Quand lempire grec a perdu ses terres dans lorient cétait pendant quel roi ?
Seleucid Empire

Following division of Alexander 's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/323 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239–236 BC) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.

The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochus III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III ("the Great") conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV 's forces at Raphia (217 BC), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212–205 BC) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204 BC), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202–195 BC). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the Hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.

Much of the eastern part of the empire was then conquered by the Parthians under Mithridates I of Parthia in the mid-2nd century BC, yet the Seleucid kings continued to rule a rump state from Syria until the invasion by the Armenian king Tigranes the Great and their ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey.
Périodes hellénistique et romaine

Durant la période hellénistique sous les Séleucides (entre 312 et 64 av. J.-C.), Palmyre devint un établissement prospère, vassal du roi séleucide. Les preuves de l'urbanisation de Palmyre à l'époque hellénistique sont rares ; un élément important est l'inscription de Laghman II, découverte à Laghman, dans l'Afghanistan moderne, et commandée par l'empereur indien Ashoka vers 250 av. J.-C. La lecture de l'inscription est contestée, mais selon le spécialiste des langues sémitiques André Dupont-Sommer, elle enregistre la distance vers "Tdmr" (Palmyre). En 217 av. J.-C., une force palmyrénienne dirigée par Zabdibel rejoignit l'armée du roi Antiochos III lors de la bataille de Raphia, qui se solda par une défaite séleucide face à l'Égypte ptolémaïque. Au milieu de l'époque hellénistique, Palmyre, autrefois située au sud du wadi al-Qubur, commença à s'étendre au-delà de sa rive nord. À la fin du IIe siècle av. J.-C., les tombes-tours dans la vallée des tombes de Palmyre et les temples de la ville (notamment les temples de Baalshamin, d'Al-lāt et le temple hellénistique) commencèrent à être construits. Une inscription fragmentaire en grec, provenant des fondations du temple de Bel, mentionne un roi titré Epiphane, un titre utilisé par les rois séleucides.

En 64 av. J.-C., la République romaine conquit le royaume séleucide, et le général romain Pompée établit la province de Syrie. Palmyre fut laissée indépendante, commerçant avec Rome et la Parthie, mais n'appartenant à aucune des deux. La plus ancienne inscription connue en palmyrénien date d'environ 44 av. J.-C. ; Palmyre était encore un petit cheikhat, offrant de l'eau aux caravanes qui empruntaient occasionnellement la route du désert sur laquelle elle était située. Cependant, selon Appien, Palmyre était suffisamment riche pour que Marc Antoine envoie une force pour la conquérir en 41 av. J.-C. Les Palmyréniens se retirèrent dans les terres parthes au-delà de la rive orientale de l'Euphrate, qu'ils préparèrent à défendre.
### Query ###
Quand lempire grec a perdu ses terres dans lorient cétait pendant quel roi ?

### Main Text ###
Seleucid Empire

Following division of Alexander 's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/323 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under Seleucus II, who was forced to fight a civil war (239–236 BC) against his brother Antiochus Hierax and was unable to keep Bactria, Sogdiana and Parthia from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by Attalus I of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.

The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochus III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III ("the Great") conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV 's forces at Raphia (217 BC), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212–205 BC) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204 BC), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202–195 BC). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the Hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.

Much of the eastern part of the empire was then conquered by the Parthians under Mithridates I of Parthia in the mid-2nd century BC, yet the Seleucid kings continued to rule a rump state from Syria until the invasion by the Armenian king Tigranes the Great and their ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey.

### Supplementary Text ###
Périodes hellénistique et romaine

Durant la période hellénistique sous les Séleucides (entre 312 et 64 av. J.-C.), Palmyre devint un établissement prospère, vassal du roi séleucide. Les preuves de l'urbanisation de Palmyre à l'époque hellénistique sont rares ; un élément important est l'inscription de Laghman II, découverte à Laghman, dans l'Afghanistan moderne, et commandée par l'empereur indien Ashoka vers 250 av. J.-C. La lecture de l'inscription est contestée, mais selon le spécialiste des langues sémitiques André Dupont-Sommer, elle enregistre la distance vers "Tdmr" (Palmyre). En 217 av. J.-C., une force palmyrénienne dirigée par Zabdibel rejoignit l'armée du roi Antiochos III lors de la bataille de Raphia, qui se solda par une défaite séleucide face à l'Égypte ptolémaïque. Au milieu de l'époque hellénistique, Palmyre, autrefois située au sud du wadi al-Qubur, commença à s'étendre au-delà de sa rive nord. À la fin du IIe siècle av. J.-C., les tombes-tours dans la vallée des tombes de Palmyre et les temples de la ville (notamment les temples de Baalshamin, d'Al-lāt et le temple hellénistique) commencèrent à être construits. Une inscription fragmentaire en grec, provenant des fondations du temple de Bel, mentionne un roi titré Epiphane, un titre utilisé par les rois séleucides.

