Est-ce que les mots croisés vont changer à l'avenir avec les ordinateurs et les téléphones ?
Grid design, clues, and conventions

French-language crosswords are smaller than English-language ones, and not necessarily square: there are usually 8–13 rows and columns, totaling 81–130 squares. They need not be symmetric and two-letter words are allowed, unlike in most English-language puzzles. Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares. A black-square usage of 10% is typical; Georges Perec compiled many 9×9 grids for Le Point with four or even three black squares. Rather than numbering the individual clues, the rows and columns are numbered as on a chessboard. All clues for a given row or column are listed, against its number, as separate sentences.

In Italy, crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones, 13×21 being a common size. As in France, they usually are not symmetrical; two-letter words are allowed; and the number of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and across and down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all.

Modern Hebrew is normally written with only the consonants; vowels are either understood, or entered as diacritical marks. This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words, and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in ktiv male (with some vowels) or ktiv haser (without vowels). Further, since Hebrew is written from right to left, but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right, there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries, particularly for multi-word phrases. Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues.

In the Japanese language crossword; because of the writing system, one syllable (typically katakana) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter, resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages. Any second Yōon character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character. Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent, although pangrammaticity does not apply. Crosswords with kanji to fill in are also produced, but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one. Despite Japanese having three writing forms - hiragana, katakana, and kanji - they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle. The design of Japanese crossword grids often follows two additional rules: that shaded cells may not share a side (i.e. they may not be orthogonally contiguous) and that the corner squares must be white.

A. N. Prahlada Rao, based in Bangalore, has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada, including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 10,00,000 (ten lakhs, or one million) clues. His name was recorded in the Limca Book Of Records in 2015 for creating the highest number of crosswords in any Indian Regional Language. He continued to hold this title through 2016 and 2017. In 2008, a five volume set of his puzzles was released, followed by 7 more volumes in 2017. Bengali is also well known for its crossword puzzles. Crosswords are published regularly in most Bengali dailies and periodicals. The grid system is similar to the British style and two-letter words are usually not allowed.

In Poland, crosswords typically use British-style grids, but some do not have shaded cells. Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues—such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish-style crosswords. In a vast majority of Polish crosswords, nouns are the only allowed words.

Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated (photos or drawings), in-line clue style typical of the "Swedish-style grid". The "Swedish-style" grid (picture crosswords) uses no clue numbers. Instead, clues are contained in the cells which do not contain answers, with arrows indicating where and in what direction to fill in answers. Arrows can be omitted from clue cells, in which case the convention is for the answer to go horizontally to the right of the clue cell, or – if the clue cell is split vertically and contains two clues – for the answer to go horizontally to the right for the top clue and vertically below for the bottom clue. This style of grid is also used in several countries other than Sweden, often in magazines, but also in daily newspapers. The grid often has one or more photos replacing a block of squares as a clue to one or several answers; for example, the name of a pop star, or some kind of rhyme or phrase that can be associated with the photo. These puzzles usually have no symmetry in the grid but instead often have a common theme (literature, music, nature, geography, events of a special year, etc.) This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s, in family magazines and sections of newspapers. Then the specialised magazines took off. Around the turn of the millennium, approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines, totaling more than twenty titles, often published on a monthly basis. The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is Krysset (from Bonnier), founded in 1957. Additionally, nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind, and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material. Both major evening dailies (Aftonbladet and Expressen) publish a weekly crossword supplement, named Kryss & Quiz and Korsord respectively. Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays, as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers.
Logiciels

Des logiciels facilitant la création de mots croisés existent depuis au moins 1976 ; un exemple populaire était Crossword Magic pour l'Apple II dans les années 1980. Les premiers logiciels reposaient sur l'entrée manuelle d'une liste de mots à insérer et d'indices, et cartographiaient automatiquement les réponses sur une grille appropriée. Il s'agit d'un problème de recherche en informatique, car de nombreux agencements possibles doivent être vérifiés par rapport aux règles de construction. Un ensemble donné de réponses peut avoir zéro, un ou plusieurs agencements légaux. Des bibliothèques open source modernes existent et tentent de générer efficacement des agencements légaux à partir d'un ensemble donné de réponses.

À la fin des années 1990, la transition a commencé d'une création principalement manuelle des agencements à une assistance informatique, ce que les créateurs affirment généralement avoir permis aux auteurs de produire des énigmes plus intéressantes et créatives, réduisant ainsi le jargon des mots croisés.

