text:
Who Do You Think You Are? (book)
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Who Do You Think You Are?
First edition
Author
Alice Munro
Country
Canada
Language
English
Publisher
Macmillan of Canada
Publication date
1978
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
206 pp (hardcover edition) & 272 pp (paperback edition)
ISBN
978-0-7705-1712-0 (hardcover edition)
OCLC
5099798
Dewey Decimal
813/.5/4
LC Class
PZ4.M969 Wh PR9199.3.M8
Who Do You Think You Are? is a book of short stories by Alice Munro, recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, published by Macmillan of Canada in 1978. It won the 1978 Governor General's Award for English Fiction, her second win of that prize.
Outside of Canada, the book was published as The Beggar Maid. Under that title, it was also nominated for the Booker Prize in 1980.
The collection of short stories revolve around protagonist Rose. The collection has been labelled by some critics as a novel, as the same characters and similar themes recur throughout the book, but there is no formal cohesiveness in plot. Each story explores an idea, and is not bound by a particular time, place, setting, or narrative voice.
Stories[edit]
"Royal Beatings"
"Privilege"
"Half a Grapefruit"
"Wild Swans"
"The Beggar Maid"
"Mischief"
"Providence"
"Simon's Luck"
"Spelling"
"Who Do You Think You Are?"
Summary[edit]
As suggested by the title, the theme of identity is central to the collection. The short stories can be described as a bildungsroman. Rose grows up in a small town, abused by her father, and living in an impoverished home. In "Half a Grapefruit", she begins attending a school on the more affluent part of town. In class, when asked what she ate for breakfast, she lies and says "half a grapefruit" rather than revealing her mundane, considerably less glamorous meal. The lie haunts her, and she is embarrassed by her upbringing.
Rose ends up winning a scholarship to attend university. On a train ride to Toronto, she is molested by a clergy man; she chooses to ignore this incident, but it has irreparable damage on her future relationships with men. At university she meets her husband who has a medieval perspective of women—he is drawn to her because he sees her as a damsel in distress. Her marriage eventually ends, and she has to juggle being a mother, meeting other men, and her acting career.
One of her significant relationships is with Simon, a charming man she meets at a friend's house. The two spend the weekend together, and she grows attached to him (she describes it as developing an understanding for Simon's many personas). He disappears unexpectedly afterwards. She later discovers that Simon has died.
The final few short stories have her returning home; this gives her a chance to close the chapter of her life involving her complicated relationship with her stepmother Flo.
External links[edit]
Who Do You Think You Are? at the Literary Encyclopedia
[show]
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Works by Alice Munro
Collections
Dance of the Happy Shades (1968)
Lives of Girls and Women (1971)
Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You (1974)
Who Do You Think You Are? (1978)
The Moons of Jupiter (1982)
The Progress of Love (1986)
Friend of My Youth (1990)
Open Secrets (1994)
The Love of a Good Woman (1998)
Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001)
Runaway (2004)
The View from Castle Rock (2006)
Too Much Happiness (2009)
Dear Life (2012)
Short stories
"Boys and Girls"
"How I Met My Husband"
"The Moons of Jupiter"
List of short stories by Alice Munro
Compilations
Selected Stories (1996: 1968-1994)
No Love Lost (2003: 1978–1999)
Vintage Munro (2004: 1982–2001)
Carried Away: A Personal Selection Of Stories (2006: 1978–2004)
Adaptations
Martha, Ruth & Edie (1988, segment "How I Met My Husband")
Edge of Madness (2002 film)
Away from Her (2006 film)
Hateship, Loveship (2013 film)
Julieta (2016 film)
[show]