En 64 av. J.-C., la République romaine conquit le royaume séleucide, et le général romain Pompée établit la province de Syrie. Palmyre fut laissée indépendante, commerçant avec Rome et la Parthie, mais n'appartenant à aucune des deux. La plus ancienne inscription connue en palmyrénien date d'environ 44 av. J.-C. ; Palmyre était encore un petit cheikhat, offrant de l'eau aux caravanes qui empruntaient occasionnellement la route du désert sur laquelle elle était située. Cependant, selon Appien, Palmyre était suffisamment riche pour que Marc Antoine envoie une force pour la conquérir en 41 av. J.-C. Les Palmyréniens se retirèrent dans les terres parthes au-delà de la rive orientale de l'Euphrate, qu'ils préparèrent à défendre.

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Parsing

"Quand lempire grec a perdu ses terres dans lorient"
→ When did Greek empire lose eastern territories?

Key ambiguity: "grec" = Hellenistic successor states? Classical Greece?
● Most likely: Seleucid Empire, 2nd-1st centuries BCE
◐ "Orient" = Near East territories or broader?

### 2. Historical Context Mapping

Post-Alexander divisions → Hellenistic kingdoms
- Seleucus Nicator (Babylonia)
- Ptolemy (Egypt) 
- Antigonus (Asia Minor initially)

⟨H≈0.8⟩ *The great fragmentation... Seleucus sweeping east, Babylon, Bactria, all those satrapies Alexander had conquered like scattered pearls... but already the unwieldy thing creaking apart...*

Initial extent: ● Mesopotamia, Persia, parts of India, Syria, Anatolia
Core question: timeline of territorial loss

### 3. Chronological Decomposition

Early losses (3rd century BCE):
- Pergamum independence under Attalus I
- Bithynia, Pontus breaking away
- ● 200+ years before major eastern fragmentation

Major eastern collapse:
- ● 239-236 BCE: Seleucid civil war (Antiochus Hierax vs II)
- Result: Bactria, Sogdiana, Parthia independence
- ◐ Parthian expansion under Phraates I/Mithridates I

⟨H≈1.2⟩ *Parthians like desert vermin gnawing at the edges, Arsacid kings emerging from the steppe mists, while in the west Rome watches, calculates, waits for weakness like a predator...*

Anatolia losses:
- ● 190 BCE: Battle of Magnesia
- Roman intervention → Treaty of Apamea
- Result: western Anatolia to Pergamene control

Final collapse:
- ● 64 BCE: Pompey conquers Seleucid territories
- ◐ Complete fragmentation/Roman absorption

### 4. Synthesis

∴ No single "roi" moment. Gradual process:
1. **Early fragmentation**: Hellenistic succession wars (3rd cent)
2. **Major eastern loss**: Seleucid civil war (239-236 BCE) 
3. **Western defeat**: Roman intervention (190 BCE)
4. **Final dissolution**: Pompey (64 BCE)

!Key insight: "Eastern territories" = relative. Initially vast, then successive concentric losses.

**Answer**: Gradual process from 239-64 BCE, peaking with eastern fragmentation (239-236 BCE) and Roman intervention (190 BCE). No single ruler moment.

### Answer###
L'empire grec, probablement les Séleucides, a effectivement perdu ses territoires orientaux sur une longue période et non pas lors du règne d'un seul roi. Cette perte s'est déroulée progressivement à partir du IIIe siècle avant J.-C.

Initialement, l'empire séleucide s'étendait sur une immense superficie comprenant la Mésopotamie, la Perse, l'Anatolie centrale, le Levant, ainsi que des parties du Turkménistan et du Pakistan actuel. Cependant, dès le règne d'Antiochus I (324/323 - 261 avant J.-C.), l'empire commença à perdre du terrain. La Cappadoce, Bithynie et le Pont se détachèrent progressivement.

La fragmentation s'accéléra sous les successeurs. Une guerre civile éclata entre 239 et 236 avant J.-C. entre le roi Séleucos II et son frère Antiochos Héraclès. Cette lutte fratricide permit aux provinces orientales de se libérer : la Bactriane, la Sogdiane et la Parthie obtinrent leur indépendance. Parallèlement, la Parthie fut conquise par les Parthes sous Mithridate I au milieu du IIe siècle avant J.-C.

L'Anatolie orientale fut ensuite perdue définitivement après la défaite séleucide à la bataille de Magnésie en 190 avant J.-C. contre les Romains. Le traité d'Apamée contraignit les Séleucides à abandonner tous leurs territoires en Anatolie à l'ouest du Taurus.

L'empire survécut encore jusqu'en 64 avant J.-C. sous une forme réduite, contrôlant principalement la Syrie, avant d'être finalement renversé par le général romain Pompée.