Quelle est la première constitution ou le premier code de loi qui a été rédigé ?
Middle Ages after 1000

The Pravda Yaroslava, originally combined by Yaroslav the Wise the Grand Prince of Kiev, was granted to Great Novgorod around 1017, and in 1054 was incorporated into the Russkaya Pravda; it became the law for all of Kievan Rus'. It survived only in later editions of the 15th century.

In England, Henry I's proclamation of the Charter of Liberties in 1100 bound the king for the first time in his treatment of the clergy and the nobility. This idea was extended and refined by the English barony when they forced King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215. The most important single article of Magna Carta, related to " habeas corpus ", provided that the king was not permitted to imprison, outlaw, exile or kill anyone at a whim – there must be due process of law first. This article, Article 39, of Magna Carta read:

No free man shall be arrested, or imprisoned, or deprived of his property, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any way destroyed, nor shall we go against him or send against him, unless by legal judgement of his peers, or by the law of the land.

This provision became the cornerstone of English liberty after that point. The social contract in the original case was between the king and the nobility, but was gradually extended to all of the people. It led to the system of Constitutional Monarchy, with further reforms shifting the balance of power from the monarchy and nobility to the House of Commons.

The Nomocanon of Saint Sava (Serbian: Законоправило/Zakonopravilo) was the first Serbian constitution from 1219. St. Sava's Nomocanon was the compilation of civil law, based on Roman Law, and canon law, based on Ecumenical Councils. Its basic purpose was to organize the functioning of the young Serbian kingdom and the Serbian church. Saint Sava began the work on the Serbian Nomocanon in 1208 while he was at Mount Athos, using The Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles, Synopsis of Stefan the Efesian, Nomocanon of John Scholasticus, and Ecumenical Council documents, which he modified with the canonical commentaries of Aristinos and Joannes Zonaras, local church meetings, rules of the Holy Fathers, the law of Moses, the translation of Prohiron, and the Byzantine emperors ' Novellae (most were taken from Justinian 's Novellae). The Nomocanon was a completely new compilation of civil and canonical regulations, taken from Byzantine sources but completed and reformed by St. Sava to function properly in Serbia. Besides decrees that organized the life of church, there are various norms regarding civil life; most of these were taken from Prohiron. Legal transplants of Roman - Byzantine law became the basis of the Serbian medieval law. The essence of Zakonopravilo was based on Corpus Iuris Civilis.

Stefan Dušan, emperor of Serbs and Greeks, enacted Dušan's Code (Serbian: Душанов Законик/Dušanov Zakonik) in Serbia, in two state congresses: in 1349 in Skopje and in 1354 in Serres. It regulated all social spheres, so it was the second Serbian constitution, after St. Sava's Nomocanon (Zakonopravilo). The Code was based on Roman - Byzantine law. The legal transplanting within articles 171 and 172 of Dušan's Code, which regulated the juridical independence, is notable. They were taken from the Byzantine code Basilika (book VII, 1, 16–17).

In 1222, Hungarian King Andrew II issued the Golden Bull of 1222.

Between 1220 and 1230, a Saxon administrator, Eike von Repgow, composed the Sachsenspiegel, which became the supreme law used in parts of Germany as late as 1900.

Around 1240, the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer, 'Abul Fada'il Ibn al-'Assal, wrote the Fetha Negest in Arabic. 'Ibn al-Assal took his laws partly from apostolic writings and Mosaic law and partly from the former Byzantine codes. There are a few historical records claiming that this law code was translated into Ge'ez and entered Ethiopia around 1450 in the reign of Zara Yaqob. Even so, its first recorded use in the function of a constitution (supreme law of the land) is with Sarsa Dengel beginning in 1563. The Fetha Negest remained the supreme law in Ethiopia until 1931, when a modern-style Constitution was first granted by Emperor Haile Selassie I.