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Winners of the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction
1930s
Bertram Brooker, Think of the Earth (1936)
Laura Salverson, The Dark Weaver (1937)
Gwethalyn Graham, Swiss Sonata (1938)
Franklin D. McDowell, The Champlain Road (1939)
1940s
Ringuet, Thirty Acres (1940)
Alan Sullivan, Three Came to Ville Marie (1941)
G. Herbert Sallans, Little Man (1942)
Thomas Head Raddall, The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek (1943)
Gwethalyn Graham, Earth and High Heaven (1944)
Hugh MacLennan, Two Solitudes (1945)
Winifred Bambrick, Continental Revue (1946)
Gabrielle Roy, The Tin Flute (1947)
Hugh MacLennan, The Precipice (1948)
Philip Child, Mr. Ames Against Time (1949)
1950s
Germaine Guèvremont, The Outlander (1950)
Morley Callaghan, The Loved and the Lost (1951)
David Walker, The Pillar (1952)
David Walker, Digby (1953)
Igor Gouzenko, The Fall of a Titan (1954)
Lionel Shapiro, The Sixth of June (1955)
Adele Wiseman, The Sacrifice (1956)
Gabrielle Roy, Street of Riches (1957)
Colin McDougall, Execution (1958)
Hugh MacLennan, The Watch That Ends the Night (1959)
1960s
Brian Moore, The Luck of Ginger Coffey (1960)
Malcolm Lowry, Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place (1961)
Kildare Dobbs, Running to Paradise (1962)
Hugh Garner, Hugh Garner's Best Stories (1963)
Douglas LePan, The Deserter (1964)
[no award] (1965)
Margaret Laurence, A Jest of God (1966)
[no award] (1967)
Alice Munro, Dance of the Happy Shades (1968)
Robert Kroetsch, The Studhorse Man (1969)
1970s
Dave Godfrey, The New Ancestors (1970)
Mordecai Richler, St. Urbain's Horseman (1971)
Robertson Davies, The Manticore (1972)
Rudy Wiebe, The Temptations of Big Bear (1973)
Margaret Laurence, The Diviners (1974)
Brian Moore, The Great Victorian Collection (1975)
Marian Engel, Bear (1976)
Timothy Findley, The Wars (1977)
Alice Munro, Who Do You Think You Are? (1978)
Jack Hodgins, The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne (1979)
1980s
George Bowering, Burning Water (1980)
Mavis Gallant, Home Truths: Selected Canadian Stories (1981)
Guy Vanderhaeghe, Man Descending (1982)
Leon Rooke, Shakespeare's Dog (1983)
Josef Skvorecky, The Engineer of Human Souls (1984)
Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid's Tale (1985)
Alice Munro, The Progress of Love (1986)
M. T. Kelly, A Dream Like Mine (1987)
David Adams Richards, Nights Below Station Street (1988)
Paul Quarrington, Whale Music (1989)
1990s
Nino Ricci, Lives of the Saints (1990)
Rohinton Mistry, Such a Long Journey (1991)
Michael Ondaatje, The English Patient (1992)
Carol Shields, The Stone Diaries (1993)
Rudy Wiebe, A Discovery of Strangers (1994)
Greg Hollingshead, The Roaring Girl (1995)
Guy Vanderhaeghe, The Englishman's Boy (1996)
Jane Urquhart, The Underpainter (1997)
Diane Schoemperlen, Forms of Devotion (1998)
Matt Cohen, Elizabeth and After (1999)
2000s
Michael Ondaatje, Anil's Ghost (2000)
Richard B. Wright, Clara Callan (2001)
Gloria Sawai, A Song for Nettie Johnson (2002)
Douglas Glover, Elle (2003)
Miriam Toews, A Complicated Kindness (2004)
David Gilmour, A Perfect Night to Go to China (2005)
Peter Behrens, The Law of Dreams (2006)
Michael Ondaatje, Divisadero (2007)
Nino Ricci, The Origin of Species (2008)
Kate Pullinger, The Mistress of Nothing (2009)
2010s
Dianne Warren, Cool Water (2010)
Patrick deWitt, The Sisters Brothers (2011)
Linda Spalding, The Purchase (2012)
Eleanor Catton, The Luminaries (2013)
Thomas King, The Back of the Turtle (2014)
Guy Vanderhaeghe, Daddy Lenin and Other Stories (2015)
Madeleine Thien, Do Not Say We Have Nothing (2016)
Joel Thomas Hynes, We'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night (2017)

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text:
Government-granted monopoly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Franchise (rail)" redirects here. For the process as applied in the United Kingdom, see Rail franchising in Great Britain.
