Pourquoi les guildes ont disparu en France après la révolution mais qu'elles ont continué à exister en Angleterre ?
Europe

In many European countries, guilds have experienced a revival as local trade organizations for craftsmen, primarily in traditional skills. They may function as forums for developing competence and are often the local units of a national employer's organisation.

In the City of London, the ancient guilds survive as livery companies, all of which play a ceremonial role in the city's many customs. The City of London livery companies maintain strong links with their respective trade, craft or profession, some still retain regulatory, inspection or enforcement roles. The senior members of the City of London Livery Companies (known as liverymen) elect the sheriffs and approve the candidates for the office of Lord Mayor of London. Guilds also survive in many other towns and cities the UK including in Preston, Lancashire, as the Preston Guild Merchant where among other celebrations descendants of burgesses are still admitted into membership. With the City of London livery companies, the UK has over 300 extant guilds and growing.

In 1878, the London livery companies established the City and Guilds of London Institute the forerunner of the engineering school (still called City and Guilds College) at Imperial College London. The aim of the City and Guilds of London Institute was the advancement of technical education. "City and Guilds" operates as an examining and accreditation body for vocational, managerial and engineering qualifications from entry-level craft and trade skills up to post-doctoral achievement. A separate organisation, the City and Guilds of London Art School has also close ties with the London livery companies and is involved in the training of master craftworkers in stone and wood carving, as well as fine artists.

In Germany, there are no longer any Zünfte (or Gilden – the terms used were rather different from town to town), nor any restriction of a craft to a privileged corporation. However, under one other of their old names albeit a less frequent one, Innungen, guilds continue to exist as private member clubs with membership limited to practitioners of particular trades or activities. These clubs are corporations under public law, albeit the membership is voluntary; the president normally comes from the ranks of master-craftsmen and is called Obermeister ("master-in-chief"). Journeymen elect their own representative bodies, with their president having the traditional title of Altgesell (senior journeyman).

There are also "craft chambers" (Handwerkskammern), which have less resemblance to ancient guilds in that they are organized for all crafts in a certain region, not just one. In them membership is mandatory, and they serve to establish self-governance of the crafts.

Guilds were abolished in France during the French Revolution. Following a decree of 4 August 1789, they survived until March 1791 when they were finally abolished.
La fin de la chevalerie

La chevalerie était dynamique ; elle s'adaptait aux situations locales, ce qui a probablement conduit à son déclin. Il existait de nombreux groupes chevaleresques en Angleterre, tels qu'ils étaient imaginés par Sir Thomas Malory lorsqu'il a écrit *La Mort d'Arthur* à la fin du XVe siècle ; peut-être chaque groupe avait-il sa propre idéologie chevaleresque. La perspective de Malory reflète la condition de la chevalerie au XVe siècle. Lorsque *La Mort d'Arthur* a été imprimée, William Caxton encouragea les chevaliers à lire ce roman avec l'espoir que la lecture sur la chevalerie pourrait unir une communauté de chevaliers déjà divisés par les guerres de Rose.

Au début du règne des Tudor en Angleterre, certains chevaliers continuaient de se battre selon cet ethos. Moins de chevaliers étaient engagés dans des combats actifs, car les champs de bataille de ce siècle étaient généralement l'arène de fantassins professionnels, laissant moins d'occasions aux chevaliers de faire preuve de chevalerie. C'était le début du déclin de la chevalerie. Le rang de chevalier n'a jamais disparu, mais la reine Elizabeth I a mis fin à la tradition selon laquelle tout chevalier pouvait créer un autre, réservant ainsi cette prérogative exclusivement à la monarchie. Christopher Wilkins soutient que Sir Edward Woodville, qui a chevauché de bataille en bataille à travers l'Europe et est mort en 1488 en Bretagne, fut le dernier chevalier errant à avoir été témoin de la chute de l'âge de la chevalerie et de l'essor de la guerre moderne européenne. Au moment où le Moyen Âge prit fin, le code de la chevalerie avait disparu.
### Query ###
Pourquoi les guildes ont disparu en France après la révolution mais qu'elles ont continué à exister en Angleterre ?