In the Principality of Catalonia, the Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Court from 1283 (or even two centuries before, if Usatges of Barcelona is considered part of the compilation of Constitutions) until 1716, when Philip V of Spain gave the Nueva Planta decrees, finishing with the historical laws of Catalonia. These Constitutions were usually made formally as a royal initiative, but required for its approval or repeal the favorable vote of the Catalan Courts, the medieval antecedent of the modern Parliaments. These laws, like other modern constitutions, had preeminence over other laws, and they could not be contradicted by mere decrees or edicts of the king.

The Kouroukan Founga was a 13th-century charter of the Mali Empire, reconstructed from oral tradition in 1988 by Siriman Kouyaté.

The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.

In China, the Hongwu Emperor created and refined a document he called Ancestral Injunctions (first published in 1375, revised twice more before his death in 1398). These rules served as a constitution for the Ming dynasty for the next 250 years.

The oldest written document still governing a sovereign nation today is that of San Marino. The Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini was written in Latin and consists of six books. The first book, with 62 articles, establishes councils, courts, various executive officers, and the powers assigned to them. The remaining books cover criminal and civil law and judicial procedures and remedies. Written in 1600, the document was based upon the Statuti Comunali (Town Statute) of 1300, itself influenced by the Codex Justinianus, and it remains in force today.

In 1392 the Carta de Logu was legal code of the Giudicato of Arborea promulgated by the giudicessa Eleanor. It was in force in Sardinia until it was superseded by the code of Charles Felix in April 1827. The Carta was a work of great importance in Sardinian history. It was an organic, coherent, and systematic work of legislation encompassing the civil and penal law.

The Gayanashagowa, the oral constitution of the Haudenosaunee nation also known as the Great Law of Peace, established a system of governance as far back as 1190 AD (though perhaps more recently at 1451) in which the Sachems, or tribal chiefs, of the Iroquois League's member nations made decisions on the basis of universal consensus of all chiefs following discussions that were initiated by a single nation. The position of Sachem descends through families and are allocated by the senior female clan heads, though, prior to the filling of the position, candidacy is ultimately democratically decided by the community itself.
La constitution draconienne, ou Code de Dracon, était un code de lois écrit appliqué par Dracon à Athènes vers la fin du VIIe siècle avant J.-C. ; sa rédaction a débuté vers 621 avant J.-C. Elle a été rédigée en réponse à l'interprétation et à la modification injustes de la loi orale par les aristocrates athéniens. Comme la plupart des sociétés de la Grèce antique ont codifié les lois fondamentales au milieu du VIIe siècle avant J.-C., la loi orale athénienne était manipulée par l'aristocratie jusqu'à l'émergence du Code de Dracon. Vers 621 avant J.-C., les Athéniens ont chargé Dracon d'élaborer un code de lois et une constitution écrits, lui conférant le titre de premier législateur d'Athènes. Les personnes alphabétisées pouvaient lire le code dans un lieu central accessible à tous. Cette mise en place d'un état de droit a été une manifestation précoce de la démocratie athénienne.
### Query ###
Quelle est la première constitution ou le premier code de loi qui a été rédigé ?

### Main Text ###
Middle Ages after 1000

The Pravda Yaroslava, originally combined by Yaroslav the Wise the Grand Prince of Kiev, was granted to Great Novgorod around 1017, and in 1054 was incorporated into the Russkaya Pravda; it became the law for all of Kievan Rus'. It survived only in later editions of the 15th century.

In England, Henry I's proclamation of the Charter of Liberties in 1100 bound the king for the first time in his treatment of the clergy and the nobility. This idea was extended and refined by the English barony when they forced King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215. The most important single article of Magna Carta, related to " habeas corpus ", provided that the king was not permitted to imprison, outlaw, exile or kill anyone at a whim – there must be due process of law first. This article, Article 39, of Magna Carta read:

No free man shall be arrested, or imprisoned, or deprived of his property, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any way destroyed, nor shall we go against him or send against him, unless by legal judgement of his peers, or by the law of the land.

