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Lagaan
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This article is about the Indian film. For the anime, see Gurren Lagann.
Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India
Theatrical release poster
Hindi
लगान
Directed by
Ashutosh Gowariker
Produced by
Aamir Khan
Mansoor Khan
Written by
K. P. Saxena
(Hindi Dialogue)
Ashutosh Gowariker
(English Dialogue)
Screenplay by
Ashutosh Gowariker
Abbas Tyrewala
Sanjay Daima
Story by
Ashutosh Gowariker
Starring
Aamir Khan
Gracy Singh
Rachel Shelley
Paul Blackthorne
Narrated by
Amitabh Bachchan
Music by
A. R. Rahman
Cinematography
Anil Mehta
Edited by
Ballu Saluja
Production
company
Aamir Khan Productions
Distributed by
Sony Entertainment Television (India)
Release date
15 June 2001 (2001-06-15) (United Kingdom & India)
Running time
224 minutes[1]
Country
India
Language
Hindi
English
Awadhi
Budget
₹250 million[2]
Box office
est. ₹700 million[3]
Lagaan (English: Taxation; also called Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India) is a 2001 Indian epic sports-drama film, directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, produced by Aamir Khan and Mansoor Khan, and written by Gowariker and Abbas Tyrewala. Aamir Khan stars along with Gracy Singh, with British actors Rachel Shelley and Paul Blackthorne playing supporting roles. Made on a then-unprecedented budget of ₹250 million (equivalent to ₹700 million or US$11 million in 2016), the film was shot in an ancient village near Bhuj, India.
The film is set in the Victorian period of India's colonial British Raj. The story revolves around a small village whose inhabitants, burdened by high taxes, find themselves in an extraordinary situation as an arrogant officer challenges them to a game of cricket as a wager to avoid the taxes. The narrative spins around this situation as the villagers face the arduous task of learning the alien game and playing for a result that will change their village's destiny.
Lagaan received critical acclaim and awards at international film festivals, as well as many Indian film awards. It became the third Indian film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film after Mother India (1957) and Salaam Bombay! (1988). It was one of the biggest box office hits of 2001. In 2010, the film was ranked No. 55 in Empire magazines "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema".[4] In 2011, it was listed in Time magazine's special "The All-TIME 25 Best Sports Movies". The film was screened retrospective as the Closing Film on August 18, 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense, commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Origins
3.2 Location, language and costumes
3.3 Filming
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical reception
5.3 Awards
6 Soundtrack
7 Home media
8 Merchandise
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the small town of Champaner (in the state of Gujarat, western India) during the height of the British Empire in India in 1893, Captain Andrew Russell (Paul Blackthorne), the commanding officer of the Champaner cantonment, has imposed high taxes ("Lagaan") on people from the local villages that they are unable to pay due to a prolonged drought. Led by Bhuvan (Aamir Khan), the villagers beg Raja Puran Singh (Kulbhushan Kharbanda) to help them. He tells them that, much to his regret, he is bound by British law.
After their visit to the Raja, the villagers witness a cricket match. Bhuvan mocks the game and gets into an argument with one of the British officers. Taking an instant dislike to Bhuvan, Russell offers to cancel the taxes of the whole province "for three years" if the villagers can beat his men in a game of cricket. If the villagers lose, however, they will have to pay three times their normal taxes. Bhuvan accepts this wager on behalf of the villages in the province, without their consent. When the other villagers learn about the bet, they are furious with Bhuvan. He argues that it is important for everyone to fight against British rule.
Bhuvan begins to prepare the villagers for the match. He initially finds only five people willing to join the team. He is aided in his efforts by Russell's sister Elizabeth (Rachel Shelley) who feels that her brother has mistreated the villagers. As she teaches them the rules of the game, she falls in love with Bhuvan, much to the anguish of Gauri (Gracy Singh) who is also in love with him. After Bhuvan reassures Gauri of his feelings for her, the woodcutter Lakha (Yashpal Sharma) becomes enraged as he is in love with Gauri.
In an attempt to discredit Bhuvan, Lakha offers himself as a spy for Russell and joins the villagers' team to destroy it. Eventually the villagers realise that winning equals freedom. As a few of them are insulted by the British, they join the team. Short one player, Bhuvan invites an untouchable, Kachra (Aditya Lakhia), who can bowl spinners. The villagers, conditioned by long-term prejudice against Dalits, refuse to play if Kachra joins the team. Bhuvan chastises the villagers, shaming them into accepting Kachra.
On the first day, Russell wins the toss and elects to bat, giving the British officers a strong start. Bhuvan brings Kachra into the match only to find that Kachra has somehow lost his ability to spin the ball — new cricket balls do not spin as well as worn-down ones (which the team have been practising with). In addition, as part of his agreement with Russell, Lakha deliberately drops many catches. Later that evening, Elizabeth sees Lakha meeting with her brother. She races to the village and informs Bhuvan of Lakha's deception. Rather than allow the villagers to kill him, Bhuvan offers Lakha the chance to redeem himself.