### Main Text ###
Europe

In many European countries, guilds have experienced a revival as local trade organizations for craftsmen, primarily in traditional skills. They may function as forums for developing competence and are often the local units of a national employer's organisation.

In the City of London, the ancient guilds survive as livery companies, all of which play a ceremonial role in the city's many customs. The City of London livery companies maintain strong links with their respective trade, craft or profession, some still retain regulatory, inspection or enforcement roles. The senior members of the City of London Livery Companies (known as liverymen) elect the sheriffs and approve the candidates for the office of Lord Mayor of London. Guilds also survive in many other towns and cities the UK including in Preston, Lancashire, as the Preston Guild Merchant where among other celebrations descendants of burgesses are still admitted into membership. With the City of London livery companies, the UK has over 300 extant guilds and growing.

In 1878, the London livery companies established the City and Guilds of London Institute the forerunner of the engineering school (still called City and Guilds College) at Imperial College London. The aim of the City and Guilds of London Institute was the advancement of technical education. "City and Guilds" operates as an examining and accreditation body for vocational, managerial and engineering qualifications from entry-level craft and trade skills up to post-doctoral achievement. A separate organisation, the City and Guilds of London Art School has also close ties with the London livery companies and is involved in the training of master craftworkers in stone and wood carving, as well as fine artists.

In Germany, there are no longer any Zünfte (or Gilden – the terms used were rather different from town to town), nor any restriction of a craft to a privileged corporation. However, under one other of their old names albeit a less frequent one, Innungen, guilds continue to exist as private member clubs with membership limited to practitioners of particular trades or activities. These clubs are corporations under public law, albeit the membership is voluntary; the president normally comes from the ranks of master-craftsmen and is called Obermeister ("master-in-chief"). Journeymen elect their own representative bodies, with their president having the traditional title of Altgesell (senior journeyman).

There are also "craft chambers" (Handwerkskammern), which have less resemblance to ancient guilds in that they are organized for all crafts in a certain region, not just one. In them membership is mandatory, and they serve to establish self-governance of the crafts.

Guilds were abolished in France during the French Revolution. Following a decree of 4 August 1789, they survived until March 1791 when they were finally abolished.

### Supplementary Text ###
La fin de la chevalerie

La chevalerie était dynamique ; elle s'adaptait aux situations locales, ce qui a probablement conduit à son déclin. Il existait de nombreux groupes chevaleresques en Angleterre, tels qu'ils étaient imaginés par Sir Thomas Malory lorsqu'il a écrit *La Mort d'Arthur* à la fin du XVe siècle ; peut-être chaque groupe avait-il sa propre idéologie chevaleresque. La perspective de Malory reflète la condition de la chevalerie au XVe siècle. Lorsque *La Mort d'Arthur* a été imprimée, William Caxton encouragea les chevaliers à lire ce roman avec l'espoir que la lecture sur la chevalerie pourrait unir une communauté de chevaliers déjà divisés par les guerres de Rose.

Au début du règne des Tudor en Angleterre, certains chevaliers continuaient de se battre selon cet ethos. Moins de chevaliers étaient engagés dans des combats actifs, car les champs de bataille de ce siècle étaient généralement l'arène de fantassins professionnels, laissant moins d'occasions aux chevaliers de faire preuve de chevalerie. C'était le début du déclin de la chevalerie. Le rang de chevalier n'a jamais disparu, mais la reine Elizabeth I a mis fin à la tradition selon laquelle tout chevalier pouvait créer un autre, réservant ainsi cette prérogative exclusivement à la monarchie. Christopher Wilkins soutient que Sir Edward Woodville, qui a chevauché de bataille en bataille à travers l'Europe et est mort en 1488 en Bretagne, fut le dernier chevalier errant à avoir été témoin de la chute de l'âge de la chevalerie et de l'essor de la guerre moderne européenne. Au moment où le Moyen Âge prit fin, le code de la chevalerie avait disparu.

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Decomposition

"Pourquoi les guildes ont disparu en France après la révolution mais qu'elles ont continué à exister en Angleterre ?"

Key assumptions to verify:
- Guilds ≠ guilds across nations ⚠
- "Disparition" in France = complete vs functional transformation?
- "Continuer à exister" = same institutions vs different but related ones?

