabsorption
Gardner syndrome
Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP)
Other conditions
Crohn's disease, and the more general inflammatory bowel disease
Typhlitis (neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed
Coeliac disease (sprue or non-tropical sprue)
Mesenteric ischemia
Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein
Arteriovenous malformation
Gastric dumping syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Duodenal (peptic) ulcers
Gastrointestinal perforation
Hyperthyroidism
Diverticulitis
Radiation enterocolitis
Mesenteric cysts
Peritoneal Infection
Sclerosing retroperitonitis
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Endometriosis
Other animals[edit]
The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu [21]
In tetrapods, the ileocaecal valve is always present, opening into the colon. The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts, but is especially so in herbivores, as well as in mammals and birds, which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles. The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates, but only in mammals do these develop into true villi.[21]
The boundaries between the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans, and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals, or are essentially arbitrary.[21]
There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish, such as sharks, sturgeons, and lungfish. Instead, the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine, connecting the stomach to the rectum. In this type of gut, the intestine itself is relatively straight but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion, sometimes for dozens of turns. This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine. The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods.[21]
In lampreys, the spiral valve is extremely small, possibly because their diet requires little digestion. Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions.[21]
Society and culture[edit]
In traditional Chinese medicine, the small intestine is a yang organ.[22]
Additional images[edit]
Small intestine in situ, greater omentum folded upwards.
Third state of the development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The mode of preparation is the same as in Fig 400
Second stage of development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The liver has been removed and the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium (lesser omentum) have been cut. The vessels are represented in black and the peritoneum in the reddish tint.
First stage of the development of the intestinal canal and the peritoneum, seen from the side (diagrammatic). From colon 1 the ascending and transverse colon will be formed and from colon 2 the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Small intestine.
Large intestine
Stomach
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Standring, Susan (2016). Gray's Anatomy. UK: Elsevier. p. 1124. ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9. ..and has a mean length of 5 metres (3 - 8.5 metres) when measured intraoperatively in the living adult (Tietelbaum et al 2013).
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^ Jump up to: a b Schoenwolf, Gary C.; Bleyl, Steven B.; Brauer, Philip R.; Francis-West, Philippa H. (2009). "Development of the Urogenital system". Larsen's human embryology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 237. ISBN 9780443068119.
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Jump up ^ Canny, G. O.; McCormick, B. A. (2008). "Bacteria in the Intestine, Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within?". Infection and Immunity. 76 (8): 3360–3373. doi:10.1128/IAI.00187-08. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 2493210  . PMID 18474643.
Jump up ^ "The human proteome in small intestine - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
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Bibliography[edit]
Sherwood, Lauralee (2006). Fundamentals of physiology: a human perspective (Third ed.). Florence, KY: Cengage Learning. p. 768. ISBN 0-534-46697-4.
Solomon et al. (2002) Biology Sixth Edition, Brooks-Cole/Thomson Learning ISBN 0-03-033503-5
Townsend et al. (2004) Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, Elsevier ISBN 0-7216-0409-9
Thomson A, Drozdowski L, Iordache C, Thomson B, Vermeire S, Clandinin M, Wild G (2003). "Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 1". Dig Dis Sci. 48 (8): 1546–64. doi:10.1023/A:1024719925058. PMID 12924651.
Thomson A, Drozdowski L, Iordache C, Thomson B, Vermeire S, Clandinin M, Wild G (2003). "Small bowel review: Normal physiology, part 2". Dig Dis Sci. 48 (8): 1565–81. doi:10.1023/A:1024724109128. PMID 12924652.
External links[edit]
Small intestine at the Human Protein Atlas
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Gamete
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμετή gamete from gamein "to marry"[1]) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce. In species that produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male produces the smaller tadpole-like type—called a sperm. In short a gamete is an egg (female gamete) or a sperm (male gamete). This is an example of anisogamy or heterogamy, the condition in which females and males produce gametes of different sizes (this is the case in humans; the human ovum has approximately 100,000 times the volume of a single human sperm cell[2][3]). In contrast, isogamy is the state of gametes from both sexes being the same size and shape, and given arbitrary designators for mating type. The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel. Gametes carry half the genetic information of an individual, one ploidy of each type, and are created through meiosis.
Oogenesis is the process of female gamete formation in animals. This process involves meiosis (including meiotic recombination) occurring in the diploid primary oocyte to produce the haploid ovum (gamete). Spermatogenesis is the process of male gamete formation in animals. This process also involves meiosis (including meiotic recombination) occurring in the diploid primary spermatocyte to produce the haploid spermatozoon (gamete).
