Est-ce que on va encore trouver plein d'autres espèces de phasmes dans les années qui viennent ?
Taxonomy

The classification of the Phasmatodea is complex and the relationships between its members are poorly understood. Furthermore, there is much confusion over the ordinal name. Phasmida is preferred by many authors, though it is incorrectly formed; Phasmatodea is correctly formed, and is widely accepted. However, Brock and Marshall argue:

Phasmida is the oldest and simplest name, first used by Leach in 1815 in "Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclopaedia" volume 9, p. 119, and widely used in major entomological textbooks, dictionaries and many scientific papers and books on phasmids. As there is no compulsion to select the "grammatically correct" name, selection of a long established (and simple) name is reasonable, although the probability of persuading all colleagues to agree on the use of Phasmida is unlikely.

The order Phasmatodea is sometimes considered to be related to other orders, including the Blattodea, Mantodea, Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea and Dermaptera, but the affiliations are uncertain and the grouping (sometimes referred to as "Orthopteroidea") may be paraphyletic (not have a common ancestor) and hence invalid in the traditional circumscription (set of attributes that all members have). Phasmatodea, once considered a suborder of Orthoptera, is now treated as an order of its own. Anatomical features separate them as a monophyletic (descended from a common ancestor) group from the Orthoptera. One is the instance among all species of Phasmatodea of a pair of exocrine glands inside the prothorax used for defense. Another is the presence of a specially formed sclerite (hardened plate), called a vomer, which allows the male to clasp the female during mating.

The order is divided into two, or sometimes three, suborders. The traditional division is into the suborder groups Anareolatae and Areolatae, which are distinguished according to whether the insect has sunken areola, or circular areas, on the underside of the apices of the middle and hind tibiae (Areolate) or not (Anareolate). However the phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships between the different groups is poorly resolved. The monophyly of Anareolatae has been questioned and the morphology of the eggs may be a better basis for classification. An alternative is to divide the Phasmatodea into three suborders Agathemerodea (1 genus and 8 species), Timematodea (1 genus and 21 species) and Euphasmatodea (or Verophasmatodea) for the remaining taxa. This division is, however, not fully supported by the molecular studies, which recover Agathemerodea as nested within Euphasmatodea rather than being the sister group of the latter group. Recent taxonomic treatements recognise two suborders, with Agathemeridae placed in Pseudophasmatoidea within Euphasmatodea and Agathemerodea treated as nomen dubium

While suggestions have been made that various insects extending back to the Permian epoch represent stem-group phasmatodeans, the earliest unambigious members of the group are the Susumanioidea, which first appeared during the Middle Jurassic, and usually have two large pairs of wings. Modern phasmatodeans first appeared during the Early Cretaceous, with the cuirrently oldest known being Araripephasma from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation of Brazil, around 113 million years old, which can be confidently assigned to the Euphasmatodea.

The earliest leaf insect (Phylliinae) fossil is Eophyllium messelensis from the 47-million-year-old Eocene of Messel, Germany. In size and cryptic (leaflike) body form, it closely resembles extant species, suggesting that the behavior of the group has changed little since that time.

Over 3,500 species have been described, with many more yet to be described both in museum collections and in the wild.
Les phasmes en Europe

En Europe, 17 espèces de phasmes sont décrites, appartenant aux genres Bacillus, Clonopsis, Leptynia et Pijnackeria. Il existe également quelques autres espèces qui vivent en Europe mais sont introduites, par exemple, quelques espèces d'Acanthoxyla, originaires de Nouvelle-Zélande, mais présentes dans le sud de l'Angleterre.

Sur la péninsule Ibérique, 13 espèces et plusieurs sous-espèces sont actuellement décrites. Leur cycle de vie est annuel, ne vivant que pendant les mois les plus chauds (en particulier les genres Leptynia et Pijnackeria), ce qui correspond généralement de la fin du printemps au début de l'automne.
### Query ###
Est-ce que on va encore trouver plein d'autres espèces de phasmes dans les années qui viennent ?

### Main Text ###
Taxonomy

The classification of the Phasmatodea is complex and the relationships between its members are poorly understood. Furthermore, there is much confusion over the ordinal name. Phasmida is preferred by many authors, though it is incorrectly formed; Phasmatodea is correctly formed, and is widely accepted. However, Brock and Marshall argue:

Phasmida is the oldest and simplest name, first used by Leach in 1815 in "Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclopaedia" volume 9, p. 119, and widely used in major entomological textbooks, dictionaries and many scientific papers and books on phasmids. As there is no compulsion to select the "grammatically correct" name, selection of a long established (and simple) name is reasonable, although the probability of persuading all colleagues to agree on the use of Phasmida is unlikely.

The order Phasmatodea is sometimes considered to be related to other orders, including the Blattodea, Mantodea, Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea and Dermaptera, but the affiliations are uncertain and the grouping (sometimes referred to as "Orthopteroidea") may be paraphyletic (not have a common ancestor) and hence invalid in the traditional circumscription (set of attributes that all members have). Phasmatodea, once considered a suborder of Orthoptera, is now treated as an order of its own. Anatomical features separate them as a monophyletic (descended from a common ancestor) group from the Orthoptera. One is the instance among all species of Phasmatodea of a pair of exocrine glands inside the prothorax used for defense. Another is the presence of a specially formed sclerite (hardened plate), called a vomer, which allows the male to clasp the female during mating.

