Pourquoi les musulmans disent que le Christianisme n'est pas vraiment monothéiste alors que les chrétiens disent qu'ils croient en un seul Dieu ?
Christianity

Among early Christians, there was considerable debate over the nature of the Godhead, with some denying the incarnation but not the deity of Jesus (Docetism) and others later calling for an Arian conception of God. Despite at least one earlier local synod rejecting the claim of Arius, this Christological issue was to be one of the items addressed at the First Council of Nicaea.

The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea (in present-day Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first ecumenical council of bishops of the Roman Empire, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. With the creation of the creed, a precedent was established for subsequent general ecumenical councils of bishops (synods) to create statements of belief and canons of doctrinal orthodoxy —the intent being to define a common creed for the Church and address heretical ideas.

One purpose of the council was to resolve disagreements in Alexandria over the nature of Jesus in relationship to the Father; in particular, whether Jesus was of the same substance as God the Father or merely of similar substance. All but two bishops took the first position; while Arius ' argument failed.

Christian orthodox traditions (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and most Protestants) follow this decision, which was reaffirmed in 381 at the First Council of Constantinople and reached its full development through the work of the Cappadocian Fathers. They consider God to be a triune entity, called the Trinity, comprising three " persons ", God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. These three are described as being "of the same substance" (ὁμοούσιος).

Christians overwhelmingly assert that monotheism is central to the Christian faith, as the Nicene Creed (and others), which gives the orthodox Christian definition of the Trinity, begins: "I believe in one God". From earlier than the times of the Nicene Creed, 325 CE, various Christian figures advocated the triune mystery -nature of God as a normative profession of faith. According to Roger E. Olson and Christopher Hall, through prayer, meditation, study and practice, the Christian community concluded "that God must exist as both a unity and trinity", codifying this in ecumenical council at the end of the 4th century.

Most modern Christians believe the Godhead is triune, meaning that the three persons of the Trinity are in one union in which each person is also wholly God. They also hold to the doctrine of a man-god Christ Jesus as God incarnate. These Christians also do not believe that one of the three divine figures is God alone and the other two are not but that all three are mysteriously God and one. Other Christian religions, including Unitarian Universalism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism and others, do not share those views on the Trinity.

Some Christian faiths, such as Mormonism, argue that the Godhead is in fact three separate individuals which include God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost, each individual having a distinct purpose in the grand existence of human kind. Furthermore, Mormons believe that before the Council of Nicaea, the predominant belief among many early Christians was that the Godhead was three separate individuals. In support of this view, they cite early Christian examples of belief in subordinationism.

Unitarianism is a theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism.

Some in Judaism and some in Islam do not consider Trinitarian Christianity to be a pure form of monotheism due to the pluriform monotheistic Christian doctrine of the Trinity, classifying it as shituf in Judaism and as shirk in Islam. Trinitarian Christians, on the other hand, argue that the doctrine of the Trinity is a valid expression of monotheism, citing that the Trinity does not consist of three separate deities, but rather the three persons, who exist consubstantially (as one substance) within a single Godhead.
Le Christianisme

Bien que le christianisme soit généralement décrit comme une religion monothéiste, il est parfois affirmé qu'il n'est pas véritablement monothéiste en raison de son idée de la Trinité. La Trinité enseigne que Dieu consiste en le Père, le Fils et le Saint-Esprit. Étant donné que la divinité est composée de trois personnes, certaines personnes pensent que le christianisme devrait être considéré comme une forme de trithéisme ou de polythéisme. Les chrétiens soutiennent que « un Dieu existe en Trois Personnes et Une Substance », mais qu'une divinité ne peut pas être une personne, qui possède une identité individuelle. Le christianisme a hérité de l'idée d'un seul Dieu du judaïsme et maintient que sa doctrine monothéiste est centrale à la foi.

Jordan Paper, un érudit occidental et polythéiste autoproclamé, considère le polythéisme comme l'état normal dans la culture humaine. Il soutient que « même l'Église catholique montre des aspects polythéistes avec la 'vénération' des saints ». D'un autre côté, il se plaint que les missionnaires et les érudits monothéistes étaient désireux de voir un proto-monothéisme ou au moins un hénothéisme dans les religions polythéistes, par exemple, en ne prenant qu'une partie du couple chinois Ciel et Terre et en l’appelant le Roi du Ciel, comme l’a fait Matteo Ricci. En 1508, un Londonien lollard nommé William Pottier a été accusé de croire en six dieux.
### Query ###
Pourquoi les musulmans disent que le Christianisme n'est pas vraiment monothéiste alors que les chrétiens disent qu'ils croient en un seul Dieu ?

### Main Text ###
Christianity

Among early Christians, there was considerable debate over the nature of the Godhead, with some denying the incarnation but not the deity of Jesus (Docetism) and others later calling for an Arian conception of God. Despite at least one earlier local synod rejecting the claim of Arius, this Christological issue was to be one of the items addressed at the First Council of Nicaea.