Contents
[hide]
1 Dissimilarity
2 Sex determination in humans and birds
3 Artificial gametes
4 Plants
5 Notes and references
Dissimilarity[edit]
In contrast to a gamete, the diploid somatic cells of an individual contain one copy of the chromosome set from the sperm and one copy of the chromosome set from the egg cell; that is, the cells of the offspring have genes expressing characteristics of both the father and the mother. A gamete's chromosomes are not exact duplicates of either of the sets of chromosomes carried in the diploid chromosomes, and often undergo random mutations resulting in modified DNA (and subsequently, new proteins and phenotypes).
Sex determination in humans and birds[edit]
In humans, a normal ovum can carry only an X chromosome (of the X and Y chromosomes), whereas a sperm may carry either an X or a Y (a non-normal ovum can end up carrying two or no X chromosomes, as a result of a irregularity at either of the two stages of meiosis, while a non-normal sperm cell can end up carrying either no sex-defining chromosomes, an XY pair, or XX pair as a result of the forementioned reason); ergo the male sperm can play a role in determining the sex of any resulting zygote, if the zygote has two X chromosomes it may develop into a female, if it has an X and a Y chromosome, it may develop into a male.[4] For birds, the female ovum determines the sex of the offspring, through the ZW sex-determination system.[4]
Artificial gametes[edit]
Artificial gametes, also known as In vitro derived gametes (IVD), stem cell-derived gametes (SCDGs), and In vitro generated gametes (IVG), are gametes derived from stem cells. Research shows that artificial gametes may be a reproductive technique for same-sex male couples, although a surrogate mother would still be required for the gestation period.[5] Women who have passed menopause may be able to produce eggs and bear genetically related children with artificial gametes.[5] Robert Sparrow wrote, in the Journal of Medical Ethics, that embryos derived from artificial gametes could be used to derive new gametes and this process could be repeated to create multiple human generations in the laboratory.[6] This technique could be used to create cell lines for medical applications and for studying the heredity of genetic disorders.[6] Additionally, this technique could be used for human enhancement by selectively breeding for a desired genome or by using recombinant DNA technology to create enhancements that have not arisen in nature.[6]
Plants[edit]
Plants which reproduce sexually also have gametes. However, since plants have an alternation of diploid and haploid generations some differences exist. In flowering plants the flowers use meiosis to produce a haploid generation which produce gametes through mitosis. The female haploid is called the ovule and is produced by the ovary of the flower. When mature the haploid ovule produces the female gamete which are ready for fertilization. The male haploid is pollen and is produced by the anther, when pollen lands on a mature stigma of a flower it grows a pollen tube down into the flower. The haploid pollen then produces sperm by mitosis and releases them for fertilization.
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "gamete". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Marshall, A. M. 1893. Vertebrate embryology: a text-book for students and practitioners. GP Putnam's Sons.
Jump up ^ Yeung, C., M. Anapolski, M. Depenbusch, M. Zitzmann, and T. Cooper. 2003. "Human sperm volume regulation. Response to physiological changes in osmolality, channel blockers and potential sperm osmolytes." Human Reproduction 18:1029.
^ Jump up to: a b Jay Phelan (30 April 2009). What Is Life?: A Guide to Biology W/Prep-U. Macmillan. pp. 237–. ISBN 978-1-4292-2318-8. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Newson, A J; Smajdor, A C (2005). "Artificial gametes: new paths to parenthood?". Journal of Medical Ethics. 31: 184–186. doi:10.1136/jme.2003.004986. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sparrow, Robert (4 April 2013). "In vitro eugenics". Journal of Medical Ethics. doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-101200. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
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text:
List of Test cricket hat-tricks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat-tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011[1] and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014.
In the sport of cricket, a hat-trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries. As of 31 July 2017, this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches,[2] the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days' duration. The first Test hat-trick was recorded on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match to take place, by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth, nicknamed "The Demon Bowler", who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017. At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat-trick.[3]
A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]
Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat-trick where the wickets fell over three overs. He took a wicket with the final ball of an over. With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings. He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings.[8]
In the five-match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970, a hat-trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match, at Headingley (the last three of four wickets in five balls).[9] These matches were considered to be Tests at the time, but that status was later removed.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Test hat-tricks
2 By team
3 See also
4 References
4.1 General
4.2 Specific
Test hat-tricks[edit]
Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat-trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match.
Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat-trick for England, four years after Spofforth achieved the feat.
Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat-trick, achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904.
Courtney Walsh's hat-trick in 1988 was spread across two innings. In Australia's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings.
Wasim Akram took two hat-tricks in the space of nine days in 1999.
When Peter Siddle took a hat-trick for Australia in 2010, his final victim was Stuart Broad. Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat-trick.
Key
Symbol
Meaning
Bowler
The name of the bowler
For
The team for which the bowler was playing
Against
The team against which the bowler was playing
Inn.
The innings (first or second) in which the hat-trick was achieved
Test
The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams
Dismissals
The three players dismissed by the bowler
Venue
The venue where the hat-trick was achieved
Date
The date on which the hat-trick was achieved
Ref.
Reference
List of Test cricket hat-tricks
No.
Bowler
For
Against
Inn.
Test
Dismissals
Venue
Date
Ref.
1
Spofforth, FredFred Spofforth
Australia England 1 1/1
Vernon Royle (b)
Francis MacKinnon (b)
Tom Emmett (c Tom Horan)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 2 January 1879 [11]
2
Bates, BillyBilly Bates
England Australia 1 2/3
Percy McDonnell (b)
George Giffen (c and b)
George Bonnor (c Walter Read)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 20 January 1883 [12]
3
Briggs, JohnnyJohnny Briggs
England Australia 2 2/3
Walter Giffen (b)
Jack Blackham (lbw)
Sydney Callaway (c W. G. Grace)
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney 2 February 1892 [13]
4
Lohmann, GeorgeGeorge Lohmann
England South Africa 2 1/3
Frederick Cook (b)
Bonnor Middleton (b)
Joseph Willoughby (c Tom Hayward)
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 [14]
5
Hearne, JackJack Hearne
England Australia 2 3/5
Clem Hill (b)
Syd Gregory (c Archie MacLaren)
Monty Noble (c Ranjitsinhji)
Headingley, Leeds 30 June 1899 [15]
6
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
Australia England 2 2/5
John Gunn (c Sammy Jones)
Arthur Jones (c Joe Darling)
Sydney Barnes (c and b)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 4 January 1902 [16]
7
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
Australia England 2 5/5
Bernard Bosanquet (c Algy Gehrs)
Plum Warner (c and b)
Dick Lilley (lbw)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 8 March 1904 [17]
8
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
Australia South Africa 1 1/3
Rolland Beaumont (b)
Sid Pegler (lbw)
Tommy Ward (lbw)
Old Trafford, Manchester 28 May 1912 [18]
9
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
Australia South Africa 2 1/3
Herbie Taylor (b)
Reggie Schwarz (c and b)
Tommy Ward (c and b)
Old Trafford, Manchester 28 May 1912 [18]
10
Allom, MauriceMaurice Allom
England New Zealand 1 1/4
Tom Lowry (lbw)
Ken James (c Tich Cornford)
Ted Badcock (b)
Lancaster Park, Christchurch 10 January 1930 [19]
11
Goddard, TomTom Goddard
England South Africa 1 1/5
Dudley Nourse (c and b)
Norman Gordon (st Leslie Ames)
Billy Wade (b)
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg 26 December 1938 [20]
12
Loader, PeterPeter Loader
England West Indies 1 4/5
John Goddard (b)
Sonny Ramadhin (c Fred Trueman)
Roy Gilchrist (b)
Headingley, Leeds 25 July 1957 [21]
13
Kline, LindsayLindsay Kline
Australia South Africa 2 2/5
Eddie Fuller (c Richie Benaud)
Hugh Tayfield (lbw)
Neil Adcock (c Bob Simpson)
Newlands, Cape Town 3 January 1958 [22]
14
Hall, WesWes Hall
West Indies Pakistan 1 3/3
Mushtaq Mohammed (lbw)
Fazal Mahmood (c Garfield Sobers)
Nasim-ul-Ghani (b)
Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore 29 March 1959 [23]
15
Griffin, GeoffGeoff Griffin
South Africa England 1 2/5
M. J. K. Smith (c John Waite)
Peter Walker (b)
Fred Trueman (b)
Lord's, London 24 June 1960 [24]
16
Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs
West Indies Australia 1 4/5
Ken Mackay (lbw)
Wally Grout (c Garfield Sobers)
Frank Misson (b)
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide 30 January 1961 [25]
17
Petherick, PeterPeter Petherick
New Zealand Pakistan 1 1/3
Javed Miandad (c Richard Hadlee)
Wasim Raja (c and b)
Intikhab Alam (c Geoff Howarth)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 9 October 1976 [26]
18
Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh
West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1/5
Tony Dodemaide (c Viv Richards)
Mike Veletta (c Carl Hooper)
Graeme Wood (lbw)
Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane 18–20 November 1988 [27]
19
Hughes, MervMerv Hughes
Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2/5
Curtly Ambrose (c Ian Healy)
Patrick Patterson (c Tony Dodemaide)
Gordon Greenidge (lbw)
WACA, Perth 3–4 December 1988 [28]
20
Fleming, DamienDamien Fleming
Australia Pakistan 2 2/3
Aamer Malik (c Michael Bevan)
Inzamam-ul-Haq (lbw)
Saleem Malik (c Ian Healy)
Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 [29]
21
Warne, ShaneShane Warne
Australia England 2 2/5
Phil DeFreitas (lbw)
Darren Gough (c Ian Healy)
Devon Malcolm (c David Boon)
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne 29 December 1994 [30]
22
Cork, DominicDominic Cork
England West Indies 2 4/6
Richie Richardson (b)
Junior Murray (lbw)
Carl Hooper (lbw)
Old Trafford, Manchester 30 July 1995 [31]
23
Gough, DarrenDarren Gough
England Australia 1 5/5
Ian Healy (c Warren Hegg)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Colin Miller (b)
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney 2 January 1999 [32]
24
Wasim Akram
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 3/4
Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Niroshan Bandaratilleke (b)
Pramodya Wickramasinghe (b)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 6 March 1999 [33]
25
Wasim Akram
Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 4/4
Avishka Gunawardene (c Shahid Afridi)
Chaminda Vaas (b)
Mahela Jayawardene (c Wajahatullah Wasti)
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka 14 March 1999 [34]
26
Nuwan Zoysa
Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 1 2/3
Trevor Gripper (lbw)
Murray Goodwin (c Romesh Kaluwitharana)
Neil Johnson (lbw)
Harare Sports Club, Harare 26 November 1999 [35]
27
Abdul Razzaq
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 2/3
Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Rangana Herath (lbw)
Ravi Pushpakumara (lbw)
Galle International Stadium, Galle 21 June 2000 [36]
28
McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath
Australia West Indies 1 2/5
Sherwin Campbell (c Ricky Ponting)
Brian Lara (c Stuart MacGill)
Jimmy Adams (c Justin Langer)
WACA, Perth 1 December 2000 [37]
29
Harbhajan Singh
India Australia 1 2/3
Ricky Ponting (lbw)
Adam Gilchrist (lbw)
Shane Warne (c Sadagoppan Ramesh)
Eden Gardens, Calcutta 11 March 2001 [38]
30
Mohammad Sami
Pakistan Sri Lanka 1 3/3
Charitha Buddhika (lbw)
Nuwan Zoysa (lbw)
Muttiah Muralitharan (b)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore 8 March 2002 [39]
31
Lawson, JermaineJermaine Lawson
West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3/4
Brett Lee (b)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Justin Langer (lbw)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown 2–5 May 2003 [40]
32
Alok Kapali
Bangladesh Pakistan 1 2/3
Shabbir Ahmed (c Mashrafe Mortaza)
Danish Kaneria (lbw)
Umar Gul (lbw)
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar 29 August 2003 [41]
33
Blignaut, AndyAndy Blignaut
Zimbabwe Bangladesh 2 1/2
Hannan Sarkar (lbw)
Mohammad Ashraful (c sub (Travis Friend))
Mushfiqur Rahman (c Tatenda Taibu)
Harare Sports Club, Harare 22 February 2004 [42]
34
Hoggard, MatthewMatthew Hoggard
England West Indies 2 3/4
Ramnaresh Sarwan (c Ashley Giles)
Shivnarine Chanderpaul (lbw)
Ryan Hinds (c Andrew Flintoff)
Kensington Oval, Barbados 3 April 2004 [43]
35
Franklin, JamesJames Franklin
New Zealand Bangladesh 1 1/2
Manjural Islam Rana (c Brendon McCullum)
Mohammad Rafique (c Scott Styris)
Tapash Baisya (b)
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka 20 October 2004 [44]
36
Irfan Pathan
India Pakistan 1 3/3
Salman Butt (c Rahul Dravid)
Younis Khan (lbw)
Mohammad Yousuf (b)
National Stadium, Karachi 29 January 2006 [45]
37
Sidebottom, RyanRyan Sidebottom
England New Zealand 2 1 /3
Stephen Fleming (c Alastair Cook)
Mathew Sinclair (c Alastair Cook)
Jacob Oram (lbw)
Seddon Park, Hamilton 8 March 2008 [46]
38
Siddle, PeterPeter Siddle
Australia England 1 1/5
Alastair Cook (c Shane Watson)
Matt Prior (b)
Stuart Broad (lbw)
Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane 25 November 2010 [47]
39
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
England India 1 2/4
Mahendra Singh Dhoni (c James Anderson)
Harbhajan Singh (lbw)
Praveen Kumar (b)
Trent Bridge, Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 [48]
40
Gazi, SohagSohag Gazi
Bangladesh New Zealand 2 1/2
Corey Anderson (lbw)
BJ Watling (c Mushfiqur Rahim)
Doug Bracewell (c Shakib Al Hasan)
Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong 13 October 2013 [49]
41
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
England Sri Lanka 1 2/2
Kumar Sangakkara (c Ian Bell)
Dinesh Chandimal (c Alastair Cook)
Shaminda Eranga (c Matt Prior)
Headingley, Leeds 20 June 2014 [50]
42
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
Sri Lanka Australia 1 2/3
Adam Voges (c Dimuth Karunaratne)
Peter Nevill (lbw)
Mitchell Starc (lbw)
Galle International Stadium, Galle 5 August 2016 [51]
43
Ali, MoeenMoeen Ali
England South Africa 2 3/4
Dean Elgar (c Ben Stokes)
Kagiso Rabada (c Ben Stokes)
Morné Morkel (lbw)
The Oval, London 31 July 2017 [52]
By team[edit]
England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat-tricks to date, 25 of 43 (58.14%).[3]
Test hat-tricks by team
Team
Hat-tricks
England
14
Australia
11
Pakistan
4
West Indies
4
Bangladesh
2
India
2
Sri Lanka
2
New Zealand
2
South Africa
1
Zimbabwe
1
See also[edit]
