Comment les mouvements républicains et le mouvement de Home Rule se sont-ils différenciés dans leurs approches pour l'autonomie de l'Irlande au début du 20e siècle ?
Union with Great Britain

As a direct result of the 1798 rebellion in its aftermath in 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed Acts of Union that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes. Thus, the parliament in Ireland was abolished and replaced by a united parliament at Westminster in London, though resistance remained, as evidenced by Robert Emmet 's failed Irish Rebellion of 1803.

Aside from the development of the linen industry, Ireland was largely passed over by the Industrial Revolution, partly because it lacked coal and iron resources and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England, which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital.

The Great Famine of 1845–1851 devastated Ireland, as in those years Ireland's population fell by one-third. More than one million people died from starvation and disease, with an additional million people emigrating during the famine, mostly to the United States and Canada. In the century that followed, an economic depression caused by the famine resulted in a further million people emigrating. By the end of the decade, half of all immigration to the United States was from Ireland. The period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the Land War. Mass emigration became deeply entrenched and the population continued to decline until the mid-20th century. Immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8.2 million by the 1841 census. The population has never returned to this level since. The population continued to fall until 1961; County Leitrim was the final Irish county to record a population increase post-famine, in 2006.

The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern Irish nationalism, primarily among the Roman Catholic population. The pre-eminent Irish political figure after the Union was Daniel O'Connell. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Ennis in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat as a Roman Catholic. O'Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the Prime Minister, the Irish-born soldier and statesman, the Duke of Wellington. Steering the Catholic Relief Bill through Parliament, aided by future prime minister Robert Peel, Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant George IV to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law. George's father had opposed the plan of the earlier Prime Minister, Pitt the Younger, to introduce such a bill following the Union of 1801, fearing Catholic Emancipation to be in conflict with the Act of Settlement 1701.

Daniel O'Connell led a subsequent campaign, for the repeal of the Act of Union, which failed. Later in the century, Charles Stewart Parnell and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or " Home Rule ". Unionists, especially those located in Ulster, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests. After several attempts to pass a Home Rule bill through parliament, it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914. To prevent this from happening, the Ulster Volunteers were formed in 1913 under the leadership of Edward Carson.

Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the Irish Volunteers, whose aim was to ensure that the Home Rule Bill was passed. The Act was passed but with the "temporary" exclusion of the six counties of Ulster, which later became Northern Ireland. Before it could be implemented, however, the Act was suspended for the duration of the First World War. The Irish Volunteers split into two groups. The majority, approximately 175,000 in number, under John Redmond, took the name National Volunteers and supported Irish involvement in the war. A minority, approximately 13,000, retained the Irish Volunteers' name and opposed Ireland's involvement in the war.

The Easter Rising of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia, the Irish Citizen Army. The British response, executing fifteen leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and imprisoning or interning more than a thousand people, turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels. Support for Irish republicanism increased further due to the ongoing war in Europe, as well as the Conscription Crisis of 1918.

The pro-independence republican party, Sinn Féin, received overwhelming endorsement in the general election of 1918, and in 1919 proclaimed an Irish Republic, setting up its own parliament (Dáil Éireann) and government. Simultaneously the Volunteers, which became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), launched a three-year guerrilla war, which ended in a truce in July 1921 (although violence continued until June 1922, mostly in Northern Ireland).
Mouvement pour l'autonomie locale (Home-rule movement)

De l'Acte d'Union du 1er janvier 1801 jusqu'au 6 décembre 1922, l'île d'Irlande faisait partie du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande. Pendant la Grande Famine, de 1845 à 1849, la population de l'île, qui comptait plus de 8 millions d'habitants, a diminué de 30 %. Un million d'Irlandais sont morts de famine et de maladie, et 1,5 million supplémentaires ont émigré, principalement vers les États-Unis. Cela a établi le modèle d'émigration pour le siècle à venir, entraînant une baisse constante de la population jusqu'aux années 1960.

À partir de 1874, et en particulier sous la direction de Charles Stewart Parnell à partir de 1880, le Parti parlementaire irlandais a gagné en importance. Cela s'est d'abord fait par le biais d'une agitation agraire généralisée via l'Irish Land League, qui a obtenu des réformes foncières pour les locataires grâce aux Irish Land Acts, et ensuite par ses tentatives pour parvenir à l'autonomie locale, par le biais de deux projets de loi infructueux qui auraient accordé à l'Irlande une autonomie nationale limitée. Ces initiatives ont conduit à un contrôle "de base" des affaires nationales, auparavant entre les mains des jurys de quartier dominés par les propriétaires terriens de l'Ascendance protestante, grâce à la loi sur le gouvernement local de 1898.