The First Council of Nicaea, held in Nicaea (in present-day Turkey), convoked by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in 325, was the first ecumenical council of bishops of the Roman Empire, and most significantly resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. With the creation of the creed, a precedent was established for subsequent general ecumenical councils of bishops (synods) to create statements of belief and canons of doctrinal orthodoxy —the intent being to define a common creed for the Church and address heretical ideas.

One purpose of the council was to resolve disagreements in Alexandria over the nature of Jesus in relationship to the Father; in particular, whether Jesus was of the same substance as God the Father or merely of similar substance. All but two bishops took the first position; while Arius ' argument failed.

Christian orthodox traditions (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and most Protestants) follow this decision, which was reaffirmed in 381 at the First Council of Constantinople and reached its full development through the work of the Cappadocian Fathers. They consider God to be a triune entity, called the Trinity, comprising three " persons ", God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. These three are described as being "of the same substance" (ὁμοούσιος).

Christians overwhelmingly assert that monotheism is central to the Christian faith, as the Nicene Creed (and others), which gives the orthodox Christian definition of the Trinity, begins: "I believe in one God". From earlier than the times of the Nicene Creed, 325 CE, various Christian figures advocated the triune mystery -nature of God as a normative profession of faith. According to Roger E. Olson and Christopher Hall, through prayer, meditation, study and practice, the Christian community concluded "that God must exist as both a unity and trinity", codifying this in ecumenical council at the end of the 4th century.

Most modern Christians believe the Godhead is triune, meaning that the three persons of the Trinity are in one union in which each person is also wholly God. They also hold to the doctrine of a man-god Christ Jesus as God incarnate. These Christians also do not believe that one of the three divine figures is God alone and the other two are not but that all three are mysteriously God and one. Other Christian religions, including Unitarian Universalism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism and others, do not share those views on the Trinity.

Some Christian faiths, such as Mormonism, argue that the Godhead is in fact three separate individuals which include God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost, each individual having a distinct purpose in the grand existence of human kind. Furthermore, Mormons believe that before the Council of Nicaea, the predominant belief among many early Christians was that the Godhead was three separate individuals. In support of this view, they cite early Christian examples of belief in subordinationism.

Unitarianism is a theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism.

Some in Judaism and some in Islam do not consider Trinitarian Christianity to be a pure form of monotheism due to the pluriform monotheistic Christian doctrine of the Trinity, classifying it as shituf in Judaism and as shirk in Islam. Trinitarian Christians, on the other hand, argue that the doctrine of the Trinity is a valid expression of monotheism, citing that the Trinity does not consist of three separate deities, but rather the three persons, who exist consubstantially (as one substance) within a single Godhead.

### Supplementary Text ###
Le Christianisme

Bien que le christianisme soit généralement décrit comme une religion monothéiste, il est parfois affirmé qu'il n'est pas véritablement monothéiste en raison de son idée de la Trinité. La Trinité enseigne que Dieu consiste en le Père, le Fils et le Saint-Esprit. Étant donné que la divinité est composée de trois personnes, certaines personnes pensent que le christianisme devrait être considéré comme une forme de trithéisme ou de polythéisme. Les chrétiens soutiennent que « un Dieu existe en Trois Personnes et Une Substance », mais qu'une divinité ne peut pas être une personne, qui possède une identité individuelle. Le christianisme a hérité de l'idée d'un seul Dieu du judaïsme et maintient que sa doctrine monothéiste est centrale à la foi.

Jordan Paper, un érudit occidental et polythéiste autoproclamé, considère le polythéisme comme l'état normal dans la culture humaine. Il soutient que « même l'Église catholique montre des aspects polythéistes avec la 'vénération' des saints ». D'un autre côté, il se plaint que les missionnaires et les érudits monothéistes étaient désireux de voir un proto-monothéisme ou au moins un hénothéisme dans les religions polythéistes, par exemple, en ne prenant qu'une partie du couple chinois Ciel et Terre et en l’appelant le Roi du Ciel, comme l’a fait Matteo Ricci. En 1508, un Londonien lollard nommé William Pottier a été accusé de croire en six dieux.

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Decomposition

"Pourquoi les musulmans disent que le Christianisme n'est pas vraiment monothéiste"
→ Core claim: Islamic perspective on Christian monotheism
→ Semantic issue: "vraiment" suggests essential vs technical distinction

"chrétiens disent qu'ils croient en un seul Dieu"
→ Standard Christian profession: "I believe in one God" (Nicene Creed)

Gap identified. Apparent contradiction needs resolution.

