Quand la guerre au Darfour a commencé ?
The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir, for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court. One side of the conflict is mainly composed of the Sudanese military, police, and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group whose members are mostly recruited among Arabized indigenous Africans and a small number of Bedouin of the northern Rizeigat; the majority of other Arab groups in Darfur remained uninvolved.
The other side is made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups. The African Union and the United Nations also have a joint peacekeeping mission in the region, named UNAMID. Although the Sudanese government publicly denies that it supported the Janjaweed, evidence supports claims that it provided financial assistance and weapons and coordinated joint attacks, many against civilians. Estimates of the number of human casualties range up to several hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation and disease. Mass displacements and coercive migrations forced millions into refugee camps or across the border, creating a humanitarian crisis. U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell described the situation as a genocide or acts of genocide. The Sudanese government and the JEM signed a ceasefire agreement in February 2010, with a tentative agreement to pursue peace. The JEM has the most to gain from the talks and could see semi-autonomy much like South Sudan. However, talks were disrupted by accusations that the Sudanese army launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating the Tolu agreement. The JEM, the largest rebel group in Darfur, vowed to boycott negotiations. The August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, signed by military and civilian representatives during the Sudanese Revolution, requires that a peace process leading to a peace agreement be made in Darfur and other regions of armed conflict in Sudan within the first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government. A comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 between the Sudanese authorities and several rebel factions to end armed hostilities.
La guerre du Dhofar

La guerre du Dhofar, qui a débuté en 1963, a opposé des forces pro-soviétiques aux troupes gouvernementales. Alors que la rébellion menaçait le contrôle du sultan sur le Dhofar, Sultan Said bin Taimur a été déposé dans un coup d'État sans effusion de sang en 1970 par son fils Qaboos bin Said, avec le soutien britannique. Qaboos a développé les forces armées du Sultanat d'Oman, modernisé l'administration de l'État et introduit des réformes sociales. La révolte a finalement été réprimée en 1976 avec l'aide de forces venues de Jordanie, d'Arabie saoudite, d'Iran, du Pakistan et de Grande-Bretagne.
### Query ###
Quand la guerre au Darfour a commencé ?

### Main Text ###
The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president, Omar al-Bashir, for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court. One side of the conflict is mainly composed of the Sudanese military, police, and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group whose members are mostly recruited among Arabized indigenous Africans and a small number of Bedouin of the northern Rizeigat; the majority of other Arab groups in Darfur remained uninvolved.
The other side is made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups. The African Union and the United Nations also have a joint peacekeeping mission in the region, named UNAMID. Although the Sudanese government publicly denies that it supported the Janjaweed, evidence supports claims that it provided financial assistance and weapons and coordinated joint attacks, many against civilians. Estimates of the number of human casualties range up to several hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation and disease. Mass displacements and coercive migrations forced millions into refugee camps or across the border, creating a humanitarian crisis. U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell described the situation as a genocide or acts of genocide. The Sudanese government and the JEM signed a ceasefire agreement in February 2010, with a tentative agreement to pursue peace. The JEM has the most to gain from the talks and could see semi-autonomy much like South Sudan. However, talks were disrupted by accusations that the Sudanese army launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating the Tolu agreement. The JEM, the largest rebel group in Darfur, vowed to boycott negotiations. The August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, signed by military and civilian representatives during the Sudanese Revolution, requires that a peace process leading to a peace agreement be made in Darfur and other regions of armed conflict in Sudan within the first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government. A comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 between the Sudanese authorities and several rebel factions to end armed hostilities.

### Supplementary Text ###
La guerre du Dhofar

La guerre du Dhofar, qui a débuté en 1963, a opposé des forces pro-soviétiques aux troupes gouvernementales. Alors que la rébellion menaçait le contrôle du sultan sur le Dhofar, Sultan Said bin Taimur a été déposé dans un coup d'État sans effusion de sang en 1970 par son fils Qaboos bin Said, avec le soutien britannique. Qaboos a développé les forces armées du Sultanat d'Oman, modernisé l'administration de l'État et introduit des réformes sociales. La révolte a finalement été réprimée en 1976 avec l'aide de forces venues de Jordanie, d'Arabie saoudite, d'Iran, du Pakistan et de Grande-Bretagne.

