Comment se fait-il que l'hindi et l'ourdou aient des écritures et des influences linguistiques différentes malgré leur origine commune ?
Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India and Pakistan, and functioning as the lingua franca of the region. It is also spoken by the Deccani people. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic) which serve as official languages of India and Pakistan, respectively. Thus, it is also called Hindi–Urdu. Colloquial registers of the language fall on a spectrum between these standards. In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared which is sometimes called Hinglish or Urdish.

The concept of a Hindustani language as a "unifying language" or "fusion language" that could transcend communal and religious divisions across the subcontinent was endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi, as it was not seen to be associated with either the Hindu or Muslim communities as was the case with Hindi and Urdu respectively, and it was also considered a simpler language for people to learn. The conversion from Hindi to Urdu (or vice versa) is generally achieved just by transliteration between the two scripts, instead of translation which is generally only required for religious and literary texts.

Scholars trace the language's first written poetry, in the form of Old Hindi, to the Delhi Sultanate era around the twelfth and thirteenth century. During the period of the Delhi Sultanate, which covered most of today's India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures, the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian, evolving into the present form of Hindustani. The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the Indian Independence movement, and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent, which is reflected in the Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs.

The language's core vocabulary is derived from Prakrit (a descendant of Sanskrit), with substantial loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian). It is often written in the Devanagari script or the Arabic-derived Urdu script in the case of Hindi and Urdu respectively, with romanisation increasingly employed in modern times as a neutral script.

As of 2023, Hindi and Urdu together constitute the 3rd-most-spoken language in the world after English and Mandarin, with 843 million native and second-language speakers, according to Ethnologue, though this includes millions who self-reported their language as 'Hindi' on the Indian census but speak a number of other Hindi languages than Hindustani. The total number of Hindi–Urdu speakers was reported to be over 300 million in 1995, making Hindustani the third- or fourth-most spoken language in the world.
Registres

Bien qu'à l'oral, l'hindi et l'ourdou soient considérés comme des registres d'une même langue, l'hindoustani ou hindi-ourdou, car ils partagent une grammaire et un vocabulaire de base communs, ils diffèrent par leur vocabulaire littéraire et formel ; l'hindi littéraire s'appuie fortement sur le sanskrit et, dans une moindre mesure, sur le prakrit, tandis que l'ourdou littéraire s'appuie fortement sur des emprunts du persan et de l'arabe. La grammaire et le vocabulaire de base (la plupart des pronoms, des verbes, des prépositions, etc.) de l'hindi et de l'ourdou sont cependant les mêmes et dérivent d'une base prakritique, et les deux langues ont subi l'influence du persan/arabe.

Les registres standardisés de l'hindi et de l'ourdou sont collectivement connus sous le nom d'hindi-ourdou. L'hindoustani est la langue véhiculaire du nord et de l'ouest du sous-continent indien, bien qu'il soit assez bien compris dans d'autres régions également, en particulier dans les zones urbaines. Cela a conduit à ce qu'il soit caractérisé comme un continuum qui se situe entre l'hindi et l'ourdou. Un vernaculaire commun partageant des caractéristiques avec l'hindi sanskritisé, l'hindi régional et l'ourdou, l'hindoustani est plus couramment utilisé comme vernaculaire que l'hindi fortement sanskritisé ou l'ourdou fortement persanisé.

Cela se voit dans la culture populaire de Bollywood ou, plus généralement, le vernaculaire des habitants du nord de l'Inde et du Pakistan, qui utilise généralement un lexique commun à l'hindi et à l'ourdou. De subtiles variations régionales affecteront également la « marque » d'hindoustani, parfois rapprochant l'hindoustani de l'ourdou ou de l'hindi. On pourrait raisonnablement supposer que l'hindoustani parlé à Lucknow, dans l'Uttar Pradesh (connue pour son usage de l'ourdou) et à Varanasi (ville sainte pour les hindous et utilisant donc un hindi fortement sanskritisé) est quelque peu différent.
### Query ###
Comment se fait-il que l'hindi et l'ourdou aient des écritures et des influences linguistiques différentes malgré leur origine commune ?

### Main Text ###
Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India and Pakistan, and functioning as the lingua franca of the region. It is also spoken by the Deccani people. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic) which serve as official languages of India and Pakistan, respectively. Thus, it is also called Hindi–Urdu. Colloquial registers of the language fall on a spectrum between these standards. In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared which is sometimes called Hinglish or Urdish.