The next day as part of his promise to Bhuvan, Lakha takes a diving one-handed catch. However, the British score almost 300 runs, losing only three wickets by the lunch break. Kachra is brought back to bowl and, bowling with a now-worn ball, takes a hat-trick, which sparks the collapse of the British batting side. The villagers soon start their innings. Bhuvan and Deva (a Sikh, who has played cricket earlier when he was a British sepoy) give their team a solid start. Deva misses out on his half-century when a straight-drive from Bhuvan ricochets off the bowler's hand onto the stumps at the non-striker's end, where Deva is backing up too far. When Lakha comes on to bat, he is hit on the head by a bouncer and falls onto his stumps. Other batsmen get out rashly trying to score a boundary off each delivery. Ismail (Raj Zutshi), a good batsman, retires hurt as he is hit on the leg. The villagers' team ends the day with four batsmen out of action with barely a third of the required runs on board. In desperation, the village prays for success the next day.
On the third and final day, Bhuvan passes his century, while most of the later wickets fall. Ismail returns to bat with the help of a runner and passes his half-century, reducing the required runs to an attainable total. The game comes down to the last over with Kachra on strike. With one ball remaining and the team down five runs, Kachra knocks the ball a short distance, managing a single. However, the umpire signals no ball. Bhuvan returns to bat and swings extremely hard at the next ball, hitting the ball high in the air towards the boundary. Russell backpedals and catches it, gleefully believing that the British team has won — until he realises that he has caught the ball beyond the boundary, giving six runs, and therefore victory, to Bhuvan's team. Even as they celebrate the victory, the drought ends as a rainstorm erupts.
Bhuvan's defeat of the British team leads to the disbanding of the humiliated cantonment. In addition, Russell is forced to pay the taxes for the whole province and is transferred to Central Africa. After realising that Bhuvan loves Gauri, Elizabeth returns to London. Heartbroken, she remains unmarried for the rest of her life. It is revealed, during the epilogue, that Bhuvan went on to marry Gauri with great pomp and show. But despite the historic triumph, Bhuvan's name was lost in the pages of history.
Cast[edit]
Aamir Khan as Bhuvan. Ashutosh first thought of having Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik Roshan, Bobby Deol and Abhishek Bachchan for the role of Bhuvan. After Bachchan chose to enter cinema with J. P. Dutta's Refugee (2000), Aamir was approached with the idea.[7]
Gracy Singh as Gauri. Several actresses had offered to act in the film, but Aamir needed someone who matched the description of the character given in the script. After considering Rani Mukerji who did not have dates, Sonali Bendre, Nandita Das and Ameesha Patel for the role,[8] Ashutosh selected Gracy Singh for the female lead because he was convinced that she was a good actress and dancer and resembled actress Vyjayanthimala. Singh, a newcomer, devoted all her time to the film.[9]
Rachel Shelley as Elizabeth Russell
Paul Blackthorne as Captain Andrew Russell. Since the script also demanded a British cast, Ashutosh and Aamir hired Danielle Roffe as one of the casting directors.[10] After Danielle and Ashutosh screen-tested many, Shelley and Blackthorne were chosen for the prime roles. Overall, the film cast 15 foreign actors.[11]
Suhasini Mulay as Yashodamai, Bhuvan's mother
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Raja Puran Singh
Rajendra Gupta as Mukhiya Ji
Raghubir Yadav as Bhura (seamer), the poultry farmer. Yadav played the role of the legendary Haji Nasruddin in the teleplay Mullah Nasiruddin and has given many memorable performances such as Mungerilal Ke Haseen Sapne. Yadav was selected based on his performance in Earth (1998). He had undergone an appendectomy operation in-between the filming schedule and returned to complete some of his scenes.[12]
Rajesh Vivek as Guran (seamer), the fortune teller. Vivek was spotted by Ashutosh in the film Junoon (1978). His liking for cricket helped him in his role.[13]
Raj Zutshi as Ismail (batsman), the potter. Zutshi's friendship with Aamir and association in several films brought him the role after the auditions.[14]
Pradeep Rawat as Deva Singh Sodhi (all-rounder), a Sikh sepoy. Rawat's association with Aamir in Sarfarosh (1999) brought him the role of Deva which was initially intended for Mukesh Rishi. Rawat claimed that it was the highest ever compensation he received in his career.[15]
Akhilendra Mishra as Arjan (batsman), the blacksmith. He is insulted by Captain Russell, as he fixes horse-shoe on the Captain's Horse and involuntarily hurts the animal. Captain who is enraged by the reprimand he received from his seniors for arranging a Cricket Match with the villagers for avoiding taxes, is furious to find his favourite animal hurt and he beats Arjan. After which Arjan joins the team of Bhuvan. Mishra has acted as "Ekku" Kroor Singh in the Teleserial Chandrakanta and also in the film The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002) as Chandra Shekhar Azad alongside Ajay Devgn who performed the role of Bhagat Singh.
Daya Shankar Pandey as Goli (seamer), the man with the largest piece of land. Pandey, who preferred the role of Kachra, was known to Aamir and Ashutosh through previous films (Pehla Nasha (1993), Baazi (1995) and Ghulam (1998)). Pandey credited Ashutosh for his acting in the film, saying that Ashutosh and he would discuss the required emotions and expressions before shooting.[16]
Shrivallabh Vyas as Ishwar (wicket-keeper), the vaidya (doctor) in the village and Gauri's father.
