Bonjour je comprend pas bien pourquoi le professeur Jolly disait que la physique était presque finie en 1878 alors que Max Planck a fait beaucoup de découvertes importantes plus tard C est un peu bizarre non
Early life and education

Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor at the University of Kiel and Munich. One of his uncles was also a judge.

Planck was born in 1858 in Kiel, Holstein (now Schleswig-Holstein), to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptized with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck; of his given names, Marx was indicated as the "appellation name". However, by the age of ten he signed with the name Max and used this for the rest of his life.

He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. War was common during Planck's early years and among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school. There, his mathematical talents emerged early and he later came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.

Planck was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics.

Planck enrolled at the University of Munich in 1874. Under professor Philipp von Jolly 's supervision, Planck performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum, but transferred to theoretical physics. Jolly advised Planck against going into theoretical physics. Planck recalls that in 1878, Jolly argued that physics was almost complete, being a "highly developed, nearly fully matured science, that through the crowning achievement of the discovery of the principle of conservation of energy will arguably soon take its final stable form".

In 1877, he went to the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Rudolf Clausius's writings, which led him to choose thermodynamics as his field.

In October 1878, Planck passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the Second Law of Mechanical Heat Theory). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.

By the year 1880, Planck had obtained the two highest academic degrees offered in Europe. The first was a doctorate degree after he completed his paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics. He then presented his thesis called Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures), which earned him a habilitation.
XXe siècle : naissance de la physique moderne

À la fin du XIXe siècle, la physique avait évolué au point où la mécanique classique pouvait résoudre des problèmes complexes impliquant des situations macroscopiques ; la thermodynamique et la théorie cinétique étaient bien établies ; l'optique géométrique et physique pouvaient être comprises en termes d'ondes électromagnétiques ; et les lois de conservation de l'énergie et de l'élan (et de la masse) étaient largement acceptées. Ces développements, et d'autres, étaient si importants que l'on pensait généralement que toutes les lois importantes de la physique avaient été découvertes et que, par la suite, la recherche se concentrerait sur la résolution de problèmes mineurs et, en particulier, sur l'amélioration des méthodes et des mesures.

Cependant, vers 1900, de sérieux doutes sont apparus quant à l'exhaustivité des théories classiques – le triomphe des théories de Maxwell, par exemple, était compromis par des lacunes qui avaient déjà commencé à se manifester – et à leur incapacité à expliquer certains phénomènes physiques, tels que la distribution de l'énergie dans le rayonnement du corps noir et l'effet photoélectrique, tandis que certaines formulations théoriques menaient à des paradoxes lorsqu'elles étaient poussées à l'extrême. Des physiciens de renom tels que Hendrik Lorentz, Emil Cohn, Ernst Wiechert et Wilhelm Wien pensaient que certaines modifications des équations de Maxwell pourraient fournir la base de toutes les lois physiques. Ces lacunes de la physique classique ne furent jamais résolues et de nouvelles idées s'avérèrent nécessaires. Au début du XXe siècle, une grande révolution a ébranlé le monde de la physique, donnant lieu à une nouvelle ère, généralement appelée physique moderne.
### Query ###
Bonjour je comprend pas bien pourquoi le professeur Jolly disait que la physique était presque finie en 1878 alors que Max Planck a fait beaucoup de découvertes importantes plus tard C est un peu bizarre non

### Main Text ###
Early life and education

Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor at the University of Kiel and Munich. One of his uncles was also a judge.

Planck was born in 1858 in Kiel, Holstein (now Schleswig-Holstein), to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptized with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck; of his given names, Marx was indicated as the "appellation name". However, by the age of ten he signed with the name Max and used this for the rest of his life.

He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. War was common during Planck's early years and among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school. There, his mathematical talents emerged early and he later came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.

Planck was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics.

Planck enrolled at the University of Munich in 1874. Under professor Philipp von Jolly 's supervision, Planck performed the only experiments of his scientific career, studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum, but transferred to theoretical physics. Jolly advised Planck against going into theoretical physics. Planck recalls that in 1878, Jolly argued that physics was almost complete, being a "highly developed, nearly fully matured science, that through the crowning achievement of the discovery of the principle of conservation of energy will arguably soon take its final stable form".

In 1877, he went to the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Rudolf Clausius's writings, which led him to choose thermodynamics as his field.

In October 1878, Planck passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the Second Law of Mechanical Heat Theory). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.

By the year 1880, Planck had obtained the two highest academic degrees offered in Europe. The first was a doctorate degree after he completed his paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics. He then presented his thesis called Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures), which earned him a habilitation.

### Supplementary Text ###
XXe siècle : naissance de la physique moderne

À la fin du XIXe siècle, la physique avait évolué au point où la mécanique classique pouvait résoudre des problèmes complexes impliquant des situations macroscopiques ; la thermodynamique et la théorie cinétique étaient bien établies ; l'optique géométrique et physique pouvaient être comprises en termes d'ondes électromagnétiques ; et les lois de conservation de l'énergie et de l'élan (et de la masse) étaient largement acceptées. Ces développements, et d'autres, étaient si importants que l'on pensait généralement que toutes les lois importantes de la physique avaient été découvertes et que, par la suite, la recherche se concentrerait sur la résolution de problèmes mineurs et, en particulier, sur l'amélioration des méthodes et des mesures.