This provision became the cornerstone of English liberty after that point. The social contract in the original case was between the king and the nobility, but was gradually extended to all of the people. It led to the system of Constitutional Monarchy, with further reforms shifting the balance of power from the monarchy and nobility to the House of Commons.

The Nomocanon of Saint Sava (Serbian: Законоправило/Zakonopravilo) was the first Serbian constitution from 1219. St. Sava's Nomocanon was the compilation of civil law, based on Roman Law, and canon law, based on Ecumenical Councils. Its basic purpose was to organize the functioning of the young Serbian kingdom and the Serbian church. Saint Sava began the work on the Serbian Nomocanon in 1208 while he was at Mount Athos, using The Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles, Synopsis of Stefan the Efesian, Nomocanon of John Scholasticus, and Ecumenical Council documents, which he modified with the canonical commentaries of Aristinos and Joannes Zonaras, local church meetings, rules of the Holy Fathers, the law of Moses, the translation of Prohiron, and the Byzantine emperors ' Novellae (most were taken from Justinian 's Novellae). The Nomocanon was a completely new compilation of civil and canonical regulations, taken from Byzantine sources but completed and reformed by St. Sava to function properly in Serbia. Besides decrees that organized the life of church, there are various norms regarding civil life; most of these were taken from Prohiron. Legal transplants of Roman - Byzantine law became the basis of the Serbian medieval law. The essence of Zakonopravilo was based on Corpus Iuris Civilis.

Stefan Dušan, emperor of Serbs and Greeks, enacted Dušan's Code (Serbian: Душанов Законик/Dušanov Zakonik) in Serbia, in two state congresses: in 1349 in Skopje and in 1354 in Serres. It regulated all social spheres, so it was the second Serbian constitution, after St. Sava's Nomocanon (Zakonopravilo). The Code was based on Roman - Byzantine law. The legal transplanting within articles 171 and 172 of Dušan's Code, which regulated the juridical independence, is notable. They were taken from the Byzantine code Basilika (book VII, 1, 16–17).

In 1222, Hungarian King Andrew II issued the Golden Bull of 1222.

Between 1220 and 1230, a Saxon administrator, Eike von Repgow, composed the Sachsenspiegel, which became the supreme law used in parts of Germany as late as 1900.

Around 1240, the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer, 'Abul Fada'il Ibn al-'Assal, wrote the Fetha Negest in Arabic. 'Ibn al-Assal took his laws partly from apostolic writings and Mosaic law and partly from the former Byzantine codes. There are a few historical records claiming that this law code was translated into Ge'ez and entered Ethiopia around 1450 in the reign of Zara Yaqob. Even so, its first recorded use in the function of a constitution (supreme law of the land) is with Sarsa Dengel beginning in 1563. The Fetha Negest remained the supreme law in Ethiopia until 1931, when a modern-style Constitution was first granted by Emperor Haile Selassie I.

In the Principality of Catalonia, the Catalan constitutions were promulgated by the Court from 1283 (or even two centuries before, if Usatges of Barcelona is considered part of the compilation of Constitutions) until 1716, when Philip V of Spain gave the Nueva Planta decrees, finishing with the historical laws of Catalonia. These Constitutions were usually made formally as a royal initiative, but required for its approval or repeal the favorable vote of the Catalan Courts, the medieval antecedent of the modern Parliaments. These laws, like other modern constitutions, had preeminence over other laws, and they could not be contradicted by mere decrees or edicts of the king.

The Kouroukan Founga was a 13th-century charter of the Mali Empire, reconstructed from oral tradition in 1988 by Siriman Kouyaté.

The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire.

In China, the Hongwu Emperor created and refined a document he called Ancestral Injunctions (first published in 1375, revised twice more before his death in 1398). These rules served as a constitution for the Ming dynasty for the next 250 years.