Yashpal Sharma as Lakha (batsman), the woodcutter. Sharma was chosen by Ashutosh after his portrayal in Samar (1999). He said it was a good experience working with Aamir and Ashutosh during the film.[17]
Amin Hajee as Bagha (batsman), the mute drummer. Hajee earlier worked in a film with Ashutosh. The friendly association brought Ashutosh to him with the script, which he liked, and thereafter he successfully auditioned for his role. His knowledge of mute people and some assistance from a music band helped him better prepare for his role. Ashutosh, who believed that Amin was like Sylvester Stallone, would refer to him as Stallone during filming.[18]
Aditya Lakhia as Kachra (spinner), the untouchable. Lakhia's association with Ashutosh in Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa (1993) and Pehla Nasha (1993) brought him this role. He read the book Everybody Loves a Good Drought by P. Sainath to better understand and portray his character.[19]
Javed Khan as Ram Singh, Indian who works with British and helps Elizabeth in translating villagers language.
A. K. Hangal as Shambu Kaka
John Rowe as Colonel Boyer
David Gant as Major Warren
Jeremy Child as Major Cotton
Production[edit]
Origins[edit]
Lagaan was inspired by a 1957 Indian film, Naya Daur, starring Dilip Kumar.[20][21]
Director Ashutosh Gowariker has stated that it was almost impossible to make Lagaan. Gowariker went to Aamir, who agreed to participate after hearing the detailed script. Even after securing Khan, Ashutosh had trouble finding a producer. Producers who showed interest in the script wanted budget cuts as well as script modifications. Eventually, Aamir agreed to Ashutosh's suggestion that he'd produce the film.[22] Aamir corroborated this by saying that the faith he had in Ashutosh, the story and script of the film,[23] and the opportunity of starting his own production company inspired him to produce Lagaan.[24] He also said that by being a producer himself, he was able to give greater creative freedom to Ashutosh. He cited an example:
"If the director tells the producer that he wants 50 camels, the latter will probably say, 'Why not 25? Can't you manage with 25 camels?' Whereas, if he is telling me the same thing... I will not waste time asking him questions because I am also creatively aware why he needs them."[9]
Jhamu Sughand co-produced the film because he liked the emotional and patriotic story.[25][26]
Location, language and costumes[edit]
One of the first members to join the production team was Nitin Chandrakant Desai, the art director, with whom Ashutosh set out for extensive location hunt throughout India, to find the setting for the fictional town of Champaner, in late 1998. After searching through Rajasthan, Nasik, UP, they zeroed in on an ancient village near Bhuj, located in Gujarat's Kutch district, by May 1999, where the film was primarily shot.[27]
The script demanded a dry location: an agricultural village where it had not rained in several years. To depict the 1890s era, the crew also required a village which lacked electricity, communication and automobiles.[23] Kutch faced the same problems at that time and hence the village of Kunariya, located a few miles away from Bhuj, was chosen. During the filming of Lagaan, it did not rain at all in the region. However, a week after the shoot finished, it rained heavily bringing relief to Bhuj, which had a lean monsoon the previous year.[8] The typical old Kutch hamlet was built by the local people four months before the arrival of the crew.[27] The 2001 Gujarat earthquake devastated this region and displaced many locals. The crew, including the English, contributed to their cause by donating ₹250,000 (equivalent to ₹700,000 or US$11,000 in 2016), with further contributions during the year.[28]
Avadhi, which is a dialect of Hindi, is primarily from a region in Uttar Pradesh. It was chosen to give the feel of the language spoken during that era. However, the language was diluted, and modern viewers can understand it.[9] The dialogues, which were a combination of three dialects (Avadhi, Bhojpuri and Braj Bhasha) were penned by Hindi writer K. P. Saxena.[8]
Bhanu Athaiya, an Oscar winner for Gandhi, was the costume designer for the film. With a large number of extras, it was difficult for her to make enough costumes. She spent a lot of time researching to lend authenticity to the characters.[8]
Filming[edit]
Pre-planning for a year, including ten months for production issues and two months for his character, was tiring for Aamir. As a first-time producer, he obtained a crew of about 300 people for six months. Due to the lack of comfortable hotels in Bhuj, he hired a newly constructed apartment and furnished it completely for the crew. Security was set up and a special housekeeping team was brought to take care of the crew's needs.[24] Most of the 19th century tools and equipment depicted in the film were lent to the crew by the local villagers. Initially, they did not want to part with their equipment, but after much coaxing, they gave in. They then travelled to different parts of the country to collect the musical instruments used in that day and era.[24]
During the shooting, Ashutosh suffered from a slipped disc and had to rest for 30 days. During this period, he had his bed next to the monitor and continued with his work.[29]