The concept of a Hindustani language as a "unifying language" or "fusion language" that could transcend communal and religious divisions across the subcontinent was endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi, as it was not seen to be associated with either the Hindu or Muslim communities as was the case with Hindi and Urdu respectively, and it was also considered a simpler language for people to learn. The conversion from Hindi to Urdu (or vice versa) is generally achieved just by transliteration between the two scripts, instead of translation which is generally only required for religious and literary texts.

Scholars trace the language's first written poetry, in the form of Old Hindi, to the Delhi Sultanate era around the twelfth and thirteenth century. During the period of the Delhi Sultanate, which covered most of today's India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures, the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian, evolving into the present form of Hindustani. The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the Indian Independence movement, and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent, which is reflected in the Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs.

The language's core vocabulary is derived from Prakrit (a descendant of Sanskrit), with substantial loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian). It is often written in the Devanagari script or the Arabic-derived Urdu script in the case of Hindi and Urdu respectively, with romanisation increasingly employed in modern times as a neutral script.

As of 2023, Hindi and Urdu together constitute the 3rd-most-spoken language in the world after English and Mandarin, with 843 million native and second-language speakers, according to Ethnologue, though this includes millions who self-reported their language as 'Hindi' on the Indian census but speak a number of other Hindi languages than Hindustani. The total number of Hindi–Urdu speakers was reported to be over 300 million in 1995, making Hindustani the third- or fourth-most spoken language in the world.

### Supplementary Text ###
Registres

Bien qu'à l'oral, l'hindi et l'ourdou soient considérés comme des registres d'une même langue, l'hindoustani ou hindi-ourdou, car ils partagent une grammaire et un vocabulaire de base communs, ils diffèrent par leur vocabulaire littéraire et formel ; l'hindi littéraire s'appuie fortement sur le sanskrit et, dans une moindre mesure, sur le prakrit, tandis que l'ourdou littéraire s'appuie fortement sur des emprunts du persan et de l'arabe. La grammaire et le vocabulaire de base (la plupart des pronoms, des verbes, des prépositions, etc.) de l'hindi et de l'ourdou sont cependant les mêmes et dérivent d'une base prakritique, et les deux langues ont subi l'influence du persan/arabe.

Les registres standardisés de l'hindi et de l'ourdou sont collectivement connus sous le nom d'hindi-ourdou. L'hindoustani est la langue véhiculaire du nord et de l'ouest du sous-continent indien, bien qu'il soit assez bien compris dans d'autres régions également, en particulier dans les zones urbaines. Cela a conduit à ce qu'il soit caractérisé comme un continuum qui se situe entre l'hindi et l'ourdou. Un vernaculaire commun partageant des caractéristiques avec l'hindi sanskritisé, l'hindi régional et l'ourdou, l'hindoustani est plus couramment utilisé comme vernaculaire que l'hindi fortement sanskritisé ou l'ourdou fortement persanisé.

Cela se voit dans la culture populaire de Bollywood ou, plus généralement, le vernaculaire des habitants du nord de l'Inde et du Pakistan, qui utilise généralement un lexique commun à l'hindi et à l'ourdou. De subtiles variations régionales affecteront également la « marque » d'hindoustani, parfois rapprochant l'hindoustani de l'ourdou ou de l'hindi. On pourrait raisonnablement supposer que l'hindoustani parlé à Lucknow, dans l'Uttar Pradesh (connue pour son usage de l'ourdou) et à Varanasi (ville sainte pour les hindous et utilisant donc un hindi fortement sanskritisé) est quelque peu différent.

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Parsing

"Comment se fait-il que l'hindi et l'ourdou aient des écritures et des influences linguistiques différentes malgré leur origine commune ?"

Key elements:
- "origines communes" → ● shared Indo-Aryan base
- "écritures différentes" → Devanagari vs Perso-Arabic scripts  
- "influences linguistiques différentes" → Persian/Arabic vs Sanskrit borrowings
- Seeking explanation for divergence despite unity

Translation note: "origines communes" slightly ambiguous - could mean common roots or shared origin point. Context suggests latter.

### 2. Information Retrieval Assessment  

This requires synthesis across domains:
├─ Historical linguistics (Prakrit → Hindi/Urdu evolution)
├─ Contact linguistics (Sultanate period)  
├─ Script history (Devanagari vs Perso-Arabic adoption)
└─ Political/cultural factors (Hindi/Urdu standardization)

● High confidence: Shared Prakrit base, Delhi Sultanate period
◐ Partial: Exact chronological mechanisms, regional variation details
○ Low confidence: Specific influence percentages, contemporary usage patterns

### 3. Core Linguistic Evidence

Hindi-Urdu relationship:
- ~90% lexical similarity → same grammatical structure
- Mutual intelligibility high (oral)
- Common ancestor: Apabhramsha Prakrit (Middle Indo-Aryan)