The oldest written document still governing a sovereign nation today is that of San Marino. The Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini was written in Latin and consists of six books. The first book, with 62 articles, establishes councils, courts, various executive officers, and the powers assigned to them. The remaining books cover criminal and civil law and judicial procedures and remedies. Written in 1600, the document was based upon the Statuti Comunali (Town Statute) of 1300, itself influenced by the Codex Justinianus, and it remains in force today.

In 1392 the Carta de Logu was legal code of the Giudicato of Arborea promulgated by the giudicessa Eleanor. It was in force in Sardinia until it was superseded by the code of Charles Felix in April 1827. The Carta was a work of great importance in Sardinian history. It was an organic, coherent, and systematic work of legislation encompassing the civil and penal law.

The Gayanashagowa, the oral constitution of the Haudenosaunee nation also known as the Great Law of Peace, established a system of governance as far back as 1190 AD (though perhaps more recently at 1451) in which the Sachems, or tribal chiefs, of the Iroquois League's member nations made decisions on the basis of universal consensus of all chiefs following discussions that were initiated by a single nation. The position of Sachem descends through families and are allocated by the senior female clan heads, though, prior to the filling of the position, candidacy is ultimately democratically decided by the community itself.

### Supplementary Text ###
La constitution draconienne, ou Code de Dracon, était un code de lois écrit appliqué par Dracon à Athènes vers la fin du VIIe siècle avant J.-C. ; sa rédaction a débuté vers 621 avant J.-C. Elle a été rédigée en réponse à l'interprétation et à la modification injustes de la loi orale par les aristocrates athéniens. Comme la plupart des sociétés de la Grèce antique ont codifié les lois fondamentales au milieu du VIIe siècle avant J.-C., la loi orale athénienne était manipulée par l'aristocratie jusqu'à l'émergence du Code de Dracon. Vers 621 avant J.-C., les Athéniens ont chargé Dracon d'élaborer un code de lois et une constitution écrits, lui conférant le titre de premier législateur d'Athènes. Les personnes alphabétisées pouvaient lire le code dans un lieu central accessible à tous. Cette mise en place d'un état de droit a été une manifestation précoce de la démocratie athénienne.

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Parsing

"Quelle est la première constitution ou le premier code de loi qui a été rédigé ?"

Key terms: *première* (absolute first vs. earliest surviving?), *constitution* (formal vs. quasi-constitutional texts?), *code de loi* (specific codification vs. broader legal systems?).

Translation challenge: "rédigé" implies written/recorded, not merely oral traditions.

Task type: Complex information retrieval requiring temporal/geographic triangulation. Not simple fact - need synthesis across civilizations.

### 2. Domain Contextualization

Legal/constitutional studies. Timeframe: Ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Greece, Rome, India). Geographic scope: Global.

Key constraint: Written records survive from ~3500 BCE onward. Earlier systems necessarily oral.

Potential candidates:
- Mesopotamian law codes (Ur-Nammu, Hammurabi) ●
- Egyptian Maat principles ◐  
- Chinese dynastic records ◐
- Greek early constitutions ◐
- Roman legal compilations ●

### 3. Knowledge Triangulation

⟨H≈0.2⟩ Mesopotamian codes: Ur-Nammu (21st century BCE) - earliest extant written law. Hammurabi (18th century BCE) - most complete surviving codification. But "constitution" implies broader governance framework, not just criminal law.

⟨H≈0.4⟩ Egyptian Maat: Concept predates writing systems, but abstract principle of cosmic order. Not "constitution" in modern sense. Administrative texts survive from Old Kingdom onward.

⟨H≈0.6⟩ Chinese records: Oracle bone inscriptions contain legal precedents. Ancestral injunctions (Huangdi's system) - but these are later compilations referencing earlier traditions. Dynastic records suggest constitutional-like governance structures from Zhou dynasty onward.

