Pourriez-vous m'expliquer pourquoi une quatrième Convention de Genève a été créée en 1949 ?
After World War II; 20th century

On 12 August 1949, further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted. An additional convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea", now called the second Geneva Convention, was brought under the Geneva Convention umbrella as a successor to the 1907 Hague Convention X. The 1929 Geneva convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view (because it was actually formulated in Geneva), but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention. Reacting to the experience of World War II, the Fourth Geneva Convention, a new Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War", was established. Also, the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars. Today, the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles, while there were only 10 articles in the first 1864 convention.

In celebration of its centennial in 1963, the ICRC, together with the League of Red Cross Societies, received its third Nobel Peace Prize.

On 16 October 1990, the UN General Assembly granted the ICRC observer status for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization. The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador, in memory of the organization's origins in the Battle of Solferino. An agreement with the Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993 affirmed the already long-standing policy of full independence of the committee from any interference by Switzerland. The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland.

At the end of the Cold War, the ICRC's work became more dangerous. In the 1990s, more delegates died than at any point in its history, especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts. These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols. Among the slain delegates were:

On 27 January 2002, Palestinian Red Crescent volunteer paramedic and suicide bomber Wafa Idris was transported to Jerusalem, Israel, by a Red Crescent ambulance, whose driver was part of the plot, and killed herself while committing the Jaffa Street bombing. Idris, wearing a Red Crescent uniform, detonated a 22-pound (10 kilogram) bomb made up of TNT packed into pipes, in the center of Jerusalem outside a shoe store on the busy main shopping street Jaffa Road. The explosion she caused killed her and Pinhas Tokatli (81), and injured more than 100 others.
Conventions de Genève

Les Conventions de Genève sont quatre traités connexes adoptés et continuellement élargis de 1864 à 1949, qui constituent une base juridique et un cadre pour la conduite de la guerre en droit international. Chaque État membre de l'Organisation des Nations unies a actuellement ratifié les conventions, qui sont universellement reconnues comme droit coutumier international, applicables à toute situation de conflit armé dans le monde. Les Protocoles additionnels aux Conventions de Genève adoptés en 1977, contenant les protections les plus pertinentes, détaillées et complètes du droit humanitaire international pour les personnes et les objets dans les guerres modernes, ne sont toujours pas ratifiés par plusieurs États engagés de manière continue dans des conflits armés, notamment les États-Unis, Israël, l'Inde, le Pakistan, l'Irak, l'Iran et d'autres. En conséquence, les États conservent des codes et des valeurs différents concernant la conduite de la guerre. Certains signataires ont régulièrement violé les Conventions de Genève, soit en exploitant les ambiguïtés de la loi, soit par des manœuvres politiques pour contourner les formalités et les principes de la loi.

Les trois premières conventions ont été révisées et élargies, la quatrième étant ajoutée en 1949 :

Deux Protocoles additionnels ont été adoptés en 1977, et un troisième en 2005, complétant et actualisant les Conventions de Genève :
### Query ###
Pourriez-vous m'expliquer pourquoi une quatrième Convention de Genève a été créée en 1949 ?

### Main Text ###
After World War II; 20th century

On 12 August 1949, further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted. An additional convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea", now called the second Geneva Convention, was brought under the Geneva Convention umbrella as a successor to the 1907 Hague Convention X. The 1929 Geneva convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view (because it was actually formulated in Geneva), but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention. Reacting to the experience of World War II, the Fourth Geneva Convention, a new Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War", was established. Also, the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars. Today, the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles, while there were only 10 articles in the first 1864 convention.

In celebration of its centennial in 1963, the ICRC, together with the League of Red Cross Societies, received its third Nobel Peace Prize.

On 16 October 1990, the UN General Assembly granted the ICRC observer status for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization. The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador, in memory of the organization's origins in the Battle of Solferino. An agreement with the Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993 affirmed the already long-standing policy of full independence of the committee from any interference by Switzerland. The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland.

At the end of the Cold War, the ICRC's work became more dangerous. In the 1990s, more delegates died than at any point in its history, especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts. These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols. Among the slain delegates were:

On 27 January 2002, Palestinian Red Crescent volunteer paramedic and suicide bomber Wafa Idris was transported to Jerusalem, Israel, by a Red Crescent ambulance, whose driver was part of the plot, and killed herself while committing the Jaffa Street bombing. Idris, wearing a Red Crescent uniform, detonated a 22-pound (10 kilogram) bomb made up of TNT packed into pipes, in the center of Jerusalem outside a shoe store on the busy main shopping street Jaffa Road. The explosion she caused killed her and Pinhas Tokatli (81), and injured more than 100 others.