Les logiciels modernes incluent de vastes bases de données d'indices et de réponses, permettant à l'ordinateur de sélectionner aléatoirement des mots pour l'énigme, potentiellement avec l'aide de l'utilisateur concernant le thème ou un ensemble spécifique de mots à choisir avec une probabilité plus élevée. De nombreux utilisateurs sérieux ajoutent des mots à la base de données comme expression de leur créativité personnelle ou pour une utilisation dans un thème souhaité. Les logiciels peuvent également être utilisés pour aider l'utilisateur à trouver des mots pour un emplacement spécifique dans un agencement en recherchant rapidement dans le dictionnaire tous les mots qui correspondent.

En 1998 à Jakarta, l'éditeur Elex Media Komputindo (Gramedia Group) a publié un logiciel de mots croisés intitulé "Teka-Teki Silang Komputer" (Énigme Croisée Informatique) sur disquette. C'est le premier logiciel de mots croisés publié en Indonésie. Créé par Sukmono Bayu Adhi, le logiciel est archivé à la Bibliothèque Nationale de la République d'Indonésie (Bibliothèque de Salemba, Jakarta).
### Query ###
Est-ce que les mots croisés vont changer à l'avenir avec les ordinateurs et les téléphones ?

### Main Text ###
Grid design, clues, and conventions

French-language crosswords are smaller than English-language ones, and not necessarily square: there are usually 8–13 rows and columns, totaling 81–130 squares. They need not be symmetric and two-letter words are allowed, unlike in most English-language puzzles. Compilers strive to minimize use of shaded squares. A black-square usage of 10% is typical; Georges Perec compiled many 9×9 grids for Le Point with four or even three black squares. Rather than numbering the individual clues, the rows and columns are numbered as on a chessboard. All clues for a given row or column are listed, against its number, as separate sentences.

In Italy, crosswords are usually oblong and larger than French ones, 13×21 being a common size. As in France, they usually are not symmetrical; two-letter words are allowed; and the number of shaded squares is minimized. Nouns (including surnames) and the infinitive or past participle of verbs are allowed, as are abbreviations; in larger crosswords, it is customary to put at the center of the grid phrases made of two to four words, or forenames and surnames. A variant of Italian crosswords does not use shaded squares: words are delimited by thickening the grid. Another variant starts with a blank grid: the solver must insert both the answers and the shaded squares, and across and down clues are either ordered by row and column or not ordered at all.

Modern Hebrew is normally written with only the consonants; vowels are either understood, or entered as diacritical marks. This can lead to ambiguities in the entry of some words, and compilers generally specify that answers are to be entered in ktiv male (with some vowels) or ktiv haser (without vowels). Further, since Hebrew is written from right to left, but Roman numerals are used and written from left to right, there can be an ambiguity in the description of lengths of entries, particularly for multi-word phrases. Different compilers and publications use differing conventions for both of these issues.

In the Japanese language crossword; because of the writing system, one syllable (typically katakana) is entered into each white cell of the grid rather than one letter, resulting in the typical solving grid seeming small in comparison to those of other languages. Any second Yōon character is treated as a full syllable and is rarely written with a smaller character. Even cipher crosswords have a Japanese equivalent, although pangrammaticity does not apply. Crosswords with kanji to fill in are also produced, but in far smaller number as it takes far more effort to construct one. Despite Japanese having three writing forms - hiragana, katakana, and kanji - they are rarely mixed in a single crossword puzzle. The design of Japanese crossword grids often follows two additional rules: that shaded cells may not share a side (i.e. they may not be orthogonally contiguous) and that the corner squares must be white.

A. N. Prahlada Rao, based in Bangalore, has composed/ constructed some 35,000 crossword puzzles in the language Kannada, including 7,500 crosswords based on films made in Kannada, with a total of 10,00,000 (ten lakhs, or one million) clues. His name was recorded in the Limca Book Of Records in 2015 for creating the highest number of crosswords in any Indian Regional Language. He continued to hold this title through 2016 and 2017. In 2008, a five volume set of his puzzles was released, followed by 7 more volumes in 2017. Bengali is also well known for its crossword puzzles. Crosswords are published regularly in most Bengali dailies and periodicals. The grid system is similar to the British style and two-letter words are usually not allowed.