### 2. Information Retrieval vs Synthesis Challenge

Not simple factual lookup. Requires:
- Islamic theological positions on Christian doctrine
- Christian doctrinal development (especially Trinity)
- Historical councils (Nicaea 325 CE)
- Semantic analysis of "monotheism"

⚠ Potential bias: Each tradition interpreting other's beliefs through own theological framework

### 3. Domain Mapping

● Islamic theology: tawhid (divine unity), shirk (associating partners with God)
◐ Christian development: Arian controversy → Nicaea → Cappadocian Fathers
● Historical: Emperor Constantine's political role in Nicaea
○ Modern synthesis: ecumenical vs sectarian variations

### 4. Core Tension Analysis

**Islamic position:**
- Strict monotheism: Allah = absolute unity
- Christian Trinity = three gods (numerical polytheism)
- Seen as shirk (idolatry)

**Christian response:**
- Trinity doctrine: one essence, three persons
- Subordinationism vs coequality disputes historically resolved
- "One God" statement in creeds = genuine monotheism

### 5. Logical Resolution Path

Key insight: Semantic precision matters.

"Monotheism" interpretation varies:
- Numerical monotheism: one being only
- Ontological monotheism: one substance/essence
- Functional monotheism: unified worship focus

Christian Trinity = ontological monotheism
Islamic tawhid = numerical monotheism

∴ Different theological categories, not contradiction

### 6. Historical Contextualization

⟨H≈0.8⟩ 
Fourth century CE. Nicaea. Arius whispers about Father-Son relationship. "Unborn Son cannot be equal to eternal Father." But Alexander of Alexandria, Athanasius later - they fight this. Homoousios debated endlessly. Three centuries of councils. What is "of one substance"? Homoiousios almost, but not quite. Cappadocians finally hammer it out: three hypostases, one ousia.

Meanwhile in Arabia... Muhammad receives revelations about Allah's absolute unity. No partners, no sons. Christian "Trinity" becomes clear enemy of pure monotheism.

By 7th century: theological positions crystallized. Islamic sharia prohibits Christian interpretations of divine plurality.

⟨H≈0.2⟩

### 7. Ecumenical vs Popular Practice Reality

NB: Official doctrine ≠ popular understanding

Orthodox Christianity: Trinity as mystery, not three separate deities
Popular Christianity: Saints veneration creates polytheistic practices
Islamic popular understanding: Christians as mushrikun (idolaters)

→ Academic theology vs folk religion disconnect

### 8. Response Structure Decision

Will address:
1. Islamic theological critique (shirk vs sharia)
2. Christian doctrinal evolution (Trinity mechanics)
3. Semantic precision (monotheism definitions)
4. Historical development (Nicaea significance)
5. Contemporary ecumenical tensions

Avoid: 
- Oversimplification of complex theological concepts
- Presenting either tradition as "correct"
- Ignoring sectarian variations within each tradition

### 9. Verification Loop ↺

Cross-check historical dates:
- Nicaea 325 ✓
- First Constantinople 381 ✓
- Muhammad's lifetime 570-632 ✓
- Islamic-Christian encounters 7th century ✓

Verify theological accuracy:
- Trinity doctrine mechanics ✓
- Islamic shirk definitions ✓
- Ecumenical council outcomes ✓

### 10. Final Synthesis ∴

The apparent contradiction dissolves through definitional precision. "Monotheism" interpretation shapes entire theological framework.

Christians: ontological monotheism (one essence, three persons)
Muslims: numerical monotheism (one being only)

Both traditions genuinely monotheistic by own definitions. Disagreement = semantic, not essential.

Historical development shows theological evolution within each tradition. Islamic critique predates Nicaea by centuries. Not recent polemic.

Contemporary ecumenical dialogue acknowledges genuine theological tensions while affirming shared Abrahamic heritage.

### Answer###
Cette apparente contradiction reflète en réalité deux interprétations différentes de ce qu'est véritablement le monothéisme.

Les chrétiens considèrent effectivement que leur foi est strictement monothéiste. La doctrine de la Trinité, selon laquelle Dieu existe en Trois Personnes et Une Substance, ne fait pas du christianisme une religion polythéiste mais une expression particulière du monothéisme où chaque personne du Saint-Esprit, du Fils et du Père constitue une manifestation de la divinité unique. Cette conception s'appuie sur le credo de Nicée, qui commence par "Je crois en un seul Dieu", et a été formalisée lors du premier concile de Constantinople en 381.

Cependant, certaines traditions religieuses, notamment le judaïsme et l'islam, ne considèrent pas le christianisme trinitarien comme une forme pure de monothéisme. Ces traditions classent la doctrine chrétienne de la Trinité comme du shirk en islam et du shituf en judaïsme, arguant que cela constitue une association de partenaires avec Dieu.

Il convient de noter que même au sein du christianisme, il existe des courants comme l'unitarisme qui rejettent la doctrine de la Trinité et maintiennent une conception plus proche de l'orthodoxie islamique de l'unicité divine.

Cette question révèle donc une divergence fondamentale sur la définition même du monothéisme : tandis que les chrétiens trinitaires voient dans leur doctrine une expression valide du monothéisme, d'autres traditions religieuses la considèrent comme une violation de la pureté monothéiste.