∴ Not separate languages but codifications of same speech community

Historical stratification:
```
Prakrit (500 BCE - 1000 CE)
├─ Apabhramsha (800-1300 CE)  
├─ Regional varieties (1300-1800 CE)
└─ Hindi/Urdu standardization (19th-20th c.)
```

### 4. Writing System Divergence

Script choices reflect cultural contact patterns:

**Devanagari (Hindi):**
- Brahmi → Gupta → Nagari evolution
- Direct Sanskrit cultural transmission
- Brahmanical/Hindu literary tradition
- Pre-Islamic Indian writing

**Perso-Arabic (Urdu):**  
- Arabic alphabet adapted for Persian
- Islamic world cultural transmission
- Persian literary influence
- Post-Islamic adoption

! Key insight: Same phonemes, different orthographic representations

### 5. Lexical Stratification

Vocabulary borrowing patterns during Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE):

**Hindi (Sanskrit-derived):**
- Classical/formal register
- Technical terms, philosophical concepts
- ~20-30% Sanskrit tatsama/tadbhava
- Example: "vidya" (knowledge) vs "ilm"

**Urdu (Persian/Arabic-derived):**
- Formal/poetic register  
- Administrative, literary concepts
- ~30-40% Persian/Arabic loanwords
- Example: "ilm" (knowledge) vs "vidya"

⚠ Potential bias: Most sources focus on literary registers, not colloquial usage

### 6. Historical Mechanisms

**Pre-Islamic period:**
- Sanskrit as literary/sacred language
- Prakrit as vernacular base
- Regional dialects with common roots

**Sultanate contact (13th-16th c.):**
- Persian as court language
- Arabic as scholarly/religious language  
- Hindu-Muslim cultural synthesis
- Vernacular enrichment with foreign vocabulary

**Colonial period (19th c.):**
- British administrative standardization
- Separate Hindi/Urdu registers developed
- Script choices crystallized
- Educational language policy drove divergence

### 7. Contemporary Evidence

Modern usage patterns:
- ~600 million Hindi speakers vs ~100 million Urdu speakers
- Hindi = official language of India
- Urdu = national language of Pakistan  
- Regional variations exist (Hindustani continuum)
- Media/literature maintain separate spheres

**Bollywood example:** Hindi films use mixed vocabulary - Sanskrit-derived formal terms alongside Persian/Arabic loanwords → demonstrates underlying linguistic unity despite script/register differences.

### 8. Synthesis

Hindi and Urdu represent **differentiated codifications** rather than separate languages. Common origin (Prakrit) + shared grammatical base + mutual intelligibility = ● strong evidence for relatedness.

Divergence mechanisms:
1. **Political/cultural contact** → script choices (Hindu vs Islamic cultural spheres)
2. **Literary tradition** → vocabulary borrowing patterns  
3. **Colonial standardization** → institutionalized differences
4. **National identity** → modern Hindi/Urdu registers

∴ Despite appearances, Hindi and Urdu maintain essential linguistic unity beneath surface script/vocabulary differences. Reflects broader pattern of **register variation** within single language family rather than separate language evolution.

**NB:** This explains why Hindi/Urdu conversion requires only transliteration (script change) rather than translation (semantic change) - same linguistic substrate, different cultural packaging.

### Answer###
L'hindi et l'ourdou partagent effectivement une origine commune qui remonte au sanskrit et au prakrit, ces derniers ayant évolué vers le hindi-ourdou à travers les siècles. Leur écriture différente reflète l'histoire culturelle du sous-continent indien.

L'hindi utilise l'écriture devanagari, directement dérivée des écritures brahmaniques indiennes, tandis que l'ourdou emploie une écriture arabe dérivée, liée aux influences persanes et arabes. Cette divergence s'explique par les contacts historiques entre les cultures hindoue et musulmane, particulièrement pendant l'époque du sultanat de Delhi aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles, lorsque le vernaculaire hindi-ourdou s'enrichit de nombreux emprunts persans.

Malgré ces différences d'écriture et d'influences lexicales (l'hindi s'appuyant davantage sur le sanskrit et l'ourdou sur le persan et l'arabe), ces deux langues partagent une base commune dérivée du prakrit, ainsi qu'une grammaire identique. Elles constituent collectivement ce qu'on appelle l'hindoustani, une langue véhiculaire du nord de l'Inde et du Pakistan.

Cette situation linguistique particulière explique pourquoi la conversion d'une langue vers l'autre se fait généralement par translittération entre les deux écritures, sans nécessiter de traduction véritable, sauf pour les textes religieux et littéraires.