In Poland, crosswords typically use British-style grids, but some do not have shaded cells. Shaded cells are often replaced by boxes with clues—such crosswords are called Swedish puzzles or Swedish-style crosswords. In a vast majority of Polish crosswords, nouns are the only allowed words.

Swedish crosswords are mainly in the illustrated (photos or drawings), in-line clue style typical of the "Swedish-style grid". The "Swedish-style" grid (picture crosswords) uses no clue numbers. Instead, clues are contained in the cells which do not contain answers, with arrows indicating where and in what direction to fill in answers. Arrows can be omitted from clue cells, in which case the convention is for the answer to go horizontally to the right of the clue cell, or – if the clue cell is split vertically and contains two clues – for the answer to go horizontally to the right for the top clue and vertically below for the bottom clue. This style of grid is also used in several countries other than Sweden, often in magazines, but also in daily newspapers. The grid often has one or more photos replacing a block of squares as a clue to one or several answers; for example, the name of a pop star, or some kind of rhyme or phrase that can be associated with the photo. These puzzles usually have no symmetry in the grid but instead often have a common theme (literature, music, nature, geography, events of a special year, etc.) This tradition prospered already in the mid-1900s, in family magazines and sections of newspapers. Then the specialised magazines took off. Around the turn of the millennium, approximately half a dozen Swedish magazine publishers produced specialised crossword magazines, totaling more than twenty titles, often published on a monthly basis. The oldest extant crossword magazine published in Swedish is Krysset (from Bonnier), founded in 1957. Additionally, nearly all newspapers publish crosswords of some kind, and at weekends often devote specialised sections in the paper to crosswords and similar type of pastime material. Both major evening dailies (Aftonbladet and Expressen) publish a weekly crossword supplement, named Kryss & Quiz and Korsord respectively. Both are available as paid supplements on Mondays and Tuesdays, as part of the ongoing competition between the two newspapers.

### Supplementary Text ###
Logiciels

Des logiciels facilitant la création de mots croisés existent depuis au moins 1976 ; un exemple populaire était Crossword Magic pour l'Apple II dans les années 1980. Les premiers logiciels reposaient sur l'entrée manuelle d'une liste de mots à insérer et d'indices, et cartographiaient automatiquement les réponses sur une grille appropriée. Il s'agit d'un problème de recherche en informatique, car de nombreux agencements possibles doivent être vérifiés par rapport aux règles de construction. Un ensemble donné de réponses peut avoir zéro, un ou plusieurs agencements légaux. Des bibliothèques open source modernes existent et tentent de générer efficacement des agencements légaux à partir d'un ensemble donné de réponses.

À la fin des années 1990, la transition a commencé d'une création principalement manuelle des agencements à une assistance informatique, ce que les créateurs affirment généralement avoir permis aux auteurs de produire des énigmes plus intéressantes et créatives, réduisant ainsi le jargon des mots croisés.

Les logiciels modernes incluent de vastes bases de données d'indices et de réponses, permettant à l'ordinateur de sélectionner aléatoirement des mots pour l'énigme, potentiellement avec l'aide de l'utilisateur concernant le thème ou un ensemble spécifique de mots à choisir avec une probabilité plus élevée. De nombreux utilisateurs sérieux ajoutent des mots à la base de données comme expression de leur créativité personnelle ou pour une utilisation dans un thème souhaité. Les logiciels peuvent également être utilisés pour aider l'utilisateur à trouver des mots pour un emplacement spécifique dans un agencement en recherchant rapidement dans le dictionnaire tous les mots qui correspondent.

En 1998 à Jakarta, l'éditeur Elex Media Komputindo (Gramedia Group) a publié un logiciel de mots croisés intitulé "Teka-Teki Silang Komputer" (Énigme Croisée Informatique) sur disquette. C'est le premier logiciel de mots croisés publié en Indonésie. Créé par Sukmono Bayu Adhi, le logiciel est archivé à la Bibliothèque Nationale de la République d'Indonésie (Bibliothèque de Salemba, Jakarta).

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Parsing & Domain Context

"Est-ce que les mots croisés vont changer à l'avenir avec les ordinateurs et les téléphones ?"

→ "Will crosswords change in the future with computers and phones?"