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In economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly") is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law, regulation, or other mechanisms of government enforcement. As a form of coercive monopoly, government-granted monopoly is contrasted with a non-coercive monopoly or an efficiency monopoly, where there is no competition but it is not forcibly excluded. Amongst forms of coercive monopoly it is distinguished from government monopoly or state monopoly (in which government agencies hold the legally enforced monopoly rather than private individuals or firms) and from government-sponsored cartels (in which the government forces several independent producers to partially coordinate their decisions through a centralized organization). Advocates for government-granted monopolies often claim that they ensure a degree of public control over essential industries, without having those industries actually run by the state. Opponents often criticize them as political favors to corporations. Government-granted monopolies may be opposed by those who would prefer free markets as well as by those who would prefer to replace private corporations with public ownership.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Patent
3 Copyright
4 Trademark
5 Directly mandated
6 Criticism
7 Examples
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Under mercantilist economic systems, European governments with colonial interests often granted large and extremely lucrative monopolies to companies trading in particular regions, such as the Dutch East India Company.[citation needed]
Today, government-granted monopolies may be found in public utility services such as public roads, mail, water supply, and electric power, as well as certain specialized and highly regulated fields such as education and gambling. In many countries lucrative natural resources industries, especially the petroleum industry, are controlled by government-granted monopolies. Franchises granted by governments to operate public transit through public roads are another example.
Patent[edit]
Main article: Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state or national government to an inventor or his/her assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.
The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, inventive, and useful or industrially applicable. In many countries, certain subject areas are excluded from patents, such as business methods and mental acts. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without permission.[1]
Copyright[edit]
Main article: Copyright
Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time. The exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves
Trademark[edit]
Main article: Trademark
A trademark or trade mark[2] is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities.
Trademarks can act as a form of consumer protection that lowers the transaction costs between a buyer and seller who are not personally acquainted.[3]
Directly mandated[edit]
Governments have granted monopolies to forms of copy prevention. In the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, for example, the proprietary Macrovision copy prevention technology is required for analog video recorders. Though other forms of copy prevention aren't prohibited, requiring Macrovision effectively gives it a monopoly and prevents more effective copy prevention methods from being developed.[citation needed]
Criticism[edit]
Opponents of government-granted monopoly often point out that such a firm is able to set its pricing and production policies without fear of breeding potential competition. They argue that this causes inefficiencies in the market place, such as unnecessarily high prices to consumers for the good or service being supplied. It has been argued that government-imposed price caps might avert this problem.
Examples[edit]
State Bar of Arizona
Saudi Aramco
British East India Company
French East India Company
Brewers Retail
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
K–12 education
Interest rates
West Virginia American Water
See also[edit]
Coercive monopoly
Legal monopoly
Copyright
Government monopoly
Monopoly
Natural monopoly
Rent seeking
Federal Reserve System
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Patents: Frequently Asked Questions, World Intellectual Property Organization, Retrieved on 22 February 2009
Jump up ^ The styling of trademark as a single word is predominantly used in the United States and Philippines only, while the two word styling trade mark is used in many other countries around the world, including the European Union and Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth jurisdictions (although Canada officially uses trade-mark pursuant to the Trade-mark Act, trade mark and trademark are also commonly used).
Jump up ^ Landes, William; Posner, Richard. "7". The economic structure of intellectual property law. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-674-01204-2. Retrieved 2009-08-18. - Subheading: The Economic Function of Trademarks p 166
External links[edit]
Unnatural Monopoly: Critical Moments in the Development of the Bell System Monopoly by Adam D. Thierer
Antitrust Policy As Corporate Welfare by Clyde Wayne Crews Jr (PDF)
Antitrust Policy As Corporate Welfare by Clyde Wayne Crews Jr (Google conversion from PDF)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government-granted_monopoly&oldid=810143578"
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text:
You've Got a Friend in Me
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"You've Got a Friend in Me"
Single by Randy Newman and Lyle Lovett
from the album Toy Story
Released
April 12, 1996[1]
Format
Cassette, CD single, digital download
Genre
Country, pop, soundtrack
Length
2:39
Label
Walt Disney
Songwriter(s)
Randy Newman
Producer(s)
Randy Newman
Randy Newman singles chronology
"It's Money That Matters" / "Falling in Love"
(1988) "You've Got a Friend in Me"
(1996) "We Belong Together"
(2010)
"It's Money That Matters" / "Falling in Love"
(1988) "You've Got a Friend in Me"
(1996) "We Belong Together"
(2010)
Lyle Lovett singles chronology
"Don't Touch My Hat"
(1996) Don't Touch My Hat1996 "You've Got a Friend in Me"
(1996) You've Got a Friend in Me1996 "Private Conversation"
(1997) Private Conversation1997
"You've Got a Friend in Me" is a song written and first recorded by Randy Newman. Originally written as the theme song for the 1995 Disney/Pixar animated film Toy Story, it has since become the theme song for its sequels, Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise. The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but lost both to "Colors of the Wind" from Disney's Pocahontas.