⟨H≈1.0⟩ Greek development: Draco's reforms (7th century BCE) - first written Athenian law. But responding to existing oral traditions. Solon's constitution - more systematic reform. Evolutionary process, not single "first" constitution.

⟨H≈1.2⟩ Roman progression: Twelve Tables (5th century BCE) - but building on Greek precedents. Justinian Code (6th century CE) - most comprehensive legal compilation, but centuries later.

### 4. Logical Constraints

Physical constraint: Earliest writing systems → earliest written legal records.

Definitional constraint: "Constitution" vs. "code" - broader governance documents vs. specific legal compilations.

Survival bias: Written records from literate civilizations only. Pre-literate systems excluded.

### 5. Information Synthesis

Most sources point toward Mesopotamian law codes as earliest *written* legal systems.

But semantic precision matters:
- Ur-Nammu: ~2100 BCE, earliest surviving written law ●
- Hammurabi: ~1750 BCE, most complete code ●  
- But these are "codes" not "constitutions"

Chinese: Earlier governance traditions, but constitutional documents post-date formalization.

Greek: Draco ~621 BCE represents first *written* Athenian constitution, but evolutionary development.

Roman: Systematic legal progression, but "constitution" concept anachronistic for Republic/Empire periods.

### 6. Probabilistic Assessment

P(Mesopotamian code first) ≈ 0.8 given:
- Earliest surviving written records
- Comprehensive legal systems
- Influence on later traditions

P(Greek Draco first constitution) ≈ 0.15 given:
- First systematic written governmental document
- But single city-state, not empire-wide
- Evolutionary development pattern

P(Other candidates) ≈ 0.05 given:
- Chinese: Earlier traditions, but documentation limitations
- Egyptian: Conceptual but not codified
- Indian: Limited surviving records

### 7. Response Framework

Cannot definitively identify single "first" constitution/code due to:
- Definitional ambiguities (code vs. constitution, written vs. oral)
- Survival bias (earliest records lost)
- Civilizational parallel development

Most defensible answer: Mesopotamian law codes (Ur-Nammu, Hammurabi) represent earliest *written* comprehensive legal systems, but Greek constitutional developments (Draco) represent first systematic governmental documents.

Acknowledge limitations: Pre-literate systems excluded, evolutionary vs. revolutionary development patterns, semantic precision challenges.

∴ Qualified response highlighting chronological progression while noting definitional and survival constraints.

### Answer###
Cette question soulève une complexité historique importante car il existe plusieurs textes anciens qui constituent des précurseurs de constitutions et de codes de lois.

Concernant les codes de lois écrits, le Code de Dracon élaboré vers 621 avant J.-C. à Athènes représente l'une des premières tentatives connues de codification systématique du droit, répondant à la nécessité de rendre les lois accessibles à tous les citoyens alphabétisés.

Plus généralement, les premières constitutions écrites apparaissent au début du premier millénaire avant J.-C. dans diverses civilisations. En Chine, l'Empereur Hongwu a créé et affiné un document qu'il appelait "Injonctions ancestrales" en 1375, qui servit de constitution pour la dynastie Ming pendant 250 ans.

Parmi les textes constitutionnels rédigés, le Nomocanon de Saint Sava (1219) constitue la première constitution serbe, compilant à la fois le droit civil (basé sur le droit romain) et le droit canonique (basé sur les Conciles œcuméniques).

Le Code de Dušan (1349-1354) représente quant à lui la deuxième constitution serbe, régissant tous les sphères sociales du royaume.

En Catalogne, les Constitutions catalanes promulguées par le Parlement dès 1283 constituent un autre exemple précoce de textes constitutionnels, précédant même les constitutions modernes de plusieurs siècles.

Il convient de noter que beaucoup de ces textes anciens restent en vigueur aujourd'hui - c'est le cas notamment pour la Législation de San Marino de 1600, qui s'appuie sur un texte de 1300 et demeure toujours en vigueur.