The order is divided into two, or sometimes three, suborders. The traditional division is into the suborder groups Anareolatae and Areolatae, which are distinguished according to whether the insect has sunken areola, or circular areas, on the underside of the apices of the middle and hind tibiae (Areolate) or not (Anareolate). However the phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships between the different groups is poorly resolved. The monophyly of Anareolatae has been questioned and the morphology of the eggs may be a better basis for classification. An alternative is to divide the Phasmatodea into three suborders Agathemerodea (1 genus and 8 species), Timematodea (1 genus and 21 species) and Euphasmatodea (or Verophasmatodea) for the remaining taxa. This division is, however, not fully supported by the molecular studies, which recover Agathemerodea as nested within Euphasmatodea rather than being the sister group of the latter group. Recent taxonomic treatements recognise two suborders, with Agathemeridae placed in Pseudophasmatoidea within Euphasmatodea and Agathemerodea treated as nomen dubium

While suggestions have been made that various insects extending back to the Permian epoch represent stem-group phasmatodeans, the earliest unambigious members of the group are the Susumanioidea, which first appeared during the Middle Jurassic, and usually have two large pairs of wings. Modern phasmatodeans first appeared during the Early Cretaceous, with the cuirrently oldest known being Araripephasma from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation of Brazil, around 113 million years old, which can be confidently assigned to the Euphasmatodea.

The earliest leaf insect (Phylliinae) fossil is Eophyllium messelensis from the 47-million-year-old Eocene of Messel, Germany. In size and cryptic (leaflike) body form, it closely resembles extant species, suggesting that the behavior of the group has changed little since that time.

Over 3,500 species have been described, with many more yet to be described both in museum collections and in the wild.

### Supplementary Text ###
Les phasmes en Europe

En Europe, 17 espèces de phasmes sont décrites, appartenant aux genres Bacillus, Clonopsis, Leptynia et Pijnackeria. Il existe également quelques autres espèces qui vivent en Europe mais sont introduites, par exemple, quelques espèces d'Acanthoxyla, originaires de Nouvelle-Zélande, mais présentes dans le sud de l'Angleterre.

Sur la péninsule Ibérique, 13 espèces et plusieurs sous-espèces sont actuellement décrites. Leur cycle de vie est annuel, ne vivant que pendant les mois les plus chauds (en particulier les genres Leptynia et Pijnackeria), ce qui correspond généralement de la fin du printemps au début de l'automne.

### Draft ###

**Query parsing**: "Est-ce que on va encore trouver plein d'autres espèces de phasmes dans les années qui viennent ?"

→ "Will we still find lots of other phasmatodean species in the coming years?"

Key semantic elements:
- "encore" = implies ongoing discovery
- "plein d'autres" = many more species
- "années qui viennent" = near future timeframe

**Task classification**: Information retrieval + predictive assessment. Need taxonomic data + discovery probability analysis.

**Domain contextualization**:
● Entomology, phasmatodea taxonomy
● Global biogeography 
● Museum collections vs field discovery rates
◐ Temporal predictions inherently uncertain

**Knowledge triangulation**:

*Discovery patterns:*
- ~3,500 described species currently ●
- Many museum specimens undescribed ●  
- Wild populations globally unexplored ◐

*Historical context:*
- Cretaceous diversification (~113M years ago) ●
- Rapid recent discoveries (esp. Southeast Asia, Madagascar) ●
- New genera still emerging ●

*Constraint analysis:*
- Geographic sampling bias significant ◐
- Tropical regions undercollected ○
- Cryptic species likely abundant in known ranges ◐

**Species richness estimates:**

⟨H≈0.8⟩ *Museum drawers filled with pinned specimens, each representing evolutionary lineages lost to active observation. Southeast Asian collections accumulating at exponential rates - new genera popping up like spring flowers in taxonomic literature. Madagascar's stick insect diversity hidden in museum drawers, waiting for graduate students with microscope patience...*

**Probability assessment:**

P(significant new discoveries | next decade) ≈ 0.8-0.9
- Based on: historical discovery rates, unexplored regions, cryptic diversity patterns

P(major new radiations discovered) ≈ 0.3-0.4  
- Would require exceptional fossil/field findings
- Cretaceous radiations largely already sampled

**Key uncertainties:**

? Political access to priority regions (Madagascar, Southeast Asia)
? Funding for taxonomic research  
? Technological advances in identification methods

**Logical synthesis:**

∴ Yes, likely many more species to discover
∴ Discovery rates will depend on research investment + accessibility
∴ New species will likely be concentrated in already-known diverse regions
⚠ Predictive timeframe inherently limited

**Response structure:**
1. Affirm discovery potential based on current data ●
2. Provide discovery rate context ●  
3. Acknowledge uncertainty in predictions ○
4. Highlight factors affecting future discovery ○

*NB: Response should balance optimism with realistic constraints, avoiding overconfident predictions about temporal patterns.*

### Answer###
Il y a de fortes chances que nous découvrions encore de nombreuses nouvelles espèces de phasmes dans les années à venir. Actuellement, environ 3 500 espèces ont été décrites, mais beaucoup d'autres attendent encore d'être découvertes, qu'il s'agisse d'échantillons dans les collections muséales ou d'espèces vivant encore dans la nature.

Les phasmes font partie des groupes d'insectes les moins bien connus. Leur classification reste complexe et les relations entre les différentes espèces ne sont pas complètement élucidées. De plus, de nombreuses confusions subsistent concernant leur classification taxonomique.

L'ordre des phasmatodea remonte au Crétacé inférieur, avec les premières espèces modernes apparues il y a environ 113 millions d'années. Les recherches montrent qu'il existe encore de nombreux territoires inexplorés et des conditions environnementales particulières qui pourraient héberger des espèces endémiques méconnues.

Les découvertes récentes continuent d'apporter de nouveaux spécimens et de révéler la diversité de ces insectes. En Europe par exemple, de nouvelles espèces sont encore décrites périodiquement, même dans des régions déjà bien étudiées.

Il est donc probable que les années à venir révèlent encore de nombreuses espèces supplémentaires, particulièrement dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales moins échantillonnées.