Like many other Disney theme songs, "You've Got a Friend in Me" has been covered numerous times. Cover versions featured in the three Toy Story films include a duet with Newman and Lyle Lovett in Toy Story, a version by Robert Goulet and an instrumental by Tom Scott in Toy Story 2, an Italian language version by Riccardo Cocciante, and a Spanish language version by the Gipsy Kings in Toy Story 3.
Contents
[hide]
1 In Toy Story
2 Release history
3 Cover versions
4 References
5 External links
In Toy Story[edit]
The song is played during the opening credits for Toy Story and Toy Story 3, establishing the importance of Woody and Andy in the first film and the importance of all his toys in the third. Toy Story 3 also uses it for irony and dramatic effect, as the opening credits harken back to the first film and the song abruptly fades out with "As the years go by/Our friendship will never die", before showing that Andy's remaining toys in the present day are boxed up and unused. When they were unused, Andy was 17 years old.
In the two sequels, the song is listened to by the characters as part of the story. Two of these are cover versions done at the end of the film for thematic reasons: at the end of Toy Story 2, the character Wheezy starts to sing it to the other toys; during the end credits of Toy Story 3, Buzz Lightyear and Jessie (now a couple) perform a pasodoble to a Spanish version of the song, deliberately played by Jessie to get Buzz to dance.
The most significant use of the song was in the third act of Toy Story 2, where an episode of Woody's Roundup (the 1950s puppet show he was based on) shows the puppet Woody singing the song, directed at the young audience and featuring a small child hugging the puppet. Woody sees this and has an epiphany, realizing that his mission as a toy is to be there for a child. (In-universe, the song was presumably written for Woody's Roundup.)
The Woody's Roundup version was performed by Tom Hanks, with acoustic guitar backing; Wheezy's version was sung by Robert Goulet (though the character was voiced by Joe Ranft); and the Spanish version, "You've Got a Friend in Me (Para el Buzz Español)", was performed by the Gipsy Kings.
Release history[edit]
Format
Release date
Catalog
Demo Unreleased none
Cassette April 12, 1996[1] #60367
CD
Cover versions[edit]
Michael Bublé covered "You've Got a Friend in Me" on his 2013 album, To Be Loved. The track became a U.S. Adult Contemporary chart hit, spending 14 weeks on the chart and peaking at number 10.[2]
Brian Wilson covered the song in his album "In the Key of Disney"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "You've Got a Friend in Me > Overview". Allmusic. Macrovision. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
Jump up ^ [1]
External links[edit]
Best Song Academy Award Nominations - Newman
Toy Story 10th Anniversary Edition at the Wayback Machine (archived May 7, 2005), Pixar press release, May 2, 2005. (Archived from the original on May 7, 2005)
[show]
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Related
Discography
Nilsson Sings Newman
Alfred Newman
David Newman
Emil Newman
Joey Newman
Lionel Newman
Thomas Newman
[show]
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Music
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[show]
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United States National Security Council
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United States National Security Council
Agency overview
Formed
September 18, 1947 (1947-09-18)
Headquarters
Eisenhower Executive Office Building
Agency executives
Donald Trump, President of the United States, Chairman
Michael Pence, Vice President
John J. Sullivan, Secretary of State
James Mattis, Secretary of Defense
Rick Perry, Secretary of Energy
Parent agency
Executive Office of the President of the United States
Website
National Security Council Website
President Barack Obama at an NSC Meeting in the Situation Room. Participants include Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Defense Secretary Robert Gates, NSC Advisor Gen. James "Jim" Jones, Director of National Intelligence (DNI) Dennis Blair, Deputy National Security Advisor Tom Donilon, White House Counsel Greg Craig, CIA Director Leon Panetta, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. James Cartwright, and White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel
The White House National Security Council (NSC) is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security, military matters, and foreign policy matters with senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the executive office of the president of the United States. Since its inception under Harry S. Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the president's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The Council has counterparts in the national security councils of many other nations.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Detailed history
2 Authority and powers
2.1 Kill authorizations
3 Membership
3.1 Principals Committee
3.2 Deputies Committee
3.3 Policy Coordination Committees
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the United States National Security Council
The predecessor to the National Security Council was the National Intelligence Authority (NIA) which was established by President Harry S. Truman's Executive Letter of 22 January 1946 to oversee the Central Intelligence Group, the CIA's predecessor. The NIA was composed of the Secretary of State, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, and the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief.