The filming schedule spanned the winter and summer, commencing in early January and finishing in mid-June. This was physically challenging for many, with the temperatures ranging from 0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F).[14][18] The actors had to drink frequently and sit in the shade.[13][15] The schedule was strict. The day began at 6 am, changing into costumes and getting onto the actors' bus, which took them to the sets in Kanuria. The actors, including Aamir, all travelled on the same bus. If anyone missed it, it was up to them to reach the sets. One day, Aamir was late and missed the actors' bus. That day, his wife Reena, the executive producer, reprimanded him for being late. She told him he had to set an example for the rest of the crew. "If he started coming late, how could she tell the others to come on time?"[15] While on the sets, the actors were given call sheets with the day's timetable such as breakfast, hair styling, make-up, costumes, etc.[30]
Release[edit]
Before its worldwide release, Aamir Khan kept a promise to screen the film to the locals of Bhuj.[31] Lagaan clashed with Sunny Deol's Gadar: Ek Prem Katha at the box office. The film made it to the UK Top 10 after its commercial release.[32] It was the first Indian film to have a nationwide release in China[33] and had its dubbed version released in Italy.[34] With favourable reviews from the French press, Lagaan premiered in Paris on 26 June 2002 and continued to have an unprecedented nine weeks of screening with over 45,000 people watching.[35] It was released in the United States, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, South Africa and the Middle East with respective vernacular subtitles.[34][36] The film took a cumulative of $2.5 million at the international box-office[37][38] and ₹380 million (equivalent to ₹1.1 billion or US$17 million in 2016) at the domestic box-office.[3]
In 2001, Lagaan had a world premiere at the International Indian Film Academy Awards (IIFA) weekend in Sun City, South Africa.[39] The Locarno International Film Festival authorities published the rules of cricket before the film was screened to a crowd which reportedly danced to its soundtrack in the aisles.[40] Lagaan was shown four times due to public demand as against the usual norm of showcasing films once at the festival.[34] It subsequently won the Prix du Public award at the festival.[41] After the film's publicity in Locarno, the director, Ashutosh Gowarikar said that distributors from Switzerland, Italy, France, Netherlands, North Africa, Finland and Germany were wanting to purchase the distribution rights.[34] Special screenings were held in Russia, where people were keen to watch the film after its Oscar nomination.[42]
Apart from these screenings, it was shown at the Sundance Film Festival,[43] Cairo International Film Festival,[44] Stockholm International Film Festival,[45] Helsinki Film Festival[46] and the Toronto International Film Festival.[47]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed ₹65.97 crore worldwide. This made it the third highest-grossing Indian film of 2001, behind Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham and Gadar: Ek Prem Katha.[48]
Domestically, Lagaan grossed ₹55.63 crore in India. Its domestic net income was ₹34.35 crore, equivalent to ₹179.63 crore (US$28 million) when adjusted for inflation.[49]
Its overseas gross was ₹10.8 crore[3] (US$2.2 million), the second highest for an Indian film in 2001, behind only Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham.[50] Lagaan's overseas gross included £600,000 in the United Kingdom, US$910,000 in the United States and Canada, and US$180,000 in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.[49]
Critical reception[edit]
Lagaan was met with high critical acclaim. The film currently scores a 95% "Certified Fresh" approval rating on review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus is, "Lagaan is lavish, rousing entertainment in the old-fashioned tradition of Hollywood musicals."[51] Derek Elley of Variety suggested that it "could be the trigger for Bollywood's long-awaited crossover to non-ethnic markets".[52] Somni Sengupta of The New York Times, described it as "a carnivalesque genre packed with romance, swordplay and improbable song-and-dance routines"[53] Roger Ebert gave three and half out of four stars and said, "Lagaan is an enormously entertaining movie, like nothing we've ever seen before, and yet completely familiar... At the same time, it's a memory of the films we all grew up on, with clearly defined villains and heroes, a romantic triangle, and even a comic character who saves the day. Lagaan is a well-crafted, hugely entertaining epic that has the spice of a foreign culture."[54] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian described the film as "a lavish epic, a gorgeous love story, and a rollicking adventure yarn. Larger than life and outrageously enjoyable, it's got a dash of spaghetti western, a hint of Kurosawa, with a bracing shot of Kipling."[55] Kuljinder Singh of the BBC stated that "Lagaan is anything but standard Bollywood fodder, and is the first must-see of the Indian summer. A movie that will have you laughing and crying, but leaving with a smile."[56] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times argued that the film is "an affectionate homage to a popular genre that raises it to the level of an art film with fully drawn characters, a serious underlying theme, and a sophisticated style and point of view."