L'autonomie locale semblait certaine lorsque le Parliament Act de 1911 a aboli le veto de la Chambre des Lords, et John Redmond a obtenu le troisième projet de loi sur l'autonomie locale en 1914. Cependant, le mouvement unioniste se développait depuis 1886 parmi les protestants irlandais après l'introduction du premier projet de loi sur l'autonomie locale, craignant des discriminations et la perte de privilèges économiques et sociaux si les catholiques irlandais obtenaient un réel pouvoir politique. À la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, l'unionisme était particulièrement fort dans certaines régions d'Ulster, où l'industrialisation était plus courante par rapport au reste de l'île, plus agricole, et où la population protestante était plus importante, avec une majorité dans quatre comtés. Sous la direction de Sir Edward Carson, né à Dublin, du Irish Unionist Party, et de Sir James Craig, originaire d'Ulster, du Ulster Unionist Party, les unionistes sont devenus fortement militants, formant les Ulster Volunteers afin de s'opposer à "la Coercition d'Ulster". Après l'adoption du projet de loi sur l'autonomie locale par le Parlement en mai 1914, afin d'éviter une rébellion en Ulster, le Premier ministre britannique H. H. Asquith a introduit un projet de loi amendatoire, cédé à contrecœur par la direction du Parti irlandais. Celui-ci prévoyait l'exclusion temporaire d'Ulster du champ d'application de la loi pendant une période d'essai de six ans, avec l'introduction d'un nouvel ensemble de mesures à déterminer pour la zone temporairement exclue.
### Query ###
Comment les mouvements républicains et le mouvement de Home Rule se sont-ils différenciés dans leurs approches pour l'autonomie de l'Irlande au début du 20e siècle ?

### Main Text ###
Union with Great Britain

As a direct result of the 1798 rebellion in its aftermath in 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed Acts of Union that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

The passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was ultimately achieved with substantial majorities, having failed on the first attempt in 1799. According to contemporary documents and historical analysis, this was achieved through a considerable degree of bribery, with funding provided by the British Secret Service Office, and the awarding of peerages, places and honours to secure votes. Thus, the parliament in Ireland was abolished and replaced by a united parliament at Westminster in London, though resistance remained, as evidenced by Robert Emmet 's failed Irish Rebellion of 1803.

Aside from the development of the linen industry, Ireland was largely passed over by the Industrial Revolution, partly because it lacked coal and iron resources and partly because of the impact of the sudden union with the structurally superior economy of England, which saw Ireland as a source of agricultural produce and capital.

The Great Famine of 1845–1851 devastated Ireland, as in those years Ireland's population fell by one-third. More than one million people died from starvation and disease, with an additional million people emigrating during the famine, mostly to the United States and Canada. In the century that followed, an economic depression caused by the famine resulted in a further million people emigrating. By the end of the decade, half of all immigration to the United States was from Ireland. The period of civil unrest that followed until the end of the 19th century is referred to as the Land War. Mass emigration became deeply entrenched and the population continued to decline until the mid-20th century. Immediately prior to the famine the population was recorded as 8.2 million by the 1841 census. The population has never returned to this level since. The population continued to fall until 1961; County Leitrim was the final Irish county to record a population increase post-famine, in 2006.

The 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern Irish nationalism, primarily among the Roman Catholic population. The pre-eminent Irish political figure after the Union was Daniel O'Connell. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Ennis in a surprise result and despite being unable to take his seat as a Roman Catholic. O'Connell spearheaded a vigorous campaign that was taken up by the Prime Minister, the Irish-born soldier and statesman, the Duke of Wellington. Steering the Catholic Relief Bill through Parliament, aided by future prime minister Robert Peel, Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant George IV to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law. George's father had opposed the plan of the earlier Prime Minister, Pitt the Younger, to introduce such a bill following the Union of 1801, fearing Catholic Emancipation to be in conflict with the Act of Settlement 1701.

Daniel O'Connell led a subsequent campaign, for the repeal of the Act of Union, which failed. Later in the century, Charles Stewart Parnell and others campaigned for autonomy within the Union, or " Home Rule ". Unionists, especially those located in Ulster, were strongly opposed to Home Rule, which they thought would be dominated by Catholic interests. After several attempts to pass a Home Rule bill through parliament, it looked certain that one would finally pass in 1914. To prevent this from happening, the Ulster Volunteers were formed in 1913 under the leadership of Edward Carson.