The National Security Council was created in 1947 by the National Security Act. It was created because policymakers felt that the diplomacy of the State Department was no longer adequate to contain the USSR in light of the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States.[1] The intent was to ensure coordination and concurrence among the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force and other instruments of national security policy such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), also created in the National Security Act. In 2004, the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI) was created, taking over the responsibilities previously held by the head of CIA, the Director of Central Intelligence, as a cabinet-level position to oversee and coordinate activities of the Intelligence Community.[2]
On May 26, 2009, President Barack Obama merged the White House staff supporting the Homeland Security Council (HSC) and the National Security Council into one National Security Staff (NSS). The HSC and NSC each continue to exist by statute as bodies supporting the President.[3] The name of the staff organization was changed back to National Security Council Staff in 2014.[4]
On January 29, 2017, President Donald Trump restructured the Principals Committee (a subset of the full National Security Council), while at the same time altering the attendance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Director of National Intelligence.[5] On April 5, 2017, President Trump removed Steve Bannon from the Security Council.[6]
According to a National Security Presidential Memorandum 2, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Director of National Intelligence were to sit on the Principals Committee as and when matters pertaining to them arise, but will remain part of the full National Security Council.[7][8] However, Chief of Staff Reince Priebus clarified the next day that they still are invited to attend meetings.[9] With National Security Presidential Memorandum 4 in April 2017, the Director of National Intelligence and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff “shall” attend Principals Committee meetings and included the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency as a regular attendee.[10] The reorganization also placed the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development as a permanent member of the Deputies Committee, winning moderate praise.[11]
As of 6 April 2017, the White House Chief Strategist has been removed from the National Security Council and the roles of the director of national intelligence, CIA director and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff have been restored to the Principal's Committee.[12]
Detailed history[edit]
For a detailed history of the United States National Security Council by year see:
1947–1953
1953–1961
1961–1963
1963–1969
1969–1974
1974–1977
1977–1981
1981–1989
1989–1993
1993–present
Authority and powers[edit]
The National Security Council was established by the National Security Act of 1947 (PL 235 – 61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402), amended by the National Security Act Amendments of 1949 (63 Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.). Later in 1949, as part of the Reorganization Plan, the Council was placed in the Executive Office of the President.
The High Value Detainee Interrogation Group also reports to the NSC.[13]
Kill authorizations[edit]
Main article: Disposition Matrix
A secret National Security Council panel pursues the killing of an individual, including American citizens, who has been called a suspected terrorist.[14] In this case, no public record of this decision or any operation to kill the suspect will be made available.[14] The panel's actions are justified by "two principal legal theories": They "were permitted by Congress when it authorized the use of military forces against militants in the wake of the attacks of September 11, 2001; and they are permitted under international law if a country is defending itself."[14]
National Security Advisor Susan Rice, who has helped codify targeted killing criteria by creating the Disposition Matrix database, has described the Obama Administration targeted killing policy by stating that "in order to ensure that our counterterrorism operations involving the use of lethal force are legal, ethical, and wise, President Obama has demanded that we hold ourselves to the highest possible standards and processes".[15]
Reuters has reported that Anwar al-Awlaki, an American citizen, was on such a kill list and was killed accordingly.[14]
On February 4, 2013, NBC published a leaked Department of Justice memo providing a summary of the rationale used to justify targeted killing of US citizens who are senior operational leaders of Al-Qa'ida or associated forces.[16]
Membership[edit]
The Trump Administration's National Security Council, as per the statute[17], and National Security Presidential Memorandum–4 is chaired by the President. Its members are the Vice President (statutory), the Secretary of State (statutory), the Secretary of Defense (statutory), the Secretary of Energy (statutory), the National Security Advisor (non-statutory), the Attorney General (non-statutory), the Secretary of Homeland Security (non-statutory), the Representative of the United States to the United Nations (non-statutory), and the Secretary of the Treasury (statutory).[18][19]
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the statutory military advisor to the Council, the Director of National Intelligence is the statutory intelligence advisor, and the Director of National Drug Control Policy is the statutory drug control policy advisor. The Chief of Staff to the President, White House Counsel, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy are also regularly invited to attend NSC meetings. The Attorney General, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency are invited to attend meetings pertaining to their responsibilities. The heads of other executive departments and agencies, as well as other senior officials, are invited to attend meetings of the NSC when appropriate.