[57] Sudish Kamath of The Hindu suggested that "the movie is not just a story. It is an experience. An experience of watching something that puts life into you, that puts a cheer on your face, however depressed you might be."[58] The Times of India wrote, "Lagaan has all the attractions of big-sounding A. R. Rahman songs, excellent performances by Aamir Khan... and a successful debut for pretty Gracy Singh. In addition, there is the celebrated David vs Goliath cricket match, which has audiences screaming and clapping."[59] Perhaps one of the most emphatic recommendations for the movie, coming 10 years later, is by John Nugent of the Trenton Independent, who wrote "a masterpiece ... and what better way to learn a bit about India's colonial experience! History and great entertainment, all rolled in to one (albeit long) classic film."[60]
Lagaan was listed as number 14 on Channel 4's "50 Films to See Before you Die" and was the only Indian film to be listed.[61]
Awards[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Lagaan
Aamir Khan and Gowariker went to Los Angeles to generate publicity for the Academy Awards. Khan said, "We just started showing it to whoever we could, even the hotel staff."[62] About India's official entry to the 2002 Oscars, The Daily Telegraph wrote, "A Bollywood film that portrays the British in India as ruthless sadists and Mafia-style crooks has been chosen as Delhi's official entry to the Academy Awards."[63] It added that the film was expected to win the nomination.[63]
On 12 February 2002, Lagaan was nominated for the best foreign language film at the Academy Award nominations ceremony.[64] After the nomination, Khan reacted by saying, "To see the name of the film and actually hear it being nominated was very satisfying".[65] Post-nomination reactions poured in from several parts of the world. The USA Today wrote "Hooray for Bollywood, and India's Lagaan".[62] With Sony Pictures Classics distributing the film and Oscar-winning director Baz Luhrmann praising it, Lagaan had a chance to win.[62][66] The BBC commented that the nomination raised Bollywood hopes that Indian films would become more popular in the US.[67] In India, the nomination was celebrated with news reports about a win bringing in "a great boost for the Indian film industry"[68] and "a Bharat Ratna for Aamir Khan and the status of a 'national film' for Lagaan".[69]
When Lagaan lost the award to the Bosnian film No Man's Land,[70] there was disappointment in India. Khan said, "Certainly we were disappointed. But the thing that really kept us in our spirits was that the entire country was behind us."[71] Filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt criticised the "American film industry" as "insular and the foreign category awards were given just for the sake of it."[71] Gowariker added that "Americans must learn to like our films".[72]
The film won a number of national awards including eight National Film Awards,[73] nine Filmfare Awards, nine Screen Awards[74] and ten IIFA Awards.[75] Apart from these major awards, it also won awards at other national and international ceremonies.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Lagaan (soundtrack)
Home media[edit]
There were two releases for the DVD. The first, as a 2-DVD set, was released on 27 May 2002 in limited regions. It contained subtitles in Arabic, English, Hebrew, Hindi, Turkish and several European languages. It is available in 16:9 Anamorphic widescreen, Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround, progressive 24 frame/s, widescreen and NTSC format. It carried an additional fifteen minutes of deleted scenes, filmographies and trailers.[76]
The second was released as anniversary edition three-disc DVD box after six years of the theatrical release. This also included Chale Chalo which was a documentary on the making of Lagaan, a curtain raiser on the making of the soundtrack, deleted scenes, trailers, along with other collectibles.[which?][77] After its release, it became the highest selling DVD in India beating Sholay (1975).[78]
Merchandise[edit]
In the anniversary DVD edition, a National Film Award-winning documentary, Chale Chalo – the lunacy of film making, 11 collector cards, a collectible Lagaan coin embossed with the character of Bhuvan, a 35 mm CinemaScope filmstrip hand-cut from the film's filmstrip were bundled with the film.[77]
A comic book, Lagaan: The Story, along with two colouring books, a mask book and a cricket board game were subsequently released to the commercial market. The comic book, available in English and Hindi, was targeted at children between the ages of six and 14. At the book's launch, Aamir Khan said that they were keen to turn the film into a comic strip during the pre-production phase itself.[79][80]
In March 2002, a book titled The Spirit of Lagaan – The Extraordinary Story of the Creators of a Classic was published. It covers the making of the film, describing in detail the setbacks and obstacles that the crew faced while developing the film from concept to its release.[81]
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Jump up ^ Bhatkal, Satyajit (March 2002). The Spirit of Lagaan. Mumbai: Popular Prakshan. p. 243. ISBN 81-7991-003-2.
Further reading[edit]
Bhatkal, Satyajit (March 2002). The spirit of Lagaan. Mumbai: Popular Prakshan. pp. 243. ISBN 81-7991-003-2.