Their formation was followed in 1914 by the establishment of the Irish Volunteers, whose aim was to ensure that the Home Rule Bill was passed. The Act was passed but with the "temporary" exclusion of the six counties of Ulster, which later became Northern Ireland. Before it could be implemented, however, the Act was suspended for the duration of the First World War. The Irish Volunteers split into two groups. The majority, approximately 175,000 in number, under John Redmond, took the name National Volunteers and supported Irish involvement in the war. A minority, approximately 13,000, retained the Irish Volunteers' name and opposed Ireland's involvement in the war.

The Easter Rising of 1916 was carried out by the latter group together with a smaller socialist militia, the Irish Citizen Army. The British response, executing fifteen leaders of the Rising over a period of ten days and imprisoning or interning more than a thousand people, turned the mood of the country in favour of the rebels. Support for Irish republicanism increased further due to the ongoing war in Europe, as well as the Conscription Crisis of 1918.

The pro-independence republican party, Sinn Féin, received overwhelming endorsement in the general election of 1918, and in 1919 proclaimed an Irish Republic, setting up its own parliament (Dáil Éireann) and government. Simultaneously the Volunteers, which became known as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), launched a three-year guerrilla war, which ended in a truce in July 1921 (although violence continued until June 1922, mostly in Northern Ireland).

### Supplementary Text ###
Mouvement pour l'autonomie locale (Home-rule movement)

De l'Acte d'Union du 1er janvier 1801 jusqu'au 6 décembre 1922, l'île d'Irlande faisait partie du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande. Pendant la Grande Famine, de 1845 à 1849, la population de l'île, qui comptait plus de 8 millions d'habitants, a diminué de 30 %. Un million d'Irlandais sont morts de famine et de maladie, et 1,5 million supplémentaires ont émigré, principalement vers les États-Unis. Cela a établi le modèle d'émigration pour le siècle à venir, entraînant une baisse constante de la population jusqu'aux années 1960.

À partir de 1874, et en particulier sous la direction de Charles Stewart Parnell à partir de 1880, le Parti parlementaire irlandais a gagné en importance. Cela s'est d'abord fait par le biais d'une agitation agraire généralisée via l'Irish Land League, qui a obtenu des réformes foncières pour les locataires grâce aux Irish Land Acts, et ensuite par ses tentatives pour parvenir à l'autonomie locale, par le biais de deux projets de loi infructueux qui auraient accordé à l'Irlande une autonomie nationale limitée. Ces initiatives ont conduit à un contrôle "de base" des affaires nationales, auparavant entre les mains des jurys de quartier dominés par les propriétaires terriens de l'Ascendance protestante, grâce à la loi sur le gouvernement local de 1898.

L'autonomie locale semblait certaine lorsque le Parliament Act de 1911 a aboli le veto de la Chambre des Lords, et John Redmond a obtenu le troisième projet de loi sur l'autonomie locale en 1914. Cependant, le mouvement unioniste se développait depuis 1886 parmi les protestants irlandais après l'introduction du premier projet de loi sur l'autonomie locale, craignant des discriminations et la perte de privilèges économiques et sociaux si les catholiques irlandais obtenaient un réel pouvoir politique. À la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, l'unionisme était particulièrement fort dans certaines régions d'Ulster, où l'industrialisation était plus courante par rapport au reste de l'île, plus agricole, et où la population protestante était plus importante, avec une majorité dans quatre comtés. Sous la direction de Sir Edward Carson, né à Dublin, du Irish Unionist Party, et de Sir James Craig, originaire d'Ulster, du Ulster Unionist Party, les unionistes sont devenus fortement militants, formant les Ulster Volunteers afin de s'opposer à "la Coercition d'Ulster". Après l'adoption du projet de loi sur l'autonomie locale par le Parlement en mai 1914, afin d'éviter une rébellion en Ulster, le Premier ministre britannique H. H. Asquith a introduit un projet de loi amendatoire, cédé à contrecœur par la direction du Parti irlandais. Celui-ci prévoyait l'exclusion temporaire d'Ulster du champ d'application de la loi pendant une période d'essai de six ans, avec l'introduction d'un nouvel ensemble de mesures à déterminer pour la zone temporairement exclue.

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Parsing

"Comment les mouvements républicains et le mouvement de Home Rule se sont-ils différenciés..."