### Supplementary Text ###
Conventions de Genève

Les Conventions de Genève sont quatre traités connexes adoptés et continuellement élargis de 1864 à 1949, qui constituent une base juridique et un cadre pour la conduite de la guerre en droit international. Chaque État membre de l'Organisation des Nations unies a actuellement ratifié les conventions, qui sont universellement reconnues comme droit coutumier international, applicables à toute situation de conflit armé dans le monde. Les Protocoles additionnels aux Conventions de Genève adoptés en 1977, contenant les protections les plus pertinentes, détaillées et complètes du droit humanitaire international pour les personnes et les objets dans les guerres modernes, ne sont toujours pas ratifiés par plusieurs États engagés de manière continue dans des conflits armés, notamment les États-Unis, Israël, l'Inde, le Pakistan, l'Irak, l'Iran et d'autres. En conséquence, les États conservent des codes et des valeurs différents concernant la conduite de la guerre. Certains signataires ont régulièrement violé les Conventions de Genève, soit en exploitant les ambiguïtés de la loi, soit par des manœuvres politiques pour contourner les formalités et les principes de la loi.

Les trois premières conventions ont été révisées et élargies, la quatrième étant ajoutée en 1949 :

Deux Protocoles additionnels ont été adoptés en 1977, et un troisième en 2005, complétant et actualisant les Conventions de Genève :

### Draft ###

### 1. Query Parsing

"Pourquoi une quatrième Convention de Genève a été créée en 1949?"

Key elements:
- *Convention de Genève* → treaty framework
- *quatrième* → ordinal position within series  
- *créée* → created/established (not just amended)
- *1949* → specific temporal anchor
- Causal question → why necessary?

### 2. Contextual Grounding

⟨H≈0.3⟩ Geneva Conventions... 1864 foundation, Red Cross origins, wounded soldiers, prisoners of war... but why fourth one? What changed between 1945-1949 to necessitate new treaty?

● Core framework: Four treaties, not single document evolution
● 1949 = post-WWII reconstruction period
● Geneva = ICRC institutional base

Historical sequence:
- 1864: First Convention (wounded/sick soldiers)  
- 1868: Second Convention (naval warfare)
- 1870: Third Convention (POWs)
- 1949: Fourth Convention (civilians)

### 3. Causal Analysis

**Primary driver**: WWII experience → civilian protection gap

Pre-1949 reality:
- Conventions focused military personnel
- Civilian populations had limited protections
- ⚠ Nazi occupation, bombing campaigns, systematic displacement

**Key insight**: 1949 = systematic vs. earlier ad hoc responses

WWII demonstrated:
- Civilian casualties >> military casualties  
- Systematic targeting of civilian populations
- Protection frameworks inadequate

### 4. Treaty Specifics

Fourth Convention 1949:
- Title: "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War"
- Scope: ~160 articles vs 10 in 1864
- Comprehensive civilian protections

**Critical additions**:
- Article 27: respect for civilian person and their property
- Article 28: right to fair trial
- Article 32: prohibition of collective punishment  
- Article 51: medical care for wounded civilians

### 5. Verification & Constraints

Physical constraints check:
- Timeline: 1949 = 4 years post-WWII → sufficient institutional response time
- Geography: Geneva = neutral ground, ICRC expertise
- Political: Post-war multilateral cooperation momentum

Logical consistency:
- Why civilian convention needed? → Civilian protection gap in earlier treaties ✓
- When created? → 1949, peak post-war treaty activity ✓  
- What changed? → WWII experience, systematic civilian targeting ✓

### 6. Synthesis

**Answer structure**:
1. WWII experience revealed civilian protection gap
2. 1949 = comprehensive post-war treaty revision period
3. Fourth Convention specifically addresses civilian populations
4. ~160 articles vs 10 in 1864 = scope expansion

**Key causal chain**: Historical precedent (WWII civilian targeting) → Institutional response (ICRC, UN) → Treaty creation (1949) → Comprehensive civilian protection framework

∴ Fourth Geneva Convention created in 1949 because WWII demonstrated critical gap in civilian protection frameworks, requiring systematic international legal response during post-war treaty revision period.

### Answer###
La quatrième Convention de Genève a été créée en 1949 en réponse directe aux expériences de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cette convention, intitulée "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War", constituait une nouveauté importante dans le cadre des Conventions de Genève.

Contrairement aux trois premières conventions qui avaient été progressivement révisées et élargies entre 1864 et 1949, la quatrième convention apportait une dimension totalement nouvelle en protégeant spécifiquement les populations civiles en temps de guerre. Cette protection était particulièrement pertinente après les horreurs de la guerre récente, où les populations civiles avaient subi des conséquences considérables.

La convention de 1949 était plus étoffée que ses prédécesseurs : elle contenait environ 160 articles contre seulement 10 dans la première convention de 1864. Cette expansion reflétait la complexification des situations de conflit et la nécessité de cadres juridiques plus complets pour protéger les civils.

Il est intéressant de noter que cette période de 1949 vit également l'adoption d'une deuxième Convention pour les marins, qui fut intégrée dans le cadre des Conventions de Genève comme successeur d'une convention de 1907. Cette année 1949 marque donc un tournant important dans l'évolution du droit humanitaire international avec cette série de révisions et d'extensions des traités de Genève.