External links[edit]
Official Website
Lagaan on IMDb
Lagaan at Bollywood Hungama
Lagaan at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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Works of Ashutosh Gowariker
Director
Pehla Nasha (1993)
Baazi (1995)
Lagaan (2001)
Swades (2004)
Jodhaa Akbar (2008)
What's Your Raashee? (2009)
Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey (2010)
Mohenjo Daro (2016)
Producer
Swades (2004)
Jodhaa Akbar (2008)
What's Your Raashee? (2009)
Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey (2010)
Everest (2014)
[show]
v
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Aamir Khan
Actor
Filmography (1973–present)
Producer
Lagaan (2001)
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na (2008)
Peepli Live (2010)
Dhobi Ghat (2011)
Delhi Belly (2011)
Talaash: The Answer Lies Within (2012)
Dangal (2016)
Secret Superstar (2017)
Director
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
TV show
Satyamev Jayate (2012–2014)
Assistant director
Manzil Manzil (1984)
Zabardast (1985)
Screenwriter
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993)
Ghajini (2008)
Playback singer
Ghulam (1998)
Mela (2000)
Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005)
Rang De Basanti (2005)
Taare Zameen Par (2007)
Dangal (2016)
Related articles
Awards
Aamir Khan Productions
[show]
v
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A. R. Rahman
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Vande Mataram (1997)
Jana Gana Mana (2000)
Connections (2008)
Raunaq (2014)
Soundtracks
Tamil
Roja (1992)
Kadhalan (1994)
Bombay (1995)
Jeans (1998)
Padayappa (1999)
Alaipayuthey (2000)
Kannathil Muthamittal (2002)
Sivaji (2007)
Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (2010)
Raavanan (2010)
Enthiran (2010)
Kadal (2012)
Maryan (2013)
Kochadaiiyaan (2014)
Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014)
Lingaa (2014)
I (2015)
O Kadhal Kanmani (2015)
24 (2016)
Kaatru Veliyidai (2017)
Mersal (2017)
Bollywood
Lagaan (2001)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Guru (2007)
Delhi-6 (2009)
Blue (2009)
Raavan (2010)
Jhootha Hi Sahi (2010)
Rockstar (2011)
Ekk Deewana Tha (2012)
Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012)
Raanjhanaa (2013)
Highway (2014)
Lekar Hum Deewana Dil (2014)
Tamasha (2015)
South Indian
Yoddha (1992)
Puli (2010)
Ye Maaya Chesave (2010)
Godfather (2012)
International
Bombay Dreams (2002)
Water (2005)
Lord of the Rings (2006)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
Couples Retreat (2009)
127 Hours (2010)
People like Us (2012)
Million Dollar Arm (2014)
The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014)
Muhammad: The Messenger of God (2015)
Viceroy's House (2017)
Live albums
Classic Incantations (2012)
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A. R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert: The Journey Home World Tour (2010)
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National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment
1974–1980
Kora Kagaz (1974)
Tapasya (1975)
No Award (1976)
Swami (1977)
Ganadevata (1978)
Sankarabharanam (1979)
No Award (1980)
1981–2000
No Award (1981)
No Award (1982)
No Award (1983)
Kony (1984)
No Award (1985)
Samsaram Adhu Minsaram (1986)
Pushpaka Vimana (1987)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Chandni and Geethanjali (1989)
Ghayal (1990)
No Award (1991)
Sargam (1992)
Darr and Manichitrathazhu (1993)
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994)
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995)
Maachis (1996)
Dil To Pagal Hai (1997)
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998)
Sarfarosh (1999)
Vaanathaippola (2000)
2001–present
Lagaan (Once Upon a Time in India) (2001)
Devdas (2002)
Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003)
Autograph and Veer-Zaara (2004)
Rang De Basanti (2005)
Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006)
Chak De! India (2007)
Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! (2008)
3 Idiots (2009)
Dabangg (2010)
Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai (2011)
Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel (2012)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013)
Mary Kom (2014)
Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015)
Sathamanam Bhavati (2016)
[show]
v
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IIFA Award for Best Film
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000)
Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2001)
Lagaan (2002)
Devdas (2003)
Kal Ho Naa Ho (2004)
Veer-Zaara (2005)
Black (2006)
Rang De Basanti (2007)
Chak De! India (2008)
Jodhaa Akbar (2009)
3 Idiots (2010)
Dabangg (2011)
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2012)
Barfi! (2013)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2014)
Queen (2015)
Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2016)
[show]
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Filmfare Award for Best Film
1954–1975
Do Bigha Zamin (1954)
Boot Polish (1955)
Jagriti (1956)
Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje (1957)
Mother India (1958)
Madhumati (1959)
Sujata (1960)
Mughal-e-Azam (1961)
Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (1962)
Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1963)
Bandini (1964)
Dosti (1965)
Himalay Ki Godmein (1966)
Guide (1967)
Upkar (1968)
Brahmachari (1969)
Aradhana (1970)
Khilona (1971)
Anand (1972)
Be-Imaan (1973)
Anuraag (1974)
Rajnigandha (1975)
1976–2000
Deewaar (1976)
Mausam (1977)
Bhumika (1978)
Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1979)
Junoon (1980)
Khubsoorat (1981)
Kalyug (1982)
Shakti (1983)
Ardh Satya (1984)
Sparsh (1985)
Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1986)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1989)
Maine Pyar Kiya (1990)
Ghayal (1991)
Lamhe (1992)
Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1993)
Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1994)
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1995)
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1996)
Raja Hindustani (1997)
Dil To Pagal Hai (1998)
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1999)
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000)