List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks
List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks
References[edit]
General[edit]
"Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat-tricks". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Specific[edit]
Jump up ^ "India in England – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ McGhie, Tom (20 July 2011). "Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord's plays host to the 2,000th when England take on India". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat-tricks". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Triangular Tournament −1st match: Australia v South Africa Test Series – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Williamson, Martin (11 August 2012). "No-balled out of the game". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ McGlashan, Andrew (25 November 2010). "Siddle hat-trick gives Australia control". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Islam, Mohammad (13 October 2013). "Gazi shines as Test ends in draw". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Steven (13 October 2013). "Three-act plays". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "England v Rest Of The World, 1970 – 4th match". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "July 2000 – The best of the best?". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1878/79 – Only Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (IFW Bligh's XI) tour of Australia, 1882/83: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (Lord Sheffield's XI) tour of Australia, 1891/92: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of South Africa, 1895/96 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of England, 1899: The Ashes – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1901/02: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England (Marylebone Cricket Club) tour of Australia, 1903/04: The Ashes – 5th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Triangular Tournament, 1912: Australia v South Africa Test Series −1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of New Zealand, 1929/30 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of South Africa, 1938/39 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of England, 1957 – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of South Africa, 1957/58 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Pakistan, 1958/59 – 3d Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "South Africa tour of England, 1960 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1960/61 – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Pakistan, 1976/77 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1988/89: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 1988/89: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of Pakistan, 1994/95 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1994/95: The Ashes – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of England, 1995: The Wisden Trophy – 4th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 1998/99: The Ashes – 5th Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 1998/99 – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 1998/99 – Final". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe, 1999/00 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka, 2000 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "West Indies tour of Australia, 2000/01 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of India, 2000/01 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asian Championship Test, 2001/02 – Final". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of West Indies, 2003: The Frank Worrell Trophy – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh tour of Pakistan, 2003 – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe, 2003/04 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of West Indies, 2003/04: The Wisden Trophy – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Bangladesh, 2004/05 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "India tour of Pakistan, 2005/06 – 3rd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of New Zealand, 2007/08 – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "England tour of Australia, 2010/11: The Ashes – 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "India tour of England, 2011: Pataudi Trophy – 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand tour of Bangladesh, 1st Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 13 Oct 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka tour of England, 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 Jun 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australia tour of Sri Lanka, 2nd Test". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 Aug 2016.
Jump up ^ "3rd Test, South Africa tour of England at London, Jul 27 – Jul 31". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
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