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Parsing

"Quand la guerre au Darfour a commencé ?" → "When did the Darfur war start?"

Simple temporal question. French "Darfour" = English "Darfur". Clear geographic reference.

※ Translation stable. No semantic ambiguity.

### 2. Information Retrieval Context

Darfur = western region of Sudan. Conflict duration: ~2003-2020s. Still ongoing tensions.

Key timeframe: February 2003. ● High confidence.

### 3. Memory Activation 

⟨H≈0.3⟩ February 2003 rings true. Two main rebel groups: Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). Government response. Janjaweed militias. Omar al-Bashir. International Criminal Court. Humanitarian crisis. Colin Powell's "genocide" statement...

→ Multiple corroborating details. Internal consistency check: ✓

### 4. Verification Patterns

Timeline consistency:
- February 2003: SLM/JEM formation/attacks ●
- 2003: Government military response ●  
- 2004: International attention/accusations ●
- 2009: ICC indictments against al-Bashir ●
- 2020: Peace agreements ◐

Physical constraints realistic. Population ~4-6 million in region. Displacement numbers align with reported casualties.

### 5. Logical Cross-Check

Rebel motivations: Non-Arab populations vs. Arab-dominated government
→ Ethnic tensions as primary driver ✓
→ Explains rebel coalition formation ✓
→ Explains government response pattern ✓

⟨H≈0.8⟩ The desert geography, nomadic vs. settled populations, oil revenues in the north, marginalization of western regions, colonial boundaries drawn by British administrators who grouped disparate ethnic groups together...

∴ Multiple converging factors support February 2003 start date.

### 6. Answer Construction

Direct response: February 2003 ●

Contextual elements:
- SLM/JEM formation/attacks
- Government counter-insurgency  
- Ethnic dimension (non-Arab vs. Arab populations)
- Janjaweed militia involvement
- Humanitarian scale (hundreds of thousands dead/displaced)
- International recognition (genocide accusations)
- Duration through 2020s with ongoing tensions

### 7. Response Verification

Against physical constraints: ✓
- Timeline realistic
- Population numbers align  
- Geographic specificity accurate
- Casualty estimates plausible

Against logical consistency: ✓
- Motivations explain actions
- Actor roles coherent
- Regional dynamics support conflict duration

Against information completeness: ◐
- Some details about peace processes less certain
- Ongoing nature of conflict creates evolving narrative

**Final confidence assessment**: ● High for February 2003 start date, ◐ for complete conflict resolution timeline.

### Answer###
La guerre au Darfour a officiellement débuté en février 2003. À cette date, le Mouvement de libération du Soudan (SLM) et le Mouvement pour l'égalité et la justice (JEM), deux groupes rebelles, ont commencé à combattre le gouvernement soudanais. Ces groupes se plaignaient de l'oppression dont la population non-arabe du Darfour était victime. Le gouvernement soudanais a réagi en menant une campagne de nettoyage ethnique contre les populations non-arabes de la région.

Ce conflit a provoqué des centaines de milliers de morts civils et a abouti à l'inculpation du président soudanais Omar al-Bashir pour génocide, crimes de guerre et crimes contre l'humanité par la Cour pénale internationale. Le secrétaire d'État américain Colin Powell a qualifié la situation de génocide.

La guerre a opposé principalement l'armée soudanaise, la police et les Janjawid - une milice soudanaise recrutée principalement parmi les Africains arabisés et quelques Bédouins du Rizeigat du nord - aux rebelles, notamment le SLM et le JEM, recrutés principalement parmi les groupes ethniques non-arabes musulmans comme les Fur, les Zaghawa et les Masalit.

Le conflit a créé une crise humanitaire majeure avec des millions de déplacés et de réfugiés, et s'est poursuivi jusqu'au début des années 2020, avec des accords de paix signés en 2020 entre les autorités soudanaises et plusieurs factions rebelles.