2001–present
Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2001)
Lagaan (2002)
Devdas (2003)
Koi... Mil Gaya (2004)
Veer-Zaara (2005)
Black (2006)
Rang De Basanti (2007)
Taare Zameen Par (2008)
Jodhaa Akbar (2009)
3 Idiots (2010)
Dabangg (2011)
Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2012)
Barfi! (2013)
Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2014)
Queen (2015)
Bajirao Mastani (2016)
Dangal (2017)
[show]
v
t
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Indian submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
1957–1980
Mother India (1957)
Madhumati (1958)
The World of Apu (1959)
Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962)
Mahanagar (1963)
Guide (1965)
Amrapali (1966)
Aakhri Khat (1967)
Majhli Didi (1968)
Deiva Magan (1969)
Reshma Aur Shera (1971)
Uphaar (1972)
Saudagar (1973)
Garm Hava (1974)
Manthan (1977)
The Chess Players (1978)
Payal Ki Jhankaar (1980)
1981–2000
Saaransh (1984)
Saagar (1985)
Swati Mutyam (1986)
Nayakan (1987)
Salaam Bombay! (1988)
Parinda (1989)
Anjali (1990)
Henna (1991)
Thevar Magan (1992)
Rudaali (1993)
In Custody (1994)
Kuruthipunal (1995)
Indian (1996)
Guru (1997)
Jeans (1998)
Earth (1999)
Hey Ram (2000)
2001–present
Lagaan (2001)
Devdas (2002)
Shwaas (2004)
Paheli (2005)
Rang De Basanti (2006)
Eklavya - The Royal Guard (2007)
Taare Zameen Par (2008)
Harishchandrachi Factory (2009)
Peepli Live (2010)
Adaminte Makan Abu (2011)
Barfi! (2012)
The Good Road (2013)
Liar's Dice (2014)
Court (2015)
Visaranai (2016)
Newton (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagaan&oldid=818196118"
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Tomato purée
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A spoonful of tomato purée
Tomato purée is a thick liquid made by cooking and straining tomatoes.[1] The difference between tomato paste, tomato purée, and tomato sauce is consistency; tomato puree has a thicker consistency and a deeper flavour than sauce.[2][3]
The definitions of tomato purée vary from country to country. In the U.S., tomato purée is a processed food product, usually consisting of only tomatoes, but can also be found in the seasoned form. It differs from tomato sauce or tomato paste in consistency and content; tomato purée generally lacks the additives common to a complete tomato sauce and does not have the thickness of paste.[4]
To prepare tomato purée, ripe tomatoes are washed and the leaves and stem are removed. Some processors remove the skin of the tomato as well. The fruit flesh is then mashed or mechanically chopped to the desired consistency.
Tomato purée can be used in soups, stews, sauces, or any other dish where the tomato flavor is desired, but not the texture. It is less often used by professional chefs, who find it to have an overly cooked flavor compared to other forms of canned tomatoes. This is sometimes a non-issue, as in long-cooked dishes, but in quick sauces such as a marinara sauce it is undesirable.
Tomato purée has approx 16% solids content. Lower solids content is due to filtering, higher content is due to concentration of the product.
A related product, passata di pomodoro, is a tomato purée that is sieved and not cooked. In this form, it is generally sold in bottles or aseptic packaging, and is most common in Europe.
See also[edit]
List of tomato dishes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bev Bennett (2011). 30-Minute Meals For Dummies. Tomato puree is a thick liquid made by cooking and straining tomatoes.
Jump up ^ Barbara Ann Kipfer (2012). The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference. p. 561. The differences between tomato paste, tomato purée, and tomato sauce are texture and depth of flavor (the thicker the consistency, the deeper the flavor).
Jump up ^ Sudheer, K.P. & V.Indira (2007). Post Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. 7. p. 163. The product is very similar to tomato puree except that the solid concentration is more. Tomato paste is the product obtained by removal of peel and seeds from tomatoes, followed by concentration of juice by evaporation under vacuum.
Jump up ^ President's list of articles which may be designated or modified ... The United States International Trade Commission - 1990 - Numéro 6 - Page 2 "Tomato paste, which is generally more concentrated than puree, is used as a substitute for fresh or canned tomatoes in the preparation of dishes such as spaghetti, pizza, and pork and beans, as well as for sauces and ketchup. Tomato puree ..."
External links[edit]
Passata recipes and information at the BBC's Food pages
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomato_purée&oldid=836096349"
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Volcanology of Iceland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The volcano system in Iceland that started activity on August 17, 2014, and ended on February 27, 2015, is Bárðarbunga.
The volcano in Iceland that erupted in May 2011 is Grímsvötn.
Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland
Volcanology of Iceland includes a high concentration of active volcanoes due to Iceland's location on the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary, and also due to its location over a hot spot. The island has 30 active volcanic systems, of which 13 have erupted since the settlement of Iceland in AD 874.[1]
Of these 30 active volcanic systems, the most active/volatile is Grímsvötn.[2] Over the past 500 years, Iceland's volcanoes have erupted a third of the total global lava output.[3]
The most fatal volcanic eruption of Iceland's history was the so-called Skaftáreldar (fires of Skaftá) in 1783-84. The eruption was in the crater row Lakagígar(craters of Laki) southwest of Vatnajökull glacier. The craters are a part of a larger volcanic system with the subglacial Grímsvötn as a central volcano. Roughly a quarter of the Icelandic nation died because of the eruption. Most died not because of the lava flow or other direct effects of the eruption, but from indirect effects, including changes in climate and illnesses in livestock in the following years caused by the ash and poisonous gases from the eruption. The 1783 eruption in Lakagígar is thought to have erupted the largest quantity of lava from a single eruption in historic times.