### 2. Historical Context Mapping

**France 1789-1791:**
● Revolutionary period → systematic institutional destruction
● August 4, 1789 decree abolishing guilds
● March 1791 final abolition
→ Classic revolutionary pattern: eliminate "feudal" structures

**England:**
◐ No revolution → gradual institutional evolution
◐ No violent institutional break
◐ Preserved monarchy → gradual reform vs revolution

### 3. Institutional Analysis

**French Guilds (Anciens Métiers):**
- Corporatist structure
- Exclusive membership rights
- State-regulated monopolies
- Hierarchical masters/apprentices/journeymen
- ∴ Revolutionary logic: eliminate privilege, free competition

**English Guilds (Livery Companies):**
! Key insight: functional preservation vs structural transformation

Modern equivalents:
- 120+ surviving livery companies
- Ceremonial functions retained
- Professional associations evolved
- Voluntary membership
- ∴ Adaptive rather than revolutionary change

### 4. Verification & Synthesis

⟨H≈0.8⟩ England's path: reform through tradition, French path: revolution through destruction. But what if we examine deeper? English guilds transformed into professional associations, maintained ceremonial functions, adapted to market economy. French "disappearance" was actually replacement by free market ideology. Which path more sustainable? Industrial revolution proves English adaptation model worked better for economic modernity...

**Physical constraints check:**
- Both countries industrialized 19th century
- English professional associations facilitated this ●
- French had to rebuild institutional framework from scratch ◐

**Logical synthesis:**
Revolutionary vs evolutionary change
Institutional destruction vs adaptation
Ceremonial preservation vs functional replacement

∴ Answer structure: French revolutionary logic eliminated guilds, English evolutionary logic preserved functions through transformation

**Key examples to include:**
- Livery companies: ceremonial survival + professional evolution
- Preston Guild Merchant: continuity in Lancashire
- City & Guilds: vocational training institution evolved from guild principles

NB: User asks *why* - causation not just description needed

### 5. Response Construction

Core argument: **Institutional path dependency**

French route: Revolutionary destruction → ideological replacement
English route: Evolutionary adaptation → functional preservation

Evidence needed:
1. Specific legal dates (1789/1791 French abolition)
2. Current English guild survival data
3. Transformation mechanisms (ceremonial vs functional)
4. Economic development implications

**Draft structure:**
- Acknowledge complexity of "guilds" definition
- French revolutionary context (institutional destruction)
- English preservation mechanisms (ceremonial functions)
- Modern examples (livery companies, professional associations)
- Evolutionary vs revolutionary change analysis
- Economic adaptation implications

**Translation challenge:** 
"Guildes" in French = "guilds" in English BUT different institutional realities
Need precision in terminology without overcomplicating for general audience

**Final verification:** ☑ Dates accurate, ☑ Historical context sound, ☑ Comparative analysis logical

### Answer###
Les guildes ont effectivement connu des destins différents dans ces deux pays européens. En France, elles ont été abolies pendant la Révolution française suite à un décret du 4 août 1789, puis définitivement supprimées en mars 1791. Cette disparition s'inscrivait dans le mouvement révolutionnaire qui visait à détruire les structures corporatistes et féodales du Ancien Régime.

En Angleterre, en revanche, les guildes n'ont pas complètement disparu mais se sont adaptées et transformées. Les guildes londoniennes, connues sous le nom de "livery companies", ont survécu et continuent aujourd'hui à jouer un rôle principalement cérémoniel dans les coutumes de la ville. Ces corporations maintiennent des liens forts avec leurs métiers respectifs et certaines conservent encore des rôles de régulation ou d'inspection.

Plus remarquable encore, les livery companies anglaises ont contribué à créer des institutions durables comme le City and Guilds of London Institute en 1878, qui est devenu un organisme d'examen et d'accréditation pour les qualifications professionnelles. De nombreuses guildes existent toujours dans d'autres villes britanniques, et l'Angleterre compte aujourd'hui plus de 300 guildes actives et en croissance.

Cette différence s'explique en partie par le fait que l'Angleterre a évité la révolution politique radicale qui a caractérisé la France, préservant ainsi ses institutions traditionnelles tout en les adaptant progressivement aux nouvelles réalités économiques et sociales.