Structure of the United States National Security Council[20]
Chairman
President
Statutory Attendees[21]
Vice President
Secretary of State
Secretary of Defense
Secretary of Energy
Military Advisor (and regular attendee)
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff[22]
Intelligence Advisor (and regular attendee)
Director of National Intelligence[22]
Drug Policy Advisor
Director of National Drug Control Policy
Regular Attendees
National Security Advisor
Deputy National Security Advisor
Homeland Security Advisor
Attorney General
White House Chief of Staff
Additional Participants
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of Homeland Security
White House Counsel
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Assistant to the President for Economic Policy
Ambassador to the United Nations
Director of Office of Management and Budget
Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs[22]
Principals Committee[edit]
The Principals Committee of the National Security Council is the Cabinet-level senior interagency forum consideration of national security policy issues. The Principals Committee is convened and chaired by the National Security Advisor. The regular attendees of the Principals Committee are the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, the White House Chief of Staff, the Director of National Intelligence, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, the Homeland Security Advisor, and the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.[10]
The White House Counsel, the Deputy Counsel to the President for National Security Affairs, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Deputy National Security Advisor, the Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy, the National Security Advisor to the Vice President, and the NSC Executive Secretary may also attend all meetings of the Principals Committee. When considering international economic issues, the Principals Committee's regular attendees will include the Secretary of Commerce, the United States Trade Representative, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy.[23]
Deputies Committee[edit]
The National Security Council Deputies Committee is the senior sub-Cabinet interagency forum for consideration of national security policy issues. The Deputies Committee is also responsible for reviewing and monitoring the interagency national security process including for establishing and directing the Policy Coordination Committees.[24] The Deputies Committee is convened and chaired by the Deputy National Security Advisor or the Deputy Homeland Security Advisor.[23]
Regular members of the Deputies Committee are the Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategy, the Deputy Secretary of State, Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Attorney General, the Deputy Secretary of Energy, the Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security, the Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Deputy Director of National Intelligence, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the National Security Advisor to the Vice President, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Invitations to participant in or attend specific meetings are extended to Deputy or Under Secretary level of executive departments and agencies and to other senior officials when relevant issues are discussed. The Executive Secretary and the Deputy White House Counsel also attend. The relevant Senior Director on the National Security Council staff is also invited to attend when relevant.[23]
Policy Coordination Committees[edit]
The Policy Coordination Committees of the National Security Council, established and directed by the Deputies Committee, are responsible for the management of the development and implementation of national security policies through interagency coordination. Policy Coordination Committees are the main day-to-day fora for interagency coordination of national security policy development, implementation and analysis in aide of the Deputies Committee and the Principals Committee. Policy Coordination Committees are chaired by Senior Directors on the National Security Council staff, or sometimes National Economic Council staff, with Assistant Secretary-level officials from the relevant executive department or agency acting as co-chairs.[23]
See also[edit]
United States portal
Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations
National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection and Counter-Terrorism
National Security Medal
National Security Advisor
Iran–Contra affair
Targeted killing
Tower Commission
Homeland Security Council
Homeland Security Advisor
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of American foreign policy, 2nd ed. Vol. 2, New York: Scribner, 2002, National Security Council, 22 April 2009
Jump up ^ Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the US Intelligence Community, Douglas F. Garthoff, 2007, cia.gov
Jump up ^ Helene Cooper (May 26, 2009). "In Security Shuffle, White House Merges Staffs". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caitlin Hayden (February 10, 2014). "NSC Staff, the Name Is Back! So Long, NSS" (Press release). WhiteHouse.gov. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Merrit Kennedy (January 29, 2017). "With National Security Council Shakeup, Steve Bannon Gets A Seat At The Table". NPR. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Jacobs (April 5, 2017). "Bannon Loses National Security Council Role in Trump Shakeup". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Memorandum Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council" (Press release). Office of the Press Secretary. January 31, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jim Garamone (January 31, 2017). "No Change to Chairman's Status as Senior Military Adviser, Officials Say". United States Department of Defense. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alan Yuhas (January 29, 2017). "Trump chief of staff: defense officials not off NSC after Bannon move". The Guardian. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b [1] Lawfare Blog NSPM-4: “Organization of the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, and Subcommittees”: A Summary