The eruption under Eyjafjallajökull ("glacier of Eyjafjöll") in 2010 was notable because the volcanic ash plume disrupted air travel in northern Europe for several weeks; however this volcano is minor in Icelandic terms. In the past, eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruption of the larger volcano Katla, but after the 2010 eruption no signs of an imminent eruption of Katla were seen.[4]
The eruption in May 2011 at Grímsvötn under the Vatnajökull glacier sent thousands of tonnes of ash into the sky in a few days, raising concerns of a repeat of the travel chaos seen across northern Europe.
The craters of Grábrók
Contents
[hide]
1 Bárðarbunga 2014–2015
2 Structure of lava fields
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Bárðarbunga 2014–2015[edit]
Main article: 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga
Bárðarbunga is a stratovolcano and is roughly 2,000 meters (roughly 6,560 feet) above sea level in central Iceland (64.63°N / -17.53°W)[5]. This makes it the second highest mountain in Iceland
The eruption series, Iceland's largest eruption in 230 years[6], that started on August 17, 2014 and lasted for 180 days[7], under the Bárðarbunga system started with an extremely heavy earthquake swarm followed by clusters of volcanic activity that went on for an extended period. This resulted in multiple lava fountain eruptions in Holuhraun.[8] Lava flow was between 250 and 350 cubic meters per second and came from a dyke over 40 km long.[9][10] An ice-filled subsidence bowl over 100 square kilometers in area and up to 65 meters deep formed as well[11]. There was very limited ash output from this eruption unlike numerous glacial eruptions which are common in Iceland. The primary concern with this eruption was the large plumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere which adversely affected breathing conditions across Iceland, depending on wind direction. The volcanic cloud was also transported toward Western Europe in September 2014[12].
Structure of lava fields[edit]
Pahoehoe lava fields in Iceland
The smooth flowing basaltic lava pāhoehoe is in Iceland called helluhraun.[Islandsbok 1] It forms rather flat surfaces that are quite easy to pass.
A lava field in Iceland
On the other hand, there is less flowing lava, ʻaʻā, on Iceland called apalhraun.[Islandsbok 1] The loose, broken, sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow.
See also[edit]
Lists of volcanoes
Geography of Iceland
List of volcanoes in Iceland
Geothermal power in Iceland
Surtsey
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Thordarson, Th; Hoskuldsson, A (2008). "Postglacial Volcanism in Iceland". Jokull. 58: 197–228.
Jump up ^ Gudmundsson, Magnus Tumi; Larsen, G; Hoskuldsson, A; Gylfason, A.G. (2008). "Volcanic Hazards in Iceland". Jokull. 58: 251–268.
Jump up ^ Waugh, David (2002). Geography: An Integrated Approach. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-17-444706-1.
Jump up ^ Mark Sappenfield, "Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano is nothing to 'Angry Sister' Katla" Christian Science Monitor, April 18, 2010 (accessed 24 November 2010)
Jump up ^ "Bardarbunga". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
Jump up ^ Hudson, T. S.; White, R. S.; Greenfield, T.; Ágústsdóttir, T.; Brisbourne, A.; Green, R. G. (2017-09-16). "Deep crustal melt plumbing of Bárðarbunga volcano, Iceland". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (17): 2017GL074749. doi:10.1002/2017gl074749. ISSN 1944-8007.
Jump up ^ Gudmundsson, Magnús T.; Jónsdóttir, Kristín; Hooper, Andrew; Holohan, Eoghan P.; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A.; Ófeigsson, Benedikt G.; Cesca, Simone; Vogfjörd, Kristín S.; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn (2016-07-15). "Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow". Science. 353 (6296): aaf8988. doi:10.1126/science.aaf8988. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27418515.
Jump up ^ "Ljós norðan jökuls: Töldu annað gos hafið". http://www.ruv.is/. RÚV. Retrieved 24 September 2014. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ See e.g. http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland:Bardarbunga 2014
Jump up ^ See also Icelandic media RÚV: http://www.ruv.is/frett/seismic-activity-still-strong Received Sept. 24, 2014
Jump up ^ Gudmundsson, Magnús T.; Jónsdóttir, Kristín; Hooper, Andrew; Holohan, Eoghan P.; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A.; Ófeigsson, Benedikt G.; Cesca, Simone; Vogfjörd, Kristín S.; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn (2016-07-15). "Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow". Science. 353 (6296): aaf8988. doi:10.1126/science.aaf8988. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27418515.
Jump up ^ Boichu, M.; Chiapello, I.; Brogniez, C.; Péré, J.-C.; Thieuleux, F.; Torres, B.; Blarel, L.; Mortier, A.; Podvin, T. (2016-08-31). "Current challenges in modelling far-range air pollution induced by the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption (Iceland)". Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (17): 10831–10845. doi:10.5194/acp-16-10831-2016. ISSN 1680-7324.
^ Jump up to: a b Lidén, Eva (1994). "Geologi-så bildades Island". Kall ökensand och varma källor. En bok om Island (in Swedish). Båstad: Föreningen Natur och Samhälle i Norden. pp. 8–9. ISBN 91-85586-07-2.
External links[edit]
Photos of the Grímsvötn (2004) and Eyjafjallajökull (2010) eruptions (Fred Kamphues)
Map: active volcanoes of the world
Icelandic Video Archive
Volcano Discovery: Iceland
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