Key semantic elements:
- "mots croisés" = crossword puzzles (French terminology)
- "aller changer" = future tense, implies transformation
- "ordinateurs et téléphones" = computers + mobile devices
- Implies technological disruption question

Domain: ● Publishing/media, ◐ puzzle design, ● computational linguistics
Geographic: Primarily Western puzzle traditions (US/UK/French/German)
Temporal: Current (2024) → future projections

### 2. Current Technology Integration State

Already transformed significantly:
- Digital publication: newspapers → websites → apps
- Creation tools: manual → algorithmic assistance
- Distribution: physical → electronic delivery
- Solving: pen/paper → touchscreens

? Key question: Is this evolution or revolution?

Current software capabilities:
├─ Word databases: millions of entries
├─ Pattern recognition: legal arrangements
├─ Thematic generation: random → curated
└─ User collaboration: crowdsourced content

### 3. Future Trajectory Analysis

⟨H≈0.2⟩ Software evolution path: Basic automation → advanced AI assistance → full generative capacity. Current tools already handle 90% of construction work, leaving creative decisions to human editors.

⟨H≈1.0⟩ But what if computers become better at creativity than humans? Current AI struggles with crossword-specific cultural knowledge, French language patterns, regional preferences... Yet neural networks improve exponentially. Crossword conventions emerged organically over decades - theme consistency, clue quality, solver experience. Can algorithms replicate this aesthetic sense?

Physical constraints:
- Screen size limitations vs. traditional newspaper format
- Cognitive load differences: digital vs. paper solving
- Social aspects: shared puzzles, competition, community

### 4. Synthesis & Speculation

∴ Evolution rather than revolution most likely:

**Certain changes:**
☑ Increased automation in puzzle generation
☑ Enhanced personalization (difficulty levels, themes)
☑ Integration with other gaming experiences
☑ Cross-platform accessibility

**Uncertain outcomes:**
? AI-generated puzzles reaching human-level creativity
? Shift from traditional symmetrical grids to new formats
? Disruption of crossword publication economics
? Cultural evolution of puzzle-solving traditions

**Constraints:**
- Language-specific conventions resist rapid change
- User preference inertia (traditional solvers)
- Market economics of puzzle industry

⟨H≈1.8⟩ The crossword as cultural artifact... embedded in newspaper culture, morning rituals, Sunday family activities. Computers already transformed music, photography, communication. Crosswords next? Or will their analog nature preserve them as cultural fossils, like vinyl records in digital age? The French crossword tradition particularly resistant to change - smaller grids, different conventions, café culture integration. Will algorithms respect this cultural specificity?

### 5. Conclusion

Future changes: ● Highly probable, ◐ unpredictable scope

Key factors determining evolution:
- AI advancement rate vs. human creative threshold
- User acceptance of algorithmic content
- Economic models of puzzle distribution
- Cultural preservation of traditional formats

NB: Question assumes computers drive change - but maybe crossword conventions themselves limit transformation more than technology enables it.

**Final assessment:** Evolution likely, but within recognizable framework. French crossword culture provides natural resistance to radical change. Ultimate transformation depends on whether computers can match human puzzle craftsmanship rather than just efficiency.

### Answer###
Les mots croisés ont déjà considérablement évolué grâce à l'intégration des technologies numériques. Depuis les années 1980, les logiciels spécialisés facilitent la création en automatisant la recherche d'agencements légaux parmi une base de données massive de mots et d'indices. Ces programmes permettent aux créateurs de produire des énigmes plus sophistiquées et créatives en quelques clics.

L'avenir s'annonce particulièrement intéressant avec le développement des applications mobiles et des solutions numériques. Les logiciels modernes incluent des fonctionnalités avancées comme la recherche rapide de mots pour des positions spécifiques dans une grille et la possibilité pour les utilisateurs de contribuer à enrichir les bases de données. Cette collaboration entre l'humain et l'ordinateur permet une approche plus interactive et personnalisée de la création d'énigmes.

Concernant les changements spécifiques que pourraient apporter les téléphones, cela reste une question complexe qui dépend largement de l'évolution technologique et des préférences des utilisateurs. Les formats traditionnels - que ce soit les grilles rectangulaires françaises ou les puzzles symétriques - pourraient être remis en question par de nouvelles approches interactives ou adaptatives.

La transition s'est déjà opérée de la création principalement manuelle vers une assistance informatique, et cette évolution continue probablement vers des solutions encore plus intégrées et personnalisées.