Jump up ^ Scott Morris (February 7, 2017). "Maybe the Trump Administration Just Elevated Development Policy, or Maybe Not". Center for Global Development. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ BBC (April 6, 2017). "Steve Bannon loses National Security Council seat". BBC News. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ed Barnes (May 12, 2010). "Elite High Value Interrogation Unit Is Taking Its First Painful Steps". Fox News Channel. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mark Hosenball (October 5, 2011). "Secret panel can put Americans on "kill list"". Reuters. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ John O. Brennan (April 30, 2012). The Efficacy and Ethics of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy (Speech). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen Who Is a Senior Operational Leader of Al-Qa'ida or An Associated Force (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Justice.
Jump up ^ "50 U.S. Code § 3021 - National Security Council". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Jump up ^ "National Security Presidential Memorandum–4 of April 4, 2017" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "50 U.S. Code § 3021 - National Security Council". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Organization of the National Security Council System" (PDF). February 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "National Security Council". WhiteHouse.gov. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Office of the Press Secretary (January 28, 2017). "Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council" (PDF) (Press release). White House Office. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d [2] Federal Register National Security Presidential Memorandum (NSPM-4)
Jump up ^ [3] White House Office of the Press Secretary Presidential Memorandum Organization of the National Security Council and the Homeland Security Council
Further reading[edit]
Ivo H. Daalder and I.M. Destler, In the Shadow of the Oval Office: Profiles of the National Security Advisers and the Presidents They Served—From JFK to George W. Bush Simon & Schuster; 2009, ISBN 978-1-4165-5319-9.
Karl F. Inderfurth and Loch K. Johnson, eds. Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-515966-0.
James Peck (2006). Washington's China: The National Security World, the Cold War, and the Origins of Globalism. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
David J. Rothkopf, Running The World: the Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power, PublicAffairs; 2006, ISBN 978-1-58648-423-1.
Journey to the Center of the World: U.S. National Security Council – Arzın Merkezine Seyahat: ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Konseyi – Article on US NSC in Turkish
Cody M. Brown, The National Security Council: A Legal History of the President's Most Powerful Advisers, Project on National Security Reform (2008).
M. Kent Bolton, U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking after 9/11: Present at the Re-Creation, Rowman & Littlefield; 2007, ISBN 978-0-7425-4847-3.
Story on the NSC in Foreign Policy journal.
Annual Report To Congress On White House Office Staff; Executive Office of the President, Wednesday, July 1, 2009
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Security Council.
Official National Security Council website
History of the NSC from the White House at the Wayback Machine (archived March 12, 2008)
Records of the National Security Council (NSC) in the National Archives
White House Office, National Security Council Staff Papers, 1948–1961, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Homeland Security Watch (www.HLSwatch.com) provides current details on the NSC as it pertains to homeland security.
Works by United States National Security Council at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about United States National Security Council at Internet Archive
[show]
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Speaker of the Lok Sabha
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,
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
लोक सभा अध्यक्ष
State Emblem of India
Flag of India
Incumbent
Sumitra Mahajan
Style
The Honourable
Appointer
Members of the Lok Sabha
Term length
During the life of the Lok Sabha (five years maximum)
Inaugural holder
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
Formation
15 May 1952
Deputy
M. Thambidurai
Website
Speaker's Official Website
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.[1] The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of five years, the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance.
The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha. She is the second woman to hold the office, after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Powers and functions of the Speaker
2 Removal of the Speaker
3 Protem Speaker
4 List of Speakers
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Powers and functions of the Speaker[edit]
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India
Removal of the Speaker[edit]
Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96.
Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951.[3] This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.[4] When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122[5]
Protem Speaker[edit]
After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a protem speaker. The appointment has to be approved by the president.[6]
The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority.
Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha
1) He or She must be a citizen of India.
2) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age.
3) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India,or the Government of any other state.
List of Speakers[edit]
No.
Name
Portrait
Term
Party
From
To
Length
Lok Sabha[7]
1 Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 7003138300000000000♠3 years, 288 days 1st Indian National Congress
2 M. A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 7002428000000000000♠1 year, 63 days
11 May 1957 16 April 1962 7003180100000000000♠4 years, 340 days 2nd
3 Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 7003179400000000000♠4 years, 333 days 3rd
4 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 7002855000000000000♠2 years, 124 days 4th
5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon — 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 7002586000000000000♠1 year, 221 days
22 March 1971 1 December 1975 7003171500000000000♠4 years, 254 days 5th
6 Bali Ram Bhagat — 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 7002435000000000000♠1 year, 69 days
(4) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 7002109000000000000♠109 days 6th Janata Party
7 K. S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 7002914000000000000♠2 years, 184 days
8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 7003145400000000000♠3 years, 358 days 7th Indian National Congress
16 January 1985 18 December 1989 7003179700000000000♠4 years, 336 days 8th
9 Rabi Ray — 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 7002567000000000000♠1 year, 202 days 9th Janata Dal
10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 7003177800000000000♠4 years, 317 days 10th Indian National Congress
11 P. A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 7002669000000000000♠1 year, 304 days 11th
12 G. M. C. Balayogi — 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 7002574000000000000♠1 year, 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party
22 October 1999 3 March 2002 7002863000000000000♠2 years, 132 days 13th
13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 7002754000000000000♠2 years, 23 days Shiv Sena
14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 7003182200000000000♠4 years, 361 days 14th Communist Party of India (Marxist)
15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 7003182600000000000♠5 years, 0 days 15th Indian National Congress
16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 7003132900000000000♠3 years, 233 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party
See also[edit]
Parliament of India
President of India
Vice-President of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/roleofthespeaker.asp
Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lok-sabha-speaker-sumitra-mahajan-profile/1/365536.html
Jump up ^ "Sections 7 & 8k, Representation of the People Act, 1951" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aadhaar Act as Money Bill: Why the Lok Sabha isn't Immune from Judicial Review". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court". Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ashok, Akash Deep (4 June 2014). "Pro tem Speaker: All you need to know about this parliamentary post". India Today. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Speakers of the Lok Sabha
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar
M. A. Ayyangar
Sardar Hukam Singh
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Gurdial Singh Dhillon
Bali Ram Bhagat
K. S. Hegde
Balram Jakhar
Rabi Ray
Shivraj Patil
P. A. Sangma
G. M. C. Balayogi
Manohar Joshi
Somnath Chatterjee
Meira Kumar
Sumitra Mahajan
[show]
v
t
e
Parliament of India
President of India
President of India (List)
Lok Sabha
Speaker
Leader of the Lok Sabha
Leader of the Opposition
Constituencies
1st LS (1952–57) (Members)
2nd LS (1957–62)
3rd LS (1962–67)
4th LS (1967–71)
5th LS (1971–77)
6th LS (1977–80)
7th LS (1980–84)
8th LS (1984–89)
9th LS (1989–91)
10th LS (1991–96)
11th LS (1996–98)
12th LS (1998–99)
13th LS (1999–2004) (Members)
14th LS (2004–09) (Members)
15th LS (2009–14) (Members)
16th LS (2014–19) (Members)
Rajya Sabha
Members
Chairman
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Leader of the Opposition
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values: লোকসভার অধ্যক্ষ – Bangla

values: लोकसभा अध्यक्ष – Hindi

values: ലോക്‌സഭ സ്പീക്കർ – Malayalam

values: भारताच्या लोकसभेचे अध्यक्ष – Marathi

values: ਲੋਕ ਸਭਾ ਦੇ ਸਪੀਕਰ – Punjabi

values: लोकसभाध्यक्षः – Sanskrit

values: Speaker of the Lok Sabha – Simple English

values: இந்திய மக்களவைத் தலைவர் – Tamil

values: లోక్ సభ స్పీకర్ – Telugu

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