Key terms:
- "mouvements républicains" → Republican movements (plural, suggests evolution over time)
- "mouvement de Home Rule" → Home Rule movement  
- "approches pour l'autonomie" → approaches to autonomy
- "début du 20e siècle" → early 20th century (≈1890-1914)

? Translation nuance: "mouvements républicains" could mean either:
- Republican movements (opposed to British rule entirely)
- OR nationalist movements seeking constitutional reform

### 2. Historical Context Mapping

Ireland 1900-1914: ● High confidence
- Home Rule Bill 1912-1914: third attempt, constitutional reform
- Irish Parliamentary Party: Redmond, constitutional nationalism
- Irish Republican Brotherhood: underground, physical force tradition
- Land War 1879-1882: agrarian agitation background

Geographic focus: ● Ireland, Britain
Temporal frame: ◐ Early 20th century, but evolution from 19th century roots

### 3. Movement Differentiation Analysis

**Home Rule Approach:**
- Constitutional framework
- Parliamentary methods  
- Gradual autonomy
- Leadership: Parnell (died 1891), then Redmond
- Coalition-building with British Liberals
- Accepted British connection

**Republican Approach:**
- Revolutionary framework
- Militant action
- Complete independence
- Leadership: IRB, later Sinn Féin
- Underground organization
- Rejected British connection

### 4. Key Divergence Points

Methodological split:
- Home Rule: ● Legal/parliamentary channels
- Republican: ● Direct action/secrecy

Tactical evolution:
- 1879-1882: Land League overlaps (constitutional agitation)
- 1880s-1890s: Parnell's "New Departure" constitutional strategy
- 1890s-1900s: IRB underground activity intensifies
- 1912-1914: Home Rule constitutional victory vs. IRB opposition

### 5. Critical Juncture Analysis

⟨H≈0.8⟩ The split wasn't clean—overlapping membership, tactical flexibility. Land League veterans moved between constitutional and revolutionary camps. Parnell himself: constitutional methods for national goals, but never compromising on essentials. After his death, split became more pronounced...

1916 Easter Rising: ● Final rupture point
- Home Rulers supported war participation for Irish regiments
- Republicans rejected British connection entirely

∴ Differentiation: constitutional vs. revolutionary approaches, parliamentary vs. direct action, gradual vs. complete independence, parliamentary cooperation vs. rejection of British connection.

**Verification across sources:**
- Check: Timeline of key events ✓
- Check: Leadership transitions ✓  
- Check: Tactical evolution patterns ✓
- Check: Geographic distribution of support ✓

**Key insight:** ! Not just methodological differences, but fundamental philosophical divide about Ireland's relationship with Britain. Home Rule sought reform within Union; Republican tradition sought complete separation.

**Answer synthesis:**
Home Rule: parliamentary, gradual, constitutional, cooperation
Republican: revolutionary, immediate, complete independence, confrontation

Evolution from shared origins (Fenianism, Land League) to divergent paths by early 1900s.

### Answer###
Les mouvements républicains et le mouvement de Home Rule se sont différenciés de manière significative dans leurs approches pour l'autonomie de l'Irlande au début du 20e siècle.

Le mouvement de Home Rule, notamment incarné par Charles Stewart Parnell à partir des années 1880, a adopté une approche constitutionnelle et graduelle. Il a d'abord utilisé l'agitation agraire à travers l'Irish Land League pour obtenir des réformes foncières, puis s'est concentré sur des projets de loi parlementaires pour l'autonomie locale. Cette stratégie visait à obtenir une autonomie nationale limitée tout en restant dans le cadre de l'Union avec la Grande-Bretagne. Le projet de loi de 1914 sur l'Home Rule promettait finalement une autonomie locale pour l'Irlande, bien qu'avec l'exclusion temporaire de l'Ulster.

En revanche, les mouvements républicains, notamment les Volunteers irlandais, ont adopté une approche révolutionnaire et se sont finalement radicalisés. Après la partition d'Irlande en 1912, les Volunteers se sont divisés : la majorité, environ 175 000 hommes sous John Redmond, a soutenu l'implication de l'Irlande dans la guerre mondiale et s'est appelée National Volunteers, tandis qu'une minorité de 13 000 membres a conservé le nom d'Irish Volunteers et s'est opposée à cette implication. Cette division reflète une évolution des méthodes républicaines vers l'action directe et le rejet de la coopération avec les autorités britanniques.

L'insurrection de Pâques 1916 a marqué la rupture définitive entre ces deux approches : les républicains, regroupés avec une milice socialiste plus petite, ont tenté de proclamer l'indépendance de l'Irlande par la force, établissant ainsi une ligne de démarcation claire avec l'approche constitutionnelle du Home Rule.