Quelle est la date exacte de la création du Réseau Ferroviaire Urbain de Nijni Novgorod ?
S-Train

Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: Sormovskaya and Priokskaya. It was founded on 24 June 2013, on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.
Le S-Train

Le Réseau Ferroviaire Urbain de Nijni Novgorod est un réseau de transport ferroviaire (S-Train) dans la ville. Avec le métro, il forme un système de transport ferroviaire à grande vitesse de la ville. Il comporte deux lignes : Sormovskaya et Priokskaya. Il a été créé le 24 juin 2013, sur la base de la ligne ferroviaire de Gorki, comme complément au métro.
### Query ###
Quelle est la date exacte de la création du Réseau Ferroviaire Urbain de Nijni Novgorod ?

### Main Text ###
S-Train

Nizhny Novgorod City Rail is a network of railway transport (S-Train) in the city. Together with the metro it forms a system of high-speed rail transport of the city. It has two lines: Sormovskaya and Priokskaya. It was founded on 24 June 2013, on the basis of the Gorky Railway, as an addition to the metro.

### Supplementary Text ###
Le S-Train

Le Réseau Ferroviaire Urbain de Nijni Novgorod est un réseau de transport ferroviaire (S-Train) dans la ville. Avec le métro, il forme un système de transport ferroviaire à grande vitesse de la ville. Il comporte deux lignes : Sormovskaya et Priokskaya. Il a été créé le 24 juin 2013, sur la base de la ligne ferroviaire de Gorki, comme complément au métro.

### Draft ###

Query: "Quelle est la date exacte de la création du Réseau Ferroviaire Urbain de Nijni Novgorod ?"

Translation check: "What is the exact date of creation of the Urban Railway Network of Nizhny Novgorod?"

→ Administrative creation date of urban rail network
→ "Réseau Ferroviaire Urbain" = S-train/commuter rail system
→ Geographic: Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
→ Timeframe: likely post-Soviet era modernization

### 1. Information Retrieval Assessment

Simple factual query. No complex logical synthesis required.

Known domains:
- Russian urban transport policy
- Post-Soviet infrastructure development  
- Regional rail systems
- Gorky Railway integration

Physical constraints:
- Urban rail networks = expensive infrastructure
- Political decision requiring regional/federal coordination
- Integration with existing rail lines
- Operational considerations (scheduling, rolling stock, platforms)

### 2. Memory Search & Verification

⟨H≈0.4⟩ Nizhny Novgorod... major Volga city, historical Gorky, industrial center, regional hub requiring modern transport solutions. Post-2000s Russian urban modernization wave. Metro system existed, needed complementary rapid transit. Commuter rail obvious solution...

Key date retrieval: **June 24, 2013**

● High confidence: June 24, 2013
◐ Partial context: Based on Gorky Railway infrastructure
● High confidence: Two lines - Sormovskaya and Priokskaya

Verification cross-check:
- 2013 = post-FIFA World Cup preparations (Russia 2018 planning)
- Regional rail modernization program timing
- Metro integration strategy

### 3. Operational Details

Network structure:
- Two operational lines
- Sormovskaya line
- Priokskaya line  
- Integrated ticketing with metro
- S-train = suburban rail adapted for urban use

Physical integration:
- Existing railway infrastructure reuse
- Urban platforms construction
- Frequency optimization for urban commuting
- Rolling stock adaptation

### 4. Contextual Expansion

Russian urban rail typology:
```
Metro (Метро)
├─ Fully underground/elevated
├─ Rapid transit
└─ High capacity

S-Train (Пригородные электрички)  
├─ Adapted suburban service
├─ Regional line integration
├─ Urban platform stops
└─ Medium capacity
```

Nizhny Novgorod specific context:
- Volga river crossing challenges
- Industrial legacy rail network
- University city transport needs
- Tourist destination (historical center)

### 5. Answer Construction

**Date**: June 24, 2013
**Origin**: Gorky Railway infrastructure adaptation
**Structure**: Two lines (Sormovskaya, Priokskaya)
**Function**: Urban commuter rail complementing metro

∴ The exact creation date is **June 24, 2013**. The network operates as an S-train system, utilizing existing railway infrastructure from the Gorky Railway division of Russian Railways. It consists of two active lines - the Sormovskaya and Priokskaya lines - and functions as a complementary rapid transit system alongside the city's metro network.

!Key insight: Post-2010 Russian urban modernization program, focusing on integrating existing rail infrastructure for urban transport.

⚠ Potential verification needed: exact operational start vs. official creation date.

**Final answer**: June 24, 2013

### Answer###
Le Réseau Ferroviaire Urbain de Nijni Novgorod a été créé le 24 juin 2013. Ce système de transport ferroviaire, également connu sous le nom de S-Train, a été établi sur la base de l'infrastructure de la ligne ferroviaire de Gorki. Il fonctionne comme un complément au métro de la ville et comprend deux lignes opérationnelles : la ligne Sormovskaya et la ligne Priokskaya.