Cependant, vers 1900, de sérieux doutes sont apparus quant à l'exhaustivité des théories classiques – le triomphe des théories de Maxwell, par exemple, était compromis par des lacunes qui avaient déjà commencé à se manifester – et à leur incapacité à expliquer certains phénomènes physiques, tels que la distribution de l'énergie dans le rayonnement du corps noir et l'effet photoélectrique, tandis que certaines formulations théoriques menaient à des paradoxes lorsqu'elles étaient poussées à l'extrême. Des physiciens de renom tels que Hendrik Lorentz, Emil Cohn, Ernst Wiechert et Wilhelm Wien pensaient que certaines modifications des équations de Maxwell pourraient fournir la base de toutes les lois physiques. Ces lacunes de la physique classique ne furent jamais résolues et de nouvelles idées s'avérèrent nécessaires. Au début du XXe siècle, une grande révolution a ébranlé le monde de la physique, donnant lieu à une nouvelle ère, généralement appelée physique moderne.

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Parsing & Context Mapping

"Pourquoi le professeur Jolly disait que la physique était presque finie en 1878"

Key elements:
- Professor Jolly = Philipp Eduard Anton von Jolly (1809-1884) ●
- 1878 = pivotal year in physics history ●
- "presque finie" = "almost finished/complete" 
- Max Planck context = anachronistic but understandable confusion ◐

User assumes contradiction: Jolly pessimistic, Planck later proved him wrong.

? Simple information retrieval or deeper historiographical issue?

### 2. Temporal & Intellectual Contextualization

1878 physics landscape:
→ Maxwell's equations complete (1860s) ●
→ Thermodynamics well-established (Clausius, Kelvin) ●  
→ Conservation laws universally accepted ●
→ Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation understood ◐

※ "Crisis" not yet visible to classical physicists

Jolly's perspective: empirical successes of classical physics overwhelming
∴ Natural to think physics nearing completion

⟨H≈0.8⟩ The confident 1870s... Maxwell's equations dancing harmoniously... no hint of quantum discord... classical mechanics ruling supreme... why wouldn't one think physics almost solved? The arrogance of certainty before uncertainty's revelation...

### 3. The 1878 Timeline Verification

Specific events 1878:
- Hertz discovers electromagnetic induction ●
- Boltzmann's kinetic theory advances ●  
- Planck himself studying under Jolly ◐

! Key insight: Planck was Jolly's student during this supposed "completion"

Jolly's statement ≈ pedagogical encouragement to young Planck?
Or genuine belief in physics' maturity?

### 4. Resolution of Apparent Contradiction

Planck's later contributions:
- Blackbody radiation (1900) ●
- Quantum hypothesis (1900) ●
- Planck constant (1900) ●

→ These required breaking classical framework
→ Unthinkable from within classical paradigm

∴ No real contradiction: Jolly correct within classical physics scope
Planck correct beyond classical limits

### 5. Historiographical Deeper Dive

⟨H≈1.2⟩ But wait... was Jolly really wrong? Or was he speaking about the *classical* physics that he knew and taught? The invisible boundary between classical and quantum... Newton's mechanics working perfectly for apples falling, failing completely for electrons jumping... Two physics, two worlds, two temporalities...

NB: Jolly's "crisis" only visible in hindsight
Planck's revolution required conceptual rupture with classical framework

### 6. Pedagogical/Educational Context

Jolly's statement potentially:
- Encouragement to ambitious student
- Realistic assessment of immediate research opportunities  
- Focus on experimental precision vs theoretical speculation

≈ Equivalent to modern "physics is almost done" joke among professors

### 7. Final Synthesis

Jolly's 1878 pessimism = classical physics peak optimism
Planck's later breakthroughs = quantum mechanics emergence

No contradiction: Jolly spoke about classical physics
Planck spoke about quantum revolution

! The user's confusion stems from anachronistic assumption that 1878 physics could predict 1900+ quantum mechanics

∴ Both perspectives simultaneously correct within their respective frameworks

The "bizarre" aspect: physics indeed had two temporal layers, classical and quantum, operating independently until quantum effects became practically significant.

### Answer###
Ta question soulève effectivement un point fascinant de l'histoire de la physique. En 1878, le professeur Philipp von Jolly avait des raisons valables de penser que la physique était presque complète.

À cette époque, la physique avait connu des avancées extraordinaires : la mécanique classique résolvait déjà de nombreux problèmes complexes, la thermodynamique et la théorie cinétique étaient bien établies, les lois de conservation de l'énergie et de l'élan étaient largement acceptées, et l'optique électromagnétique expliquait de nombreux phénomènes. De nombreux physiciens de renom pensaient même que les équations de Maxwell pourraient bientôt constituer la base de toutes les lois physiques.

Le contexte était donc celui d'une science qui semblait avoir atteint un niveau de maturité tel que les recherches futures se concentreraient principalement sur l'amélioration des méthodes expérimentales et sur la résolution de problèmes mineurs. Cette période de relative stabilisation contrastait avec les décennies précédentes riches en découvertes révolutionnaires.

Cependant, vers 1900, des doutes sérieux ont émergé quant à l'exhaustivité des théories classiques. Des phénomènes comme la distribution de l'énergie dans le rayonnement du corps noir et l'effet photoélectrique défiaient les explications classiques. Des théoriciens comme Hendrik Lorentz, Emil Cohn et Ernst Wiechert pensaient que certaines modifications des équations de Maxwell pourraient s'avérer nécessaires.

Il n'y a donc rien d'étonnant à ce que Jolly ait fait cette remarque en 1878. Cette perspective était cohérente avec l'état de la physique à cette époque. Ce qui s'est passé plus tard - les révolutions du début du XXe siècle qui ont donné naissance à la physique moderne - n'était pas prévisible à partir des connaissances classiques de l'époque.